markup_validity 1.0.0 → 1.1.0

data/CHANGELOG.rdoc

@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+=== 1.1.0 / 2009-08-06
+
+* New Features
+
+  * Now validates against XHTML+rdfa (Thanks Jason Ronallo!)
+
+* Bugfixes
+
+  * Substituting entities before validating against schema
+
 === 1.0.0 / 2009-06-11
 
 * 1 major enhancement

data/Manifest.txt

@@ -4,14 +4,102 @@ Manifest.txt
 README.rdoc
 Rakefile
 lib/markup_validity.rb
+lib/markup_validity/MarkUp.html
+lib/markup_validity/SCHEMA.html
 lib/markup_validity/assertions.rb
+lib/markup_validity/examples.html
 lib/markup_validity/rspec.rb
+lib/markup_validity/templates.html
 lib/markup_validity/validator.rb
+lib/markup_validity/xframes-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-access-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-applet-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-attribs-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-base-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic-form-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic-table-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic10-model-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic10-module-redefines-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic10-modules-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic10.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic11-model-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic11-modules-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-basic11.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-bdo-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-blkphras-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-blkpres-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-blkstruct-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-charent-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-copyright-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-csismap-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-datatypes-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-edit-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-events-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-form-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-frames-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-framework-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-hypertext-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-iframe-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-image-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-inlphras-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-inlpres-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-inlstruct-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-inlstyle-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-inputmode-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-lat1.ent
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-legacy-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-link-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-list-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-meta-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-metaAttributes-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-misc-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-nameident-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-notations-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-object-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-param-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-pres-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-print-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-print-model-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-print-modules-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-rdfa-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-rdfa-model-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-rdfa-modules-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-ruby-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-ruby-basic-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-script-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-special.ent
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-ssismap-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-struct-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-style-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-symbol.ent
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-table-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-target-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml-text-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml1-strict.dtd
 lib/markup_validity/xhtml1-strict.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml1-transitional.dtd
 lib/markup_validity/xhtml1-transitional.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml11-model-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml11-module-redefines-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml11-modules-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml11.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xhtml2.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-events-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-events-2.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-events-attribs-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-events-attribs-2.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-events-copyright-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-events-copyright-2.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-handlers-1.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-handlers-2.xsd
+lib/markup_validity/xml-script-1.xsd
 lib/markup_validity/xml.xsd
 spec/matcher_spec.rb
+test/assets/invalid_entity.xhtml
+test/assets/invalid_entity_transitional.xhtml
 test/assets/order.xml
 test/assets/shipment.xsd
 test/helper.rb
 test/test_markup_validity.rb
+

data/Rakefile

@@ -3,17 +3,13 @@
 require 'rubygems'
 require 'hoe'
 
-$LOAD_PATH << File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'lib'))
-
-require 'markup_validity'
-
-Hoe.new('markup_validity', MarkupValidity::VERSION) do |p|
-  p.developer('Aaron Patterson', 'aaronp@rubyforge.org')
-  p.readme_file       = 'README.rdoc'
-  p.history_file      = 'CHANGELOG.rdoc'
-  p.extra_rdoc_files  = FileList['*.rdoc']
-  p.extra_deps        = [['nokogiri', '>= 1.3.1']]
-  p.rubyforge_name    = 'seattlerb'
+Hoe.spec('markup_validity') do
+  developer('Aaron Patterson', 'aaronp@rubyforge.org')
+  self.readme_file       = 'README.rdoc'
+  self.history_file      = 'CHANGELOG.rdoc'
+  self.extra_rdoc_files  = FileList['*.rdoc']
+  self.extra_deps        = [['nokogiri', '>= 1.3.1']]
+  self.rubyforge_name    = 'seattlerb'
 end
 
 # vim: syntax=Ruby

data/lib/markup_validity.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'markup_validity/assertions'
 require 'markup_validity/rspec'
 
 module MarkupValidity
-  VERSION = '1.0.0'
+  VERSION = '1.1.0'
 end
 
 if defined? Test::Unit::TestCase

data/lib/markup_validity/MarkUp.html

@@ -0,0 +1,1095 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+      "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+  <title>W3C XHTML2 Working Group Home Page</title>
+  <meta name="keywords"
+  content="HTML, HTML 4, HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, XHTML, XHTML 1.0, XHTML 1.1, XHTML Basic, Modularization of XHTML, XML Events, XHTML-Print, XHTML 2.0, HTML Activity, XHTML2 Working Group"
+  />
+  <meta name="description"
+  content="This is W3C's home page for the XHTML2 Working Group." />
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="markup.css" />
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../StyleSheets/public.css" />
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="handheld"
+  href="style/handheld.css" />
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="style/print.css" />
+  <link rel="bookmark" href="#top" title="Page top" />
+  <link rel="start" href="../" title="W3C Home Page" />
+  <link rel="contents" href="#navbar" title="Navigation" />
+  <link rel="bookmark" href="#news" title="News" />
+  <link rel="bookmark" href="#recommendations" title="RECs" />
+  <link rel="bookmark" href="#drafts" title="Drafts" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="Activity" title="Activity Statement" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="xhtml-roadmap/" title="Roadmap" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="2004/xhtml-faq" title="FAQ" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="modularization" title="M12N Overview" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="historical" title="Historical" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="news" title="News Archive" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="Articles" title="Articles" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="translations" title="Translations" />
+  <link rel="help" href="../Help/siteindex" title="Site Index" />
+  <link rel="glossary" href="../2001/12/Glossary" title="Glossary" />
+  <link rel="copyright" href="#copyright" title="Copyright" />
+  <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML version" href=",html" />
+  <link rel="alternate" type="application/xhtml+xml" title="XHTML version"
+  href=",xhtml" />
+  <link rel="appendix" href="/2004/01/pp-impl/32107/status"
+  title="Patent Policy status" />
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<p class="banner"><span class="hide"><a href="#title">Skip to title</a>
+|</span> <a id="top" name="top" href="../"><img alt="W3C" width="72"
+height="48" src="../Icons/w3c_home" /> </a> <a href="../Interaction/"><img
+src="../Icons/interaction" width="212" height="48" alt="Interaction Domain" />
+</a> </p>
+
+<p id="quick"><em>Quick links</em>: <span class="hide"><a href="#title">Skip to
+title</a>,</span> <a title="HTML 4 Specification" href="../TR/html4">HTML
+4</a>, XHTML <a
+title="XHTMLâ?¢ 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language"
+href="../TR/xhtml1">1.0</a>, <a title="XHTMLâ?¢ 1.1 - Module-based XHTML"
+href="../TR/xhtml11">1.1</a>, <a title="XHTMLâ?¢ Basic"
+href="../TR/xhtml-basic">Basic</a>, <a title="Modularization of XHTMLâ?¢"
+href="../TR/xhtml-modularization">M12N</a>, <a title="XHTML-Print"
+href="../TR/xhtml-print">Print</a> (<abbr
+title="Proposed Recommendation">PR</abbr>), <a title="XHTMLâ?¢ 2.0"
+href="../TR/xhtml2">2.0</a> (<abbr title="Working Draft">WD</abbr>)</p>
+
+<h1 id="title" class="title">XHTML2 Working Group Home Page</h1>
+
+<div id="preface" class="preface">
+<p>This is <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>'s home page for
+the XHTML2 Working Group, which was <a
+href="/2007/03/XHTML2-WG-charter">chartered</a> in March 2007 (see <a
+href="/News/2007#item43">news</a>). Please also see the home page for the <a
+href="/html/wg/">new HTML Working Group</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p id="navbar" class="navbar"><span class="hide"><a href="#main">Skip to main
+content</a> |</span> <a href="#news">news</a> <!-- | <a href="#mission">mission</a> -->
+ | <a href="#recommendations">specifications</a> | <a href="#drafts">public
+drafts</a> | <a href="#issues">issues</a> | <a
+title="W3C HTML/XHTML Test Suites" href="Test/">test suites</a> | <a
+href="#tutorials">tutorials</a> | <a href="#slides">slides</a> | <a
+href="#guidelines">guidelines</a> | <a href="#validation">validation</a> | <a
+title="Articles related to the HTML Activity" href="Articles">articles</a> | <a
+title="Translations of HTML/XHTML specifications"
+href="translations">translations</a> | <a title="XHTML2 Working Group Charter"
+href="/2007/03/XHTML2-WG-charter">charter</a> | <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/dbwg/details?group=32107">participants</a> | <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32107/instructions">join</a> | <a
+title="HTML Working Group Roadmap" href="xhtml-roadmap/">roadmap</a> | <a
+href="xhtml2/wiki/Main_Page">wiki</a> | <a
+title="XForms - The Next Generation of Web Forms" href="Forms/">XForms</a> | <a
+href="#forums">forums</a> | <a href="#tidy">HTML Tidy</a> | <a
+href="#related">related work</a> | <a href="#previous"
+title="Previous versions of HTML">HTML 4.0/3.2/2.0</a> | <a id="historical"
+title="Some early ideas for HTML" name="historical"
+href="historical">historical</a> | <a id="patentpolicy"
+href=" http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32107/status">patent policy
+status</a></p>
+
+<h2><a id="mission" name="mission">Mission of the XHTML2 Working Group</a></h2>
+
+<p>The mission of the XHTML2 Working Group is to fulfill the promise of XML for
+applying XHTML to a wide variety of platforms with proper attention paid to
+internationalization, accessibility, device-independence, usability and
+document structuring. The group will provide an essential piece for supporting
+rich Web content that combines XHTML with other W3C work on areas such as math,
+scalable vector graphics, synchronized multimedia, and forms, in cooperation
+with other Working Groups.</p>
+
+<p>To join the XHTML2 Working Group, see the <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32107/instructions">instructions for
+joining</a>. To enquire about the possibility of joining as an invited expert,
+please contact the <a href="../People/all#steven">HTML Activity Lead</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="news">
+<h2><a id="news" name="news">NEWS</a></h2>
+
+<p class="hide">(<a href="#main">Skip to main content</a>)</p>
+
+<p>2009-01-28: <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-xhtml-media-types-20090116/">XHTML Media
+Types - Second Edition</a> published. Many people want to use XHTML to author
+their Web pages, but are confused about the best ways to deliver those pages in
+such a way that they will be processed correctly by various user agents. This
+Note contains suggestions about how to format XHTML to ensure it is maximally
+portable, and how to deliver XHTML to various user agents - even those that do
+not yet support XHTML natively. This document is intended to be used by
+document authors who want to use XHTML today, but want to be confident that
+their XHTML content is going to work in the greatest number of environments. <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item6">News item</a>. </p>
+
+<p>2009-01-16: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/curie/">CURIE Syntax 1.0</a> is a
+W3C Candidate Recommendation.This document defines a generic, abbreviated
+syntax for expressing URIs. See the ongoing <a
+href="2009/curie-impl-report.html">CURIE implementation report</a> for progress
+during the CR phase. <a href="http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item4">News
+item.</a></p>
+
+<p>2008-10-16: <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-rdfa-syntax-20081014/">RDFa</a> is a
+Recommendation. This specification allows publishers to express structured data
+on the Web within XHTML. This allows tools to read it, enabling a new world of
+user functionality, allowing users to transfer structured data between
+applications and web sites, and allowing browsing applications to improve the
+user experience. For those looking for an introduction to the use of RDFa and
+some real-world examples, please consult the updated <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-xhtml-rdfa-primer-20081014/">RDFa
+Primer</a>.</p>
+
+<p>2008-10-08: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization">XHTML
+Modularization 1.1</a> is a W3C Recommendation. The main change in this version
+is addition of support for XML Schema. The XHTML2 WG will now use this to add
+schema support to its markup languages that use XHTML Modularization. <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/News/2008#item168">News item.</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-09-04:</span> The <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/">Semantic Web Deployment Working Group</a>
+and the <a href="">XHTML2 Working Group</a> have published the Proposed
+Recommendation of <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PR-rdfa-syntax-20080904/">RDFa in XHTML: Syntax
+and Processing</a>. See also the <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/RDFa/implementation-report/">RDFa
+Implementation Report</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-07-29:</span> <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xhtml-basic-20080729/">XHTML Basic 1.1</a>
+is a recommendation. With this, there is now a full convergence in mobile
+markup languages, including those developed by the Open Mobile Alliance
+(OMA).</p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-06-20:</span> The <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/">Semantic Web Deployment Working Group</a>
+and the <a href="">XHTML2 Working Group</a> have published a Candidate
+Recommendation of <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/CR-rdfa-syntax-20080620/">RDFa in XHTML: Syntax
+and Processing</a>. Web documents contain significant amounts of structured
+data, which is largely unavailable to tools and applications. When publishers
+can express this data more completely, and when tools can read it, a new world
+of user functionality becomes available, letting users transfer structured data
+between applications and web sites, and allowing browsing applications to
+improve the user experience. RDFa is a specification for attributes to be used
+with languages such as HTML and XHTML to express structured data.</p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-06-12:</span> The <a href="/MarkUp/">XHTML2 Working
+Group</a> published two Proposed Recommendations today: <strong>XHTML
+Modularization 1.1</strong> and <strong>XHTML Basic 1.1</strong>. The former
+provides a means for subsetting and extending XHTML, a feature needed for
+extending XHTML's reach onto emerging platforms. This specification is intended
+for use by language designers as they construct new XHTML Family Markup
+Languages. This second version of this specification includes several minor
+updates to provide clarifications and address errors found in the first
+version. It also provides an implementation using XML Schemas. This version of
+XHTML Basic, which uses the Modularization approach, has been brought into
+alignment with the widely deployed XHTML Mobile Profile from the Open Mobile
+Alliance (OMA).</p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-05-26:</span> The <a href="/MarkUp/">XHTML2 Working
+Group</a> has released a Last Call Working Draft of <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-xhtml-access-20080526/">XHTML Access
+Module</a>. This document is intended to help make XHTML-family markup
+languages more effective at supporting the needs of the accessibility community
+by providing a generic mechanism for defining the relationship between document
+components and well-known accessibility taxonomies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-05-06:</span> The <a href="/MarkUp/">XHTML2 Working
+Group</a> has released a Last Call Working Draft of <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-curie-20080506/">CURIE Syntax 1.0</a> that
+defines a syntax for expressing URIs in a generic, abbreviated syntax.</p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-04-07:</span> The XHTML2 Working Group has released
+a second Last Call Working Draft of <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-xhtml-role-20080407/">XHTML Role Attribute
+Module</a>. With the <code>role</code> attribute, authors can annotate XML
+languages with machine-readable semantic information about the purpose of
+elements. Use cases include accessibility, device adaptation, server-side
+processing and complex data description. The attribute can be integrated into
+any markup language based on <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization/">XHTML Modularization</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="date">2008-01-07:</span> The <a href="/MarkUp/">XHTML2 Working
+Group</a> has published the First Public Working Draft of <a
+href="/MarkUp/2008/WD-xhtml-access-20080107/">XHTML Access Module</a>. This
+document is intended to help make XHTML-family markup languages more effective
+at supporting the needs of the accessibility community. It does so by providing
+a generic mechanism for defining the relationship between document components
+and well-known accessibility taxonomies.</p>
+
+<p>(<a href="news">Past News</a>)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="main" class="main">
+<h2><a id="whatis" name="whatis">What is HTML?</a></h2>
+
+<p>HTML is the <em>lingua franca</em> for publishing hypertext on the World
+Wide Web. It is a non-proprietary format based upon <abbr
+title="Standard Generalized MarkUp Language">SGML</abbr>, and can be created
+and processed by a wide range of tools, from simple plain text editors - you
+type it in from scratch - to sophisticated <acronym
+title="What You See Is What You Get">WYSIWYG</acronym> authoring tools. HTML
+uses tags such as <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;/h1&gt;</code> to
+structure text into headings, paragraphs, lists, hypertext links etc. Here is a
+<a href="Guide/">10-minute guide</a> for newcomers to HTML. W3C's statement of
+direction for HTML is given on the <a href="Activity">HTML Activity
+Statement</a>. See also the page on our work on the <a href="Forms/">next
+generation of Web forms</a>, and the section on <a href="historical">Web
+history</a>.</p>
+
+<h2><a id="whatis-xhtml" name="whatis-xhtml">What is XHTML?</a></h2>
+
+<p>The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML&trade;) is a family of
+current and future document types and modules that reproduce, subset, and
+extend HTML, reformulated in <a href="../XML/">XML</a> rather than SGML. XHTML
+Family document types are all XML-based, and ultimately are designed to work in
+conjunction with XML-based user agents. XHTML is the successor of HTML, and a
+<a href="#recommendations">series of specifications</a> has been developed for
+XHTML. See also: <a href="2004/xhtml-faq">HTML and XHTML Frequently Answered
+Questions</a></p>
+
+<h2><a id="recommendations" name="recommendations">Recommendations</a></h2>
+
+<p>W3C produces what are known as "<a
+href="../2004/02/Process-20040205/tr#RecsW3C">Recommendations</a>". These are
+specifications, developed by W3C working groups, and then reviewed by Members
+of the Consortium. A W3C Recommendation indicates that consensus has been
+reached among the Consortium Members that a specification is appropriate for
+widespread use.</p>
+
+<p>In general, XHTML specifications include implementations of their
+requirements in various syntaxes (e.g., XML DTD, XML Schema, RelaxNG). These
+implementations are normative, and are meant to be used either as building
+blocks for new markup languages (e.g., XHTML Modularization) or as complete
+markup language implementations (e.g., XHTML 1.1). </p>
+
+<p>While a normative part of the W3C Recommendation in which they are
+presented, these implementations are also code containing potential errors or
+omissions. When such errors are discovered, it is sometimes important that they
+be addressed very quickly to ensure that technologies relying on the
+implementations work as expected (e.g., validators and content authoring
+systems). The W3C process allows for the publication and frequent updating of
+errata, but unfortunately this process does not enable implementations to be
+quickly updated. As a result, the XHTML 2 Working Group has adopted the
+following concerning the production and evolution of its implementations:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>All implementations will adhere to the naming convention(s) and evolution
+    rules as defined in XHTML Modularization. These names include both Formal
+    Public Identifiers and System Identifiers. These conventions require that
+    the System Identifier must include a revision number. This revision number
+    is ONLY incremented when a revision is not backward compatible.</li>
+  <li>Each applicable Recommendation will include fixed, unchanging versions of
+    those implementations within the formal dated location for the
+    Recommendation (/TR/YYYY/REC-whatever-YYYYmmdd/...).</li>
+  <li>The Working Group will also provide a version of that implementation in
+    the working group's space on the W3C server (/MarkUp), uncoupled from a
+    specific dated version of the associated Recommendation. In the beginning
+    this uncoupled version will be *identical* to the version from the
+    associated Recommendation.</li>
+  <li>If the Working Group identifies a problem with an implementation, and it
+    is possible to solve the problem in a way that is 100 percent backward
+    compatible, then the version in the group's space will be updated in place
+    and an announcement will be sent to the XHTML 2 public email list.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The XHTML 2 Working Group states that the term "backward compatible" should
+be used only when:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>The external interface to the module cannot change in any way that would
+    break another module or markup language, either within or outside of the
+    W3C.</li>
+  <li>The content model cannot change in any way that would cause a previously
+    valid document to become invalid. </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If either of the above constraints would be violated by a change, the
+working group will either 1) not make the change, or 2) revise the applicable
+module. In the latter case, the working group will also change the associated
+identifiers.</p>
+
+<p class="navbar"><a href="#xhtml1">XHTML 1.0</a> | <a href="#html4">HTML
+4.01</a> | <a href="#xhtml-basic">XHTML basic</a> | <a
+href="#xhtml-modularization">Modularization of XHTML</a> | <a
+href="#xhtml11">XHTML 1.1</a> | <a href="#xml-events">XML Events</a></p>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml1" name="xhtml1" href="../TR/xhtml1">XHTML 1.0</a></h3>
+
+<p>XHTML 1.0 was the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from <a
+href="#previous">earlier work</a> on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML
+2.0. With a wealth of features, XHTML 1.0 is a reformulation of HTML 4.01 in
+XML, and combines the strength of HTML 4 with the power of XML.</p>
+
+<p>XHTML 1.0 was the first major change to HTML since HTML 4.0 was released in
+1997. It brings the rigor of XML to Web pages and is the keystone in W3C's work
+to create standards that provide richer Web pages on an ever increasing range
+of browser platforms including cell phones, televisions, cars, wallet sized
+wireless communicators, kiosks, and desktops.</p>
+
+<p>XHTML 1.0 was the first step: it reformulates HTML as an XML application.
+This makes it easier to process and easier to maintain. XHTML 1.0 borrows
+elements and attributes from W3C's earlier work on HTML 4, and can be
+interpreted by existing browsers, by following a few simple <a
+href="../TR/xhtml1/#guidelines">guidelines</a>. This allows you to start using
+XHTML now!</p>
+
+<p>You can roll over your old HTML documents into XHTML using an Open Source <a
+href="#tidy">HTML Tidy</a> utility. This tool also cleans up markup errors,
+removes clutter and prettifies the markup making it easier to maintain.</p>
+
+<h4><a id="flavors" name="flavors">Three "flavors" of XHTML 1.0</a></h4>
+
+<p>XHTML 1.0 is specified in three "flavors". You specify which of these
+variants you are using by inserting a line at the beginning of the document.
+For example, the HTML for this document starts with a line which says that it
+is using XHTML 1.0 Strict. Thus, if you want to validate the document, the tool
+used knows which variant you are using. Each variant has its own DTD - Document
+Type Definition - which sets out the rules and regulations for using HTML in a
+succinct and definitive manner.</p>
+<ul>
+  <li id="xhtml1-strict"><p><strong>XHTML 1.0 Strict</strong> - Use this when
+    you want really clean structural mark-up, free of any markup associated
+    with layout. Use this together with W3C's Cascading Style Sheet language
+    (<a href="../Style/CSS/">CSS</a>) to get the font, color, and layout
+    effects you want.</p>
+  </li>
+  <li id="xhtml1-transitional"><p><strong>XHTML 1.0 Transitional</strong> -
+    Many people writing Web pages for the general public to access might want
+    to use this flavor of XHTML 1.0. The idea is to take advantage of XHTML
+    features including style sheets but nonetheless to make small adjustments
+    to your markup for the benefit of those viewing your pages with older
+    browsers which can't understand style sheets. These include using the
+    <code>body</code> element with <code>bgcolor</code>, <code>text</code> and
+    <code>link</code> attributes.</p>
+  </li>
+  <li id="xhtml1-frameset"><p><strong>XHTML 1.0 Frameset</strong> - Use this
+    when you want to use Frames to partition the browser window into two or
+    more frames.</p>
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The complete <a href="../TR/xhtml1">XHTML 1.0 specification</a> is available
+in English in several formats, including HTML, PostScript and <abbr
+title="Portable Document Format">PDF</abbr>. See also the <a
+href="../TR/xhtml1,translations">list of translations</a> produced by
+volunteers.</p>
+<!--
+<h2 id="xhtml1-html4"><a href="../TR/xhtml1">XHTML 1.0</a> and <a
+href="../TR/html4">HTML 4.01</a></h2>
+-->
+
+<h3><a id="html4" name="html4" href="../TR/html4">HTML 4.01</a></h3>
+
+<p><a href="../TR/html4">HTML 4.01</a> is a revision of the HTML 4.0
+Recommendation first released on 18th December 1997. The revision fixes minor
+errors that have been found since then. The XHTML 1.0 spec relies on HTML 4.01
+for the meanings of XHTML elements and attributes. This allowed us to reduce
+the size of the XHTML 1.0 spec very considerably.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml-basic" name="xhtml-basic" href="../TR/xhtml-basic">XHTML
+Basic</a></h3>
+
+<p>XHTML Basic is the second Recommendation in a series of XHTML
+specifications.</p>
+
+<p>The XHTML Basic document type includes the minimal set of modules required
+to be an XHTML Host Language document type, and in addition it includes images,
+forms, basic tables, and object support. It is designed for Web clients that do
+not support the full set of XHTML features; for example, Web clients such as
+mobile phones, <abbr title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</abbr>s, pagers,
+and settop boxes. The document type is rich enough for content authoring.</p>
+
+<p>XHTML Basic is designed as a common base that may be extended. For example,
+an event module that is more generic than the traditional HTML 4 event system
+could be added or it could be extended by additional modules from XHTML
+Modularization such as the Scripting Module. The goal of XHTML Basic is to
+serve as a common language supported by various kinds of user agents.</p>
+
+<p>The document type definition is implemented using XHTML modules as defined
+in "<cite><a href="#xhtml-modularization">Modularization of
+XHTML</a></cite>".</p>
+
+<p>The complete <a href="../TR/xhtml-basic">XHTML Basic specification</a> is
+available in English in several formats, including HTML, plain text, PostScript
+and PDF. See also the <a href="../TR/xhtml-basic,translations">list of
+translations</a> produced by volunteers.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml-modularization" name="xhtml-modularization"
+href="../TR/xhtml-modularization">XHTML Modularization</a></h3>
+
+<p><em>XHTML Modularization</em> is the third Recommendation in a series of
+XHTML specifications.</p>
+
+<p>This Recommendation does not specify a markup language but an abstract
+modularization of XHTML and an implementation of the abstraction using XML
+Document Type Definitions (DTDs) and (in version 1.1) XML Schemas. This
+modularization provides a means for subsetting and extending XHTML, a feature
+needed for extending XHTML's reach onto emerging platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Modularization of XHTML makes it easier to combine with markup tags for
+things like vector graphics, multimedia, math, electronic commerce and more.
+Content providers will find it easier to produce content for a wide range of
+platforms, with better assurances as to how the content is rendered, and that
+the content is valid.</p>
+
+<p>The modular design reflects the realization that a one-size-fits-all
+approach no longer works in a world where browsers vary enormously in their
+capabilities. A browser in a cellphone can't offer the same experience as a top
+of the range multimedia desktop machine. The cellphone doesn't even have the
+memory to load the page designed for the desktop browser.</p>
+
+<p>See also <a href="modularization">an overview of XHTML
+Modularization</a>.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml11" name="xhtml11" href="../TR/xhtml11">XHTML 1.1 -
+Module-based XHTML</a></h3>
+
+<p>This Recommendation defines a new XHTML document type that is based upon the
+module framework and modules defined in Modularization of XHTML. The purpose of
+this document type is to serve as the basis for future extended XHTML 'family'
+document types, and to provide a consistent, forward-looking document type
+cleanly separated from the deprecated, legacy functionality of HTML 4 that was
+brought forward into the XHTML 1.0 document types.</p>
+
+<p>This document type is essentially a reformulation of XHTML 1.0 Strict using
+XHTML Modules. This means that many facilities available in other XHTML Family
+document types (e.g., XHTML Frames) are not available in this document type.
+These other facilities are available through modules defined in Modularization
+of XHTML, and document authors are free to define document types based upon
+XHTML 1.1 that use these facilities (see Modularization of XHTML for
+information on creating new document types).</p>
+
+<h4><a id="differences" name="differences">What is the difference between XHTML
+1.0, XHTML Basic and XHTML 1.1?</a></h4>
+
+<p>The first step was to reformulate <a href="#html4">HTML 4</a> in XML,
+resulting in <a href="#xhtml1">XHTML 1.0</a>. By following the <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#guidelines">HTML Compatibility
+Guidelines</a> set forth in Appendix C of the XHTML 1.0 specification, XHTML
+1.0 documents could be compatible with existing HTML user agents.</p>
+
+<p>The next step is to modularize the elements and attributes into convenient
+collections for use in documents that combine XHTML with other tag sets. The
+modules are defined in <a href="#xhtml-modularization">Modularization of
+XHTML</a>. <a href="#xhtml-basic">XHTML Basic</a> is an example of fairly
+minimal build of these modules and is targeted at mobile applications.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#xhtml11">XHTML 1.1</a> is an example of a larger build of the
+modules, avoiding many of the presentation features. While XHTML 1.1 looks very
+similar to XHTML 1.0 Strict, it is designed to serve as the basis for future
+extended XHTML Family document types, and its modular design makes it easier to
+add other modules as needed or integrate itself into other markup languages. <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixa.html#parsing.module">XHTML 1.1
+plus MathML 2.0</a> document type is an example of such XHTML Family document
+type.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml-print" name="xhtml-print"
+href="../TR/xhtml-print">XHTML-Print</a></h3>
+
+<blockquote cite="../TR/xhtml-print/#abstract">
+  <p>XHTML-Print is member of the family of XHTML Languages defined by the
+  <cite>Modularization of <abbr
+  title="Extensible HyperText Markup Language">XHTML</abbr></cite>. It is
+  designed to be appropriate for printing from mobile devices to low-cost
+  printers that might not have a full-page buffer and that generally print from
+  top-to-bottom and left-to-right with the paper in a portrait orientation.
+  XHTML-Print is also targeted at printing in environments where it is not
+  feasible or desirable to install a printer-specific driver and where some
+  variability in the formatting of the output is acceptable.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div id="main1" class="main">
+<h3><a id="xml-events" name="xml-events" href="../TR/xml-events">XML
+Events</a></h3>
+
+<p class="note"><em><strong>Note.</strong> This specification was renamed from
+"XHTML Events".</em></p>
+
+<blockquote cite="../TR/xml-events/#abstract">
+  <p>The XML Events module defined in this specification provides XML languages
+  with the ability to uniformly integrate event listeners and associated event
+  handlers with Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 event interfaces. The
+  result is to provide an interoperable way of associating behaviors with
+  document-level markup.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3><a id="previous" name="previous">Previous Versions of HTML</a></h3>
+<dl>
+  <!--
+                                                <dt><a id="html401" name="html401" href="../TR/html401">HTML 4.01</a></dt>
+
+                                                <dd>The <a href="../TR/html401">HTML 4.01</a> Recommendation
+                                                released on 24th December 1999 fixes a number of bugs in the HTML
+                                                4.0 specification. The list of changes are detailed in <a
+                                                href="../TR/html401/appendix/changes">appendix A</a>.</dd>
+                                                -->
+  <dt><a id="html40" name="html40" href="../TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424">HTML
+  4.0</a></dt>
+    <dd>First released as a W3C Recommendation on 18 December 1997. A second
+      release was issued on 24 April 1998 with changes limited to editorial
+      corrections. <strong>This specification has now been superseded by <a
+      href="../TR/html401">HTML 4.01</a>.</strong></dd>
+  <dt><a id="html32" name="html32" href="../TR/REC-html32">HTML 3.2</a></dt>
+    <dd>W3C's first Recommendation for HTML which represented the consensus on
+      HTML features for 1996. HTML 3.2 added widely-deployed features such as
+      tables, applets, text-flow around images, superscripts and subscripts,
+      while providing backwards compatibility with the existing <a
+      href="html-spec/">HTML 2.0 Standard</a>.</dd>
+  <dt><a id="html20" name="html20" href="html-spec/">HTML 2.0</a></dt>
+    <dd><a href="html-spec/">HTML 2.0</a> (<a
+      href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt"><abbr
+      title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 1866</a>) was developed by the
+      <abbr title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</abbr>'s HTML Working
+      Group, which closed in 1996. It set the standard for core HTML features
+      based upon current practice in 1994. Note that with the release of <a
+      href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2854.txt">RFC 2854</a>, RFC 1866
+      has been obsoleted and its <a
+      href="http://www.ietf.org/iesg/1rfc_index.txt">current status</a> is
+      <strong>HISTORIC</strong>.</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h3><a id="isohtml" name="isohtml"><abbr
+title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr> HTML</a></h3>
+
+<p><a
+title="Information technology - Document description and processing languages - HyperText Markup Language (HTML)"
+href="http://purl.org/NET/ISO+IEC.15445/15445.html">ISO/<abbr
+title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</abbr> 15445:2000</a> is
+a subset of HTML 4, standardized by ISO/IEC. It takes a more rigorous stance
+for instance, an <code>h3</code> element can't occur after an <code>h1</code>
+element unless there is an intervening <code>h2</code> element. Roger Price and
+David Abrahamson have written a <a
+href="http://purl.org/NET/ISO+IEC.15445/Users-Guide.html">user's guide to ISO
+HTML</a>.</p>
+
+<h2><a id="drafts" name="drafts">Other Public Drafts</a></h2>
+
+<p>The current editors' drafts of all specifications are linked to from a
+separate <a href="Drafts/">drafts page</a>.</p>
+
+<p>If you have any comments on any of our specifications we would like to hear
+from you via email. Please send your comments to: <a
+href="mailto:www-html-editor@w3.org">www-html-editor@w3.org</a> (<a
+href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html-editor/">archive</a>). Don't
+forget to include <strong>XHTML</strong> in the subject line.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml2" name="xhtml2" href="../TR/xhtml2">XHTML 2.0</a></h3>
+
+<p>XHTML 2.0 is a markup language intended for rich, portable web-based
+applications. While the ancestry of XHTML 2.0 comes from HTML 4, XHTML 1.0, and
+XHTML 1.1, it is <em>not</em> intended to be 100% backwards compatible with its
+earlier versions. Application developers familiar with its earlier ancestors
+will be comfortable working with XHTML 2.0.</p>
+
+<p>XHTML 2.0 is a member of the XHTML Family of markup languages. It is an
+XHTML Host Language as defined in <a
+href="#xhtml-modularization">Modularization of XHTML</a>. As such, it is made
+up of a set of XHTML Modules that together describe the elements and attributes
+of the language, and their content model. XHTML 2.0 updates many of the modules
+defined in Modularization of XHTML, and includes the updated versions of all
+those modules and their semantics. </p>
+
+<p>XHTML 2.0 essentially consists of a packaging of several parts currently
+independently proceeding to recommendation:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-syntax/">RDFa</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xforms11/">XForms</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-access/">Access</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-role/">Role</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-events2/">XML Events</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>plus the necessary text and hyperlinking modules, which you will find in the
+XHTML2 draft.</p>
+
+<p>The most recent <a href="Drafts/#xhtml2">editor's draft</a> can always be
+found on the XHTML2 WG's drafts page.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="XHTMLplusMathMLplusSVG" name="XHTMLplusMathMLplusSVG"
+href="../TR/XHTMLplusMathMLplusSVG">An XHTML + MathML + SVG Profile</a></h3>
+
+<p>An XHTML+MathML+SVG profile is a profile that combines XHTML 1.1, MathML 2.0
+and SVG 1.1 together. This profile enables mixing XHTML, MathML and SVG in the
+same document using XML namespaces mechanism, while allowing validation of such
+a mixed-namespace document.</p>
+
+<p>This specification is a joint work with the SVG Working Group, with the help
+from the Math WG.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="xframes" name="xframes" href="../TR/xframes">XFrames</a></h3>
+
+<p>XFrames is an XML application for composing documents together, replacing
+HTML Frames. XFrames is <em>not</em> a part of XHTML per se, that allows
+similar functionality to HTML Frames, with fewer usability problems,
+principally by making the content of the frameset visible in its URI.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="hlink" name="hlink" href="../TR/hlink">HLink</a></h3>
+
+<blockquote cite="../TR/hlink/#abstract">
+  <p>The HLink module defined in this specification provides XHTML Family
+  Members with the ability to specify which attributes of elements represent
+  Hyperlinks, and how those hyperlinks should be traversed, and extends XLink
+  use to a wider class of languages than those restricted to the syntactic
+  style allowed by XLink.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml-media-types" name="xhtml-media-types"
+href="../TR/xhtml-media-types">XHTML Media Types</a></h3>
+
+<blockquote cite="../TR/xhtml-media-types/#abstract">
+  <p>This document summarizes the best current practice for using various
+  Internet media types for serving various XHTML Family documents. <a
+  href="../TR/xhtml-media-types/#summary">In summary</a>,
+  'application/xhtml+xml' <strong>SHOULD</strong> be used for XHTML Family
+  documents, and the use of 'text/html' <strong>SHOULD</strong> be limited to
+  <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr>-compatible XHTML 1.0
+  documents. 'application/xml' and 'text/xml' <strong>MAY</strong> also be
+  used, but whenever appropriate, 'application/xhtml+xml'
+  <strong>SHOULD</strong> be used rather than those generic <abbr
+  title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr> media types.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml1-schema" name="xhtml1-schema" href="../TR/xhtml1-schema">XHTML
+1.0 in XML Schema</a></h3>
+
+<p>This document describes <em>non-normative</em> XML Schemas for XHTML 1.0.
+These Schemas are still work in progress, and this document <em>does not</em>
+change the normative definition of XHTML 1.0.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml-roadmap" name="xhtml-roadmap" href="xhtml-roadmap/">XHTML2
+Working Group Roadmap</a></h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+  <p>This describes the timeline for deliverables of the XHTML2 working group.
+  It used to be a W3C NOTE but has now been moved to the MarkUp area for easier
+  maintenance.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<h2 id="issues">Issue tracking</h2>
+
+<p>There are two sets of issues being tracked:</p>
+<dl>
+  <dt><a href="http://htmlwg.mn.aptest.com/xhtml2-issues">XHTML2 Issue Tracking
+  System</a></dt>
+    <dd>This database is dedicated to XHTML2 issues.</dd>
+  <dt><a href="http://htmlwg.mn.aptest.com/voyager-issues">Voyager Issue
+  Tracking System</a></dt>
+    <dd>This database contains issues for all other specs.</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p></p>
+
+<div id="main11" class="main">
+<!--
+<h3><a id="xhtml-building" name="xhtml-building">Building
+XHTML Modules</a></h3>
+
+<p><em>Note: This document has been incorporated into
+"<cite><a href="#xhtml-modularization" >Modularization of
+XHTML</a></cite>".</em></p>
+
+<h3><a id="xhtml-prof-req" name="xhtml-prof-req"
+href="../TR/xhtml-prof-req">XHTML Document Profile Requirements</a></h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>The increasing disparities between the capabilities of
+different kinds of Web browsers present challenges to Web content
+developers wishing to reach a wide audience. A promising approach
+is to formally describe profiles for documents intended for broad
+groups of browsers, for instance, separate document profiles for
+browsers running on desktops, television, handhelds, cellphones
+and voice browsers. Document profiles provide a basis for
+interoperability guarantees. If an author develops content for a
+given profile and a browser supports the profile then the author
+may be confident that the document will be rendered as expected.
+The requirements for document profiles are analyzed.</p>
+</blockquote>
+-->
+
+<h2><a id="information" name="information">Useful information for HTML/XHTML
+authors</a></h2>
+
+<h3><a id="tutorials" name="tutorials">Tutorials</a></h3>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="Guide/"><cite>Getting started with HTML</cite></a> by Dave
+    Raggett is a short introduction to writing HTML, including tutorials on <a
+    href="Guide/Advanced">advanced features</a>.</li>
+  <li><a href="Guide/Style"><cite>Adding a touch of style</cite></a> by Dave
+    Raggett is a short guide to styling your Web pages.</li>
+  <li><a href="Guide/xhtml-m12n-tutorial/"><cite>XHTML Modules and Markup
+    Languages - How to create XHTML Family modules and markup languages for fun
+    and profit</cite></a> by Shane McCarron explains how to create XHTML Family
+    modules and markup languages, based on <a
+    href="#xhtml-modularization">Modularization of XHTML</a>.</li>
+  <li><a href="2004/xmlevents-for-html-authors"><cite>XML Events for HTML
+    Authors</cite></a> by <a href="http://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/">Steven
+    Pemberton</a> is a quick introduction to XML Events for HTML authors,
+    explaining how XML Events are the same as HTML Event handling
+    (<code>onclick</code> etc), but written differently.</li>
+  <li><cite>XForms for HTML Authors</cite> <a
+    href="Forms/2003/xforms-for-html-authors.html">Part 1</a> and <a
+    href="Forms/2006/xforms-for-html-authors-part2">Part 2</a> by <a
+    href="http://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/">Steven Pemberton</a> is a quick
+    introduction to writing XForms, leveraging the reader's existing knowledge
+    of HTML Forms.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a id="slides" name="slides">Slides on XHTML</a></h3>
+
+<p>You may also be interested in the following slides on XHTML:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Talks/1999/03/24-stockholm-xhtml/">XHTML: The
+    Extensible Hypertext Markup Language</a> by Dave Raggett, at W3C LA event
+    in Stockholm, 24 March 1999.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Talks/1999/05/www8-html/slide1.html">W3C HTML
+    Activity</a> by Dave Raggett, as part of <a
+    href="http://www8.org/">WWW8</a> W3C Track, 12 May 1999</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Talks/1999/12/XHTML-XML99/slide1.html">W3C
+    Work on XHTML</a> by Dave Raggett, at <a
+    href="http://www.gca.org/attend/1999_conferences/xml_99/">XML '99</a>, 6
+    December 1999. The presentation describes the work being done by W3C on
+    XHTML.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/09/21-orf/xhtml-family/"
+    hreflang="ja">The XHTML Family</a> (in <span xml:lang="ja"
+    lang="ja">???</span>/Japanese) by Masayasu Ishikawa, at <a
+    href="http://www.kri.sfc.keio.ac.jp/ORF/2001/" hreflang="ja"><abbr
+    title="Shonan Fujisawa Campus">SFC</abbr> Open Research Forum 2001</a>, 21
+    September 2001.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Talks/2002/04/11-pemberton">XForms, XHTML and
+    Device Independence</a> by Steven Pemberton, at <a
+    href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Offices/Germany/Events/Cross-Media-Publishing">W3C.DE-Arbeitstreffen:
+    Cross Media Publishing</a>, 11 April 2002.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/www2002-xhtml/">XHTML Family</a> by
+    Masayasu Ishikawa, as part of <a href="http://www2002.org/">WWW2002</a> <a
+    href="http://www2002.org/w3ctrack.html">W3C Track</a>, 9 May 2002. Slides
+    are available in <a type="application/xhtml+xml"
+    href="http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/www2002-xhtml/Overview.xhtml">XHTML</a>
+    or <a type="text/html"
+    href="http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/www2002-xhtml/Overview.html">HTML</a>
+    (XHTML version needs XHTML+MathML+SVG+Ruby support).</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/orf2002-xhtml2/"
+    hreflang="en">XHTML 2.0</a> (in <span xml:lang="ja"
+    lang="ja">???</span>/Japanese) by Masayasu Ishikawa, at <a
+    href="http://www.kri.sfc.keio.ac.jp/ORF/2002/" hreflang="ja"><abbr
+    title="Shonan Fujisawa Campus">SFC</abbr> Open Research Forum 2002</a>, 22
+    November 2002.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/Talks/www2003-steven-xhtml-xforms/">XHTML
+    2.0 and XForms</a> by Steven Pemberton, as part of <a
+    href="http://www2003.org/">WWW2003</a> <a
+    href="http://www.w3.org/2003/03/w3c-track03.html">W3C Track</a>, 21 May
+    2003.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/Talks/www2003-steven-horizontal/">W3C's
+    Horizontal Activities Usage: XHTML Family Case Study</a> by Steven
+    Pemberton, WWW2003 W3C Track, 23 May 2003.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/Talks/0704-steven-xhtml-xforms/">XHTML
+    and XForms</a> by Steven Pemberton, at <span xml:lang="nl"
+    lang="nl">Zomersessie van NGI Limburg: XHTML2 en XForms, state of the art
+    en stage-ervaringen bij het W3C</span>, 3 July 2003.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/Talks/04-19-steven-XHTML2-XForms/">XHTML2
+    and XForms</a> by Steven Pemberton, organized by the <a
+    href="http://www.w3c.de/Events/2005/HTMLtut.html">German and Austrian
+    Office</a>, 19 April 2005.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/Talks/05-steven-www2005/">The Semantic
+    Browser: Improving the User Experience</a> by Mark Birbeck and Steven
+    Pemberton, WWW2005 W3C Track, 13 May 2005.</li>
+  <li><a
+    href="http://www.w3.org/2005/Talks/05-steven-Metadata-in-XHTML2/">Metadata
+    in XHTML2</a> by Steven Pemberton, at <a
+    href="http://www.newssummit.org/2005/">News Standards Summit 2005</a>, 24
+    May 2005.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/Talks/05-steven-xtech/">XHTML2:
+    Accessible, Usable, Device Independent and Semantic</a> by Steven Pemberton
+    and Mark Birbeck, at <a
+    href="http://www.xtech-conference.org/2005/about.asp">XTech 2005
+    Conference</a>, 26 May 2005.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3><a id="guidelines" name="guidelines">Guidelines for authoring</a></h3>
+
+<p>Here are some rough guidelines for HTML authors. If you use these, you are
+more likely to end up with pages that are easy to maintain, look acceptable to
+users regardless of the browser they are using, and can be accessed by the many
+Web users with disabilities. Meanwhile W3C have produced some more formal
+guidelines for authors. Have a look at the detailed <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
+1.0</a>.</p>
+<ol>
+  <li><strong>A question of style sheets.</strong> For most people the look of
+    a document - the color, the font, the margins - are as important as the
+    textual content of the document itself. But make no mistake! HTML is not
+    designed to be used to control these aspects of document layout. What you
+    should do is to use HTML to mark up headings, paragraphs, lists, hypertext
+    links, and other structural parts of your document, and then add a style
+    sheet to specify layout separately, just as you might do in a conventional
+    Desk Top Publishing Package. That way, not only is there a better chance of
+    all browsers displaying your document properly, but also, if you want to
+    change such things as the font or color, it's really simple to do so. See
+    the <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/Style">Touch of style</a>.</li>
+  <li><strong><code>FONT</code> tag considered harmful!</strong> Many filters
+    from word-processing packages, and also some HTML authoring tools, generate
+    HTML code which is completely contrary to the design goals of the language.
+    What they do is to look at a document almost purely from the point of view
+    of layout, and then mimic that layout in HTML by doing tricks with
+    <code>FONT</code>, <code>BR</code> and <code>&amp;nbsp;</code>
+    (non-breaking spaces). HTML documents are supposed to be structured around
+    items such as paragraphs, headings and lists. Yet some of these documents
+    barely have a paragraph tag in sight! 
+    <p>The problem comes when the content of pages needs to be updated, or
+    given a new layout, or re-cast in XML (which is now to be the new mark-up
+    language). With proper use of HTML, such operations are not difficult, but
+    with a muddle of non-structural tags it's quite a different matter;
+    maintenance tasks become impractical. To correct pages suffering from
+    injudicious use of <code>FONT</code>, try the <a href="#tidy">HTML Tidy
+    program</a>, which will do its best to put things right and generate better
+    and more manageable HTML.</p>
+  </li>
+  <li><strong>Make your pages readable by those with disabilities.</strong> The
+    Web is a tremendously useful tool for the visually impaired or blind user,
+    but bear in mind that these users rely on speech synthesizers or Braille
+    readers to render the text. Sloppy mark-up, or mark-up which doesn't have
+    the layout defined in a separate style sheet, is hard for such software to
+    deal with. Wherever possible, use a style sheet for the presentational
+    aspects of your pages, using HTML purely for structural mark-up. 
+    <p>Also, remember to include descriptions with each image, and try to avoid
+    server-side image maps. For tables, you should include a summary of the
+    table's structure, and remember to associate table data with relevant
+    headers. This will give non-visual browsers a chance to help orient people
+    as they move from one cell to the next. For forms, remember to include
+    labels for form fields.</p>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>Do look at the <a href="../WAI/Resources/#gl">accessibility guidelines</a>
+for a more detailed account of how to make your Web pages really accessible.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="validation" name="validation" href="http://validator.w3.org/">W3C
+Markup Validation Service</a></h3>
+
+<p>To further promote the reliability and fidelity of communications on the
+Web, W3C has introduced the <a href="http://validator.w3.org/">W3C Markup
+Validation Service</a> at <code class="URI">http://validator.w3.org/</code>.</p>
+
+<p>Content providers can use this service to validate their Web pages against
+the HTML and XHTML Recommendations, thereby ensuring the maximum possible
+audience for their Web pages. It also supports XHTML Family document types such
+as XHTML+MathML and <a href="#XHTMLplusMathMLplusSVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a>, and
+also other markup vocabularies such as <a href="../Graphics/SVG/">SVG</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Software developers who write HTML and XHTML editing tools can ensure
+interoperability with other Web software by verifying that the output of their
+tool complies with the W3C Recommendations for HTML and XHTML.</p>
+
+<h4><a id="tidy" name="tidy">HTML Tidy</a></h4>
+
+<p>HTML Tidy is a stand-alone tool for checking and pretty-printing HTML that
+is in many cases able to fix up mark-up errors, and also offers a means to
+convert existing HTML content into well-formed XML, for delivery as XHTML. HTML
+Tidy was originally written by <a href="../People/Raggett/tidy/">Dave
+Raggett</a>, and it is now maintained as an <a
+href="http://tidy.sourceforge.net/">open source project at SourceForge</a> by a
+group of volunteers.</p>
+
+<p>There is an <a
+href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/html-tidy/">archived</a> public
+mailing list html-tidy@w3.org. Please send bug reports / suggestions on HTML
+Tidy to this mailing list.</p>
+
+<h2><a id="forums" name="forums">Discussion Forums</a></h2>
+
+<p>Changes to HTML necessitate obtaining a consensus from a broad range of
+organizations. If you have a great idea, it will take time to convince others!
+Here are some of the places where discussion on HTML takes place:</p>
+<dl>
+  <dt><a id="public-xhtml2"
+  href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-xhtml2/latest"
+  name="public-xhtml2">public-xhtml2@w3.org</a> (<a
+  href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-xhtml2/feed.rss">RSS
+  feed</a>)</dt>
+    <dd><strong>New!</strong> This is the public mailing list where the XHTML2
+      Working Group will conduct its work per its <a
+      href="/2007/03/XHTML2-WG-charter.html#communication">charter</a>. </dd>
+  <dt><a id="www-html" name="www-html"
+  href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/">www-html@w3.org</a> (<a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/2002/09/Lists2RSS?ml=www-html&amp;realm=Public">RSS
+  feed</a>)</dt>
+    <dd><strong>Note:</strong> The purpose of this list may change in March
+      2007. A technical discussion list. If you have a proposal for a change to
+      HTML/XHTML, you might start a discussion here to see what other
+      developers think of it. 
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">how to subscribe</a></li>
+        <li><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/">archives
+          from 1994 to present</a></li>
+        <li>(We're working on moving the old archives to W3C. Stay tuned!)</li>
+      </ul>
+    </dd>
+  <!-- Not sure what to do with this list yet -->
+  <dt><a id="www-html-editor" name="www-html-editor"
+  href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html-editor/">www-html-editor@w3.org</a>
+  (<a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/2002/09/Lists2RSS?ml=www-html-editor&amp;realm=Public">RSS
+  feed</a>)</dt>
+    <dd><strong>Note:</strong> The purpose of this list may change in March
+      2007. This is a list to report errors / send review comments on
+      HTML/XHTML specifications. <em>This is NOT a discussion list.</em> Anyone
+      may send comments without subscription, although you'll be <a
+      href="http://www.w3.org/2002/09/aa/">requested to give explicit
+      approval</a> to include your message in our publicly-readable <a
+      href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html-editor/">mailing list
+      archive</a> at your first post. To subscribe, send subscription request
+      to www-html-editor-request@w3.org. For more information, see <a
+      href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">how to subscribe</a>.</dd>
+  <dt><a
+  href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-translators/">w3c-translators@w3.org</a>
+  (<a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/2002/09/Lists2RSS?ml=w3c-translators&amp;realm=Public">RSS
+  feed</a>)</dt>
+    <dd>This is a mailing list for people working on translations of W3C
+      specifications such as the <a href="translations">HTML/XHTML
+      Recommendations</a>. To subscribe, send an email to
+      w3c-translators-request@w3.org with the word "subscribe" in the subject
+      line; (include the word "unsubscribe" if you want to unsubscribe.) The <a
+      id="trans" name="trans"
+      href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-translators/">archive</a>
+      for the list is accessible online.</dd>
+  <dt><a id="comp.infosystems.www.authoring.html"
+  name="comp.infosystems.www.authoring.html"
+  href="news:comp.infosystems.www.authoring.html">comp.infosystems.www.authoring.html</a></dt>
+    <dd>A USENET newsgroup where HTML authoring issues are discussed. "How To"
+      questions should be addressed here. Note that many issues related to
+      forms and CGI, image maps, transparent gifs, etc. are covered in the <a
+      href="http://www.boutell.com/faq/"><abbr
+      title="World Wide Web">WWW</abbr> <abbr
+      title="Frequently Asked Questions">FAQ</abbr></a>.</dd>
+  <dt>IETF MHTML WG (closed)</dt>
+    <dd>Developed <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2557.txt">RFC
+      2557</a> - "MIME Encapsulation of Aggregate Documents, such as HTML
+      (MHTML). J. Palme et al. March 1989.</dd>
+  <dt><a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTML-WG">IETF HTML Working Group</a>
+  (closed)</dt>
+    <dd>The HTML working group of the <a href="http://www.ietf.org/">IETF</a>,
+      closed in 1996.</dd>
+  <dt>Web Conferences</dt>
+    <dd>The next international conference dedicated to the Web is <a
+      href="http://www2007.org/">WWW2007</a>, to be held in Banff, Canada. The
+      last was <a href="http://www2006.org/">WWW2006</a> in Edinburgh,
+    Scotland.</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a id="related" name="related">Related W3C Work</a></h2>
+<dl>
+  <dt><a id="xml" name="xml" href="../XML/">XML</a></dt>
+    <dd>XML is the universal format for structured documents and data on the
+      Web. It allows you to define your own mark-up formats when HTML is not a
+      good fit. XML is being used increasingly for data; for instance, W3C's
+      metadata format <a href="../RDF/"><abbr
+      title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</abbr></a>.</dd>
+  <dt><a id="style" name="style" href="../Style/">Style Sheets</a></dt>
+    <dd>W3C's <a href="../Style/CSS/">Cascading Style Sheets language</a>
+      (<abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</abbr>) provides a simple means
+      to style HTML pages, allowing you to control visual and aural
+      characteristics; for instance, fonts, margins, line-spacing, borders,
+      colors, layers and more. W3C is also working on a new style sheet
+      language written in XML called <a href="../Style/XSL/"><abbr
+      title="Extensible Stylesheet Language">XSL</abbr></a>, which provides a
+      means to transform XML documents into HTML.</dd>
+  <dt><a id="dom" name="dom" href="../DOM/">Document Object Model</a></dt>
+    <dd>Provides ways for scripts to manipulate HTML using a set of methods and
+      data types defined independently of particular programming languages or
+      computer platforms. It forms the basis for dynamic effects in Web pages,
+      but can also be exploited in HTML editors and other tools by extensions
+      for manipulating HTML content.</dd>
+  <dt><a id="i18n" name="i18n"
+  href="../International/">Internationalization</a></dt>
+    <dd>HTML 4 provides a number of features for use with a wide variety of
+      languages and writing systems. For instance, mixed language text, and
+      right-to-left and mixed direction text. HTML 4 is formally based upon
+      Unicode, but allows you to store and transmit documents in a variety of
+      character encodings. Further work is envisaged for handling vertical text
+      and phonetic annotations for Kanji (<a href="../TR/ruby">Ruby</a>).</dd>
+  <dt><a id="wai" name="wai" href="../WAI/">Access for People with
+  Disabilities</a></dt>
+    <dd>HTML 4 includes many features for improved access by people with
+      disabilities. W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative is working on providing
+      effective guidelines for making your pages accessible to all, not just
+      those using graphical browsers.</dd>
+  <dt><a id="xforms" name="xforms" href="Forms/">XForms</a></dt>
+    <dd>Forms are a very widely used feature in web pages. W3C is working on
+      the design of the next generation of web forms with a view to separating
+      the presentation, data and logic, as a means to allowing the same forms
+      to be used with widely differing presentations.</dd>
+  <dt><a id="math" name="math" href="../Math/">Mathematics</a></dt>
+    <dd>Work on representing mathematics on the Web has focused on ways to
+      handle the presentation of mathematical expressions and also the intended
+      meaning. The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2"><abbr
+      title="Mathematical Markup Language">MathML</abbr></a> language is an
+      application of XML, which, while not suited to hand-editing, is easy to
+      process by machine.</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a id="contacts" name="contacts">Contacts</a></h2>
+
+<div class="address">
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="../People/all#steven">Steven Pemberton</a> is the HTML Activity
+    Lead and the Team Contact for the XHTML2 Working Group</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer"><img
+src="../Icons/valid-xhtml10" alt="Valid XHTML 1.0!" height="31" width="88" />
+</a></p>
+
+<p id="navbar1" class="navbar"><span class="hide"><a href="#main">Skip to main
+content</a> |</span> <a href="#news">news</a> <!-- | <a href="#mission">mission</a> -->
+ | <a href="#recommendations">specs (XHTML, HTML4, ...)</a> | <a
+href="#drafts">public drafts</a> | <a title="W3C HTML/XHTML Test Suites"
+href="Test/">test suites</a> | <a href="#tutorials">tutorials</a> | <a
+href="#slides">slides</a> | <a href="#guidelines">guidelines</a> | <a
+href="#validation">validation</a> | <a
+title="Articles related to the HTML Activity" href="Articles">articles</a> | <a
+title="Translations of HTML/XHTML specifications"
+href="translations">translations</a> | <a title="XHTML2 Working Group Charter"
+href="/2007/03/XHTML2-WG-charter">charter</a> | <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/dbwg/details?group=32107">participants</a> | <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/32107/instructions">join</a> | <a
+title="HTML Working Group Roadmap" href="xhtml-roadmap/">roadmap</a> | <a
+title="XForms - The Next Generation of Web Forms" href="Forms/">XForms</a> | <a
+href="#forums">forums</a> | <a href="#tidy">HTML Tidy</a> | <a
+href="#related">related work</a> | <a href="#previous"
+title="Previous versions of HTML">HTML 4.0/3.2/2.0</a> | <a id="historical1"
+title="Some early ideas for HTML" name="historical1"
+href="historical">historical</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="back">Back to <a accesskey="T" href="#top">page top</a>, <a
+accesskey="Q" href="#quick">quick links</a>, <a accesskey="N"
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