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+[HTML5 Boilerplate homepage](https://html5boilerplate.com) | [Documentation
+table of contents](TOC.md)
+# Frequently asked questions
+* [Why is the Google Analytics code at the bottom? Google recommends it be
+  placed in the `<head>`.](#why-is-the-google-analytics-code-at-the-bottom-google-recommends-it-be-placed-in-the-head)
+* [How can I integrate Bootstrap with HTML5
+  Boilerplate?](#how-can-i-integrate-bootstrap-with-html5-boilerplate)
+* [Do I need to upgrade my site each time a new version of HTML5 Boilerplate is
+  released?](#do-i-need-to-upgrade-my-site-each-time-a-new-version-of-html5-boilerplate-is-released)
+* [Where can I get help with support
+  questions?](#where-can-i-get-help-with-support-questions)
+--
+### Why is the Google Analytics code at the bottom? Google recommends it be placed in the `<head>`.
+The main advantage of placing it in the `<head>` is that you will track the
+user's `pageview` even if they leave the page before it has been fully loaded.
+However, having the code at the bottom of the page [helps improve
+performance](https://stevesouders.com/efws/inline-scripts-bottom.php).
+### How can I integrate [Bootstrap](http://getbootstrap.com/) with HTML5 Boilerplate?
+One simple way is to use [Initializr](http://www.initializr.com/) and create a
+custom build that includes both HTML5 Boilerplate and
+[Bootstrap](http://getbootstrap.com/).
+Read more about how [HTML5 Boilerplate and Bootstrap complement each
+other](https://www.quora.com/Is-Bootstrap-a-complement-or-an-alternative-to-HTML5-Boilerplate-or-viceversa/answer/Nicolas-Gallagher).
+### Do I need to upgrade my site each time a new version of HTML5 Boilerplate is released?
+No, same as you don't normally replace the foundation of a house once it
+was built. However, there is nothing stopping you from trying to work in the
+latest changes, but you'll have to assess the costs/benefits of doing so.
+### Where can I get help with support questions?
+Please ask for help on
+[StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/html5boilerplate).

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+[HTML5 Boilerplate homepage](https://html5boilerplate.com) | [Documentation
+table of contents](TOC.md)
+# The HTML
+By default, HTML5 Boilerplate provides two `html` pages:
+* [`index.html`](#indexhtml) - a default HTML skeleton that should form the
+  basis of all pages on your website
+* [`404.html`](#404html) - a placeholder 404 error page
+## `index.html`
+### The `no-js` class
+The `no-js` class is provided in order to allow you to more easily and
+explicitly add custom styles based on whether JavaScript is disabled
+(`.no-js`) or enabled (`.js`). Using this technique also helps [avoid the
+FOUC](https://www.paulirish.com/2009/avoiding-the-fouc-v3/).
+## Language attribute
+Please consider specifying the language of your content by adding the `lang`
+attribute to `<html>` as in this example:
+```html
+<html class="no-js" lang="en">
+```
+### The order of the `<title>` and `<meta>` tags
+The order in which the `<title>` and the `<meta>` tags are specified is
+important because:
+1) the charset declaration (`<meta charset="utf-8">`):
+   * must be included completely within the [first 1024 bytes of the
+     document](https://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/semantics.html#charset)
+   * should be specified as early as possible (before any content that could
+     be controlled by an attacker, such as a `<title>` element) in order to
+     avoid a potential [encoding-related security
+     issue](https://code.google.com/p/doctype-mirror/wiki/ArticleUtf7) in
+     Internet Explorer
+2) the meta tag for compatibility mode
+   (`<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">`):
+   * [needs to be included before all other tags except for the `<title>` and
+     the other `<meta>`
+     tags](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc288325.aspx)
+### `x-ua-compatible`
+Internet Explorer 8/9/10 support [document compatibility
+modes](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc288325.aspx) that affect the
+way webpages are interpreted and displayed. Because of this, even if your site's
+visitor is using, let's say, Internet Explorer 9, it's possible that IE will not
+use the latest rendering engine, and instead, decide to render your page using
+the Internet Explorer 5.5 rendering engine.
+Specifying the `x-ua-compatible` meta tag:
+```html
+<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
+```
+or sending the page with the following HTTP response header
+```
+X-UA-Compatible: IE=edge
+```
+will force Internet Explorer 8/9/10 to render the webpage in the highest
+available mode in [the various cases when it may
+not](https://hsivonen.fi/doctype/#ie8), and therefore, ensure that anyone
+browsing your site is treated to the best possible user experience that
+browser can offer.
+If possible, we recommend that you remove the `meta` tag and send only the
+HTTP response header as the `meta` tag will not always work if your site is
+served on a non-standard port, as Internet Explorer's preference option
+`Display intranet sites in Compatibility View` is checked by default.
+If you are using Apache as your webserver, including the
+[`.htaccess`](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache) file takes care of
+the HTTP header. If you are using a different server, check out our [other
+server config](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs).
+Starting with Internet Explorer 11, [document modes are
+deprecated](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/bg182625.aspx#docmode).
+If your business still relies on older web apps and services that were
+designed for older versions of Internet Explorer, you might want to consider
+enabling [Enterprise Mode](http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2014/04/02/stay-up-to-date-with-enterprise-mode-for-internet-explorer-11.aspx) throughout your company.
+## Mobile viewport
+There are a few different options that you can use with the [`viewport` meta
+tag](https://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dkx3qtm_22dxsrgcf4 "Viewport and
+Media Queries - The Complete Idiot's Guide"). You can find out more in [the
+Apple developer docs](https://developer.apple.com/library/safari/documentation/AppleApplications/Reference/SafariWebContent/UsingtheViewport/UsingtheViewport.html).
+HTML5 Boilerplate comes with a simple setup that strikes a good balance for general use cases.
+```html
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+```
+## Favicons and Touch Icon
+The shortcut icons should be put in the root directory of your site. HTML5
+Boilerplate comes with a default set of icons (include favicon and one Apple
+Touch Icon) that you can use as a baseline to create your own.
+Please refer to the more detailed description in the [Extend section](extend.md)
+of these docs.
+## Modernizr
+HTML5 Boilerplate uses a custom build of Modernizr.
+[Modernizr](http://modernizr.com) is a JavaScript library which adds classes to
+the `html` element based on the results of feature test and which ensures that
+all browsers can make use of HTML5 elements (as it includes the HTML5 Shiv).
+This allows you to target parts of your CSS and JavaScript based on the
+features supported by a browser.
+In general, in order to keep page load times to a minimum, it's best to call
+any JavaScript at the end of the page because if a script is slow to load
+from an external server it may cause the whole page to hang. That said, the
+Modernizr script *needs* to run *before* the browser begins rendering the page,
+so that browsers lacking support for some of the new HTML5 elements are able to
+handle them properly. Therefore the Modernizr script is the only JavaScript
+file synchronously loaded at the top of the document.
+## What about polyfills?
+If you need to include [polyfills](https://remysharp.com/2010/10/08/what-is-a-polyfill)
+in your project, you must make sure those load before any other JavaScript. If you're
+using some polyfill CDN service, like [cdn.polyfill.io](https://cdn.polyfill.io/),
+just put it before the other scripts in the bottom of the page:
+```html
+    <script src="https://cdn.polyfill.io/v1/polyfill.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
+    <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="js/vendor/jquery-1.11.2.min.js"><\/script>')</script>
+    <script src="js/plugins.js"></script>
+    <script src="js/main.js"></script>
+</body>
+```
+If you like to just include the polyfills yourself, you could include them in
+`js/plugins.js`. When you have a bunch of polyfills to load in, you could
+also create a `polyfills.js` file in the `js/vendor` directory. Also using
+this technique, make sure the polyfills are all loaded before any other
+Javascript.
+There are some misconceptions about Modernizr and polyfills. It's important
+to understand that Modernizr just handles feature checking, not polyfilling
+itself. The only thing Modernizr does regarding polyfills is that the team
+maintains [a huge list of cross Browser polyfills](https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills).
+## The content area
+The central part of the boilerplate template is pretty much empty. This is
+intentional, in order to make the boilerplate suitable for both web page and
+web app development.
+### Browser Upgrade Prompt
+The main content area of the boilerplate includes a prompt to install an up to
+date browser for users of IE 6/7. If you intended to support IE 6/7, then you
+should remove the snippet of code.
+### jQuery CDN for jQuery
+The jQuery CDN version of the jQuery JavaScript library is referenced towards
+the bottom of the page. A local fallback of jQuery is included for rare instances
+when the CDN version might not be available, and to facilitate offline
+development.
+The jQuery CDN version was chosen over other potential candidates
+([like Google's Hosted Libraries](https://developers.google.com/speed/libraries/))
+because it's fast ([comparable or faster than Google by some
+measures](https://www.cdnperf.com/#jsdelivr,cdnjs,google,yandex,microsoft,jquery,bootstrapcdn/https/90))
+and, (unlike Google's CDN) is available to China's hundreds of millions of internet users.
+For many years we [chose](https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/issues/1191)
+the Google Hosted version over the jQuery CDN because it was available
+over HTTPS (the jQuery CDN was not,) and it offered a better chance of
+hitting the cache lottery owing to the popularity of the Google CDN.
+The first issue is no longer valid and the second is far outweighed by
+being able to serve jQuery to Chinese users.
+While the jQuery CDN is a strong default solution your site or application may
+require a different configuration. Testing your site with services like
+[WebPageTest](https://www.webpagetest.org/) and browser tools like
+[PageSpeed Insights](https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/) or
+[YSlow](https://developer.yahoo.com/yslow/) will help you examine the real
+world performance of your site and can show where you can optimize your specific
+site or application.
+### Google Universal Analytics Tracking Code
+Finally, an optimized version of the Google Universal Analytics tracking code is
+included. Google recommends that this script be placed at the top of the page.
+Factors to consider: if you place this script at the top of the page, you’ll
+be able to count users who don’t fully load the page, and you’ll incur the max
+number of simultaneous connections of the browser.
+Further information:
+* [Optimizing the Google Universal Analytics
+  Snippet](https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/async-analytics-snippet#universal-analytics)
+* [Introduction to
+  Analytics.js](https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/)
+* [Google Analytics Demos & Tools](https://ga-dev-tools.appspot.com/)
+**N.B.** The Google Universal Analytics snippet is included by default mainly
+because Google Analytics is [currently one of the most popular tracking
+solutions](https://trends.builtwith.com/analytics/Google-Analytics) out there.
+However, its usage isn't set in stone, and you SHOULD consider exploring the
+[alternatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_analytics_software)
+and use whatever suits your needs best!

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+[HTML5 Boilerplate homepage](https://html5boilerplate.com) | [Documentation
+table of contents](TOC.md)
+# The JavaScript
+Information about the default JavaScript included in the project.
+## main.js
+This file can be used to contain or reference your site/app JavaScript code.
+For larger projects, you can make use of a JavaScript module loader, like
+[Require.js](http://requirejs.org/), to load any other scripts you need to
+run.
+## plugins.js
+This file can be used to contain all your plugins, such as jQuery plugins and
+other 3rd party scripts.
+One approach is to put jQuery plugins inside of a `(function($){ ...
+})(jQuery);` closure to make sure they're in the jQuery namespace safety
+blanket. Read more about [jQuery plugin
+authoring](https://learn.jquery.com/plugins/#Getting_Started).
+By default the `plugins.js` file contains a small script to avoid `console`
+errors in browsers that lack a `console`. The script will make sure that, if
+a console method isn't available, that method will have the value of empty
+function, thus, preventing the browser from throwing an error.
+## vendor
+This directory can be used to contain all 3rd party library code.
+Minified versions of the latest jQuery and Modernizr libraries are included by
+default. You may wish to create your own [custom Modernizr
+build](http://www.modernizr.com/download/).

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+[HTML5 Boilerplate homepage](https://html5boilerplate.com) | [Documentation
+table of contents](TOC.md)
+# Miscellaneous
+* [.gitignore](#gitignore)
+* [.editorconfig](#editorconfig)
+* [Server Configuration](#server-configuration)
+* [crossdomain.xml](#crossdomainxml)
+* [robots.txt](#robotstxt)
+* [browserconfig.xml](#browserconfigxml)
+--
+## .gitignore
+HTML5 Boilerplate includes a basic project-level `.gitignore`. This should
+primarily be used to avoid certain project-level files and directories from
+being kept under source control. Different development-environments will
+benefit from different collections of ignores.
+OS-specific and editor-specific files should be ignored using a "global
+ignore" that applies to all repositories on your system.
+For example, add the following to your `~/.gitconfig`, where the `.gitignore`
+in your HOME directory contains the files and directories you'd like to
+globally ignore:
+```gitignore
+[core]
+    excludesfile = ~/.gitignore
+```
+* More on global ignores: https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files
+* Comprehensive set of ignores on GitHub: https://github.com/github/gitignore
+## .editorconfig
+The `.editorconfig` file is provided in order to encourage and help you and
+your team define and maintain consistent coding styles between different
+editors and IDEs.
+By default, `.editorconfig` includes some basic
+[properties](http://editorconfig.org/#supported-properties) that reflect the
+coding styles from the files provided by default, but you can easily change
+them to better suit your needs.
+In order for your editor/IDE to apply the
+[properties](http://editorconfig.org/#supported-properties) from the
+`.editorconfig` file, you will need to [install a
+plugin]( http://editorconfig.org/#download).
+__N.B.__ If you aren't using the server configurations provided by HTML5
+Boilerplate, we highly encourage you to configure your server to block
+access to `.editorconfig` files, as they can disclose sensitive information!
+For more details, please refer to the [EditorConfig
+project](http://editorconfig.org/).
+## Server Configuration
+H5BP includes a [`.htaccess`](#htaccess) file for the [Apache HTTP
+server](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/). If you are not using Apache
+as your web server, then you are encouraged to download a
+[server configuration](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs) that
+corresponds to your web server and environment.
+A `.htaccess` (hypertext access) file is a [Apache HTTP server
+configuration file](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache).
+The `.htaccess` file is mostly used for:
+* Rewriting URLs
+* Controlling cache
+* Authentication
+* Server-side includes
+* Redirects
+* Gzipping
+If you have access to the main server configuration file (usually called
+`httpd.conf`), you should add the logic from the `.htaccess` file in, for
+example, a <Directory> section in the main configuration file. This is usually
+the recommended way, as using .htaccess files slows down Apache!
+To enable Apache modules locally, please see:
+https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache/wiki/How-to-enable-Apache-modules.
+In the repo the `.htaccess` is used for:
+* Allowing cross-origin access to web fonts
+* CORS header for images when browsers request it
+* Enable `404.html` as 404 error document
+* Making the website experience better for IE users better
+* Media UTF-8 as character encoding for `text/html` and `text/plain`
+* Enabling the rewrite URLs engine
+* Forcing or removing the `www.` at the begin of a URL
+* It blocks access to directories without a default document
+* It blocks access to files that can expose sensitive information.
+* It reduces MIME type security risks
+* It forces compressing (gzipping)
+* It tells the browser whether they should request a specific file from the
+  server or whether they should grab it from the browser's cache
+When using `.htaccess` we recommend reading all inline comments (the rules after
+a `#`) in the file once. There is a bunch of optional stuff in it.
+If you want to know more about the `.htaccess` file check out the
+[Apache HTTP server docs](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/) or more
+specifically the [htaccess
+section](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/howto/htaccess.html).
+Notice that the original repo for the `.htaccess` file is [this
+one](https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache).
+## crossdomain.xml
+The _cross-domain policy file_ is an XML document that gives a web client —
+such as Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Reader, etc. — permission to handle data
+across multiple domains, by:
+ * granting read access to data
+ * permitting the client to include custom headers in cross-domain requests
+ * granting permissions for socket-based connections
+__e.g.__ If a client hosts content from a particular source domain and that
+content makes requests directed towards a domain other than its own, the remote
+domain would need to host a cross-domain policy file in order to grant access
+to the source domain and allow the client to continue with the transaction.
+For more in-depth information, please see Adobe's [cross-domain policy file
+specification](https://www.adobe.com/devnet/articles/crossdomain_policy_file_spec.html).
+## robots.txt
+The `robots.txt` file is used to give instructions to web robots on what can
+be crawled from the website.
+By default, the file provided by this project includes the next two lines:
+ * `User-agent: *` -  the following rules apply to all web robots
+ * `Disallow:` - everything on the website is allowed to be crawled
+If you want to disallow certain pages you will need to specify the path in a
+`Disallow` directive (e.g.: `Disallow: /path`) or, if you want to disallow
+crawling of all content, use `Disallow: /`.
+The `/robots.txt` file is not intended for access control, so don't try to
+use it as such. Think of it as a "No Entry" sign, rather than a locked door.
+URLs disallowed by the `robots.txt` file might still be indexed without being
+crawled, and the content from within the `robots.txt` file can be viewed by
+anyone, potentially disclosing the location of your private content! So, if
+you want to block access to private content, use proper authentication instead.
+For more information about `robots.txt`, please see:
+  * [robotstxt.org](http://www.robotstxt.org/)
+  * [How Google handles the `robots.txt` file](https://developers.google.com/webmasters/control-crawl-index/docs/robots_txt)
+## browserconfig.xml
+The `browserconfig.xml` file is used to customize the tile displayed when users
+pin your site to the Windows 8.1 start screen. In there you can define custom
+tile colors, custom images or even [live tiles](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/dn455106.aspx#CreatingLiveTiles).
+By default, the file points to 2 placeholder tile images:
+* `tile.png` (558x558px): used for `Small`, `Medium` and `Large` tiles.
+  This image resizes automatically when necessary.
+* `tile-wide.png` (558x270px): user for `Wide` tiles.
+Notice that IE11 uses the same images when adding a site to the `favorites`.
+For more in-depth information about the `browserconfig.xml` file, please
+see [MSDN](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/dn320426.aspx).