mdl 0.7.0 → 0.8.0
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- checksums.yaml +4 -4
- data/lib/mdl/doc.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/mdl/version.rb +1 -1
- data/mdl.gemspec +3 -3
- metadata +4 -266
- data/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/BUG_TEMPLATE.md +0 -22
- data/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/DESIGN_PROPOSAL.md +0 -40
- data/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/ENHANCEMENT_REQUEST.md +0 -20
- data/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/RULE_REQUEST.md +0 -20
- data/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md +0 -23
- data/.gitignore +0 -13
- data/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml +0 -6
- data/.travis.yml +0 -12
- data/CHANGELOG.md +0 -218
- data/CONTRIBUTING.md +0 -76
- data/MAINTAINERS.md +0 -21
- data/README.md +0 -87
- data/Rakefile +0 -8
- data/docs/RULES.md +0 -1089
- data/docs/configuration.md +0 -99
- data/docs/creating_rules.md +0 -90
- data/docs/creating_styles.md +0 -47
- data/docs/rolling_a_release.md +0 -51
- data/example/markdown_spec.md +0 -897
- data/test/fixtures/default_mdlrc +0 -1
- data/test/fixtures/dir_with_md_and_markdown/bar.markdown +0 -1
- data/test/fixtures/dir_with_md_and_markdown/foo.md +0 -1
- data/test/fixtures/front_matter/jekyll_post.md +0 -16
- data/test/fixtures/front_matter/jekyll_post_2.md +0 -17
- data/test/fixtures/mdlrc_disable_rules +0 -1
- data/test/fixtures/mdlrc_disable_tags +0 -1
- data/test/fixtures/mdlrc_enable_rules +0 -1
- data/test/fixtures/mdlrc_enable_tags +0 -1
- data/test/fixtures/my_ruleset.rb +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/alternate_top_level_header.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/alternate_top_level_header_style.rb +0 -4
- data/test/rule_tests/atx_closed_header_spacing.md +0 -17
- data/test/rule_tests/atx_header_spacing.md +0 -5
- data/test/rule_tests/blockquote_blank_lines.md +0 -31
- data/test/rule_tests/blockquote_spaces.md +0 -23
- data/test/rule_tests/bulleted_list_2_space_indent.md +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/bulleted_list_2_space_indent_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/bulleted_list_4_space_indent.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/bulleted_list_not_at_beginning_of_line.md +0 -14
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_consistency.md +0 -11
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_consistency_style.rb +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_dollar.md +0 -33
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_dollar_fence.md +0 -29
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_fenced.md +0 -17
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_fenced_style.rb +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_indented.md +0 -17
- data/test/rule_tests/code_block_indented_style.rb +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/consecutive_blank_lines.md +0 -11
- data/test/rule_tests/consistent_bullet_styles_asterisk.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/consistent_bullet_styles_dash.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/consistent_bullet_styles_plus.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/default_test_style.rb +0 -5
- data/test/rule_tests/emphasis_instead_of_headers.md +0 -42
- data/test/rule_tests/empty_doc.md +0 -0
- data/test/rule_tests/fenced_code_blocks.md +0 -27
- data/test/rule_tests/fenced_code_with_nesting.md +0 -73
- data/test/rule_tests/fenced_code_without_blank_lines.md +0 -42
- data/test/rule_tests/fenced_code_without_blank_lines_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/first_header_bad_atx.md +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/first_header_bad_setext.md +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/first_header_good_atx.md +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/first_header_good_setext.md +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/first_line_top_level_header_atx.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/first_line_top_level_header_atx_style.rb +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/first_line_top_level_header_setext.md +0 -4
- data/test/rule_tests/first_line_top_level_header_setext_style.rb +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/fix_102_extra_nodes_in_link_text.md +0 -8
- data/test/rule_tests/header_duplicate_content.md +0 -11
- data/test/rule_tests/header_duplicate_content_different_nesting.md +0 -11
- data/test/rule_tests/header_duplicate_content_different_nesting_style.rb +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/header_duplicate_content_no_different_nesting.md +0 -13
- data/test/rule_tests/header_multiple_toplevel.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/header_mutliple_h1_no_toplevel.md +0 -5
- data/test/rule_tests/header_trailing_punctuation.md +0 -11
- data/test/rule_tests/header_trailing_punctuation_customized.md +0 -14
- data/test/rule_tests/header_trailing_punctuation_customized_style.rb +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_bad.md +0 -7
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_good.md +0 -5
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_good_setext_with_atx.md +0 -7
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_good_setext_with_atx_style.rb +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_good_with_issue_numbers.md +0 -12
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_surrounding_space_atx.md +0 -12
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_surrounding_space_setext.md +0 -15
- data/test/rule_tests/headers_with_spaces_at_the_beginning.md +0 -20
- data/test/rule_tests/hr_style_dashes.md +0 -22
- data/test/rule_tests/hr_style_dashes_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/hr_style_inconsistent.md +0 -22
- data/test/rule_tests/hr_style_long.md +0 -22
- data/test/rule_tests/hr_style_long_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/hr_style_stars.md +0 -22
- data/test/rule_tests/hr_style_stars_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/inconsistent_bullet_indent_same_level.md +0 -4
- data/test/rule_tests/inconsistent_bullet_styles_asterisk.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/inconsistent_bullet_styles_dash.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/inconsistent_bullet_styles_plus.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_bullet_style_asterisk.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_bullet_style_asterisk_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_bullet_style_dash.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_bullet_style_dash_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_bullet_style_plus.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_bullet_style_plus_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_header_atx.md +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_header_atx_closed.md +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_header_atx_closed_style.rb +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_header_atx_style.rb +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_header_setext.md +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/incorrect_header_setext_style.rb +0 -2
- data/test/rule_tests/inline_html.md +0 -13
- data/test/rule_tests/links.md +0 -9
- data/test/rule_tests/lists_without_blank_lines.md +0 -75
- data/test/rule_tests/long_lines.md +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/long_lines_100.md +0 -7
- data/test/rule_tests/long_lines_100_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/long_lines_code.md +0 -45
- data/test/rule_tests/long_lines_code_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/mixed_header_types_atx.md +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/mixed_header_types_atx_closed.md +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/mixed_header_types_setext.md +0 -6
- data/test/rule_tests/no_first_line_header.md +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/no_first_line_header_style.rb +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/no_first_line_top_level_header.md +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/no_first_line_top_level_header_style.rb +0 -1
- data/test/rule_tests/ordered_list_item_prefix.md +0 -13
- data/test/rule_tests/ordered_list_item_prefix_ordered.md +0 -13
- data/test/rule_tests/ordered_list_item_prefix_ordered_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/reversed_link.md +0 -7
- data/test/rule_tests/spaces_after_list_marker.md +0 -74
- data/test/rule_tests/spaces_after_list_marker_style.rb +0 -5
- data/test/rule_tests/spaces_inside_codespan_elements.md +0 -7
- data/test/rule_tests/spaces_inside_emphasis_markers.md +0 -35
- data/test/rule_tests/spaces_inside_link_text.md +0 -28
- data/test/rule_tests/trailing_spaces_br.md +0 -4
- data/test/rule_tests/trailing_spaces_br_style.rb +0 -3
- data/test/rule_tests/whitespace_issues.md +0 -3
- data/test/setup_tests.rb +0 -5
- data/test/test_cli.rb +0 -301
- data/test/test_ruledocs.rb +0 -52
- data/test/test_rules.rb +0 -58
- data/tools/README.md +0 -3
- data/tools/docker/Dockerfile +0 -13
- data/tools/docker/README.md +0 -19
- data/tools/test_location.rb +0 -20
- data/tools/view_markdown.rb +0 -11
data/docs/configuration.md
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# Mdl configuration
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Markdownlint has several options you can configure both on the command line,
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or in markdownlint's configuration file: `.mdlrc`, first looked for in the
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working directory, then in your home directory.
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While markdownlint will work perfectly well out of the box, this page
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documents some of the options you can change to suit your needs.
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In general, anything you pass on the command line can also be put into
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`~/.mdlrc` with the same option. For example, if you pass `--style foo` on the
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command line, you can make this the default by putting `style "foo"` into your
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`~/.mdlrc` file.
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## Configuration options
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### General options
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Verbose - Print additional information about what markdownlint is doing.
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* Command line: `-v`, `--verbose`
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* Config file: `verbose true`
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* Default: false
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Show warnings - Kramdown will generate warnings of its own for some issues
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found with documents during parsing, and markdownlint can print these out in
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addition to using the built in rules. This option enables/disables that
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behavior.
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* Command line: `-w`, `--warnings`
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* Config file: `show_kramdown_warnings true`
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* Default: true
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Recurse using files known to git - When mdl is given a directory name on the
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command line, it will recurse into that directory looking for markdown files
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to process. If this option is enabled, it will use git to look for files
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instead, and ignore any files git doesn't know about.
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* Command line: `-g`, `--git-recurse`
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* Config file: `git_recurse true`
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* Default: false
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Ignore YAML front matter - If this option is enabled markdownlint will ignore
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content within valid
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[YAML front matter](https://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/). Reported line
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numbers will still match the file contents but markdownlint will consider the
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line following front matter to be the first line.
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* Command line: `-i`, `--ignore-front-matter`
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* Config file: `ignore_front_matter true`
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* Default: false
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### Specifying which rules mdl processes
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Tags - Limit the rules mdl enables to those containing the provided tags.
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* Command line: `-t tag1,tag2`, `--tags tag1,tag2`, `-t ~tag1,~tag2`
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* Config file: `tags "tag1", "tag2"`
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* Default: process all rules (no tag limit)
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Rules - Limit the rules mdl enables to those provided in this option.
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* Command line: `-r MD001,MD002`, `--rules MD001,MD002`, `-r ~MD001,~MD002`
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* Config file: `rules "MD001", "MD002"`
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* Default: process all rules (no rule limit)
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If a rule or tag ID is preceded by a tilde (`~`), then it _disables_ the
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matching rules instead of enabling them, starting with all rules being enabled.
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Note: If both `--rules` and `--tags` are provided, then a given rule has to
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both be in the list of enabled rules, as well as be tagged with one of the
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tags provided with the `--tags` option. Use the `-l/--list-rules` option to
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test this behavior.
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Style - Select which style mdl uses. A 'style' is a file containing a list of
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enabled/disable rules, as well as options for some rules that take them. For
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example, one style might enforce a line length of 80 characters, while another
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might choose 72 characters, and another might have no line length limit at all
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(rule MD013).
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* Command line: `-s style_name`, `--style style_name`
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* Config file: `style "style_name"`
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* Default: Use the style called 'default'
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Note: The value for `style_name` must either end with `.rb` or have `/` in it
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in order to tell `mdl` to look for a custom style, and not a built-in style.
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Rulesets - Load a custom ruleset file. This option allows you to load custom
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rules in addition to those included with markdownlint.
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* Command line: `-u ruleset.rb,ruleset2.rb`, `--rules ruleset.rb,ruleset2.rb`
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* Config file: `rulesets 'ruleset.rb', 'ruleset2.rb'`
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* Default: Don't load any additional rulesets
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No default ruleset - Skip loading the default ruleset file included with
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markdownlint. Use this option if you only want to load custom rulesets.
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* Command line: `-d`, `--skip-default-ruleset`
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* Config file: `skip_default_ruleset true`
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* Default: Load the default ruleset.
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# Creating Rules
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Rules are written in ruby, using a rule DSL for defining rules. A rule looks
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like:
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rule "MY000", "Rule description" do
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tags :foo, :bar
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aliases 'rule-name'
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params :style => :foo
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check do |doc|
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# check code goes here
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# return a list of line numbers that break the rule, or an empty list
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# (or nil) if there are no problems.
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end
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end
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The first line specifies the rule name and description. By convention, built
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in markdownlint rules use the prefix 'MD' followed by a number to identify
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rules. Any custom rules should use an alternate prefix to avoid conflicting
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with current or future rules. The description is simply a short description
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explaining what the rule is checking, which will be printed alongside the rule
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name when rules are triggered.
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Next, the rule's tags are specified. These are simply ruby symbols, and can be
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used by a user to limit which rules are checks. For example, if your rule
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checks whitespace usage in a document, you can add the `:whitespace` tag, and
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users who don't care about whitespace can exclude that tag on the command line
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or in style files.
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You can also specify aliases for the rule, which can be used to refer to the
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rule with a human-readable name rather than MD000. To do this, add then with
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the 'aliases' directive. Whenever you refer to a rule, such as for
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including/excluding in the configuration or in style files, you can use an
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alias for the rule instead of its ID.
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After that, any parameters the rule takes are specified. If your rule checks
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for a specific number of things, or if you can envision multiple variants of
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the same rule, then you should add parameters to allow your rule to be
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customized in a style file. Any parameters specified here are accessible
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inside the check itself using `params[:foo]`.
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Finally, the check itself is specified. This is simply a ruby block that
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should return a list of line numbers for any issues found. If no line numbers
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are found, you can either return an empty list, or nil, whichever is easiest
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for your check.
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## Document objects
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The check takes a single parameter `doc`, which is an object containing a
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representation of the markdown document along with several helper functions
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used for making rules. The [doc.rb](../lib/mdl/doc.rb) file is documented
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using rdoc, and you will want to take a look there to see all the methods you
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can use, as well as look at some of the existing rules, but a quick summary is
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as follows:
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* `doc` - Object containing a representation of the markdown document
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* `doc.lines` - The raw markdown file as an array of lines
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* You can also look up a line given an element with
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`doc.element_line(element)`
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* `doc.parsed` - The kramdown internal representation of the doc. Most of the
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time you will want to interact with the parsed version of the document
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rather than looking at `doc.lines`.
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* `doc.find_type_elements` - A method to find all elements of a given type.
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You pass the type as a symbol, such as `:ul` or `:p`. Most element types
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match the name of the element in HTML output. This method returns a list of
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the matching elements.
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* `doc.find_type` - This is like `doc.find_type_elements`, but returns just
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the options hashes (see below) for each element. This is useful if you don't
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need all the element information, but you do need the line numbers.
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* `doc.element_line_number` - Pass in an element (or an options hash), and
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this will return the line number for the element. You need to return the
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line number in the list of errors.
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## Element objects
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The document contains an internal representation of the markdown document as
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parsed by kramdown. Kramdown's representation of the document is as a tree of
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'element' objects. The following is a quick summary of those objects:
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* element.type - a symbol denoting the type of the element, such as `:li`,
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`:p`, `:text`
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* element.value - the value of the element. Note that most block level
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elements such as paragraphs don't have any value themselves, but have child
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text elements containing their contents instead.
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* element.children - A list of the element's child elements.
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* element.options - A hash containing:
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* `:location` - line number of element
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* `:element_level` - A value filled in by markdownlint to denote the nesting
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level of the element, i.e. how deep in the tree is it.
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* Other options that are element type specific.
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data/docs/creating_styles.md
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# Creating styles
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A 'style' in markdownlint is simply a ruby file specifying the list of enabled
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and disabled rules, as well as specifying parameters for any rules that need
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parameters different than the defaults.
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The various options you can use in a style file are:
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* `all` - include all rules
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* `rule` - include a specific rule.
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rule 'MD001'
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* `exclude_rule` - exclude a previously included rule. Used if you want to
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include all except for a few rules.
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exclude_rule 'MD000'
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* `tag` - include all rules that are tagged with a specific value
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tag :whitespace
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* `exclude_tag` - exclude all rules tagged with the specified tag
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exclude_tag :line_length
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Note that tags are specified as symbols, and rule names as strings, just as
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in the rule definitions themselves.
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The last matching option wins, so you should always put `all` at the top of
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the file (if you want to include all rules), then tags (and tag excludes),
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then specific rules. In other words, go from least to most specific.
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## Parameters
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If you specify any parameters after a rule ID, then those values will be used
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for the rules instead of the default. You only need to specify parameters for
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any values you wish to override. For example, the default values for the
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parameters in MD030 (spaces after list markers) are all 1. If you still want
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the spaces after the list markers to be 1 in some cases, then you can exclude
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those parameters:
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rule 'MD030', :ol_multi => 2, :ul_multi => 3
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Even if a rule is included already by a tag specification (or `all`), it is
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not a problem to add a specific `rule` entry in order to set custom
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parameters, and is in fact necessary to do so.
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# Rolling a new release
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Bump the version. Markdownlint uses semantic versioning. From
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<http://semver.org/>:
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* Major version for backwards-incompatible changes
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* Minor version for functionality added in a backwards-compatible manner
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* Patch version for backwards-compatible bug fixes
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* Exception: Versions < 1.0 may introduce backwards-incompatible changes in a
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minor version.
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To bump the version, edit `lib/mdl/version.rb` and commit to the master
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branch.
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Update the changelog:
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* Add a new header and link for the new release, replacing any 'Unreleased'
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header.
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## [v0.2.0] (2015-04-13)
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This goes at the bottom:
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[v0.2.0]: https://github.com/markdownlint/markdownlint/tree/v0.2.0
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* Changelog entries can and should be added in an 'Unreleased' section as
|
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commits are made. However, the following steps can be performed before each
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release to catch anything that was missed.
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* Add a 'Rules added' section, listing every new rule added for this version.
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* Use `git diff v0.1.0..v0.2.0 docs/RULES.md | grep '## MD'` to discover
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what these are.
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* Search for closed issues:
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* Go to <https://github.com/markdownlint/markdownlint/issues>
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* Search for `closed:>1900-01-01`, changing the date to the date
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of the last release.
|
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* From this list of issues, make sections for:
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* Added - for new features
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* Changed - for changes in existing functionality
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* Deprecated - for once-stable features removed in upcoming releases
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* Removed - for deprecated features removed in this release
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* Fixed - for any bug fixes
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* Security - for any security issues
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Next, run `rake release`. This will:
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* Tag vX.Y.Z in git
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* Upload the new gem to rubygems.org
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Markdown: Syntax
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================
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<ul id="ProjectSubmenu">
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/" title="Markdown Project Page">Main</a></li>
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/basics" title="Markdown Basics">Basics</a></li>
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<li><a class="selected" title="Markdown Syntax Documentation">Syntax</a></li>
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/license" title="Pricing and License Information">License</a></li>
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<li><a href="/projects/markdown/dingus" title="Online Markdown Web Form">Dingus</a></li>
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</ul>
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* [Overview](#overview)
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* [Philosophy](#philosophy)
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* [Inline HTML](#html)
|
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* [Automatic Escaping for Special Characters](#autoescape)
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* [Block Elements](#block)
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* [Paragraphs and Line Breaks](#p)
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* [Headers](#header)
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* [Blockquotes](#blockquote)
|
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* [Lists](#list)
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* [Code Blocks](#precode)
|
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* [Horizontal Rules](#hr)
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* [Span Elements](#span)
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* [Links](#link)
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* [Emphasis](#em)
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* [Code](#code)
|
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* [Images](#img)
|
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* [Miscellaneous](#misc)
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* [Backslash Escapes](#backslash)
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* [Automatic Links](#autolink)
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**Note:** This document is itself written using Markdown; you
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can [see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL][src].
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[src]: /projects/markdown/syntax.text
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* * *
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
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<h3 id="philosophy">Philosophy</h3>
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Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.
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Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted
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document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking
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like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While
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Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML
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filters -- including [Setext] [1], [atx] [2], [Textile] [3], [reStructuredText] [4],
|
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[Grutatext] [5], and [EtText] [6] -- the single biggest source of
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inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.
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[1]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html
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[2]: http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/
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[3]: http://textism.com/tools/textile/
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[4]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
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[5]: http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html
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[6]: http://ettext.taint.org/doc/
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To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation
|
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characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so
|
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as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually
|
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look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even
|
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blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever
|
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used email.
|
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<h3 id="html">Inline HTML</h3>
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Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a
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format for *writing* for the web.
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Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its
|
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syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of
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HTML tags. The idea is *not* to create a syntax that makes it easier
|
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to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to
|
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insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and
|
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edit prose. HTML is a *publishing* format; Markdown is a *writing*
|
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format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that
|
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can be conveyed in plain text.
|
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|
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|
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|
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For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply
|
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|
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use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to
|
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|
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indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use
|
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the tags.
|
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|
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The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. `<div>`,
|
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`<table>`, `<pre>`, `<p>`, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding
|
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content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should
|
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not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not
|
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to add extra (unwanted) `<p>` tags around HTML block-level tags.
|
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|
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|
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|
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For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article:
|
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|
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|
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This is a regular paragraph.
|
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|
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|
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|
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<table>
|
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|
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<tr>
|
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<td>Foo</td>
|
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|
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</tr>
|
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|
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</table>
|
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|
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|
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|
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This is another regular paragraph.
|
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|
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|
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Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level
|
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HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style `*emphasis*` inside an
|
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HTML block.
|
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|
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Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. `<span>`, `<cite>`, or `<del>` -- can be
|
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used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you
|
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want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if
|
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you'd prefer to use HTML `<a>` or `<img>` tags instead of Markdown's
|
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|
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link or image syntax, go right ahead.
|
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|
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|
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|
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Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax *is* processed within
|
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span-level tags.
|
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|
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|
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|
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<h3 id="autoescape">Automatic Escaping for Special Characters</h3>
|
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|
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|
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|
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In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: `<`
|
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and `&`. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are
|
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used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal
|
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|
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characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. `<`, and
|
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`&`.
|
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|
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|
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|
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Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to
|
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|
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write about 'AT&T', you need to write '`AT&T`'. You even need to
|
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escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to:
|
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|
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|
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http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
|
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|
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|
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|
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you need to encode the URL as:
|
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|
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|
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http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
|
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|
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|
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in your anchor tag `href` attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to
|
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forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation
|
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errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites.
|
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|
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Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of
|
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all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of
|
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an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated
|
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into `&`.
|
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|
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|
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|
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So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write:
|
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|
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©
|
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|
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|
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and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write:
|
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|
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AT&T
|
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|
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Markdown will translate it to:
|
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|
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AT&T
|
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|
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Similarly, because Markdown supports [inline HTML](#html), if you use
|
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angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as
|
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such. But if you write:
|
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|
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4 < 5
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|
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Markdown will translate it to:
|
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|
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4 < 5
|
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|
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However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and
|
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ampersands are *always* encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use
|
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Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a
|
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terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single `<`
|
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and `&` in your example code needs to be escaped.)
|
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|
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|
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* * *
|
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|
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<h2 id="block">Block Elements</h2>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<h3 id="p">Paragraphs and Line Breaks</h3>
|
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|
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|
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|
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A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated
|
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by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a
|
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blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered
|
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|
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blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be indented with spaces or tabs.
|
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|
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|
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|
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The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is
|
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that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs
|
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significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable
|
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Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break
|
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character in a paragraph into a `<br />` tag.
|
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|
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When you *do* want to insert a `<br />` break tag using Markdown, you
|
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end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.
|
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|
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|
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Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a `<br />`, but a simplistic
|
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|
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"every line break is a `<br />`" rule wouldn't work for Markdown.
|
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|
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Markdown's email-style [blockquoting][bq] and multi-paragraph [list items][l]
|
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work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks.
|
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|
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|
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[bq]: #blockquote
|
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|
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[l]: #list
|
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|
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|
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|
-
|
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|
-
|
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|
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<h3 id="header">Headers</h3>
|
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|
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|
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|
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Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].
|
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|
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|
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|
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Setext-style headers are "underlined" using equal signs (for first-level
|
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|
-
headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example:
|
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|
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|
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|
-
This is an H1
|
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|
-
=============
|
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|
-
|
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|
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This is an H2
|
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|
-
-------------
|
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|
-
|
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|
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Any number of underlining `=`'s or `-`'s will work.
|
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|
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|
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|
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Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line,
|
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|
-
corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example:
|
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|
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|
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|
-
# This is an H1
|
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|
-
|
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|
-
## This is an H2
|
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|
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|
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|
-
###### This is an H6
|
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|
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|
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|
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Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely
|
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|
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cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The
|
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|
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closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes
|
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|
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used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes
|
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|
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determines the header level.) :
|
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|
-
|
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|
-
# This is an H1 #
|
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|
-
|
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|
-
## This is an H2 ##
|
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|
-
|
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|
-
### This is an H3 ######
|
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|
-
|
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|
-
|
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|
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<h3 id="blockquote">Blockquotes</h3>
|
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|
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|
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|
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Markdown uses email-style `>` characters for blockquoting. If you're
|
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familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you
|
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know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard
|
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wrap the text and put a `>` before every line:
|
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|
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|
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> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
|
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|
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> consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
|
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|
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> Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
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|
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>
|
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|
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> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
|
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> id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
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|
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Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the `>` before the first
|
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line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:
|
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|
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> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
|
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consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
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Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
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> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
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id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
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Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by
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adding additional levels of `>`:
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> This is the first level of quoting.
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>
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> > This is nested blockquote.
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>
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> Back to the first level.
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Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists,
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and code blocks:
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> ## This is a header.
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>
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> 1. This is the first list item.
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> 2. This is the second list item.
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>
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> Here's some example code:
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>
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> return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");
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Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For
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example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase
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Quote Level from the Text menu.
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<h3 id="list">Lists</h3>
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Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.
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Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably
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-- as list markers:
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* Red
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* Green
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* Blue
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is equivalent to:
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+ Red
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+ Green
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+ Blue
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and:
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- Red
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- Green
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- Blue
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Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:
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1. Bird
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2. McHale
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3. Parish
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It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the
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list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML
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Markdown produces from the above list is:
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<ol>
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<li>Bird</li>
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<li>McHale</li>
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<li>Parish</li>
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</ol>
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If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:
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1. Bird
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1. McHale
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1. Parish
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or even:
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3. Bird
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1. McHale
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8. Parish
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you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to,
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you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that
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the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML.
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But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.
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If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the
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list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support
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starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number.
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List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by
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up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces
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or a tab.
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To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:
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* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
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Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
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viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
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* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
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Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
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But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:
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|
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* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
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Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
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viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
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* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
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Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
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If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the
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items in `<p>` tags in the HTML output. For example, this input:
|
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* Bird
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* Magic
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will turn into:
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|
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<ul>
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<li>Bird</li>
|
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<li>Magic</li>
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</ul>
|
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|
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But this:
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* Bird
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|
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* Magic
|
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|
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will turn into:
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|
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<ul>
|
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<li><p>Bird</p></li>
|
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<li><p>Magic</p></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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|
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List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent
|
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paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces
|
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or one tab:
|
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|
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1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
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sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit
|
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mi posuere lectus.
|
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|
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Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet
|
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vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum
|
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sit amet velit.
|
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|
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2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
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|
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It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent
|
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paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be
|
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lazy:
|
420
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|
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* This is a list item with two paragraphs.
|
422
|
-
|
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This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're
|
424
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only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
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sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
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|
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|
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|
-
* Another item in the same list.
|
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|
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|
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To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>`
|
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delimiters need to be indented:
|
431
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|
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|
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* A list item with a blockquote:
|
433
|
-
|
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|
-
> This is a blockquote
|
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|
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> inside a list item.
|
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|
-
|
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|
-
To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs
|
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-
to be indented *twice* -- 8 spaces or two tabs:
|
439
|
-
|
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|
-
* A list item with a code block:
|
441
|
-
|
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|
-
<code goes here>
|
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|
-
|
444
|
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|
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|
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It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by
|
446
|
-
accident, by writing something like this:
|
447
|
-
|
448
|
-
1986. What a great season.
|
449
|
-
|
450
|
-
In other words, a *number-period-space* sequence at the beginning of a
|
451
|
-
line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period:
|
452
|
-
|
453
|
-
1986\. What a great season.
|
454
|
-
|
455
|
-
|
456
|
-
|
457
|
-
<h3 id="precode">Code Blocks</h3>
|
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|
-
|
459
|
-
Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or
|
460
|
-
markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines
|
461
|
-
of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block
|
462
|
-
in both `<pre>` and `<code>` tags.
|
463
|
-
|
464
|
-
To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the
|
465
|
-
block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:
|
466
|
-
|
467
|
-
This is a normal paragraph:
|
468
|
-
|
469
|
-
This is a code block.
|
470
|
-
|
471
|
-
Markdown will generate:
|
472
|
-
|
473
|
-
<p>This is a normal paragraph:</p>
|
474
|
-
|
475
|
-
<pre><code>This is a code block.
|
476
|
-
</code></pre>
|
477
|
-
|
478
|
-
One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each
|
479
|
-
line of the code block. For example, this:
|
480
|
-
|
481
|
-
Here is an example of AppleScript:
|
482
|
-
|
483
|
-
tell application "Foo"
|
484
|
-
beep
|
485
|
-
end tell
|
486
|
-
|
487
|
-
will turn into:
|
488
|
-
|
489
|
-
<p>Here is an example of AppleScript:</p>
|
490
|
-
|
491
|
-
<pre><code>tell application "Foo"
|
492
|
-
beep
|
493
|
-
end tell
|
494
|
-
</code></pre>
|
495
|
-
|
496
|
-
A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented
|
497
|
-
(or the end of the article).
|
498
|
-
|
499
|
-
Within a code block, ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` and `>`)
|
500
|
-
are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very
|
501
|
-
easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste
|
502
|
-
it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the
|
503
|
-
ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:
|
504
|
-
|
505
|
-
<div class="footer">
|
506
|
-
© 2004 Foo Corporation
|
507
|
-
</div>
|
508
|
-
|
509
|
-
will turn into:
|
510
|
-
|
511
|
-
<pre><code><div class="footer">
|
512
|
-
&copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
|
513
|
-
</div>
|
514
|
-
</code></pre>
|
515
|
-
|
516
|
-
Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g.,
|
517
|
-
asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means
|
518
|
-
it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.
|
519
|
-
|
520
|
-
|
521
|
-
|
522
|
-
<h3 id="hr">Horizontal Rules</h3>
|
523
|
-
|
524
|
-
You can produce a horizontal rule tag (`<hr />`) by placing three or
|
525
|
-
more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you
|
526
|
-
wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the
|
527
|
-
following lines will produce a horizontal rule:
|
528
|
-
|
529
|
-
* * *
|
530
|
-
|
531
|
-
***
|
532
|
-
|
533
|
-
*****
|
534
|
-
|
535
|
-
- - -
|
536
|
-
|
537
|
-
---------------------------------------
|
538
|
-
|
539
|
-
|
540
|
-
* * *
|
541
|
-
|
542
|
-
<h2 id="span">Span Elements</h2>
|
543
|
-
|
544
|
-
<h3 id="link">Links</h3>
|
545
|
-
|
546
|
-
Markdown supports two style of links: *inline* and *reference*.
|
547
|
-
|
548
|
-
In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].
|
549
|
-
|
550
|
-
To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately
|
551
|
-
after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses,
|
552
|
-
put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an *optional*
|
553
|
-
title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:
|
554
|
-
|
555
|
-
This is [an example](http://example.com/ "Title") inline link.
|
556
|
-
|
557
|
-
[This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute.
|
558
|
-
|
559
|
-
Will produce:
|
560
|
-
|
561
|
-
<p>This is <a href="http://example.com/" title="Title">
|
562
|
-
an example</a> inline link.</p>
|
563
|
-
|
564
|
-
<p><a href="http://example.net/">This link</a> has no
|
565
|
-
title attribute.</p>
|
566
|
-
|
567
|
-
If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can
|
568
|
-
use relative paths:
|
569
|
-
|
570
|
-
See my [About](/about/) page for details.
|
571
|
-
|
572
|
-
Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside
|
573
|
-
which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link:
|
574
|
-
|
575
|
-
This is [an example][id] reference-style link.
|
576
|
-
|
577
|
-
You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets:
|
578
|
-
|
579
|
-
This is [an example] [id] reference-style link.
|
580
|
-
|
581
|
-
Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this,
|
582
|
-
on a line by itself:
|
583
|
-
|
584
|
-
[id]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
|
585
|
-
|
586
|
-
That is:
|
587
|
-
|
588
|
-
* Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally
|
589
|
-
indented from the left margin using up to three spaces);
|
590
|
-
* followed by a colon;
|
591
|
-
* followed by one or more spaces (or tabs);
|
592
|
-
* followed by the URL for the link;
|
593
|
-
* optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed
|
594
|
-
in double or single quotes, or enclosed in parentheses.
|
595
|
-
|
596
|
-
The following three link definitions are equivalent:
|
597
|
-
|
598
|
-
[foo]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
|
599
|
-
[foo]: http://example.com/ 'Optional Title Here'
|
600
|
-
[foo]: http://example.com/ (Optional Title Here)
|
601
|
-
|
602
|
-
**Note:** There is a known bug in Markdown.pl 1.0.1 which prevents
|
603
|
-
single quotes from being used to delimit link titles.
|
604
|
-
|
605
|
-
The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets:
|
606
|
-
|
607
|
-
[id]: <http://example.com/> "Optional Title Here"
|
608
|
-
|
609
|
-
You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces
|
610
|
-
or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs:
|
611
|
-
|
612
|
-
[id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here
|
613
|
-
"Optional Title Here"
|
614
|
-
|
615
|
-
Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown
|
616
|
-
processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output.
|
617
|
-
|
618
|
-
Link definition names may consist of letters, numbers, spaces, and
|
619
|
-
punctuation -- but they are *not* case sensitive. E.g. these two
|
620
|
-
links:
|
621
|
-
|
622
|
-
[link text][a]
|
623
|
-
[link text][A]
|
624
|
-
|
625
|
-
are equivalent.
|
626
|
-
|
627
|
-
The *implicit link name* shortcut allows you to omit the name of the
|
628
|
-
link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name.
|
629
|
-
Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word
|
630
|
-
"Google" to the google.com web site, you could simply write:
|
631
|
-
|
632
|
-
[Google][]
|
633
|
-
|
634
|
-
And then define the link:
|
635
|
-
|
636
|
-
[Google]: http://google.com/
|
637
|
-
|
638
|
-
Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for
|
639
|
-
multiple words in the link text:
|
640
|
-
|
641
|
-
Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information.
|
642
|
-
|
643
|
-
And then define the link:
|
644
|
-
|
645
|
-
[Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/
|
646
|
-
|
647
|
-
Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I
|
648
|
-
tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're
|
649
|
-
used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your
|
650
|
-
document, sort of like footnotes.
|
651
|
-
|
652
|
-
Here's an example of reference links in action:
|
653
|
-
|
654
|
-
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from
|
655
|
-
[Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3].
|
656
|
-
|
657
|
-
[1]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
658
|
-
[2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
659
|
-
[3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
660
|
-
|
661
|
-
Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write:
|
662
|
-
|
663
|
-
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from
|
664
|
-
[Yahoo][] or [MSN][].
|
665
|
-
|
666
|
-
[google]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
667
|
-
[yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
668
|
-
[msn]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
669
|
-
|
670
|
-
Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output:
|
671
|
-
|
672
|
-
<p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href="http://google.com/"
|
673
|
-
title="Google">Google</a> than from
|
674
|
-
<a href="http://search.yahoo.com/" title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo</a>
|
675
|
-
or <a href="http://search.msn.com/" title="MSN Search">MSN</a>.</p>
|
676
|
-
|
677
|
-
For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using
|
678
|
-
Markdown's inline link style:
|
679
|
-
|
680
|
-
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ "Google")
|
681
|
-
than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search") or
|
682
|
-
[MSN](http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search").
|
683
|
-
|
684
|
-
The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to
|
685
|
-
write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document
|
686
|
-
source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using
|
687
|
-
reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters
|
688
|
-
long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML,
|
689
|
-
it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there
|
690
|
-
is text.
|
691
|
-
|
692
|
-
With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more
|
693
|
-
closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By
|
694
|
-
allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph,
|
695
|
-
you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your
|
696
|
-
prose.
|
697
|
-
|
698
|
-
|
699
|
-
<h3 id="em">Emphasis</h3>
|
700
|
-
|
701
|
-
Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of
|
702
|
-
emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an
|
703
|
-
HTML `<em>` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML
|
704
|
-
`<strong>` tag. E.g., this input:
|
705
|
-
|
706
|
-
*single asterisks*
|
707
|
-
|
708
|
-
_single underscores_
|
709
|
-
|
710
|
-
**double asterisks**
|
711
|
-
|
712
|
-
__double underscores__
|
713
|
-
|
714
|
-
will produce:
|
715
|
-
|
716
|
-
<em>single asterisks</em>
|
717
|
-
|
718
|
-
<em>single underscores</em>
|
719
|
-
|
720
|
-
<strong>double asterisks</strong>
|
721
|
-
|
722
|
-
<strong>double underscores</strong>
|
723
|
-
|
724
|
-
You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that
|
725
|
-
the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span.
|
726
|
-
|
727
|
-
Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word:
|
728
|
-
|
729
|
-
un*frigging*believable
|
730
|
-
|
731
|
-
But if you surround an `*` or `_` with spaces, it'll be treated as a
|
732
|
-
literal asterisk or underscore.
|
733
|
-
|
734
|
-
To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it
|
735
|
-
would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash
|
736
|
-
escape it:
|
737
|
-
|
738
|
-
\*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\*
|
739
|
-
|
740
|
-
|
741
|
-
|
742
|
-
<h3 id="code">Code</h3>
|
743
|
-
|
744
|
-
To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`` ` ``).
|
745
|
-
Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a
|
746
|
-
normal paragraph. For example:
|
747
|
-
|
748
|
-
Use the `printf()` function.
|
749
|
-
|
750
|
-
will produce:
|
751
|
-
|
752
|
-
<p>Use the <code>printf()</code> function.</p>
|
753
|
-
|
754
|
-
To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use
|
755
|
-
multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters:
|
756
|
-
|
757
|
-
``There is a literal backtick (`) here.``
|
758
|
-
|
759
|
-
which will produce this:
|
760
|
-
|
761
|
-
<p><code>There is a literal backtick (`) here.</code></p>
|
762
|
-
|
763
|
-
The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces --
|
764
|
-
one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place
|
765
|
-
literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span:
|
766
|
-
|
767
|
-
A single backtick in a code span: `` ` ``
|
768
|
-
|
769
|
-
A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` ``
|
770
|
-
|
771
|
-
will produce:
|
772
|
-
|
773
|
-
<p>A single backtick in a code span: <code>`</code></p>
|
774
|
-
|
775
|
-
<p>A backtick-delimited string in a code span: <code>`foo`</code></p>
|
776
|
-
|
777
|
-
With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML
|
778
|
-
entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML
|
779
|
-
tags. Markdown will turn this:
|
780
|
-
|
781
|
-
Please don't use any `<blink>` tags.
|
782
|
-
|
783
|
-
into:
|
784
|
-
|
785
|
-
<p>Please don't use any <code><blink></code> tags.</p>
|
786
|
-
|
787
|
-
You can write this:
|
788
|
-
|
789
|
-
`—` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `—`.
|
790
|
-
|
791
|
-
to produce:
|
792
|
-
|
793
|
-
<p><code>&#8212;</code> is the decimal-encoded
|
794
|
-
equivalent of <code>&mdash;</code>.</p>
|
795
|
-
|
796
|
-
|
797
|
-
|
798
|
-
<h3 id="img">Images</h3>
|
799
|
-
|
800
|
-
Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a "natural" syntax for
|
801
|
-
placing images into a plain text document format.
|
802
|
-
|
803
|
-
Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax
|
804
|
-
for links, allowing for two styles: *inline* and *reference*.
|
805
|
-
|
806
|
-
Inline image syntax looks like this:
|
807
|
-
|
808
|
-
![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg)
|
809
|
-
|
810
|
-
![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg "Optional title")
|
811
|
-
|
812
|
-
That is:
|
813
|
-
|
814
|
-
* An exclamation mark: `!`;
|
815
|
-
* followed by a set of square brackets, containing the `alt`
|
816
|
-
attribute text for the image;
|
817
|
-
* followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to
|
818
|
-
the image, and an optional `title` attribute enclosed in double
|
819
|
-
or single quotes.
|
820
|
-
|
821
|
-
Reference-style image syntax looks like this:
|
822
|
-
|
823
|
-
![Alt text][id]
|
824
|
-
|
825
|
-
Where "id" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references
|
826
|
-
are defined using syntax identical to link references:
|
827
|
-
|
828
|
-
[id]: url/to/image "Optional title attribute"
|
829
|
-
|
830
|
-
As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the
|
831
|
-
dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply
|
832
|
-
use regular HTML `<img>` tags.
|
833
|
-
|
834
|
-
|
835
|
-
* * *
|
836
|
-
|
837
|
-
|
838
|
-
<h2 id="misc">Miscellaneous</h2>
|
839
|
-
|
840
|
-
<h3 id="autolink">Automatic Links</h3>
|
841
|
-
|
842
|
-
Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating "automatic" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this:
|
843
|
-
|
844
|
-
<http://example.com/>
|
845
|
-
|
846
|
-
Markdown will turn this into:
|
847
|
-
|
848
|
-
<a href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
|
849
|
-
|
850
|
-
Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that
|
851
|
-
Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex
|
852
|
-
entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting
|
853
|
-
spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this:
|
854
|
-
|
855
|
-
<address@example.com>
|
856
|
-
|
857
|
-
into something like this:
|
858
|
-
|
859
|
-
<a href="mailto:addre
|
860
|
-
ss@example.co
|
861
|
-
m">address@exa
|
862
|
-
mple.com</a>
|
863
|
-
|
864
|
-
which will render in a browser as a clickable link to "address@example.com".
|
865
|
-
|
866
|
-
(This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not
|
867
|
-
most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of
|
868
|
-
them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way
|
869
|
-
will probably eventually start receiving spam.)
|
870
|
-
|
871
|
-
|
872
|
-
|
873
|
-
<h3 id="backslash">Backslash Escapes</h3>
|
874
|
-
|
875
|
-
Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal
|
876
|
-
characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's
|
877
|
-
formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word
|
878
|
-
with literal asterisks (instead of an HTML `<em>` tag), you can use
|
879
|
-
backslashes before the asterisks, like this:
|
880
|
-
|
881
|
-
\*literal asterisks\*
|
882
|
-
|
883
|
-
Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters:
|
884
|
-
|
885
|
-
\ backslash
|
886
|
-
` backtick
|
887
|
-
* asterisk
|
888
|
-
_ underscore
|
889
|
-
{} curly braces
|
890
|
-
[] square brackets
|
891
|
-
() parentheses
|
892
|
-
# hash mark
|
893
|
-
+ plus sign
|
894
|
-
- minus sign (hyphen)
|
895
|
-
. dot
|
896
|
-
! exclamation mark
|
897
|
-
|