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+# Capybara
+
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/teamcapybara/capybara/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/teamcapybara/capybara/actions/workflows/build.yml)
+[![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/teamcapybara/capybara.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/teamcapybara/capybara)
+[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/teamcapybara/capybara/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/github/teamcapybara/capybara?branch=master)
+
+Capybara helps you test web applications by simulating how a real user would
+interact with your app. It is agnostic about the driver running your tests and
+comes with Rack::Test and Selenium support built in. WebKit is supported
+through an external gem.
+
+## Support Capybara
+
+If you and/or your company find value in Capybara and would like to contribute financially to its ongoing maintenance and development, please visit
+<a href="https://www.patreon.com/capybara">Patreon</a>
+
+
+**Need help?** Ask on the discussions (please do not open an issue): https://github.com/orgs/teamcapybara/discussions/categories/q-a
+
+## Table of contents
+
+- [Key benefits](#key-benefits)
+- [Setup](#setup)
+- [Using Capybara with Cucumber](#using-capybara-with-cucumber)
+- [Using Capybara with RSpec](#using-capybara-with-rspec)
+- [Using Capybara with Test::Unit](#using-capybara-with-testunit)
+- [Using Capybara with Minitest](#using-capybara-with-minitest)
+- [Using Capybara with Minitest::Spec](#using-capybara-with-minitestspec)
+- [Drivers](#drivers)
+    - [Selecting the Driver](#selecting-the-driver)
+    - [RackTest](#racktest)
+    - [Selenium](#selenium)
+- [The DSL](#the-dsl)
+    - [Navigating](#navigating)
+    - [Clicking links and buttons](#clicking-links-and-buttons)
+    - [Interacting with forms](#interacting-with-forms)
+    - [Querying](#querying)
+    - [Finding](#finding)
+    - [Scoping](#scoping)
+    - [Working with windows](#working-with-windows)
+    - [Scripting](#scripting)
+    - [Modals](#modals)
+    - [Debugging](#debugging)
+- [Selectors](#selectors)
+    - [Name](#selectors-name)
+    - [Locator](#selectors-locator)
+    - [Filters](#selectors-filters)
+- [Matching](#matching)
+    - [Exactness](#exactness)
+    - [Strategy](#strategy)
+- [Transactions and database setup](#transactions-and-database-setup)
+- [Asynchronous JavaScript (Ajax and friends)](#asynchronous-javascript-ajax-and-friends)
+- [Using the DSL elsewhere](#using-the-dsl-elsewhere)
+- [Calling remote servers](#calling-remote-servers)
+- [Using sessions](#using-sessions)
+    - [Named sessions](#named-sessions)
+    - [Using sessions manually](#using-sessions-manually)
+- [XPath, CSS and selectors](#xpath-css-and-selectors)
+- [Beware the XPath // trap](#beware-the-xpath--trap)
+- [Configuring and adding drivers](#configuring-and-adding-drivers)
+- [Gotchas:](#gotchas)
+- ["Threadsafe" mode](#threadsafe-mode)
+- [Development](#development)
+
+## <a name="key-benefits"></a>Key benefits
+
+- **No setup** necessary for Rails and Rack application. Works out of the box.
+- **Intuitive API** which mimics the language an actual user would use.
+- **Switch the backend** your tests run against from fast headless mode
+  to an actual browser with no changes to your tests.
+- **Powerful synchronization** features mean you never have to manually wait
+  for asynchronous processes to complete.
+
+## <a name="setup"></a>Setup
+
+Capybara requires Ruby 3.0.0 or later. To install, add this line to your
+`Gemfile` and run `bundle install`:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'capybara'
+```
+
+If the application that you are testing is a Rails app, add this line to your test helper file:
+
+```ruby
+require 'capybara/rails'
+```
+
+If the application that you are testing is a Rack app, but not Rails, set Capybara.app to your Rack app:
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.app = MyRackApp
+```
+
+If you need to test JavaScript, or if your app interacts with (or is located at)
+a remote URL, you'll need to [use a different driver](#drivers).  If using Rails 5.0+, but not using the Rails system tests from 5.1, you'll probably also
+want to swap the "server" used to launch your app to Puma in order to match Rails defaults.
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.server = :puma # Until your setup is working
+Capybara.server = :puma, { Silent: true } # To clean up your test output
+```
+
+## <a name="using-capybara-with-cucumber"></a>Using Capybara with Cucumber
+
+The `cucumber-rails` gem comes with Capybara support built-in. If you
+are not using Rails, manually load the `capybara/cucumber` module:
+
+```ruby
+require 'capybara/cucumber'
+Capybara.app = MyRackApp
+```
+
+You can use the Capybara DSL in your steps, like so:
+
+```ruby
+When /I sign in/ do
+  within("#session") do
+    fill_in 'Email', with: 'user@example.com'
+    fill_in 'Password', with: 'password'
+  end
+  click_button 'Sign in'
+end
+```
+
+You can switch to the `Capybara.javascript_driver` (`:selenium`
+by default) by tagging scenarios (or features) with `@javascript`:
+
+```ruby
+@javascript
+Scenario: do something Ajaxy
+  When I click the Ajax link
+  ...
+```
+
+There are also explicit tags for each registered driver set up for you (`@selenium`, `@rack_test`, etc).
+
+## <a name="using-capybara-with-rspec"></a>Using Capybara with RSpec
+
+Load RSpec 3.5+ support by adding the following line (typically to your
+`spec_helper.rb` file):
+
+```ruby
+require 'capybara/rspec'
+```
+
+If you are using Rails, put your Capybara specs in `spec/features` or `spec/system` (only works if
+[you have it configured in RSpec](https://rspec.info/features/6-0/rspec-rails/directory-structure/))
+and if you have your Capybara specs in a different directory, then tag the example groups with
+`type: :feature` or `type: :system` depending on which type of test you're writing.
+
+If you are using Rails system specs please see [their documentation](https://rspec.info/features/6-0/rspec-rails/system-specs/system-specs)
+for selecting the driver you wish to use.
+
+If you are not using Rails, tag all the example groups in which you want to use
+Capybara with `type: :feature`.
+
+You can now write your specs like so:
+
+```ruby
+describe "the signin process", type: :feature do
+  before :each do
+    User.create(email: 'user@example.com', password: 'password')
+  end
+
+  it "signs me in" do
+    visit '/sessions/new'
+    within("#session") do
+      fill_in 'Email', with: 'user@example.com'
+      fill_in 'Password', with: 'password'
+    end
+    click_button 'Sign in'
+    expect(page).to have_content 'Success'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Use `js: true` to switch to the `Capybara.javascript_driver`
+(`:selenium` by default), or provide a `:driver` option to switch
+to one specific driver. For example:
+
+```ruby
+describe 'some stuff which requires js', js: true do
+  it 'will use the default js driver'
+  it 'will switch to one specific driver', driver: :selenium
+end
+```
+
+Capybara also comes with a built in DSL for creating descriptive acceptance tests:
+
+```ruby
+feature "Signing in" do
+  background do
+    User.create(email: 'user@example.com', password: 'caplin')
+  end
+
+  scenario "Signing in with correct credentials" do
+    visit '/sessions/new'
+    within("#session") do
+      fill_in 'Email', with: 'user@example.com'
+      fill_in 'Password', with: 'caplin'
+    end
+    click_button 'Sign in'
+    expect(page).to have_content 'Success'
+  end
+
+  given(:other_user) { User.create(email: 'other@example.com', password: 'rous') }
+
+  scenario "Signing in as another user" do
+    visit '/sessions/new'
+    within("#session") do
+      fill_in 'Email', with: other_user.email
+      fill_in 'Password', with: other_user.password
+    end
+    click_button 'Sign in'
+    expect(page).to have_content 'Invalid email or password'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+`feature` is in fact just an alias for `describe ..., type: :feature`,
+`background` is an alias for `before`, `scenario` for `it`, and
+`given`/`given!` aliases for `let`/`let!`, respectively.
+
+Finally, Capybara matchers are also supported in view specs:
+
+```ruby
+RSpec.describe "todos/show.html.erb", type: :view do
+  it "displays the todo title" do
+    assign :todo, Todo.new(title: "Buy milk")
+
+    render
+
+    expect(rendered).to have_css("header h1", text: "Buy milk")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+**Note: When you require 'capybara/rspec' proxy methods are installed to work around name collisions between Capybara::DSL methods
+  `all`/`within` and the identically named built-in RSpec matchers. If you opt not to require 'capybara/rspec' you can install the proxy methods by requiring 'capybara/rspec/matcher_proxies' after requiring RSpec and 'capybara/dsl'**
+
+## <a name="using-capybara-with-testunit"></a>Using Capybara with Test::Unit
+
+* If you are using `Test::Unit`, define a base class for your Capybara tests
+  like so:
+
+    ```ruby
+    require 'capybara/dsl'
+
+    class CapybaraTestCase < Test::Unit::TestCase
+      include Capybara::DSL
+
+      def teardown
+        Capybara.reset_sessions!
+        Capybara.use_default_driver
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+## <a name="using-capybara-with-minitest"></a>Using Capybara with Minitest
+
+* If you are using Rails system tests please see their documentation for information on selecting the driver you wish to use.
+
+* If you are using Rails, but not using Rails system tests, add the following code in your `test_helper.rb`
+    file to make Capybara available in all test cases deriving from
+    `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`:
+
+    ```ruby
+    require 'capybara/rails'
+    require 'capybara/minitest'
+
+    class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+      # Make the Capybara DSL available in all integration tests
+      include Capybara::DSL
+      # Make `assert_*` methods behave like Minitest assertions
+      include Capybara::Minitest::Assertions
+
+      # Reset sessions and driver between tests
+      teardown do
+        Capybara.reset_sessions!
+        Capybara.use_default_driver
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+* If you are not using Rails, define a base class for your Capybara tests like
+  so:
+
+    ```ruby
+    require 'capybara/minitest'
+
+    class CapybaraTestCase < Minitest::Test
+      include Capybara::DSL
+      include Capybara::Minitest::Assertions
+
+      def teardown
+        Capybara.reset_sessions!
+        Capybara.use_default_driver
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+    Remember to call `super` in any subclasses that override
+    `teardown`.
+
+To switch the driver, set `Capybara.current_driver`. For instance,
+
+```ruby
+class BlogTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  setup do
+    Capybara.current_driver = Capybara.javascript_driver # :selenium by default
+  end
+
+  test 'shows blog posts' do
+    # ... this test is run with Selenium ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## <a name="using-capybara-with-minitestspec"></a>Using Capybara with Minitest::Spec
+
+Follow the above instructions for Minitest and additionally require capybara/minitest/spec
+
+```ruby
+page.must_have_content('Important!')
+```
+
+## <a name="drivers"></a>Drivers
+
+Capybara uses the same DSL to drive a variety of browser and headless drivers.
+
+### <a name="selecting-the-driver"></a>Selecting the Driver
+
+By default, Capybara uses the `:rack_test` driver, which is fast but limited: it
+does not support JavaScript, nor is it able to access HTTP resources outside of
+your Rack application, such as remote APIs and OAuth services. To get around
+these limitations, you can set up a different default driver for your features.
+For example, if you'd prefer to run everything in Selenium, you could do:
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.default_driver = :selenium # :selenium_chrome and :selenium_chrome_headless are also registered
+```
+
+However, if you are using RSpec or Cucumber (and your app runs correctly without JS),
+you may instead want to consider leaving the faster `:rack_test` as the __default_driver__, and
+marking only those tests that require a JavaScript-capable driver using `js: true` or
+`@javascript`, respectively.  By default, JavaScript tests are run using the
+`:selenium` driver. You can change this by setting
+`Capybara.javascript_driver`.
+
+You can also change the driver temporarily (typically in the Before/setup and
+After/teardown blocks):
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.current_driver = :selenium # temporarily select different driver
+# tests here
+Capybara.use_default_driver       # switch back to default driver
+```
+
+**Note**: switching the driver creates a new session, so you may not be able to
+switch in the middle of a test.
+
+### <a name="racktest"></a>RackTest
+
+RackTest is Capybara's default driver. It is written in pure Ruby and does not
+have any support for executing JavaScript. Since the RackTest driver interacts
+directly with Rack interfaces, it does not require a server to be started.
+However, this means that if your application is not a Rack application (Rails,
+Sinatra and most other Ruby frameworks are Rack applications) then you cannot
+use this driver. Furthermore, you cannot use the RackTest driver to test a
+remote application, or to access remote URLs (e.g., redirects to external
+sites, external APIs, or OAuth services) that your application might interact
+with.
+
+[capybara-mechanize](https://github.com/jeroenvandijk/capybara-mechanize)
+provides a similar driver that can access remote servers.
+
+RackTest can be configured with a set of headers like this:
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.register_driver :rack_test do |app|
+  Capybara::RackTest::Driver.new(app, headers: { 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'Capybara' })
+end
+```
+
+See the section on adding and configuring drivers.
+
+### <a name="selenium"></a>Selenium
+
+Capybara supports [Selenium 3.5+
+(Webdriver)](https://www.seleniumhq.org/projects/webdriver/).
+In order to use Selenium, you'll need to install the `selenium-webdriver` gem,
+and add it to your Gemfile if you're using bundler.
+
+Capybara pre-registers a number of named drivers that use Selenium - they are:
+
+  * :selenium                 => Selenium driving Firefox
+  * :selenium_headless        => Selenium driving Firefox in a headless configuration
+  * :selenium_chrome          => Selenium driving Chrome
+  * :selenium_chrome_headless => Selenium driving Chrome in a headless configuration
+
+These should work (with relevant software installation) in a local desktop configuration but you may
+need to customize them if using in a CI environment where additional options may need to be passed
+to the browsers.  See the section on adding and configuring drivers.
+
+
+**Note**: drivers which run the server in a different thread may not share the
+same transaction as your tests, causing data not to be shared between your test
+and test server, see [Transactions and database setup](#transactions-and-database-setup) below.
+
+## <a name="the-dsl"></a>The DSL
+
+*A complete reference is available at
+[rubydoc.info](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master)*.
+
+**Note: By default Capybara will only locate visible elements. This is because
+ a real user would not be able to interact with non-visible elements.**
+
+**Note**: All searches in Capybara are *case sensitive*. This is because
+Capybara heavily uses XPath, which doesn't support case insensitivity.
+
+### <a name="navigating"></a>Navigating
+
+You can use the
+<tt>[visit](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Session#visit-instance_method)</tt>
+method to navigate to other pages:
+
+```ruby
+visit('/projects')
+visit(post_comments_path(post))
+```
+
+The visit method only takes a single parameter, the request method is **always**
+GET.
+
+You can get the [current path](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Session#current_path-instance_method)
+of the browsing session, and test it using the [`have_current_path`](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/RSpecMatchers#have_current_path-instance_method) matcher:
+
+```ruby
+expect(page).to have_current_path(post_comments_path(post))
+```
+
+**Note**: You can also assert the current path by testing the value of
+`current_path` directly. However, using the `have_current_path` matcher is
+safer since it uses Capybara's [waiting behaviour](#asynchronous-javascript-ajax-and-friends)
+to ensure that preceding actions (such as a `click_link`) have completed.
+
+### <a name="clicking-links-and-buttons"></a>Clicking links and buttons
+
+*Full reference: [Capybara::Node::Actions](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Actions)*
+
+You can interact with the webapp by following links and buttons. Capybara
+automatically follows any redirects, and submits forms associated with buttons.
+
+```ruby
+click_link('id-of-link')
+click_link('Link Text')
+click_button('Save')
+click_on('Link Text') # clicks on either links or buttons
+click_on('Button Value')
+```
+
+### <a name="interacting-with-forms"></a>Interacting with forms
+
+*Full reference: [Capybara::Node::Actions](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Actions)*
+
+There are a number of tools for interacting with form elements:
+
+```ruby
+fill_in('First Name', with: 'John')
+fill_in('Password', with: 'Seekrit')
+fill_in('Description', with: 'Really Long Text...')
+choose('A Radio Button')
+check('A Checkbox')
+uncheck('A Checkbox')
+attach_file('Image', '/path/to/image.jpg')
+select('Option', from: 'Select Box')
+```
+
+### <a name="querying"></a>Querying
+
+*Full reference: [Capybara::Node::Matchers](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Matchers)*
+
+Capybara has a rich set of options for querying the page for the existence of
+certain elements, and working with and manipulating those elements.
+
+```ruby
+page.has_selector?('table tr')
+page.has_selector?(:xpath, './/table/tr')
+
+page.has_xpath?('.//table/tr')
+page.has_css?('table tr.foo')
+page.has_content?('foo')
+```
+
+**Note:** The negative forms like `has_no_selector?` are different from `not
+has_selector?`. Read the section on asynchronous JavaScript for an explanation.
+
+You can use these with RSpec's magic matchers:
+
+```ruby
+expect(page).to have_selector('table tr')
+expect(page).to have_selector(:xpath, './/table/tr')
+
+expect(page).to have_xpath('.//table/tr')
+expect(page).to have_css('table tr.foo')
+expect(page).to have_content('foo')
+```
+
+### <a name="finding"></a>Finding
+
+_Full reference: [Capybara::Node::Finders](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Finders)_
+
+You can also find specific elements, in order to manipulate them:
+
+```ruby
+find_field('First Name').value
+find_field(id: 'my_field').value
+find_link('Hello', :visible => :all).visible?
+find_link(class: ['some_class', 'some_other_class'], :visible => :all).visible?
+
+find_button('Send').click
+find_button(value: '1234').click
+
+find(:xpath, ".//table/tr").click
+find("#overlay").find("h1").click
+all('a').each { |a| a[:href] }
+```
+
+If you need to find elements by additional attributes/properties you can also pass a filter block, which will be checked inside the normal waiting behavior.
+If you find yourself needing to use this a lot you may be better off adding a [custom selector](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/Capybara#add_selector-class_method) or [adding a filter to an existing selector](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/Capybara#modify_selector-class_method).
+
+```ruby
+find_field('First Name'){ |el| el['data-xyz'] == '123' }
+find("#img_loading"){ |img| img['complete'] == true }
+```
+
+**Note**: `find` will wait for an element to appear on the page, as explained in the
+Ajax section. If the element does not appear it will raise an error.
+
+These elements all have all the Capybara DSL methods available, so you can restrict them
+to specific parts of the page:
+
+```ruby
+find('#navigation').click_link('Home')
+expect(find('#navigation')).to have_button('Sign out')
+```
+
+### <a name="scoping"></a>Scoping
+
+Capybara makes it possible to restrict certain actions, such as interacting with
+forms or clicking links and buttons, to within a specific area of the page. For
+this purpose you can use the generic
+<tt>[within](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Session#within-instance_method)</tt>
+method. Optionally you can specify which kind of selector to use.
+
+```ruby
+within("li#employee") do
+  fill_in 'Name', with: 'Jimmy'
+end
+
+within(:xpath, ".//li[@id='employee']") do
+  fill_in 'Name', with: 'Jimmy'
+end
+```
+
+There are special methods for restricting the scope to a specific fieldset,
+identified by either an id or the text of the fieldset's legend tag, and to a
+specific table, identified by either id or text of the table's caption tag.
+
+```ruby
+within_fieldset('Employee') do
+  fill_in 'Name', with: 'Jimmy'
+end
+
+within_table('Employee') do
+  fill_in 'Name', with: 'Jimmy'
+end
+```
+
+### <a name="working-with-windows"></a>Working with windows
+
+Capybara provides some methods to ease finding and switching windows:
+
+```ruby
+facebook_window = window_opened_by do
+  click_button 'Like'
+end
+within_window facebook_window do
+  find('#login_email').set('a@example.com')
+  find('#login_password').set('qwerty')
+  click_button 'Submit'
+end
+```
+
+### <a name="scripting"></a>Scripting
+
+In drivers which support it, you can easily execute JavaScript:
+
+```ruby
+page.execute_script("$('body').empty()")
+```
+
+For simple expressions, you can return the result of the script.
+
+```ruby
+result = page.evaluate_script('4 + 4');
+```
+
+For more complicated scripts you'll need to write them as one expression.
+
+```ruby
+result = page.evaluate_script(<<~JS, 3, element)
+  (function(n, el){
+    var val = parseInt(el.value, 10);
+    return n+val;
+  })(arguments[0], arguments[1])
+JS
+```
+
+### <a name="modals"></a>Modals
+
+In drivers which support it, you can accept, dismiss and respond to alerts, confirms, and prompts.
+
+You can accept alert messages by wrapping the code that produces an alert in a block:
+
+```ruby
+accept_alert 'optional text or regex' do
+  click_link('Show Alert')
+end
+```
+
+You can accept or dismiss a confirmation by wrapping it in a block, as well:
+
+```ruby
+accept_confirm 'optional text' do
+  click_link('Show Confirm')
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+dismiss_confirm 'optional text' do
+  click_link('Show Confirm')
+end
+```
+
+You can accept or dismiss prompts as well, and also provide text to fill in for the response:
+
+```ruby
+accept_prompt('optional text', with: 'Linus Torvalds') do
+  click_link('Show Prompt About Linux')
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+dismiss_prompt('optional text') do
+  click_link('Show Prompt About Linux')
+end
+```
+
+All modal methods return the message that was presented. So, you can access the prompt message
+by assigning the return to a variable:
+
+```ruby
+message = accept_prompt(with: 'Linus Torvalds') do
+  click_link('Show Prompt About Linux')
+end
+expect(message).to eq('Who is the chief architect of Linux?')
+```
+
+### <a name="debugging"></a>Debugging
+
+It can be useful to take a snapshot of the page as it currently is and take a
+look at it:
+
+```ruby
+save_and_open_page
+```
+
+You can also retrieve the current state of the DOM as a string using
+<tt>[page.html](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Session#html-instance_method)</tt>.
+
+```ruby
+print page.html
+```
+
+This is mostly useful for debugging. You should avoid testing against the
+contents of `page.html` and use the more expressive finder methods instead.
+
+Finally, in drivers that support it, you can save a screenshot:
+
+```ruby
+page.save_screenshot('screenshot.png')
+```
+
+Or have it save and automatically open:
+
+```ruby
+save_and_open_screenshot
+```
+
+Screenshots are saved to `Capybara.save_path`, relative to the app directory.
+If you have required `capybara/rails`, `Capybara.save_path` will default to
+`tmp/capybara`.
+
+## <a name="selectors"></a>Selectors
+
+Helpers and matchers that accept Selectors share a common method signature that
+includes:
+
+1. a positional Name argument
+2. a positional Locator argument
+3. keyword Filter arguments
+4. a predicate Filter block argument
+
+These arguments are usually optional in one way or another.
+
+### <a name="selectors-name"></a>Name
+
+The name argument determines the Selector to use. The argument is optional when
+a helper explicitly conveys the selector name (for example, [`find_field`][]
+uses `:field`, [`find_link`][] uses `:link`, etc):
+
+```ruby
+page.html # => '<a href="/">Home</a>'
+
+page.find(:link) == page.find_link
+
+page.html # => '<input>'
+
+page.find(:field) == page.find_field
+```
+
+### <a name="selectors-locator"></a>Locator
+
+The locator argument usually represents information that can most meaningfully
+distinguish an element that matches the selector from an element that does not:
+
+```ruby
+page.html # => '<div id="greeting">Hello world</div>'
+
+page.find(:css, 'div').text     # => 'Hello world'
+page.find(:xpath, './/div').text # => 'Hello world'
+```
+
+General purpose finder methods like [`find`][] and [`all`][] can accept the
+locator as their first positional argument when the method can infer the default
+value from the [`Capybara.default_selector`][] configuration:
+
+```ruby
+page.html # => '<div id="greeting">Hello world</div>'
+
+Capybara.default_selector = :css
+
+page.find('div').text     # => 'Hello world'
+
+Capybara.default_selector = :xpath
+
+page.find('.//div').text # => 'Hello world'
+```
+
+The locator argument's semantics are context-specific, and depend on the
+selector. The types of arguments are varied. Some selectors support `String` or
+`Regexp` arguments, while others like `:table_row` support `Array<String>` and
+`Hash<String, String>`:
+
+```ruby
+page.html # => '<label for="greeting">Greeting</label>
+                <input id="greeting" name="content">'
+
+# find by the <input> element's [id] attribute
+page.find(:id, 'greeting') == page.find_by_id('greeting') # => true
+
+# find by the <input> element's [id] attribute
+page.find(:field, 'greeting') == page.find_field('greeting') # => true
+
+# find by the <input> element's [name] attribute
+page.find(:field, 'content') == page.find_field('content') # => true
+
+# find by the <label> element's text
+page.find(:field, 'Greeting') == page.find_field('Greeting') # => true
+
+page.html # => '<table>
+                  <tr>
+                    <th>A</th>
+                    <th>B</th>
+                  </tr>
+                  <tr>
+                    <td>1</td>
+                    <td>2</td>
+                  </tr>
+                </table>'
+
+# find by <td> content
+page.find(:table_row, ['1', '2']) == page.find(:css, 'tr:last-of-type') # => true
+
+# find by <th> content paired with corresponding <td> content
+page.find(:table_row, 'A' => '1') == page.find(:table_row, 'B' => '2') # => true
+```
+
+### <a name="selectors-filters"></a> Filters
+
+All filters are optional. The supported set of keys is a mixture of both global
+and context-specific filters.The supported types of values depend on the
+context:
+
+```ruby
+page.html # => '<a href="/">Home</a>'
+
+# find by the [href] attribute
+page.find_link(href: '/') == page.find_link(text: 'Home') # => true
+
+page.html # => '<div id="element" data-attribute="value">Content</div>'
+
+# find by the [id] attribute
+page.find(id: 'element') == page.find(text: 'Content') # => true
+
+# find by the [data-attribute] attribute
+page.find(:element, 'data-attribute': /value/) == page.find(text: 'Content') # => true
+
+page.html # => '<input type="checkbox">'
+
+# find by the absence of the [checked] attribute
+page.find_field(checked: false) == page.find_field(unchecked: true) # => true
+```
+
+The predicate block is always optional. When there are results for a selector
+query, the block is called with each item in the result set. When the block
+evaluates to true, the item is included from the result set. Otherwise, the item
+is excluded:
+
+```ruby
+page.html # => '<input role="switch" type="checkbox" checked>'
+
+switch = page.find_field { |input| input["role"] == "switch" }
+field = page.find_field(checked: true)
+
+switch == field # => true
+```
+
+[`find`]: https://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Finders:find
+[`all`]: https://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Finders:all
+[`Capybara.default_selector`]: https://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara%2Econfigure
+[`find_by_id`]: https://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Finders:find_by_id
+[`find_field`]: https://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Finders:find_field
+[`find_link`]: https://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Node/Finders:find_link
+
+## <a name="matching"></a>Matching
+
+It is possible to customize how Capybara finds elements. At your disposal
+are two options, `Capybara.exact` and `Capybara.match`.
+
+### <a name="exactness"></a>Exactness
+
+`Capybara.exact` and the `exact` option work together with the `is` expression
+inside the XPath gem. When `exact` is true, all `is` expressions match exactly,
+when it is false, they allow substring matches. Many of the selectors built into
+Capybara use the `is` expression. This way you can specify whether you want to
+allow substring matches or not. `Capybara.exact` is false by default.
+
+For example:
+
+```ruby
+click_link("Password") # also matches "Password confirmation"
+Capybara.exact = true
+click_link("Password") # does not match "Password confirmation"
+click_link("Password", exact: false) # can be overridden
+```
+
+### <a name="strategy"></a>Strategy
+
+Using `Capybara.match` and the equivalent `match` option, you can control how
+Capybara behaves when multiple elements all match a query. There are currently
+four different strategies built into Capybara:
+
+1. **first:** Just picks the first element that matches.
+2. **one:** Raises an error if more than one element matches.
+3. **smart:** If `exact` is `true`, raises an error if more than one element
+   matches, just like `one`. If `exact` is `false`, it will first try to find
+   an exact match. An error is raised if more than one element is found. If no
+   element is found, a new search is performed which allows partial matches. If
+   that search returns multiple matches, an error is raised.
+4. **prefer_exact:** If multiple matches are found, some of which are exact,
+   and some of which are not, then the first exactly matching element is
+   returned.
+
+The default for `Capybara.match` is `:smart`. To emulate the behaviour in
+Capybara 2.0.x, set `Capybara.match` to `:one`. To emulate the behaviour in
+Capybara 1.x, set `Capybara.match` to `:prefer_exact`.
+
+## <a name="transactions-and-database-setup"></a>Transactions and database setup
+
+**Note:**  Rails 5.1+ "safely" shares the database connection between the app and test threads.  Therefore,
+if using Rails 5.1+ you SHOULD be able to ignore this section.
+
+Some Capybara drivers need to run against an actual HTTP server. Capybara takes
+care of this and starts one for you in the same process as your test, but on
+another thread. Selenium is one of those drivers, whereas RackTest is not.
+
+If you are using a SQL database, it is common to run every test in a
+transaction, which is rolled back at the end of the test, rspec-rails does this
+by default out of the box for example. Since transactions are usually not
+shared across threads, this will cause data you have put into the database in
+your test code to be invisible to Capybara.
+
+Cucumber handles this by using truncation instead of transactions, i.e. they
+empty out the entire database after each test. You can get the same behaviour
+by using a gem such as [database_cleaner](https://github.com/DatabaseCleaner/database_cleaner).
+
+## <a name="asynchronous-javascript-ajax-and-friends"></a>Asynchronous JavaScript (Ajax and friends)
+
+When working with asynchronous JavaScript, you might come across situations
+where you are attempting to interact with an element which is not yet present
+on the page. Capybara automatically deals with this by waiting for elements
+to appear on the page.
+
+When issuing instructions to the DSL such as:
+
+```ruby
+click_link('foo')
+click_link('bar')
+expect(page).to have_content('baz')
+```
+
+If clicking on the *foo* link triggers an asynchronous process, such as
+an Ajax request, which, when complete will add the *bar* link to the page,
+clicking on the *bar* link would be expected to fail, since that link doesn't
+exist yet. However, Capybara is smart enough to retry finding the link for a
+brief period of time before giving up and throwing an error. The same is true of
+the next line, which looks for the content *baz* on the page; it will retry
+looking for that content for a brief time. You can adjust how long this period
+is (the default is 2 seconds):
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.default_max_wait_time = 5
+```
+
+Be aware that because of this behaviour, the following two statements are **not**
+equivalent, and you should **always** use the latter!
+
+```ruby
+# Given use of a driver where the page is loaded when visit returns
+# and that Capybara.predicates_wait is `true`
+# consider a page where the `a` tag is removed through AJAX after 1s
+visit(some_path)
+!page.has_xpath?('a')  # is false
+page.has_no_xpath?('a')  # is true
+```
+
+First expression:
+- `has_xpath?('a')` is called right after `visit` returns. It is `true` because the link has not yet been removed
+- Capybara does not wait upon successful predicates/assertions, therefore **has_xpath? returns `true` immediately**
+- The expression returns `false` (because it is negated with the leading `!`)
+
+Second expression:
+- `has_no_xpath?('a')` is called right after `visit` returns. It is `false` because the link has not yet been removed.
+- Capybara waits upon failed predicates/assertions, therefore **has_no_xpath? does not return `false` immediately**
+- Capybara will periodically re-check the predicate/assertion up to the `default_max_wait_time` defined
+- after 1s, the predicate becomes `true` (because the link has been removed)
+- The expression returns `true`
+
+Capybara's RSpec matchers, however, are smart enough to handle either form.
+The two following statements are functionally equivalent:
+
+```ruby
+expect(page).not_to have_xpath('a')
+expect(page).to have_no_xpath('a')
+```
+
+Capybara's waiting behaviour is quite advanced, and can deal with situations
+such as the following line of code:
+
+```ruby
+expect(find('#sidebar').find('h1')).to have_content('Something')
+```
+
+Even if JavaScript causes `#sidebar` to disappear off the page, Capybara
+will automatically reload it and any elements it contains. So if an AJAX
+request causes the contents of `#sidebar` to change, which would update
+the text of the `h1` to "Something", and this happened, this test would
+pass. If you do not want this behaviour, you can set
+`Capybara.automatic_reload` to `false`.
+
+## <a name="using-the-dsl-elsewhere"></a>Using the DSL elsewhere
+
+You can mix the DSL into any context by including <tt>Capybara::DSL</tt>:
+
+
+```ruby
+require 'capybara/dsl'
+
+Capybara.default_driver = :webkit
+
+module MyModule
+  include Capybara::DSL
+
+  def login!
+    within(:xpath, ".//form[@id='session']") do
+      fill_in 'Email', with: 'user@example.com'
+      fill_in 'Password', with: 'password'
+    end
+    click_button 'Sign in'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This enables its use in unsupported testing frameworks, and for general-purpose scripting.
+
+## <a name="calling-remote-servers"></a>Calling remote servers
+
+Normally Capybara expects to be testing an in-process Rack application, but you
+can also use it to talk to a web server running anywhere on the internet, by
+setting app_host:
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.current_driver = :selenium
+Capybara.app_host = 'http://www.google.com'
+...
+visit('/')
+```
+
+**Note**: the default driver (`:rack_test`) does not support running
+against a remote server. With drivers that support it, you can also visit any
+URL directly:
+
+```ruby
+visit('http://www.google.com')
+```
+
+By default Capybara will try to boot a rack application automatically. You
+might want to switch off Capybara's rack server if you are running against a
+remote application:
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.run_server = false
+```
+
+## <a name="using-sessions"></a>Using sessions
+
+Capybara manages named sessions (:default if not specified) allowing multiple sessions using the same driver and test app instance to be interacted with.
+A new session will be created using the current driver if a session with the given name using the current driver and test app instance is not found.
+
+### Named sessions
+To perform operations in a different session and then revert to the previous session
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.using_session("Bob's session") do
+   #do something in Bob's browser session
+end
+ #reverts to previous session
+```
+
+To permanently switch the current session to a different session
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.session_name = "some other session"
+```
+
+### <a name="using-sessions-manually"></a>Using sessions manually
+
+For ultimate control, you can instantiate and use a
+[Session](http://rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/master/Capybara/Session)
+manually.
+
+```ruby
+require 'capybara'
+
+session = Capybara::Session.new(:webkit, my_rack_app)
+session.within("form#session") do
+  session.fill_in 'Email', with: 'user@example.com'
+  session.fill_in 'Password', with: 'password'
+end
+session.click_button 'Sign in'
+```
+
+## <a name="xpath-css-and-selectors"></a>XPath, CSS and selectors
+
+Capybara does not try to guess what kind of selector you are going to give it,
+and will always use CSS by default.  If you want to use XPath, you'll need to
+do:
+
+```ruby
+within(:xpath, './/ul/li') { ... }
+find(:xpath, './/ul/li').text
+find(:xpath, './/li[contains(.//a[@href = "#"]/text(), "foo")]').value
+```
+
+Alternatively you can set the default selector to XPath:
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.default_selector = :xpath
+find('.//ul/li').text
+```
+
+Capybara provides a number of other built-in selector types. The full list, along
+with applicable filters, can be seen at [built-in selectors](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/teamcapybara/capybara/Capybara/Selector)
+
+Capybara also allows you to add custom selectors, which can be very useful if you
+find yourself using the same kinds of selectors very often. The examples below are very
+simple, and there are many available features not demonstrated. For more in-depth examples
+please see Capybaras built-in selector definitions.
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.add_selector(:my_attribute) do
+  xpath { |id| XPath.descendant[XPath.attr(:my_attribute) == id.to_s] }
+end
+
+Capybara.add_selector(:row) do
+  xpath { |num| ".//tbody/tr[#{num}]" }
+end
+
+Capybara.add_selector(:flash_type) do
+  css { |type| "#flash.#{type}" }
+end
+```
+
+The block given to xpath must always return an XPath expression as a String, or
+an XPath expression generated through the XPath gem. You can now use these
+selectors like this:
+
+```ruby
+find(:my_attribute, 'post_123') # find element with matching attribute
+find(:row, 3) # find 3rd row in table body
+find(:flash_type, :notice) # find element with id of 'flash' and class of 'notice'
+```
+
+## <a name="beware-the-xpath--trap"></a>Beware the XPath // trap
+
+In XPath the expression // means something very specific, and it might not be what
+you think. Contrary to common belief, // means "anywhere in the document" not "anywhere
+in the current context". As an example:
+
+```ruby
+page.find(:xpath, '//body').all(:xpath, '//script')
+```
+
+You might expect this to find all script tags in the body, but actually, it finds all
+script tags in the entire document, not only those in the body! What you're looking
+for is the .// expression which means "any descendant of the current node":
+
+```ruby
+page.find(:xpath, '//body').all(:xpath, './/script')
+```
+The same thing goes for within:
+
+```ruby
+within(:xpath, '//body') do
+  page.find(:xpath, './/script')
+  within(:xpath, './/table/tbody') do
+  ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## <a name="configuring-and-adding-drivers"></a>Configuring and adding drivers
+
+Capybara makes it convenient to switch between different drivers. It also exposes
+an API to tweak those drivers with whatever settings you want, or to add your own
+drivers. This is how to override the selenium driver configuration to use chrome:
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.register_driver :selenium do |app|
+  Capybara::Selenium::Driver.new(app, :browser => :chrome)
+end
+```
+
+However, it's also possible to give this configuration a different name.
+
+```ruby
+# Note: Capybara registers this by default
+Capybara.register_driver :selenium_chrome do |app|
+  Capybara::Selenium::Driver.new(app, :browser => :chrome)
+end
+```
+
+Then tests can switch between using different browsers effortlessly:
+```ruby
+Capybara.current_driver = :selenium_chrome
+```
+
+Whatever is returned from the block should conform to the API described by
+Capybara::Driver::Base, it does not however have to inherit from this class.
+Gems can use this API to add their own drivers to Capybara.
+
+The [Selenium wiki](https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/Ruby-Bindings) has
+additional info about how the underlying driver can be configured.
+
+## <a name="gotchas"></a>Gotchas:
+
+* Access to session and request is not possible from the test, Access to
+  response is limited. Some drivers allow access to response headers and HTTP
+  status code, but this kind of functionality is not provided by some drivers,
+  such as Selenium.
+
+* Access to Rails specific stuff (such as `controller`) is unavailable,
+  since we're not using Rails' integration testing.
+
+* Freezing time: It's common practice to mock out the Time so that features
+  that depend on the current Date work as expected. This can be problematic on
+  ruby/platform combinations that don't support access to a monotonic process clock,
+  since Capybara's Ajax timing uses the system time, resulting in Capybara
+  never timing out and just hanging when a failure occurs. It's still possible to
+  use gems which allow you to travel in time, rather than freeze time.
+  One such gem is [Timecop](https://github.com/travisjeffery/timecop).
+
+* When using Rack::Test, beware if attempting to visit absolute URLs. For
+  example, a session might not be shared between visits to `posts_path`
+  and `posts_url`. If testing an absolute URL in an Action Mailer email,
+  set `default_url_options` to match the Rails default of
+  `www.example.com`.
+
+* Server errors will only be raised in the session that initiates the server thread. If you
+  are testing for specific server errors and using multiple sessions make sure to test for the
+  errors using the initial session (usually :default)
+
+* If WebMock is enabled, you may encounter a "Too many open files"
+  error. A simple `page.find` call may cause thousands of HTTP requests
+  until the timeout occurs. By default, WebMock will cause each of these
+  requests to spawn a new connection. To work around this problem, you
+  may need to [enable WebMock's `net_http_connect_on_start: true`
+  parameter](https://github.com/bblimke/webmock/blob/master/README.md#connecting-on-nethttpstart).
+
+## <a name="threadsafe"></a>"Threadsafe" mode
+
+In normal mode most of Capybara's configuration options are global settings which can cause issues
+if using multiple sessions and wanting to change a setting for only one of the sessions.  To provide
+support for this type of usage Capybara now provides a "threadsafe" mode which can be enabled by setting
+
+```ruby
+Capybara.threadsafe = true
+```
+
+This setting can only be changed before any sessions have been created.  In "threadsafe" mode the following
+behaviors of Capybara change
+
+* Most options can now be set on a session.  These can either be set at session creation time or after, and
+  default to the global options at the time of session creation.  Options which are NOT session specific are
+  `app`, `reuse_server`, `default_driver`, `javascript_driver`, and (obviously) `threadsafe`.  Any drivers and servers
+  registered through `register_driver` and `register_server` are also global.
+
+  ```ruby
+  my_session = Capybara::Session.new(:driver, some_app) do |config|
+    config.automatic_label_click = true # only set for my_session
+  end
+  my_session.config.default_max_wait_time = 10 # only set for my_session
+  Capybara.default_max_wait_time = 2 # will not change the default_max_wait in my_session
+  ```
+
+* `current_driver` and `session_name` are thread specific.  This means that `using_session` and
+  `using_driver` also only affect the current thread.
+
+## <a name="development"></a>Development
+
+To set up a development environment, simply do:
+
+```bash
+bundle install
+bundle exec rake  # run the test suite with Firefox - requires `geckodriver` to be installed
+bundle exec rake spec_chrome # run the test suite with Chrome - require `chromedriver` to be installed
+```
+
+See
+[CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/teamcapybara/capybara/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+for how to send issues and pull requests.