RubyGems - middleman - Versions diffs - 0.10.17 → 0.11.0 - Mend

middleman 0.10.17 → 0.11.0

Files changed (2682) hide show

data/vendor/gems/gems/eventmachine-0.12.10/ext/ed.h DELETED

@@ -1,424 +0,0 @@
-/*****************************************************************************
-$Id$
-File:     ed.h
-Date:     06Apr06
-Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
-Gmail: blackhedd
-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
-License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
-See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
-*****************************************************************************/
-#ifndef __EventableDescriptor__H_
-#define __EventableDescriptor__H_
-class EventMachine_t; // forward reference
-#ifdef WITH_SSL
-class SslBox_t; // forward reference
-#endif
-bool SetSocketNonblocking (SOCKET);
-/*************************
-class EventableDescriptor
-*************************/
-class EventableDescriptor: public Bindable_t
-{
-	public:
-		EventableDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~EventableDescriptor();
-		int GetSocket() {return MySocket;}
-		void SetSocketInvalid() { MySocket = INVALID_SOCKET; }
-		void Close();
-		virtual void Read() = 0;
-		virtual void Write() = 0;
-		virtual void Heartbeat() = 0;
-		// These methods tell us whether the descriptor
-		// should be selected or polled for read/write.
-		virtual bool SelectForRead() = 0;
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite() = 0;
-		// are we scheduled for a close, or in an error state, or already closed?
-		bool ShouldDelete();
-		// Do we have any data to write? This is used by ShouldDelete.
-		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return 0;}
-		virtual bool IsWatchOnly(){ return false; }
-		virtual void ScheduleClose (bool after_writing);
-		bool IsCloseScheduled();
-		virtual void HandleError(){ ScheduleClose (false); }
-		void SetEventCallback (void (*cb)(const unsigned long, int, const char*, const unsigned long));
-		virtual bool GetPeername (struct sockaddr*) {return false;}
-		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*) {return false;}
-		virtual bool GetSubprocessPid (pid_t*) {return false;}
-		virtual void StartTls() {}
-		virtual void SetTlsParms (const char *privkey_filename, const char *certchain_filename, bool verify_peer) {}
-		#ifdef WITH_SSL
-		virtual X509 *GetPeerCert() {return NULL;}
-		#endif
-		virtual float GetCommInactivityTimeout() {return 0.0;}
-		virtual int SetCommInactivityTimeout (float value) {return 0;}
-		float GetPendingConnectTimeout();
-		int SetPendingConnectTimeout (float value);
-		#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-		struct epoll_event *GetEpollEvent() { return &EpollEvent; }
-		#endif
-		virtual void StartProxy(const unsigned long, const unsigned long);
-		virtual void StopProxy();
-		virtual void SetProxiedFrom(EventableDescriptor*, const unsigned long);
-		virtual int SendOutboundData(const char*,int){ return -1; }
-		virtual bool IsPaused(){ return false; }
-		virtual bool Pause(){ return false; }
-		virtual bool Resume(){ return false; }
-	private:
-		bool bCloseNow;
-		bool bCloseAfterWriting;
-	protected:
-		int MySocket;
-		void (*EventCallback)(const unsigned long, int, const char*, const unsigned long);
-		void _GenericInboundDispatch(const char*, int);
-		Int64 CreatedAt;
-		bool bCallbackUnbind;
-		int UnbindReasonCode;
-		EventableDescriptor *ProxyTarget;
-		EventableDescriptor *ProxiedFrom;
-		unsigned long MaxOutboundBufSize;
-		#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-		struct epoll_event EpollEvent;
-		#endif
-		EventMachine_t *MyEventMachine;
-		int PendingConnectTimeout;
-};
-/*************************
-class LoopbreakDescriptor
-*************************/
-class LoopbreakDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
-{
-	public:
-		LoopbreakDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~LoopbreakDescriptor() {}
-		virtual void Read();
-		virtual void Write();
-		virtual void Heartbeat() {}
-		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite() {return false;}
-};
-/**************************
-class ConnectionDescriptor
-**************************/
-class ConnectionDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
-{
-	public:
-		ConnectionDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~ConnectionDescriptor();
-		static int SendDataToConnection (const unsigned long, const char*, int);
-		static void CloseConnection (const unsigned long, bool);
-		static int ReportErrorStatus (const unsigned long);
-		int SendOutboundData (const char*, int);
-		void SetConnectPending (bool f);
-		virtual void ScheduleClose (bool after_writing);
-		virtual void HandleError();
-		void SetNotifyReadable (bool);
-		void SetNotifyWritable (bool);
-		void SetWatchOnly (bool);
-		bool IsPaused(){ return bPaused; }
-		bool Pause();
-		bool Resume();
-		bool IsNotifyReadable(){ return bNotifyReadable; }
-		bool IsNotifyWritable(){ return bNotifyWritable; }
-		virtual bool IsWatchOnly(){ return bWatchOnly; }
-		virtual void Read();
-		virtual void Write();
-		virtual void Heartbeat();
-		virtual bool SelectForRead();
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite();
-		// Do we have any data to write? This is used by ShouldDelete.
-		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return OutboundDataSize;}
-		virtual void StartTls();
-		virtual void SetTlsParms (const char *privkey_filename, const char *certchain_filename, bool verify_peer);
-		#ifdef WITH_SSL
-		virtual X509 *GetPeerCert();
-		virtual bool VerifySslPeer(const char*);
-		virtual void AcceptSslPeer();
-		#endif
-		void SetServerMode() {bIsServer = true;}
-		virtual bool GetPeername (struct sockaddr*);
-		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*);
-		virtual float GetCommInactivityTimeout();
-		virtual int SetCommInactivityTimeout (float value);
-	protected:
-		struct OutboundPage {
-			OutboundPage (const char *b, int l, int o=0): Buffer(b), Length(l), Offset(o) {}
-			void Free() {if (Buffer) free ((char*)Buffer); }
-			const char *Buffer;
-			int Length;
-			int Offset;
-		};
-	protected:
-		bool bPaused;
-		bool bConnectPending;
-		bool bNotifyReadable;
-		bool bNotifyWritable;
-		bool bWatchOnly;
-		bool bReadAttemptedAfterClose;
-		bool bWriteAttemptedAfterClose;
-		deque<OutboundPage> OutboundPages;
-		int OutboundDataSize;
-		#ifdef WITH_SSL
-		SslBox_t *SslBox;
-		std::string CertChainFilename;
-		std::string PrivateKeyFilename;
-		bool bHandshakeSignaled;
-		bool bSslVerifyPeer;
-		bool bSslPeerAccepted;
-		#endif
-		#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-		bool bGotExtraKqueueEvent;
-		#endif
-		bool bIsServer;
-		Int64 LastIo;
-		int InactivityTimeout;
-	private:
-		void _UpdateEvents();
-		void _UpdateEvents(bool, bool);
-		void _WriteOutboundData();
-		void _DispatchInboundData (const char *buffer, int size);
-		void _DispatchCiphertext();
-		int _SendRawOutboundData (const char*, int);
-		int _ReportErrorStatus();
-		void _CheckHandshakeStatus();
-};
-/************************
-class DatagramDescriptor
-************************/
-class DatagramDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
-{
-	public:
-		DatagramDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~DatagramDescriptor();
-		virtual void Read();
-		virtual void Write();
-		virtual void Heartbeat();
-		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite();
-		int SendOutboundData (const char*, int);
-		int SendOutboundDatagram (const char*, int, const char*, int);
-		// Do we have any data to write? This is used by ShouldDelete.
-		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return OutboundDataSize;}
-		virtual bool GetPeername (struct sockaddr*);
-		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*);
-    virtual float GetCommInactivityTimeout();
-    virtual int SetCommInactivityTimeout (float value);
-		static int SendDatagram (const unsigned long, const char*, int, const char*, int);
-	protected:
-		struct OutboundPage {
-			OutboundPage (const char *b, int l, struct sockaddr_in f, int o=0): Buffer(b), Length(l), Offset(o), From(f) {}
-			void Free() {if (Buffer) free ((char*)Buffer); }
-			const char *Buffer;
-			int Length;
-			int Offset;
-			struct sockaddr_in From;
-		};
-		deque<OutboundPage> OutboundPages;
-		int OutboundDataSize;
-		struct sockaddr_in ReturnAddress;
-		Int64 LastIo;
-		int InactivityTimeout;
-};
-/************************
-class AcceptorDescriptor
-************************/
-class AcceptorDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
-{
-	public:
-		AcceptorDescriptor (int, EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~AcceptorDescriptor();
-		virtual void Read();
-		virtual void Write();
-		virtual void Heartbeat();
-		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite() {return false;}
-		virtual bool GetSockname (struct sockaddr*);
-		static void StopAcceptor (const unsigned long binding);
-};
-/********************
-class PipeDescriptor
-********************/
-#ifdef OS_UNIX
-class PipeDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
-{
-	public:
-		PipeDescriptor (int, pid_t, EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~PipeDescriptor();
-		virtual void Read();
-		virtual void Write();
-		virtual void Heartbeat();
-		virtual bool SelectForRead();
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite();
-		int SendOutboundData (const char*, int);
-		virtual int GetOutboundDataSize() {return OutboundDataSize;}
-		virtual bool GetSubprocessPid (pid_t*);
-	protected:
-		struct OutboundPage {
-			OutboundPage (const char *b, int l, int o=0): Buffer(b), Length(l), Offset(o) {}
-			void Free() {if (Buffer) free ((char*)Buffer); }
-			const char *Buffer;
-			int Length;
-			int Offset;
-		};
-	protected:
-		bool bReadAttemptedAfterClose;
-		Int64 LastIo;
-		int InactivityTimeout;
-		deque<OutboundPage> OutboundPages;
-		int OutboundDataSize;
-		pid_t SubprocessPid;
-	private:
-		void _DispatchInboundData (const char *buffer, int size);
-};
-#endif // OS_UNIX
-/************************
-class KeyboardDescriptor
-************************/
-class KeyboardDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
-{
-	public:
-		KeyboardDescriptor (EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~KeyboardDescriptor();
-		virtual void Read();
-		virtual void Write();
-		virtual void Heartbeat();
-		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite() {return false;}
-	protected:
-		bool bReadAttemptedAfterClose;
-		Int64 LastIo;
-		int InactivityTimeout;
-	private:
-		void _DispatchInboundData (const char *buffer, int size);
-};
-/***********************
-class InotifyDescriptor
-************************/
-class InotifyDescriptor: public EventableDescriptor
-{
-	public:
-		InotifyDescriptor (EventMachine_t*);
-		virtual ~InotifyDescriptor();
-		void Read();
-		void Write();
-		virtual void Heartbeat() {}
-		virtual bool SelectForRead() {return true;}
-		virtual bool SelectForWrite() {return false;}
-};
-#endif // __EventableDescriptor__H_

data/vendor/gems/gems/eventmachine-0.12.10/ext/em.cpp DELETED

@@ -1,2282 +0,0 @@
-/*****************************************************************************
-$Id$
-File:     em.cpp
-Date:     06Apr06
-Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
-Gmail: blackhedd
-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
-License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
-See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
-*****************************************************************************/
-// THIS ENTIRE FILE WILL EVENTUALLY BE FOR UNIX BUILDS ONLY.
-//#ifdef OS_UNIX
-#include "project.h"
-// Keep a global variable floating around
-// with the current loop time as set by the Event Machine.
-// This avoids the need for frequent expensive calls to time(NULL);
-Int64 gCurrentLoopTime;
-#ifdef OS_WIN32
-unsigned gTickCountTickover;
-unsigned gLastTickCount;
-#endif
-/* The numer of max outstanding timers was once a const enum defined in em.h.
- * Now we define it here so that users can change its value if necessary.
- */
-static unsigned int MaxOutstandingTimers = 10000;
-/* Internal helper to convert strings to internet addresses. IPv6-aware.
- * Not reentrant or threadsafe, optimized for speed.
- */
-static struct sockaddr *name2address (const char *server, int port, int *family, int *bind_size);
-/***************************************
-STATIC EventMachine_t::GetMaxTimerCount
-***************************************/
-int EventMachine_t::GetMaxTimerCount()
-{
-	return MaxOutstandingTimers;
-}
-/***************************************
-STATIC EventMachine_t::SetMaxTimerCount
-***************************************/
-void EventMachine_t::SetMaxTimerCount (int count)
-{
-	/* Allow a user to increase the maximum number of outstanding timers.
-	 * If this gets "too high" (a metric that is of course platform dependent),
-	 * bad things will happen like performance problems and possible overuse
-	 * of memory.
-	 * The actual timer mechanism is very efficient so it's hard to know what
-	 * the practical max, but 100,000 shouldn't be too problematical.
-	 */
-	if (count < 100)
-		count = 100;
-	MaxOutstandingTimers = count;
-}
-/******************************
-EventMachine_t::EventMachine_t
-******************************/
-EventMachine_t::EventMachine_t (void (*event_callback)(const unsigned long, int, const char*, const unsigned long)):
-	HeartbeatInterval(2000000),
-	EventCallback (event_callback),
-	NextHeartbeatTime (0),
-	LoopBreakerReader (-1),
-	LoopBreakerWriter (-1),
-	bEpoll (false),
-	epfd (-1),
-	bKqueue (false),
-	kqfd (-1),
-	inotify (NULL)
-{
-	// Default time-slice is just smaller than one hundred mills.
-	Quantum.tv_sec = 0;
-	Quantum.tv_usec = 90000;
-	gTerminateSignalReceived = false;
-	// Make sure the current loop time is sane, in case we do any initializations of
-	// objects before we start running.
-	_UpdateTime();
-	/* We initialize the network library here (only on Windows of course)
-	 * and initialize "loop breakers." Our destructor also does some network-level
-	 * cleanup. There's thus an implicit assumption that any given instance of EventMachine_t
-	 * will only call ::Run once. Is that a good assumption? Should we move some of these
-	 * inits and de-inits into ::Run?
-	 */
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	WSADATA w;
-	WSAStartup (MAKEWORD (1, 1), &w);
-	#endif
-	_InitializeLoopBreaker();
-}
-/*******************************
-EventMachine_t::~EventMachine_t
-*******************************/
-EventMachine_t::~EventMachine_t()
-{
-	// Run down descriptors
-	size_t i;
-	for (i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++)
-		delete NewDescriptors[i];
-	for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++)
-		delete Descriptors[i];
-	close (LoopBreakerReader);
-	close (LoopBreakerWriter);
-	// Remove any file watch descriptors
-	while(!Files.empty()) {
-		map<int, Bindable_t*>::iterator f = Files.begin();
-		UnwatchFile (f->first);
-	}
-	if (epfd != -1)
-		close (epfd);
-	if (kqfd != -1)
-		close (kqfd);
-}
-/*************************
-EventMachine_t::_UseEpoll
-*************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_UseEpoll()
-{
-	/* Temporary.
-	 * Use an internal flag to switch in epoll-based functionality until we determine
-	 * how it should be integrated properly and the extent of the required changes.
-	 * A permanent solution needs to allow the integration of additional technologies,
-	 * like kqueue and Solaris's events.
-	 */
-	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-	bEpoll = true;
-	#endif
-}
-/**************************
-EventMachine_t::_UseKqueue
-**************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_UseKqueue()
-{
-	/* Temporary.
-	 * See comments under _UseEpoll.
-	 */
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	bKqueue = true;
-	#endif
-}
-/****************************
-EventMachine_t::ScheduleHalt
-****************************/
-void EventMachine_t::ScheduleHalt()
-{
-  /* This is how we stop the machine.
-   * This can be called by clients. Signal handlers will probably
-   * set the global flag.
-   * For now this means there can only be one EventMachine ever running at a time.
-   *
-   * IMPORTANT: keep this light, fast, and async-safe. Don't do anything frisky in here,
-   * because it may be called from signal handlers invoked from code that we don't
-   * control. At this writing (20Sep06), EM does NOT install any signal handlers of
-   * its own.
-   *
-   * We need a FAQ. And one of the questions is: how do I stop EM when Ctrl-C happens?
-   * The answer is to call evma_stop_machine, which calls here, from a SIGINT handler.
-   */
-	gTerminateSignalReceived = true;
-}
-/*******************************
-EventMachine_t::SetTimerQuantum
-*******************************/
-void EventMachine_t::SetTimerQuantum (int interval)
-{
-	/* We get a timer-quantum expressed in milliseconds.
-	 * Don't set a quantum smaller than 5 or larger than 2500.
-	 */
-	if ((interval < 5) || (interval > 2500))
-		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid timer-quantum");
-	Quantum.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
-	Quantum.tv_usec = (interval % 1000) * 1000;
-}
-/*************************************
-(STATIC) EventMachine_t::SetuidString
-*************************************/
-void EventMachine_t::SetuidString (const char *username)
-{
-    /* This method takes a caller-supplied username and tries to setuid
-     * to that user. There is no meaningful implementation (and no error)
-     * on Windows. On Unix, a failure to setuid the caller-supplied string
-     * causes a fatal abort, because presumably the program is calling here
-     * in order to fulfill a security requirement. If we fail silently,
-     * the user may continue to run with too much privilege.
-     *
-     * TODO, we need to decide on and document a way of generating C++ level errors
-     * that can be wrapped in documented Ruby exceptions, so users can catch
-     * and handle them. And distinguish it from errors that we WON'T let the Ruby
-     * user catch (like security-violations and resource-overallocation).
-     * A setuid failure here would be in the latter category.
-     */
-    #ifdef OS_UNIX
-    if (!username || !*username)
-	throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: no username specified");
-    struct passwd *p = getpwnam (username);
-    if (!p)
-	throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: unknown username");
-    if (setuid (p->pw_uid) != 0)
-	throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: no setuid");
-    // Success.
-    #endif
-}
-/****************************************
-(STATIC) EventMachine_t::SetRlimitNofile
-****************************************/
-int EventMachine_t::SetRlimitNofile (int nofiles)
-{
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	struct rlimit rlim;
-	getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
-	if (nofiles >= 0) {
-		rlim.rlim_cur = nofiles;
-		if ((unsigned int)nofiles > rlim.rlim_max)
-			rlim.rlim_max = nofiles;
-		setrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
-		// ignore the error return, for now at least.
-		// TODO, emit an error message someday when we have proper debug levels.
-	}
-	getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
-	return rlim.rlim_cur;
-	#endif
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	// No meaningful implementation on Windows.
-	return 0;
-	#endif
-}
-/*********************************
-EventMachine_t::SignalLoopBreaker
-*********************************/
-void EventMachine_t::SignalLoopBreaker()
-{
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	write (LoopBreakerWriter, "", 1);
-	#endif
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	sendto (LoopBreakerReader, "", 0, 0, (struct sockaddr*)&(LoopBreakerTarget), sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget));
-	#endif
-}
-/**************************************
-EventMachine_t::_InitializeLoopBreaker
-**************************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_InitializeLoopBreaker()
-{
-	/* A "loop-breaker" is a socket-descriptor that we can write to in order
-	 * to break the main select loop. Primarily useful for things running on
-	 * threads other than the main EM thread, so they can trigger processing
-	 * of events that arise exogenously to the EM.
-	 * Keep the loop-breaker pipe out of the main descriptor set, otherwise
-	 * its events will get passed on to user code.
-	 */
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	int fd[2];
-	if (pipe (fd))
-		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker");
-	LoopBreakerWriter = fd[1];
-	LoopBreakerReader = fd[0];
-	#endif
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	int sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
-	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker socket");
-	SetSocketNonblocking (sd);
-	memset (&LoopBreakerTarget, 0, sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget));
-	LoopBreakerTarget.sin_family = AF_INET;
-	LoopBreakerTarget.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr ("127.0.0.1");
-	srand ((int)time(NULL));
-	int i;
-	for (i=0; i < 100; i++) {
-		int r = (rand() % 10000) + 20000;
-		LoopBreakerTarget.sin_port = htons (r);
-		if (bind (sd, (struct sockaddr*)&LoopBreakerTarget, sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget)) == 0)
-			break;
-	}
-	if (i == 100)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker");
-	LoopBreakerReader = sd;
-	#endif
-}
-/***************************
-EventMachine_t::_UpdateTime
-***************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_UpdateTime()
-{
-	#if defined(OS_UNIX)
-	struct timeval tv;
-	gettimeofday (&tv, NULL);
-	gCurrentLoopTime = (((Int64)(tv.tv_sec)) * 1000000LL) + ((Int64)(tv.tv_usec));
-	#elif defined(OS_WIN32)
-	unsigned tick = GetTickCount();
-	if (tick < gLastTickCount)
-		gTickCountTickover += 1;
-	gLastTickCount = tick;
-	gCurrentLoopTime = ((Int64)gTickCountTickover << 32) + (Int64)tick;
-	#else
-	gCurrentLoopTime = (Int64)time(NULL) * 1000000LL;
-	#endif
-}
-/*******************
-EventMachine_t::Run
-*******************/
-void EventMachine_t::Run()
-{
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	HookControlC (true);
-	#endif
-	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-	if (bEpoll) {
-		epfd = epoll_create (MaxEpollDescriptors);
-		if (epfd == -1) {
-			char buf[200];
-			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to create epoll descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
-			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-		}
-		int cloexec = fcntl (epfd, F_GETFD, 0);
-		assert (cloexec >= 0);
-		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
-		fcntl (epfd, F_SETFD, cloexec);
-		assert (LoopBreakerReader >= 0);
-		LoopbreakDescriptor *ld = new LoopbreakDescriptor (LoopBreakerReader, this);
-		assert (ld);
-		Add (ld);
-	}
-	#endif
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	if (bKqueue) {
-		kqfd = kqueue();
-		if (kqfd == -1) {
-			char buf[200];
-			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to create kqueue descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
-			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-		}
-		// cloexec not needed. By definition, kqueues are not carried across forks.
-		assert (LoopBreakerReader >= 0);
-		LoopbreakDescriptor *ld = new LoopbreakDescriptor (LoopBreakerReader, this);
-		assert (ld);
-		Add (ld);
-	}
-	#endif
-	while (true) {
-		_UpdateTime();
-		if (!_RunTimers())
-			break;
-		/* _Add must precede _Modify because the same descriptor might
-		 * be on both lists during the same pass through the machine,
-		 * and to modify a descriptor before adding it would fail.
-		 */
-		_AddNewDescriptors();
-		_ModifyDescriptors();
-		if (!_RunOnce())
-			break;
-		if (gTerminateSignalReceived)
-			break;
-	}
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	HookControlC (false);
-	#endif
-}
-/************************
-EventMachine_t::_RunOnce
-************************/
-bool EventMachine_t::_RunOnce()
-{
-	if (bEpoll)
-		return _RunEpollOnce();
-	else if (bKqueue)
-		return _RunKqueueOnce();
-	else
-		return _RunSelectOnce();
-}
-/*****************************
-EventMachine_t::_RunEpollOnce
-*****************************/
-bool EventMachine_t::_RunEpollOnce()
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-	assert (epfd != -1);
-	int s;
-	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
-	TRAP_BEG;
-	#endif
-	s = epoll_wait (epfd, epoll_events, MaxEvents, 50);
-	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
-	TRAP_END;
-	#endif
-	if (s > 0) {
-		for (int i=0; i < s; i++) {
-			EventableDescriptor *ed = (EventableDescriptor*) epoll_events[i].data.ptr;
-			if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && ed->GetSocket() == INVALID_SOCKET)
-				continue;
-			assert(ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET);
-			if (epoll_events[i].events & EPOLLIN)
-				ed->Read();
-			if (epoll_events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
-				ed->Write();
-			if (epoll_events[i].events & (EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
-				ed->HandleError();
-		}
-	}
-	else if (s < 0) {
-		// epoll_wait can fail on error in a handful of ways.
-		// If this happens, then wait for a little while to avoid busy-looping.
-		// If the error was EINTR, we probably caught SIGCHLD or something,
-		// so keep the wait short.
-		timeval tv = {0, ((errno == EINTR) ? 5 : 50) * 1000};
-		EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
-	}
-	{ // cleanup dying sockets
-		// vector::pop_back works in constant time.
-		// TODO, rip this out and only delete the descriptors we know have died,
-		// rather than traversing the whole list.
-		//  Modified 05Jan08 per suggestions by Chris Heath. It's possible that
-		//  an EventableDescriptor will have a descriptor value of -1. That will
-		//  happen if EventableDescriptor::Close was called on it. In that case,
-		//  don't call epoll_ctl to remove the socket's filters from the epoll set.
-		//  According to the epoll docs, this happens automatically when the
-		//  descriptor is closed anyway. This is different from the case where
-		//  the socket has already been closed but the descriptor in the ED object
-		//  hasn't yet been set to INVALID_SOCKET.
-		int i, j;
-		int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
-		for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
-			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-			assert (ed);
-			if (ed->ShouldDelete()) {
-				if (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET) {
-					assert (bEpoll); // wouldn't be in this method otherwise.
-					assert (epfd != -1);
-					int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
-					// ENOENT or EBADF are not errors because the socket may be already closed when we get here.
-					if (e && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF) && (errno != EPERM)) {
-						char buf [200];
-						snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
-						throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-					}
-				}
-				ModifiedDescriptors.erase (ed);
-				delete ed;
-			}
-			else
-				Descriptors [j++] = ed;
-		}
-		while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
-			Descriptors.pop_back();
-	}
-	// TODO, heartbeats.
-	// Added 14Sep07, its absence was noted by Brian Candler. But the comment was here, indicated
-	// that this got thought about and not done when EPOLL was originally written. Was there a reason
-	// not to do it, or was it an oversight? Certainly, running a heartbeat on 50,000 connections every
-	// two seconds can get to be a real bear, especially if all we're doing is timing out dead ones.
-	// Maybe there's a better way to do this. (Or maybe it's not that expensive after all.)
-	//
-	{ // dispatch heartbeats
-		if (gCurrentLoopTime >= NextHeartbeatTime) {
-			NextHeartbeatTime = gCurrentLoopTime + HeartbeatInterval;
-			for (int i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
-				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-				assert (ed);
-				ed->Heartbeat();
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
-	if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
-		rb_thread_schedule();
-	}
-	#endif
-	return true;
-	#else
-	throw std::runtime_error ("epoll is not implemented on this platform");
-	#endif
-}
-/******************************
-EventMachine_t::_RunKqueueOnce
-******************************/
-bool EventMachine_t::_RunKqueueOnce()
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	assert (kqfd != -1);
-	struct timespec ts = {0, 10000000}; // Too frequent. Use blocking_region
-	int k;
-	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
-	TRAP_BEG;
-	#endif
-	k = kevent (kqfd, NULL, 0, Karray, MaxEvents, &ts);
-	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
-	TRAP_END;
-	#endif
-	struct kevent *ke = Karray;
-	while (k > 0) {
-		switch (ke->filter)
-		{
-			case EVFILT_VNODE:
-				_HandleKqueueFileEvent (ke);
-				break;
-			case EVFILT_PROC:
-				_HandleKqueuePidEvent (ke);
-				break;
-			case EVFILT_READ:
-			case EVFILT_WRITE:
-				EventableDescriptor *ed = (EventableDescriptor*) (ke->udata);
-				assert (ed);
-				if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && ed->GetSocket() == INVALID_SOCKET)
-					break;
-				if (ke->filter == EVFILT_READ)
-					ed->Read();
-				else if (ke->filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
-					ed->Write();
-				else
-					cerr << "Discarding unknown kqueue event " << ke->filter << endl;
-				break;
-		}
-		--k;
-		++ke;
-	}
-	{ // cleanup dying sockets
-		// vector::pop_back works in constant time.
-		// TODO, rip this out and only delete the descriptors we know have died,
-		// rather than traversing the whole list.
-		// In kqueue, closing a descriptor automatically removes its event filters.
-		int i, j;
-		int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
-		for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
-			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-			assert (ed);
-			if (ed->ShouldDelete()) {
-				ModifiedDescriptors.erase (ed);
-				delete ed;
-			}
-			else
-				Descriptors [j++] = ed;
-		}
-		while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
-			Descriptors.pop_back();
-	}
-	{ // dispatch heartbeats
-		if (gCurrentLoopTime >= NextHeartbeatTime) {
-			NextHeartbeatTime = gCurrentLoopTime + HeartbeatInterval;
-			for (unsigned int i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
-				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-				assert (ed);
-				ed->Heartbeat();
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// TODO, replace this with rb_thread_blocking_region for 1.9 builds.
-	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
-	if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
-		rb_thread_schedule();
-	}
-	#endif
-	return true;
-	#else
-	throw std::runtime_error ("kqueue is not implemented on this platform");
-	#endif
-}
-/*********************************
-EventMachine_t::_ModifyEpollEvent
-*********************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_ModifyEpollEvent (EventableDescriptor *ed)
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-	if (bEpoll) {
-		assert (epfd != -1);
-		assert (ed);
-		assert (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET);
-		int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
-		if (e) {
-			char buf [200];
-			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to modify epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
-			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-		}
-	}
-	#endif
-}
-/**************************
-SelectData_t::SelectData_t
-**************************/
-SelectData_t::SelectData_t()
-{
-	maxsocket = 0;
-	FD_ZERO (&fdreads);
-	FD_ZERO (&fdwrites);
-	FD_ZERO (&fderrors);
-}
-#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
-/*****************
-_SelectDataSelect
-*****************/
-#ifdef HAVE_TBR
-static VALUE _SelectDataSelect (void *v)
-{
-	SelectData_t *sd = (SelectData_t*)v;
-	sd->nSockets = select (sd->maxsocket+1, &(sd->fdreads), &(sd->fdwrites), &(sd->fderrors), &(sd->tv));
-	return Qnil;
-}
-#endif
-/*********************
-SelectData_t::_Select
-*********************/
-int SelectData_t::_Select()
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_TBR
-	rb_thread_blocking_region (_SelectDataSelect, (void*)this, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
-	return nSockets;
-	#endif
-	#ifndef HAVE_TBR
-	return EmSelect (maxsocket+1, &fdreads, &fdwrites, &fderrors, &tv);
-	#endif
-}
-#endif
-/******************************
-EventMachine_t::_RunSelectOnce
-******************************/
-bool EventMachine_t::_RunSelectOnce()
-{
-	// Crank the event machine once.
-	// If there are no descriptors to process, then sleep
-	// for a few hundred mills to avoid busy-looping.
-	// Return T/F to indicate whether we should continue.
-	// This is based on a select loop. Alternately provide epoll
-	// if we know we're running on a 2.6 kernel.
-	// epoll will be effective if we provide it as an alternative,
-	// however it has the same problem interoperating with Ruby
-	// threads that select does.
-	//cerr << "X";
-	/* This protection is now obsolete, because we will ALWAYS
-	 * have at least one descriptor (the loop-breaker) to read.
-	 */
-	/*
-	if (Descriptors.size() == 0) {
-		#ifdef OS_UNIX
-		timeval tv = {0, 200 * 1000};
-		EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
-		return true;
-		#endif
-		#ifdef OS_WIN32
-		Sleep (200);
-		return true;
-		#endif
-	}
-	*/
-	SelectData_t SelectData;
-	/*
-	fd_set fdreads, fdwrites;
-	FD_ZERO (&fdreads);
-	FD_ZERO (&fdwrites);
-	int maxsocket = 0;
-	*/
-	// Always read the loop-breaker reader.
-	// Changed 23Aug06, provisionally implemented for Windows with a UDP socket
-	// running on localhost with a randomly-chosen port. (*Puke*)
-	// Windows has a version of the Unix pipe() library function, but it doesn't
-	// give you back descriptors that are selectable.
-	FD_SET (LoopBreakerReader, &(SelectData.fdreads));
-	if (SelectData.maxsocket < LoopBreakerReader)
-		SelectData.maxsocket = LoopBreakerReader;
-	// prepare the sockets for reading and writing
-	size_t i;
-	for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
-		EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-		assert (ed);
-		int sd = ed->GetSocket();
-		if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-			continue;
-		assert (sd != INVALID_SOCKET);
-		if (ed->SelectForRead())
-			FD_SET (sd, &(SelectData.fdreads));
-		if (ed->SelectForWrite())
-			FD_SET (sd, &(SelectData.fdwrites));
-		#ifdef OS_WIN32
-		/* 21Sep09: on windows, a non-blocking connect() that fails does not come up as writable.
-		   Instead, it is added to the error set. See http://www.mail-archive.com/openssl-users@openssl.org/msg58500.html
-		*/
-		FD_SET (sd, &(SelectData.fderrors));
-		#endif
-		if (SelectData.maxsocket < sd)
-			SelectData.maxsocket = sd;
-	}
-	{ // read and write the sockets
-		//timeval tv = {1, 0}; // Solaris fails if the microseconds member is >= 1000000.
-		//timeval tv = Quantum;
-		SelectData.tv = Quantum;
-		int s = SelectData._Select();
-		//rb_thread_blocking_region(xxx,(void*)&SelectData,RUBY_UBF_IO,0);
-		//int s = EmSelect (SelectData.maxsocket+1, &(SelectData.fdreads), &(SelectData.fdwrites), NULL, &(SelectData.tv));
-		//int s = SelectData.nSockets;
-		if (s > 0) {
-			/* Changed 01Jun07. We used to handle the Loop-breaker right here.
-			 * Now we do it AFTER all the regular descriptors. There's an
-			 * incredibly important and subtle reason for this. Code on
-			 * loop breakers is sometimes used to cause the reactor core to
-			 * cycle (for example, to allow outbound network buffers to drain).
-			 * If a loop-breaker handler reschedules itself (say, after determining
-			 * that the write buffers are still too full), then it will execute
-			 * IMMEDIATELY if _ReadLoopBreaker is done here instead of after
-			 * the other descriptors are processed. That defeats the whole purpose.
-			 */
-			for (i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
-				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-				assert (ed);
-				int sd = ed->GetSocket();
-				if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-					continue;
-				assert (sd != INVALID_SOCKET);
-				if (FD_ISSET (sd, &(SelectData.fdwrites)))
-					ed->Write();
-				if (FD_ISSET (sd, &(SelectData.fdreads)))
-					ed->Read();
-				if (FD_ISSET (sd, &(SelectData.fderrors)))
-					ed->HandleError();
-			}
-			if (FD_ISSET (LoopBreakerReader, &(SelectData.fdreads)))
-				_ReadLoopBreaker();
-		}
-		else if (s < 0) {
-			// select can fail on error in a handful of ways.
-			// If this happens, then wait for a little while to avoid busy-looping.
-			// If the error was EINTR, we probably caught SIGCHLD or something,
-			// so keep the wait short.
-			timeval tv = {0, ((errno == EINTR) ? 5 : 50) * 1000};
-			EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
-		}
-	}
-	{ // dispatch heartbeats
-		if (gCurrentLoopTime >= NextHeartbeatTime) {
-			NextHeartbeatTime = gCurrentLoopTime + HeartbeatInterval;
-			for (i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
-				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-				assert (ed);
-				ed->Heartbeat();
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	{ // cleanup dying sockets
-		// vector::pop_back works in constant time.
-		int i, j;
-		int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
-		for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
-			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-			assert (ed);
-			if (ed->ShouldDelete())
-				delete ed;
-			else
-				Descriptors [j++] = ed;
-		}
-		while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
-			Descriptors.pop_back();
-	}
-	return true;
-}
-/********************************
-EventMachine_t::_ReadLoopBreaker
-********************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_ReadLoopBreaker()
-{
-	/* The loop breaker has selected readable.
-	 * Read it ONCE (it may block if we try to read it twice)
-	 * and send a loop-break event back to user code.
-	 */
-	char buffer [1024];
-	read (LoopBreakerReader, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
-	if (EventCallback)
-		(*EventCallback)(NULL, EM_LOOPBREAK_SIGNAL, "", 0);
-}
-/**************************
-EventMachine_t::_RunTimers
-**************************/
-bool EventMachine_t::_RunTimers()
-{
-	// These are caller-defined timer handlers.
-	// Return T/F to indicate whether we should continue the main loop.
-	// We rely on the fact that multimaps sort by their keys to avoid
-	// inspecting the whole list every time we come here.
-	// Just keep inspecting and processing the list head until we hit
-	// one that hasn't expired yet.
-	while (true) {
-		multimap<Int64,Timer_t>::iterator i = Timers.begin();
-		if (i == Timers.end())
-			break;
-		if (i->first > gCurrentLoopTime)
-			break;
-		if (EventCallback)
-			(*EventCallback) (NULL, EM_TIMER_FIRED, NULL, i->second.GetBinding());
-		Timers.erase (i);
-	}
-	return true;
-}
-/***********************************
-EventMachine_t::InstallOneshotTimer
-***********************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::InstallOneshotTimer (int milliseconds)
-{
-	if (Timers.size() > MaxOutstandingTimers)
-		return false;
-	// Don't use the global loop-time variable here, because we might
-	// get called before the main event machine is running.
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	struct timeval tv;
-	gettimeofday (&tv, NULL);
-	Int64 fire_at = (((Int64)(tv.tv_sec)) * 1000000LL) + ((Int64)(tv.tv_usec));
-	fire_at += ((Int64)milliseconds) * 1000LL;
-	#endif
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	unsigned tick = GetTickCount();
-	if (tick < gLastTickCount)
-		gTickCountTickover += 1;
-	gLastTickCount = tick;
-	Int64 fire_at = ((Int64)gTickCountTickover << 32) + (Int64)tick;
-	fire_at += (Int64)milliseconds;
-	#endif
-	Timer_t t;
-	#ifndef HAVE_MAKE_PAIR
-	multimap<Int64,Timer_t>::iterator i = Timers.insert (multimap<Int64,Timer_t>::value_type (fire_at, t));
-	#else
-	multimap<Int64,Timer_t>::iterator i = Timers.insert (make_pair (fire_at, t));
-	#endif
-	return i->second.GetBinding();
-}
-/*******************************
-EventMachine_t::ConnectToServer
-*******************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::ConnectToServer (const char *bind_addr, int bind_port, const char *server, int port)
-{
-	/* We want to spend no more than a few seconds waiting for a connection
-	 * to a remote host. So we use a nonblocking connect.
-	 * Linux disobeys the usual rules for nonblocking connects.
-	 * Per Stevens (UNP p.410), you expect a nonblocking connect to select
-	 * both readable and writable on error, and not to return EINPROGRESS
-	 * if the connect can be fulfilled immediately. Linux violates both
-	 * of these expectations.
-	 * Any kind of nonblocking connect on Linux returns EINPROGRESS.
-	 * The socket will then return writable when the disposition of the
-	 * connect is known, but it will not also be readable in case of
-	 * error! Weirdly, it will be readable in case there is data to read!!!
-	 * (Which can happen with protocols like SSH and SMTP.)
-	 * I suppose if you were so inclined you could consider this logical,
-	 * but it's not the way Unix has historically done it.
-	 * So we ignore the readable flag and read getsockopt to see if there
-	 * was an error connecting. A select timeout works as expected.
-	 * In regard to getsockopt: Linux does the Berkeley-style thing,
-	 * not the Solaris-style, and returns zero with the error code in
-	 * the error parameter.
-	 * Return the binding-text of the newly-created pending connection,
-	 * or NULL if there was a problem.
-	 */
-	if (!server || !*server || !port)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid server or port");
-	int family, bind_size;
-	struct sockaddr bind_as, *bind_as_ptr = name2address (server, port, &family, &bind_size);
-	if (!bind_as_ptr)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("unable to resolve server address");
-	bind_as = *bind_as_ptr; // copy because name2address points to a static
-	int sd = socket (family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("unable to create new socket");
-	/*
-	sockaddr_in pin;
-	unsigned long HostAddr;
-	HostAddr = inet_addr (server);
-	if (HostAddr == INADDR_NONE) {
-		hostent *hp = gethostbyname ((char*)server); // Windows requires (char*)
-		if (!hp) {
-			// TODO: This gives the caller a fatal error. Not good.
-			// They can respond by catching RuntimeError (blecch).
-			// Possibly we need to fire an unbind event and provide
-			// a status code so user code can detect the cause of the
-			// failure.
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		HostAddr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
-	}
-	memset (&pin, 0, sizeof(pin));
-	pin.sin_family = AF_INET;
-	pin.sin_addr.s_addr = HostAddr;
-	pin.sin_port = htons (port);
-	int sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-		return NULL;
-	*/
-	// From here on, ALL error returns must close the socket.
-	// Set the new socket nonblocking.
-	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd)) {
-		closesocket (sd);
-		throw std::runtime_error ("unable to set socket as non-blocking");
-	}
-	// Disable slow-start (Nagle algorithm).
-	int one = 1;
-	setsockopt (sd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, (char*) &one, sizeof(one));
-	// Set reuseaddr to improve performance on restarts
-	setsockopt (sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*) &one, sizeof(one));
-	if (bind_addr) {
-		int bind_to_size, bind_to_family;
-		struct sockaddr *bind_to = name2address (bind_addr, bind_port, &bind_to_family, &bind_to_size);
-		if (!bind_to) {
-			closesocket (sd);
-			throw std::runtime_error ("invalid bind address");
-		}
-		if (bind (sd, bind_to, bind_to_size) < 0) {
-			closesocket (sd);
-			throw std::runtime_error ("couldn't bind to address");
-		}
-	}
-	unsigned long out = NULL;
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	//if (connect (sd, (sockaddr*)&pin, sizeof pin) == 0) {
-	if (connect (sd, &bind_as, bind_size) == 0) {
-		// This is a connect success, which Linux appears
-		// never to give when the socket is nonblocking,
-		// even if the connection is intramachine or to
-		// localhost.
-		/* Changed this branch 08Aug06. Evidently some kernels
-		 * (FreeBSD for example) will actually return success from
-		 * a nonblocking connect. This is a pretty simple case,
-		 * just set up the new connection and clear the pending flag.
-		 * Thanks to Chris Ochs for helping track this down.
-		 * This branch never gets taken on Linux or (oddly) OSX.
-		 * The original behavior was to throw an unimplemented,
-		 * which the user saw as a fatal exception. Very unfriendly.
-		 *
-		 * Tweaked 10Aug06. Even though the connect disposition is
-		 * known, we still set the connect-pending flag. That way
-		 * some needed initialization will happen in the ConnectionDescriptor.
-		 * (To wit, the ConnectionCompleted event gets sent to the client.)
-		 */
-		ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
-		if (!cd)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
-		cd->SetConnectPending (true);
-		Add (cd);
-		out = cd->GetBinding();
-	}
-	else if (errno == EINPROGRESS) {
-		// Errno will generally always be EINPROGRESS, but on Linux
-		// we have to look at getsockopt to be sure what really happened.
-		int error;
-		socklen_t len;
-		len = sizeof(error);
-		int o = getsockopt (sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &len);
-		if ((o == 0) && (error == 0)) {
-			// Here, there's no disposition.
-			// Put the connection on the stack and wait for it to complete
-			// or time out.
-			ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
-			if (!cd)
-				throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
-			cd->SetConnectPending (true);
-			Add (cd);
-			out = cd->GetBinding();
-		}
-		else {
-			/* This could be connection refused or some such thing.
-			 * We will come here on Linux if a localhost connection fails.
-			 * Changed 16Jul06: Originally this branch was a no-op, and
-			 * we'd drop down to the end of the method, close the socket,
-			 * and return NULL, which would cause the caller to GET A
-			 * FATAL EXCEPTION. Now we keep the socket around but schedule an
-			 * immediate close on it, so the caller will get a close-event
-			 * scheduled on it. This was only an issue for localhost connections
-			 * to non-listening ports. We may eventually need to revise this
-			 * revised behavior, in case it causes problems like making it hard
-			 * for people to know that a failure occurred.
-			 */
-			ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
-			if (!cd)
-				throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
-			cd->ScheduleClose (false);
-			Add (cd);
-			out = cd->GetBinding();
-		}
-	}
-	else {
-		// The error from connect was something other then EINPROGRESS.
-	}
-	#endif
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	//if (connect (sd, (sockaddr*)&pin, sizeof pin) == 0) {
-	if (connect (sd, &bind_as, bind_size) == 0) {
-		// This is a connect success, which Windows appears
-		// never to give when the socket is nonblocking,
-		// even if the connection is intramachine or to
-		// localhost.
-		throw std::runtime_error ("unimplemented");
-	}
-	else if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAEWOULDBLOCK) {
-		// Here, there's no disposition.
-		// Windows appears not to surface refused connections or
-		// such stuff at this point.
-		// Put the connection on the stack and wait for it to complete
-		// or time out.
-		ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
-		if (!cd)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
-		cd->SetConnectPending (true);
-		Add (cd);
-		out = cd->GetBinding();
-	}
-	else {
-		// The error from connect was something other then WSAEWOULDBLOCK.
-	}
-	#endif
-	if (!out)
-		closesocket (sd);
-	return out;
-}
-/***********************************
-EventMachine_t::ConnectToUnixServer
-***********************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::ConnectToUnixServer (const char *server)
-{
-	/* Connect to a Unix-domain server, which by definition is running
-	 * on the same host.
-	 * There is no meaningful implementation on Windows.
-	 * There's no need to do a nonblocking connect, since the connection
-	 * is always local and can always be fulfilled immediately.
-	 */
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain connection unavailable on this platform");
-	return NULL;
-	#endif
-	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	unsigned long out = NULL;
-	if (!server || !*server)
-		return NULL;
-	sockaddr_un pun;
-	memset (&pun, 0, sizeof(pun));
-	pun.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
-	// You ordinarily expect the server name field to be at least 1024 bytes long,
-	// but on Linux it can be MUCH shorter.
-	if (strlen(server) >= sizeof(pun.sun_path))
-		throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain server name is too long");
-	strcpy (pun.sun_path, server);
-	int fd = socket (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-	if (fd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-		return NULL;
-	// From here on, ALL error returns must close the socket.
-	// NOTE: At this point, the socket is still a blocking socket.
-	if (connect (fd, (struct sockaddr*)&pun, sizeof(pun)) != 0) {
-		closesocket (fd);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	// Set the newly-connected socket nonblocking.
-	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (fd)) {
-		closesocket (fd);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	// Set up a connection descriptor and add it to the event-machine.
-	// Observe, even though we know the connection status is connect-success,
-	// we still set the "pending" flag, so some needed initializations take
-	// place.
-	ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (fd, this);
-	if (!cd)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
-	cd->SetConnectPending (true);
-	Add (cd);
-	out = cd->GetBinding();
-	if (!out)
-		closesocket (fd);
-	return out;
-	#endif
-}
-/************************
-EventMachine_t::AttachFD
-************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::AttachFD (int fd, bool watch_mode)
-{
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	if (fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0) < 0)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid file descriptor");
-	#endif
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	// TODO: add better check for invalid file descriptors (see ioctlsocket or getsockopt)
-	if (fd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid file descriptor");
-	#endif
-	{// Check for duplicate descriptors
-		size_t i;
-		for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
-			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
-			assert (ed);
-			if (ed->GetSocket() == fd)
-				throw std::runtime_error ("adding existing descriptor");
-		}
-		for (i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++) {
-			EventableDescriptor *ed = NewDescriptors[i];
-			assert (ed);
-			if (ed->GetSocket() == fd)
-				throw std::runtime_error ("adding existing new descriptor");
-		}
-	}
-	if (!watch_mode)
-		SetSocketNonblocking(fd);
-	ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (fd, this);
-	if (!cd)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
-	cd->SetWatchOnly(watch_mode);
-	cd->SetConnectPending (false);
-	Add (cd);
-	const unsigned long out = cd->GetBinding();
-	return out;
-}
-/************************
-EventMachine_t::DetachFD
-************************/
-int EventMachine_t::DetachFD (EventableDescriptor *ed)
-{
-	if (!ed)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("detaching bad descriptor");
-	int fd = ed->GetSocket();
-	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-	if (bEpoll) {
-		if (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET) {
-			assert (epfd != -1);
-			int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
-			// ENOENT or EBADF are not errors because the socket may be already closed when we get here.
-			if (e && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF)) {
-				char buf [200];
-				snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
-				throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	#endif
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	if (bKqueue) {
-		// remove any read/write events for this fd
-		struct kevent k;
-		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ | EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, ed);
-		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-		if (t < 0 && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF)) {
-			char buf [200];
-			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete kqueue event: %s", strerror(errno));
-			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-		}
-	}
-	#endif
-	// Prevent the descriptor from being modified, in case DetachFD was called from a timer or next_tick
-	ModifiedDescriptors.erase (ed);
-	// Set MySocket = INVALID_SOCKET so ShouldDelete() is true (and the descriptor gets deleted and removed),
-	// and also to prevent anyone from calling close() on the detached fd
-	ed->SetSocketInvalid();
-	return fd;
-}
-/************
-name2address
-************/
-struct sockaddr *name2address (const char *server, int port, int *family, int *bind_size)
-{
-	// THIS IS NOT RE-ENTRANT OR THREADSAFE. Optimize for speed.
-	// Check the more-common cases first.
-	// Return NULL if no resolution.
-	static struct sockaddr_in in4;
-	#ifndef __CYGWIN__
-	static struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
-	#endif
-	struct hostent *hp;
-	if (!server || !*server)
-		server = "0.0.0.0";
-	memset (&in4, 0, sizeof(in4));
-	if ( (in4.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (server)) != INADDR_NONE) {
-		if (family)
-			*family = AF_INET;
-		if (bind_size)
-			*bind_size = sizeof(in4);
-		in4.sin_family = AF_INET;
-		in4.sin_port = htons (port);
-		return (struct sockaddr*)&in4;
-	}
-	#if defined(OS_UNIX) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
-	memset (&in6, 0, sizeof(in6));
-	if (inet_pton (AF_INET6, server, in6.sin6_addr.s6_addr) > 0) {
-		if (family)
-			*family = AF_INET6;
-		if (bind_size)
-			*bind_size = sizeof(in6);
-		in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-		in6.sin6_port = htons (port);
-		return (struct sockaddr*)&in6;
-	}
-	#endif
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	// TODO, must complete this branch. Windows doesn't have inet_pton.
-	// A possible approach is to make a getaddrinfo call with the supplied
-	// server address, constraining the hints to ipv6 and seeing if we
-	// get any addresses.
-	// For the time being, Ipv6 addresses aren't supported on Windows.
-	#endif
-	hp = gethostbyname ((char*)server); // Windows requires the cast.
-	if (hp) {
-		in4.sin_addr.s_addr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
-		if (family)
-			*family = AF_INET;
-		if (bind_size)
-			*bind_size = sizeof(in4);
-		in4.sin_family = AF_INET;
-		in4.sin_port = htons (port);
-		return (struct sockaddr*)&in4;
-	}
-	return NULL;
-}
-/*******************************
-EventMachine_t::CreateTcpServer
-*******************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::CreateTcpServer (const char *server, int port)
-{
-	/* Create a TCP-acceptor (server) socket and add it to the event machine.
-	 * Return the binding of the new acceptor to the caller.
-	 * This binding will be referenced when the new acceptor sends events
-	 * to indicate accepted connections.
-	 */
-	int family, bind_size;
-	struct sockaddr *bind_here = name2address (server, port, &family, &bind_size);
-	if (!bind_here)
-		return NULL;
-	unsigned long output_binding = NULL;
-	//struct sockaddr_in sin;
-	int sd_accept = socket (family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-	if (sd_accept == INVALID_SOCKET) {
-		goto fail;
-	}
-	/*
-	memset (&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
-	sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
-	sin.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
-	sin.sin_port = htons (port);
-	if (server && *server) {
-		sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (server);
-		if (sin.sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_NONE) {
-			hostent *hp = gethostbyname ((char*)server); // Windows requires the cast.
-			if (hp == NULL) {
-				//__warning ("hostname not resolved: ", server);
-				goto fail;
-			}
-			sin.sin_addr.s_addr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
-		}
-	}
-	*/
-	{ // set reuseaddr to improve performance on restarts.
-		int oval = 1;
-		if (setsockopt (sd_accept, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*)&oval, sizeof(oval)) < 0) {
-			//__warning ("setsockopt failed while creating listener","");
-			goto fail;
-		}
-	}
-	{ // set CLOEXEC. Only makes sense on Unix
-		#ifdef OS_UNIX
-		int cloexec = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFD, 0);
-		assert (cloexec >= 0);
-		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
-		fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFD, cloexec);
-		#endif
-	}
-	//if (bind (sd_accept, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin))) {
-	if (bind (sd_accept, bind_here, bind_size)) {
-		//__warning ("binding failed");
-		goto fail;
-	}
-	if (listen (sd_accept, 100)) {
-		//__warning ("listen failed");
-		goto fail;
-	}
-	{
-		// Set the acceptor non-blocking.
-		// THIS IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT because we read it in a select loop.
-		if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd_accept)) {
-		//int val = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFL, 0);
-		//if (fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFL, val | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
-			goto fail;
-		}
-	}
-	{ // Looking good.
-		AcceptorDescriptor *ad = new AcceptorDescriptor (sd_accept, this);
-		if (!ad)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate acceptor");
-		Add (ad);
-		output_binding = ad->GetBinding();
-	}
-	return output_binding;
-	fail:
-	if (sd_accept != INVALID_SOCKET)
-		closesocket (sd_accept);
-	return NULL;
-}
-/**********************************
-EventMachine_t::OpenDatagramSocket
-**********************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::OpenDatagramSocket (const char *address, int port)
-{
-	unsigned long output_binding = NULL;
-	int sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
-	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
-		goto fail;
-	// from here on, early returns must close the socket!
-	struct sockaddr_in sin;
-	memset (&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
-	sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
-	sin.sin_port = htons (port);
-	if (address && *address) {
-		sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (address);
-		if (sin.sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_NONE) {
-			hostent *hp = gethostbyname ((char*)address); // Windows requires the cast.
-			if (hp == NULL)
-				goto fail;
-			sin.sin_addr.s_addr = ((in_addr*)(hp->h_addr))->s_addr;
-		}
-	}
-	else
-		sin.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY);
-	// Set the new socket nonblocking.
-	{
-		if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd))
-		//int val = fcntl (sd, F_GETFL, 0);
-		//if (fcntl (sd, F_SETFL, val | O_NONBLOCK) == -1)
-			goto fail;
-	}
-	if (bind (sd, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin)) != 0)
-		goto fail;
-	{ // Looking good.
-		DatagramDescriptor *ds = new DatagramDescriptor (sd, this);
-		if (!ds)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate datagram-socket");
-		Add (ds);
-		output_binding = ds->GetBinding();
-	}
-	return output_binding;
-	fail:
-	if (sd != INVALID_SOCKET)
-		closesocket (sd);
-	return NULL;
-}
-/*******************
-EventMachine_t::Add
-*******************/
-void EventMachine_t::Add (EventableDescriptor *ed)
-{
-	if (!ed)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
-	ed->SetEventCallback (EventCallback);
-	NewDescriptors.push_back (ed);
-}
-/*******************************
-EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueWriter
-*******************************/
-void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueWriter (EventableDescriptor *ed)
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	if (bKqueue) {
-		if (!ed)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
-		struct kevent k;
-		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_ONESHOT, 0, 0, ed);
-		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-		if (t < 0) {
-			char buf [200];
-			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "arm kqueue writer failed on %d: %s", ed->GetSocket(), strerror(errno));
-			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-		}
-	}
-	#endif
-}
-/*******************************
-EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueReader
-*******************************/
-void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueReader (EventableDescriptor *ed)
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	if (bKqueue) {
-		if (!ed)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
-		struct kevent k;
-		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, ed);
-		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-		if (t < 0) {
-			char buf [200];
-			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "arm kqueue reader failed on %d: %s", ed->GetSocket(), strerror(errno));
-			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-		}
-	}
-	#endif
-}
-/**********************************
-EventMachine_t::_AddNewDescriptors
-**********************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_AddNewDescriptors()
-{
-	/* Avoid adding descriptors to the main descriptor list
-	 * while we're actually traversing the list.
-	 * Any descriptors that are added as a result of processing timers
-	 * or acceptors should go on a temporary queue and then added
-	 * while we're not traversing the main list.
-	 * Also, it (rarely) happens that a newly-created descriptor
-	 * is immediately scheduled to close. It might be a good
-	 * idea not to bother scheduling these for I/O but if
-	 * we do that, we might bypass some important processing.
-	 */
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++) {
-		EventableDescriptor *ed = NewDescriptors[i];
-		if (ed == NULL)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("adding bad descriptor");
-		#if HAVE_EPOLL
-		if (bEpoll) {
-			assert (epfd != -1);
-			int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
-			if (e) {
-				char buf [200];
-				snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to add new descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
-				throw std::runtime_error (buf);
-			}
-		}
-		#endif
-		#if HAVE_KQUEUE
-		/*
-		if (bKqueue) {
-			// INCOMPLETE. Some descriptors don't want to be readable.
-			assert (kqfd != -1);
-			struct kevent k;
-			EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, ed);
-			int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-			assert (t == 0);
-		}
-		*/
-		#endif
-		Descriptors.push_back (ed);
-	}
-	NewDescriptors.clear();
-}
-/**********************************
-EventMachine_t::_ModifyDescriptors
-**********************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_ModifyDescriptors()
-{
-	/* For implementations which don't level check every descriptor on
-	 * every pass through the machine, as select does.
-	 * If we're not selecting, then descriptors need a way to signal to the
-	 * machine that their readable or writable status has changed.
-	 * That's what the ::Modify call is for. We do it this way to avoid
-	 * modifying descriptors during the loop traversal, where it can easily
-	 * happen that an object (like a UDP socket) gets data written on it by
-	 * the application during #post_init. That would take place BEFORE the
-	 * descriptor even gets added to the epoll descriptor, so the modify
-	 * operation will crash messily.
-	 * Another really messy possibility is for a descriptor to put itself
-	 * on the Modified list, and then get deleted before we get here.
-	 * Remember, deletes happen after the I/O traversal and before the
-	 * next pass through here. So we have to make sure when we delete a
-	 * descriptor to remove it from the Modified list.
-	 */
-	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
-	if (bEpoll) {
-		set<EventableDescriptor*>::iterator i = ModifiedDescriptors.begin();
-		while (i != ModifiedDescriptors.end()) {
-			assert (*i);
-			_ModifyEpollEvent (*i);
-			++i;
-		}
-	}
-	#endif
-	ModifiedDescriptors.clear();
-}
-/**********************
-EventMachine_t::Modify
-**********************/
-void EventMachine_t::Modify (EventableDescriptor *ed)
-{
-	if (!ed)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("modified bad descriptor");
-	ModifiedDescriptors.insert (ed);
-}
-/***********************************
-EventMachine_t::_OpenFileForWriting
-***********************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::_OpenFileForWriting (const char *filename)
-{
-  /*
-	 * Return the binding-text of the newly-opened file,
-	 * or NULL if there was a problem.
-	 */
-	if (!filename || !*filename)
-		return NULL;
-  int fd = open (filename, O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_WRONLY|O_NONBLOCK, 0644);
-	FileStreamDescriptor *fsd = new FileStreamDescriptor (fd, this);
-  if (!fsd)
-  	throw std::runtime_error ("no file-stream allocated");
-  Add (fsd);
-  return fsd->GetBinding();
-}
-/**************************************
-EventMachine_t::CreateUnixDomainServer
-**************************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::CreateUnixDomainServer (const char *filename)
-{
-	/* Create a UNIX-domain acceptor (server) socket and add it to the event machine.
-	 * Return the binding of the new acceptor to the caller.
-	 * This binding will be referenced when the new acceptor sends events
-	 * to indicate accepted connections.
-	 * THERE IS NO MEANINGFUL IMPLEMENTATION ON WINDOWS.
-	 */
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain server unavailable on this platform");
-	#endif
-	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	unsigned long output_binding = NULL;
-	struct sockaddr_un s_sun;
-	int sd_accept = socket (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-	if (sd_accept == INVALID_SOCKET) {
-		goto fail;
-	}
-	if (!filename || !*filename)
-		goto fail;
-	unlink (filename);
-	bzero (&s_sun, sizeof(s_sun));
-	s_sun.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
-	strncpy (s_sun.sun_path, filename, sizeof(s_sun.sun_path)-1);
-	// don't bother with reuseaddr for a local socket.
-	{ // set CLOEXEC. Only makes sense on Unix
-		#ifdef OS_UNIX
-		int cloexec = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFD, 0);
-		assert (cloexec >= 0);
-		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
-		fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFD, cloexec);
-		#endif
-	}
-	if (bind (sd_accept, (struct sockaddr*)&s_sun, sizeof(s_sun))) {
-		//__warning ("binding failed");
-		goto fail;
-	}
-	if (listen (sd_accept, 100)) {
-		//__warning ("listen failed");
-		goto fail;
-	}
-	{
-		// Set the acceptor non-blocking.
-		// THIS IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT because we read it in a select loop.
-		if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd_accept)) {
-		//int val = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFL, 0);
-		//if (fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFL, val | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
-			goto fail;
-		}
-	}
-	{ // Looking good.
-		AcceptorDescriptor *ad = new AcceptorDescriptor (sd_accept, this);
-		if (!ad)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate acceptor");
-		Add (ad);
-		output_binding = ad->GetBinding();
-	}
-	return output_binding;
-	fail:
-	if (sd_accept != INVALID_SOCKET)
-		closesocket (sd_accept);
-	return NULL;
-	#endif // OS_UNIX
-}
-/*********************
-EventMachine_t::Popen
-*********************/
-#if OBSOLETE
-const char *EventMachine_t::Popen (const char *cmd, const char *mode)
-{
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	throw std::runtime_error ("popen is currently unavailable on this platform");
-	#endif
-	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
-	// Eventually we need this functionality (or a full-duplex equivalent) on Windows.
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	const char *output_binding = NULL;
-	FILE *fp = popen (cmd, mode);
-	if (!fp)
-		return NULL;
-	// From here, all early returns must pclose the stream.
-	// According to the pipe(2) manpage, descriptors returned from pipe have both
-	// CLOEXEC and NONBLOCK clear. Do NOT set CLOEXEC. DO set nonblocking.
-	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (fileno (fp))) {
-		pclose (fp);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	{ // Looking good.
-		PipeDescriptor *pd = new PipeDescriptor (fp, this);
-		if (!pd)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate pipe");
-		Add (pd);
-		output_binding = pd->GetBinding();
-	}
-	return output_binding;
-	#endif
-}
-#endif // OBSOLETE
-/**************************
-EventMachine_t::Socketpair
-**************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::Socketpair (char * const*cmd_strings)
-{
-	#ifdef OS_WIN32
-	throw std::runtime_error ("socketpair is currently unavailable on this platform");
-	#endif
-	// The whole rest of this function is only compiled on Unix systems.
-	// Eventually we need this functionality (or a full-duplex equivalent) on Windows.
-	#ifdef OS_UNIX
-	// Make sure the incoming array of command strings is sane.
-	if (!cmd_strings)
-		return NULL;
-	int j;
-	for (j=0; j < 100 && cmd_strings[j]; j++)
-		;
-	if ((j==0) || (j==100))
-		return NULL;
-	unsigned long output_binding = NULL;
-	int sv[2];
-	if (socketpair (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sv) < 0)
-		return NULL;
-	// from here, all early returns must close the pair of sockets.
-	// Set the parent side of the socketpair nonblocking.
-	// We don't care about the child side, and most child processes will expect their
-	// stdout to be blocking. Thanks to Duane Johnson and Bill Kelly for pointing this out.
-	// Obviously DON'T set CLOEXEC.
-	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sv[0])) {
-		close (sv[0]);
-		close (sv[1]);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	pid_t f = fork();
-	if (f > 0) {
-		close (sv[1]);
-		PipeDescriptor *pd = new PipeDescriptor (sv[0], f, this);
-		if (!pd)
-			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate pipe");
-		Add (pd);
-		output_binding = pd->GetBinding();
-	}
-	else if (f == 0) {
-		close (sv[0]);
-		dup2 (sv[1], STDIN_FILENO);
-		close (sv[1]);
-		dup2 (STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO);
-		execvp (cmd_strings[0], cmd_strings+1);
-		exit (-1); // end the child process if the exec doesn't work.
-	}
-	else
-		throw std::runtime_error ("no fork");
-	return output_binding;
-	#endif
-}
-/****************************
-EventMachine_t::OpenKeyboard
-****************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::OpenKeyboard()
-{
-	KeyboardDescriptor *kd = new KeyboardDescriptor (this);
-	if (!kd)
-		throw std::runtime_error ("no keyboard-object allocated");
-	Add (kd);
-	return kd->GetBinding();
-}
-/**********************************
-EventMachine_t::GetConnectionCount
-**********************************/
-int EventMachine_t::GetConnectionCount ()
-{
-	return Descriptors.size() + NewDescriptors.size();
-}
-/************************
-EventMachine_t::WatchPid
-************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::WatchPid (int pid)
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	if (!bKqueue)
-		throw std::runtime_error("must enable kqueue");
-	struct kevent event;
-	int kqres;
-	EV_SET(&event, pid, EVFILT_PROC, EV_ADD, NOTE_EXIT | NOTE_FORK, 0, 0);
-	// Attempt to register the event
-	kqres = kevent(kqfd, &event, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-	if (kqres == -1) {
-		char errbuf[200];
-		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to register file watch descriptor with kqueue: %s", strerror(errno));
-		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
-	}
-	#endif
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	Bindable_t* b = new Bindable_t();
-	Pids.insert(make_pair (pid, b));
-	return b->GetBinding();
-	#endif
-	throw std::runtime_error("no pid watching support on this system");
-}
-/**************************
-EventMachine_t::UnwatchPid
-**************************/
-void EventMachine_t::UnwatchPid (int pid)
-{
-	Bindable_t *b = Pids[pid];
-	assert(b);
-	Pids.erase(pid);
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	struct kevent k;
-	EV_SET(&k, pid, EVFILT_PROC, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, 0);
-	/*int t =*/ kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-	// t==-1 if the process already exited; ignore this for now
-	#endif
-	if (EventCallback)
-		(*EventCallback)(b->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_UNBOUND, NULL, 0);
-	delete b;
-}
-void EventMachine_t::UnwatchPid (const unsigned long sig)
-{
-	for(map<int, Bindable_t*>::iterator i=Pids.begin(); i != Pids.end(); i++)
-	{
-		if (i->second->GetBinding() == sig) {
-			UnwatchPid (i->first);
-			return;
-		}
-	}
-	throw std::runtime_error("attempted to remove invalid pid signature");
-}
-/*************************
-EventMachine_t::WatchFile
-*************************/
-const unsigned long EventMachine_t::WatchFile (const char *fpath)
-{
-	struct stat sb;
-	int sres;
-	int wd = -1;
-	sres = stat(fpath, &sb);
-	if (sres == -1) {
-		char errbuf[300];
-		sprintf(errbuf, "error registering file %s for watching: %s", fpath, strerror(errno));
-		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
-	}
-	#ifdef HAVE_INOTIFY
-	if (!inotify) {
-		inotify = new InotifyDescriptor(this);
-		assert (inotify);
-		Add(inotify);
-	}
-	wd = inotify_add_watch(inotify->GetSocket(), fpath, IN_MODIFY | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_MOVE_SELF);
-	if (wd == -1) {
-		char errbuf[300];
-		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to open file %s for registering with inotify: %s", fpath, strerror(errno));
-		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
-	}
-	#endif
-	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-	if (!bKqueue)
-		throw std::runtime_error("must enable kqueue");
-	// With kqueue we have to open the file first and use the resulting fd to register for events
-	wd = open(fpath, O_RDONLY);
-	if (wd == -1) {
-		char errbuf[300];
-		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to open file %s for registering with kqueue: %s", fpath, strerror(errno));
-		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
-	}
-	_RegisterKqueueFileEvent(wd);
-	#endif
-	if (wd != -1) {
-		Bindable_t* b = new Bindable_t();
-		Files.insert(make_pair (wd, b));
-		return b->GetBinding();
-	}
-	throw std::runtime_error("no file watching support on this system"); // is this the right thing to do?
-}
-/***************************
-EventMachine_t::UnwatchFile
-***************************/
-void EventMachine_t::UnwatchFile (int wd)
-{
-	Bindable_t *b = Files[wd];
-	assert(b);
-	Files.erase(wd);
-	#ifdef HAVE_INOTIFY
-	inotify_rm_watch(inotify->GetSocket(), wd);
-	#elif HAVE_KQUEUE
-	// With kqueue, closing the monitored fd automatically clears all registered events for it
-	close(wd);
-	#endif
-	if (EventCallback)
-		(*EventCallback)(b->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_UNBOUND, NULL, 0);
-	delete b;
-}
-void EventMachine_t::UnwatchFile (const unsigned long sig)
-{
-	for(map<int, Bindable_t*>::iterator i=Files.begin(); i != Files.end(); i++)
-	{
-		if (i->second->GetBinding() == sig) {
-			UnwatchFile (i->first);
-			return;
-		}
-	}
-	throw std::runtime_error("attempted to remove invalid watch signature");
-}
-/***********************************
-EventMachine_t::_ReadInotify_Events
-************************************/
-void EventMachine_t::_ReadInotifyEvents()
-{
-	#ifdef HAVE_INOTIFY
-	struct inotify_event event;
-	assert(EventCallback);
-	while (read(inotify->GetSocket(), &event, INOTIFY_EVENT_SIZE) > 0) {
-		assert(event.len == 0);
-		if (event.mask & IN_MODIFY)
-			(*EventCallback)(Files [event.wd]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "modified", 8);
-		if (event.mask & IN_MOVE_SELF)
-			(*EventCallback)(Files [event.wd]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "moved", 5);
-		if (event.mask & IN_DELETE_SELF) {
-			(*EventCallback)(Files [event.wd]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "deleted", 7);
-			UnwatchFile ((int)event.wd);
-		}
-	}
-	#endif
-}
-/*************************************
-EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueuePidEvent
-*************************************/
-#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-void EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueuePidEvent(struct kevent *event)
-{
-	assert(EventCallback);
-	if (event->fflags & NOTE_FORK)
-		(*EventCallback)(Pids [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "fork", 4);
-	if (event->fflags & NOTE_EXIT) {
-		(*EventCallback)(Pids [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "exit", 4);
-		// stop watching the pid if it died
-		UnwatchPid ((int)event->ident);
-	}
-}
-#endif
-/**************************************
-EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueueFileEvent
-***************************************/
-#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-void EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueueFileEvent(struct kevent *event)
-{
-	assert(EventCallback);
-	if (event->fflags & NOTE_WRITE)
-		(*EventCallback)(Files [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "modified", 8);
-	if (event->fflags & NOTE_RENAME)
-		(*EventCallback)(Files [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "moved", 5);
-	if (event->fflags & NOTE_DELETE) {
-		(*EventCallback)(Files [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "deleted", 7);
-		UnwatchFile ((int)event->ident);
-	}
-}
-#endif
-/****************************************
-EventMachine_t::_RegisterKqueueFileEvent
-*****************************************/
-#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
-void EventMachine_t::_RegisterKqueueFileEvent(int fd)
-{
-	struct kevent newevent;
-	int kqres;
-	// Setup the event with our fd and proper flags
-	EV_SET(&newevent, fd, EVFILT_VNODE, EV_ADD | EV_CLEAR, NOTE_DELETE | NOTE_RENAME | NOTE_WRITE, 0, 0);
-	// Attempt to register the event
-	kqres = kevent(kqfd, &newevent, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
-	if (kqres == -1) {
-		char errbuf[200];
-		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to register file watch descriptor with kqueue: %s", strerror(errno));
-		close(fd);
-		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
-	}
-}
-#endif
-/************************************
-EventMachine_t::GetHeartbeatInterval
-*************************************/
-float EventMachine_t::GetHeartbeatInterval()
-{
-	return ((float)HeartbeatInterval / 1000000);
-}
-/************************************
-EventMachine_t::SetHeartbeatInterval
-*************************************/
-int EventMachine_t::SetHeartbeatInterval(float interval)
-{
-	int iv = (int)(interval * 1000000);
-	if (iv > 0) {
-		HeartbeatInterval = iv;
-		return 1;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-//#endif // OS_UNIX