lutaml-model 0.8.5 → 0.8.7

data/lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/plan_based_builder.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Lutaml
+  module Xml
+    module Adapter
+      # Builds XML elements from model instances using namespace declaration plans.
+      #
+      # Handles both ordered and unordered child serialization, nested model
+      # elements, simple values, and namespace resolution. This module is the
+      # core of model-to-XML conversion when a DeclarationPlan drives the output.
+      module PlanBasedBuilder
+        # Build element using prepared namespace declaration plan
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param element [Object] the model instance
+        # @param plan [DeclarationPlan] the declaration plan from DeclarationPlanner
+        # @param options [Hash] serialization options
+        def build_element_with_plan(xml, element, plan, options = {})
+          plan ||= DeclarationPlan.empty
+          mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || element.class
+
+          unless mapper_class.is_a?(Class) &&
+              mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+            tag_name = options[:tag_name] || "element"
+            xml.create_and_add_element(tag_name) do |inner_xml|
+              inner_xml.text(text_content_for_xml(element))
+            end
+            return xml
+          end
+
+          xml_mapping = mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)
+          return xml unless xml_mapping
+
+          # TYPE-ONLY MODELS: No element wrapper, serialize children directly
+          # BUT if we have a tag_name in options, that means parent wants a wrapper
+          if xml_mapping.no_element?
+            build_type_only_element(xml, element, xml_mapping, plan, options,
+                                    mapper_class)
+            return xml
+          end
+
+          # Use xmlns declarations from plan
+          attributes = {}
+
+          # Apply namespace declarations from plan using extracted module
+          attributes.merge!(NamespaceDeclarationBuilder.build_xmlns_attributes(plan))
+
+          # Collect attribute custom methods to call after element creation
+          attribute_custom_methods = []
+
+          # Add regular attributes (non-xmlns)
+          xml_mapping.attributes.each do |attribute_rule|
+            next if options[:except]&.include?(attribute_rule.to)
+
+            # Collect custom methods for later execution (after element is created)
+            if attribute_rule.custom_methods[:to]
+              attribute_custom_methods << attribute_rule
+              next
+            end
+
+            mapping_rule_name = if attribute_rule.multiple_mappings?
+                                  attribute_rule.name.first
+                                else
+                                  attribute_rule.name
+                                end
+
+            attr = attribute_definition_for(element, attribute_rule,
+                                            mapper_class: mapper_class)
+            value = attribute_rule.to_value_for(element)
+
+            # Handle as_list and delimiter BEFORE serialization for array values
+            # These features convert arrays to delimited strings before serialization
+            if value.is_a?(Array)
+              if attribute_rule.as_list && attribute_rule.as_list[:export]
+                value = attribute_rule.as_list[:export].call(value)
+              elsif attribute_rule.delimiter
+                value = value.join(attribute_rule.delimiter)
+              end
+            end
+
+            value = attr.serialize(value, :xml, register) if attr
+            value = ExportTransformer.call(value, attribute_rule, attr,
+                                           format: :xml)
+
+            if render_element?(attribute_rule, element, value)
+              # Resolve attribute namespace using extracted module
+              ns_info = AttributeNamespaceResolver.resolve(
+                rule: attribute_rule,
+                attribute: attr,
+                plan: plan,
+                mapper_class: mapper_class,
+                register: register,
+              )
+
+              # Build qualified attribute name based on W3C semantics
+              attr_name = AttributeNamespaceResolver.build_qualified_name(
+                ns_info,
+                mapping_rule_name,
+                attribute_rule,
+              )
+              attributes[attr_name] = value ? value.to_s : value
+
+              # Add local xmlns declaration if needed
+              if ns_info[:needs_local_declaration]
+                attributes[ns_info[:local_xmlns_attr]] =
+                  ns_info[:local_xmlns_uri]
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Add schema_location attribute from ElementNode if present
+          attributes.merge!(plan.root_node.schema_location_attr) if plan&.root_node&.schema_location_attr
+
+          # Determine prefix from plan using extracted module
+          prefix_info = ElementPrefixResolver.resolve(mapping: xml_mapping,
+                                                      plan: plan)
+          prefix = prefix_info[:prefix]
+          ns_decl = if xml_mapping.namespace_class
+                      plan.namespace_for_class(xml_mapping.namespace_class)
+                    end
+
+          # Check if element's own namespace needs local declaration (out of scope)
+          if ns_decl&.local_on_use?
+            xmlns_attr = prefix ? "xmlns:#{prefix}" : "xmlns"
+            attributes[xmlns_attr] = ns_decl.uri
+          end
+
+          # W3C COMPLIANCE: Detect if element needs xmlns="" using extracted module
+          if BlankNamespaceHandler.needs_xmlns_blank?(mapping: xml_mapping,
+                                                      options: options)
+            attributes["xmlns"] = ""
+          end
+
+          # Native type inheritance fix: handle local_on_use xmlns="" even if parents uses default format
+          xmlns_prefix = nil
+          xmlns_ns = nil
+          if xml_mapping&.namespace_class && plan
+            xmlns_ns = plan.namespace_for_class(xml_mapping.namespace_class)
+            xmlns_prefix = xmlns_ns&.prefix
+          end
+          if xmlns_ns&.local_on_use? && !xml_mapping.namespace_uri
+            attributes["xmlns:#{xmlns_prefix}"] =
+              xmlns_ns&.uri || xml_mapping.namespace_uri
+          end
+
+          tag_name = options[:tag_name] || xml_mapping.root_element
+          return if options[:except]&.include?(tag_name)
+
+          # Track if THIS element uses default namespace format
+          # Children will need this info to know if they should add xmlns=""
+          this_element_uses_default_ns = xml_mapping.namespace_class &&
+            plan.namespace_for_class(xml_mapping.namespace_class)&.default_format?
+
+          # Get element_form_default from this element's namespace for children
+          parent_element_form_default = xml_mapping.namespace_class&.element_form_default
+
+          xml.create_and_add_element(tag_name, attributes: attributes.compact,
+                                               prefix: prefix) do |inner_xml|
+            # Call attribute custom methods now that element is created
+            attribute_custom_methods.each do |attribute_rule|
+              mapper_class.new.send(attribute_rule.custom_methods[:to],
+                                    element, inner_xml.parent, inner_xml)
+            end
+
+            if ordered?(element, options.merge(mapper_class: mapper_class))
+              build_ordered_element_with_plan(inner_xml, element, plan,
+                                              options.merge(
+                                                mapper_class: mapper_class,
+                                                parent_prefix: prefix,
+                                                parent_uses_default_ns: this_element_uses_default_ns,
+                                                parent_element_form_default: parent_element_form_default,
+                                                parent_ns_decl: ns_decl,
+                                              ))
+            else
+              build_unordered_children_with_plan(inner_xml, element, plan,
+                                                 options.merge(
+                                                   mapper_class: mapper_class,
+                                                   parent_prefix: prefix,
+                                                   parent_uses_default_ns: this_element_uses_default_ns,
+                                                   parent_element_form_default: parent_element_form_default,
+                                                   parent_ns_decl: ns_decl,
+                                                 ))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Build XML from XmlDataModel::XmlElement structure
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] XML builder
+        # @param element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] element to build
+        # @param parent_uses_default_ns [Boolean] parent uses default namespace format
+        # @param parent_element_form_default [Symbol] parent's element_form_default
+        # @param parent_namespace_class [Class] parent's namespace class
+        # @param plan [DeclarationPlan, nil] optional declaration plan for xmlns=""
+        # @param xml_mapping [Xml::Mapping] optional mapping for namespace resolution
+        def build_xml_element(xml, element, parent_uses_default_ns: false,
+    parent_element_form_default: nil, parent_namespace_class: nil, plan: nil, xml_mapping: nil)
+          # Prepare attributes hash
+          attributes = {}
+
+          # Get element's namespace class
+          element_ns_class = element.namespace_class
+          attribute_form_default = element_ns_class&.attribute_form_default || :unqualified
+          element_prefix = element_ns_class&.prefix_default
+
+          # Get element_form_default for children
+          this_element_form_default = element_ns_class&.element_form_default || :unqualified
+
+          # Add regular attributes
+          element.attributes.each do |attr|
+            # Determine attribute name with namespace consideration
+            attr_name = if attr.namespace_class
+                          # Check if attribute is in SAME namespace as element
+                          if attr.namespace_class == element_ns_class && attribute_form_default == :unqualified
+                            # Same namespace + unqualified -> NO prefix (W3C rule)
+                            attr.name
+                          else
+                            # Different namespace OR qualified -> use prefix
+                            attr_prefix = attr.namespace_class.prefix_default
+                            attr_prefix ? "#{attr_prefix}:#{attr.name}" : attr.name
+                          end
+                        elsif attribute_form_default == :qualified && element_prefix
+                          # Attribute inherits element's namespace when qualified
+                          "#{element_prefix}:#{attr.name}"
+                        else
+                          # Unqualified attribute
+                          attr.name
+                        end
+            # Ensure attribute value is a string
+            attributes[attr_name] = attr.value.to_s
+          end
+
+          # Determine element name with namespace prefix
+          tag_name = element.name
+
+          # Priority 2.5: Child namespace different from parent's default namespace
+          # MUST use prefix format to distinguish from parent
+          child_needs_prefix = if element_ns_class && parent_namespace_class &&
+              element_ns_class != parent_namespace_class && parent_uses_default_ns
+                                 element_prefix # Use child's prefix
+                               end
+
+          # FIX: Read prefix from plan if available, otherwise use fallback logic
+          prefix = if child_needs_prefix
+                     # Priority 2.5 takes precedence
+                     child_needs_prefix
+                   elsif plan && element_ns_class
+                     # Read format decision from DeclarationPlan
+                     ns_info = ElementPrefixResolver.resolve(
+                       mapping: xml_mapping,
+                       plan: plan,
+                     )
+                     ns_info[:prefix]
+                   elsif element_ns_class && element_prefix
+                     # Fallback: Element has explicit prefix_default - use prefix format
+                     element_prefix
+                   end
+
+          # Track if THIS element uses default namespace format for children
+          this_element_uses_default_ns = false
+
+          # Add namespace declaration if element has namespace
+          if element.namespace_class
+            ns_uri = element.namespace_class.uri
+
+            # Check if namespace is already declared by parent (hoisting optimization)
+            # This works for BOTH default and prefix format parents
+            ns_already_declared = parent_namespace_class && parent_namespace_class.uri == ns_uri
+
+            if prefix && !ns_already_declared
+              attributes["xmlns:#{prefix}"] = ns_uri
+              # W3C Compliance: xmlns="" only needed for blank namespace children
+              # Prefixed children are already in different namespace from parent's default
+            elsif !prefix && !ns_already_declared
+              attributes["xmlns"] = ns_uri
+              this_element_uses_default_ns = true
+            end
+          elsif plan && DeclarationPlanQuery.element_needs_xmlns_blank?(plan,
+                                                                        element)
+            # W3C Compliance: Element has no namespace (blank namespace)
+            attributes["xmlns"] = ""
+          elsif !plan
+            # Fallback logic when no plan is available
+            if parent_uses_default_ns
+              if parent_element_form_default == :qualified
+                # Child should INHERIT parent's namespace - no xmlns="" needed
+              else
+                # Parent's element_form_default is :unqualified - child in blank namespace
+                attributes["xmlns"] = ""
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Check if element was created from nil value with render_nil option
+          if element.respond_to?(:xsi_nil) && element.xsi_nil
+            attributes["xsi:nil"] = true
+          end
+
+          # Create element
+          xml.create_and_add_element(tag_name, attributes: attributes,
+                                               prefix: prefix) do |inner_xml|
+            # Handle raw content (map_all directive)
+            has_raw_content = false
+            if element.respond_to?(:raw_content)
+              raw_content = element.raw_content
+              if raw_content && !raw_content.to_s.empty?
+                inner_xml.add_xml_fragment(inner_xml, raw_content.to_s)
+                has_raw_content = true
+              end
+            end
+
+            # Skip text content and children if we have raw content
+            unless has_raw_content
+              # Add text content if present
+              if element.text_content
+                if element.cdata
+                  inner_xml.cdata(element.text_content.to_s)
+                else
+                  inner_xml.text(text_content_for_xml(element.text_content))
+                end
+              end
+
+              # Recursively build child elements, passing namespace context and plan
+              element.children.each do |child|
+                case child
+                when Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement
+                  build_xml_element(inner_xml, child,
+                                    parent_uses_default_ns: this_element_uses_default_ns,
+                                    parent_element_form_default: this_element_form_default,
+                                    parent_namespace_class: element_ns_class,
+                                    plan: plan,
+                                    xml_mapping: xml_mapping)
+                when Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlComment
+                  inner_xml.add_comment(child.content)
+                when String
+                  if element.cdata
+                    inner_xml.cdata(child.to_s)
+                  else
+                    inner_xml.text(text_content_for_xml(child))
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Build unordered child elements using prepared namespace declaration plan
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param element [Object] the model instance
+        # @param plan [DeclarationPlan, Hash] the declaration plan
+        # @param options [Hash] serialization options
+        def build_unordered_children_with_plan(xml, element, plan, options)
+          mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || element.class
+          xml_mapping = mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)
+
+          # Process child elements with their plans (INCLUDING raw_mapping for map all)
+          mappings = xml_mapping.elements + [xml_mapping.raw_mapping].compact
+          mappings.each do |element_rule|
+            next if options[:except]&.include?(element_rule.to)
+
+            # Handle custom methods
+            if element_rule.custom_methods[:to]
+              mapper_class.new.send(element_rule.custom_methods[:to], element,
+                                    xml.parent, xml)
+              next
+            end
+
+            attribute_def = attribute_definition_for(element, element_rule,
+                                                     mapper_class: mapper_class)
+
+            # For delegated attributes, attribute_def might be nil
+            next unless attribute_def || element_rule.delegate
+
+            value = attribute_value_for(element, element_rule)
+            next unless element_rule.render?(value, element)
+
+            # Get child's plan if available
+            child_plan = child_plan_for(plan, element_rule.to)
+
+            # Check if value is a Collection instance
+            is_collection_instance = value.is_a?(Lutaml::Model::Collection)
+
+            if value && (attribute_def&.type(register)&.<=(Lutaml::Model::Serialize) || is_collection_instance)
+              handle_nested_elements_with_plan(
+                xml,
+                value,
+                element_rule,
+                attribute_def,
+                child_plan,
+                options,
+                parent_plan: plan,
+              )
+            elsif element_rule.delegate && attribute_def.nil?
+              # Handle non-model values (strings, etc.) for delegated attributes
+              add_simple_value(xml, element_rule, value, nil, plan: plan,
+                                                              mapping: xml_mapping, options: options)
+            else
+              add_simple_value(xml, element_rule, value, attribute_def,
+                               plan: plan, mapping: xml_mapping, options: options)
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Process content mapping
+          process_content_mapping(element, xml_mapping.content_mapping,
+                                  xml, mapper_class)
+        end
+
+        # Build ordered child elements using prepared namespace declaration plan
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param element [Object] the model instance
+        # @param plan [DeclarationPlan, Hash] the declaration plan
+        # @param options [Hash] serialization options
+        def build_ordered_element_with_plan(xml, element, plan, options)
+          mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || element.class
+          xml_mapping = mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)
+
+          index_hash = {}
+          content = []
+
+          element.element_order.each do |object|
+            object_key = "#{object.name}-#{object.type}"
+            index_hash[object_key] ||= -1
+            curr_index = index_hash[object_key] += 1
+
+            element_rule = xml_mapping.find_by_name(object.name,
+                                                    type: object.type,
+                                                    node_type: object.node_type,
+                                                    namespace_uri: object.namespace_uri)
+            next if element_rule.nil? || options[:except]&.include?(element_rule.to)
+
+            # Handle custom methods
+            if element_rule.custom_methods[:to]
+              mapper_class.new.send(element_rule.custom_methods[:to], element,
+                                    xml.parent, xml)
+              next
+            end
+
+            # Get attribute definition and value (handle delegation)
+            attribute_def, value = fetch_attribute_and_value(element,
+                                                             element_rule, mapper_class)
+
+            next if element_rule == xml_mapping.content_mapping && element_rule.cdata && object.text?
+
+            if element_rule == xml_mapping.content_mapping
+              process_ordered_content(element, xml_mapping, xml, curr_index,
+                                      content)
+            elsif !value.nil? || element_rule.render_nil?
+              process_ordered_element(xml, element, element_rule, attribute_def,
+                                      value, curr_index, plan, xml_mapping, options)
+            end
+          end
+
+          add_ordered_content(xml, content) unless content.empty?
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def build_type_only_element(xml, element, xml_mapping, plan, options,
+    mapper_class)
+          if options[:tag_name]
+            xml.create_and_add_element(options[:tag_name]) do |inner_xml|
+              # Serialize type-only model's children inside parent's wrapper
+              xml_mapping.elements.each do |element_rule|
+                next if options[:except]&.include?(element_rule.to)
+
+                attribute_def = mapper_class.attributes[element_rule.to]
+                next unless attribute_def
+
+                value = element.send(element_rule.to)
+                next unless element_rule.render?(value, element)
+
+                # For type-only models, children plans may not be available
+                # Serialize children directly
+                if value && attribute_def.type(register)&.<=(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+                  # Nested model - recursively build it
+                  child_plan = plan.child_plan(element_rule.to) || DeclarationPlan.empty
+                  build_element_with_plan(
+                    inner_xml,
+                    value,
+                    child_plan,
+                    { mapper_class: attribute_def.type(register),
+                      tag_name: element_rule.name },
+                  )
+                else
+                  # Simple value - create element directly
+                  inner_xml.create_and_add_element(element_rule.name) do
+                    add_value(inner_xml, value, attribute_def,
+                              cdata: element_rule.cdata)
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            # No wrapper at all - serialize children directly (for root-level type-only)
+            xml_mapping.elements.each do |element_rule|
+              next if options[:except]&.include?(element_rule.to)
+
+              attribute_def = mapper_class.attributes[element_rule.to]
+              next unless attribute_def
+
+              value = element.send(element_rule.to)
+              next unless element_rule.render?(value, element)
+
+              child_plan = plan.child_plan(element_rule.to)
+
+              if value && attribute_def.type(register)&.<=(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+                handle_nested_elements_with_plan(
+                  xml,
+                  value,
+                  element_rule,
+                  attribute_def,
+                  child_plan,
+                  options,
+                )
+              else
+                add_simple_value(xml, element_rule, value, attribute_def,
+                                 plan: plan, mapping: xml_mapping, options: options)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def handle_nested_elements_with_plan(xml, value, rule, attribute, plan,
+    options, parent_plan: nil)
+          element_options = options.merge(
+            rule: rule,
+            attribute: attribute,
+            tag_name: rule.name,
+            mapper_class: attribute.type(register), # Override with child's type
+          )
+
+          # Handle Collection instances
+          if value.is_a?(Lutaml::Model::Collection)
+            build_collection_elements(xml, value, attribute, rule,
+                                      element_options, parent_plan, options)
+            return
+          end
+
+          case value
+          when Array
+            build_array_elements(xml, value, attribute, rule, element_options,
+                                 plan, parent_plan, options)
+          else
+            build_element_with_plan(xml, value, plan, element_options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_collection_elements(xml, value, attribute, rule,
+    element_options, parent_plan, options)
+          items = value.collection
+          attr_type = attribute.type(register)
+
+          if attr_type <= Lutaml::Model::Type::Value
+            # Simple types - use add_simple_value for each item
+            items.each do |val|
+              xml_mapping = options[:mapper_class]&.mappings_for(:xml)
+              add_simple_value(xml, rule, val, attribute, plan: parent_plan,
+                                                          mapping: xml_mapping, options: options)
+            end
+          else
+            # Model types - build elements with plans
+            items.each do |val|
+              item_plan = plan_for_collection_item(val, attribute, parent_plan,
+                                                   options)
+              item_mapper_class = if polymorphic_value?(attribute, val)
+                                    val.class
+                                  else
+                                    attribute.type(register)
+                                  end
+              item_options = element_options.merge(mapper_class: item_mapper_class)
+              build_element_with_plan(xml, val, item_plan, item_options)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_array_elements(xml, value, attribute, _rule, element_options,
+    _plan, parent_plan, options)
+          value.each do |val|
+            item_mapper_class = if polymorphic_value?(attribute, val)
+                                  val.class
+                                else
+                                  attribute.type(register)
+                                end
+
+            item_plan = plan_for_collection_item(val, attribute, parent_plan,
+                                                 options)
+            item_options = element_options.merge(mapper_class: item_mapper_class)
+            build_element_with_plan(xml, val,
+                                    item_plan || DeclarationPlan.empty, item_options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def plan_for_collection_item(val, attribute, parent_plan, options)
+          item_mapper_class = if polymorphic_value?(attribute, val)
+                                val.class
+                              else
+                                attribute.type(register)
+                              end
+
+          item_mapping = item_mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)
+          return nil unless item_mapping
+
+          # Transform model to XmlElement tree
+          transformation = item_mapper_class.transformation_for(:xml, register)
+          xml_element = transformation.transform(val, options)
+
+          # Collect namespace needs from XmlElement tree
+          collector = NamespaceCollector.new(register)
+          item_needs = collector.collect(xml_element, item_mapping,
+                                         mapper_class: item_mapper_class)
+
+          # Plan with XmlElement tree (not model instance)
+          planner = DeclarationPlanner.new(register)
+          planner.plan(xml_element, item_mapping, item_needs,
+                       parent_plan: parent_plan, options: options)
+        end
+
+        # Add simple (non-model) values to XML
+        def add_simple_value(xml, rule, value, attribute, plan: nil,
+    mapping: nil, options: {})
+          value = rule.render_value_for(value) if rule
+
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            if value.empty?
+              if rule.render_empty?
+                if rule.render_empty_as_nil?
+                  xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
+                                             attributes: { "xsi:nil" => true },
+                                             prefix: nil)
+                else
+                  xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
+                                             attributes: nil,
+                                             prefix: nil)
+                end
+              end
+              return
+            end
+
+            value.each do |val|
+              add_simple_value(xml, rule, val, attribute, plan: plan,
+                                                          mapping: mapping, options: options)
+            end
+            return
+          end
+
+          resolved_prefix, attributes = resolve_simple_value_namespace(
+            rule, attribute, mapping, plan, options
+          )
+
+          render_simple_value_element(xml, rule, value, attribute,
+                                      resolved_prefix, attributes)
+        end
+
+        def resolve_simple_value_namespace(rule, attribute, mapping, plan,
+    options)
+          resolver = NamespaceResolver.new(register)
+
+          # Extract parent_uses_default_ns from options or calculate it
+          parent_uses_default_ns = options[:parent_uses_default_ns]
+          if parent_uses_default_ns.nil?
+            parent_uses_default_ns = if mapping&.namespace_class && plan
+                                       DeclarationPlanQuery.declared_at_root_default_format?(plan,
+                                                                                             mapping.namespace_class)
+                                     else
+                                       false
+                                     end
+          end
+
+          # Resolve namespace using the resolver
+          ns_result = resolver.resolve_for_element(rule, attribute, mapping,
+                                                   plan, options)
+          resolved_prefix = ns_result[:prefix]
+          type_ns_info = ns_result[:ns_info]
+
+          # CRITICAL FIX: Type namespace format inheritance for namespace_scope
+          type_ns_class = if attribute && !rule.namespace_set?
+                            type_class = attribute.type(register)
+                            type_class.namespace_class if type_class.is_a?(Class) && type_class <= Lutaml::Model::Type::Value
+                          end
+
+          format_from_stored_plan = false
+
+          if type_ns_class
+            check_plan = plan || options[:stored_xml_declaration_plan]
+            if check_plan
+              stored_ns_decl = check_plan.namespaces.values.find do |decl|
+                decl.uri == type_ns_class.uri
+              end
+              if stored_ns_decl
+                resolved_prefix = if stored_ns_decl.local_on_use? || stored_ns_decl.prefix_format?
+                                    stored_ns_decl.prefix
+                                  end
+                format_from_stored_plan = true
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          # BUG FIX #49: Check if child element is in same namespace as parent
+          unless format_from_stored_plan
+            element_has_no_explicit_ns = !rule.namespace_set?
+            type_class = attribute&.type(register)
+            type_has_no_ns = !(type_class.is_a?(Class) && type_class <= Lutaml::Model::Type::Value) ||
+              !type_class&.namespace_class
+
+            parent_ns_class = options[:parent_namespace_class]
+            parent_ns_decl = options[:parent_ns_decl]
+            parent_ns_uri = parent_ns_class&.uri
+            child_ns_uri = ns_result[:uri]
+
+            resolved_prefix = if element_has_no_explicit_ns && type_has_no_ns
+                                nil
+                              elsif parent_ns_class && parent_ns_decl &&
+                                  child_ns_uri && parent_ns_uri &&
+                                  child_ns_uri == parent_ns_uri
+                                if parent_ns_decl.prefix_format?
+                                  parent_ns_decl.prefix
+                                end
+                              else
+                                ns_result[:prefix]
+                              end
+          end
+
+          # Prepare attributes for element creation
+          attributes = {}
+
+          # W3C COMPLIANCE: Use resolver to determine xmlns="" requirement
+          if resolver.xmlns_blank_required?(ns_result, parent_uses_default_ns)
+            attributes["xmlns"] = ""
+          end
+
+          # Check if this namespace needs local declaration (out of scope)
+          if resolved_prefix && plan&.namespaces
+            ns_entry = plan.namespaces.values.find do |ns_decl|
+              ns_decl.ns_object.prefix_default == resolved_prefix ||
+                (type_ns_info && type_ns_info[:uri] && ns_decl.ns_object.uri == type_ns_info[:uri])
+            end
+
+            if ns_entry&.local_on_use?
+              xmlns_attr = resolved_prefix ? "xmlns:#{resolved_prefix}" : "xmlns"
+              attributes[xmlns_attr] = ns_entry.ns_object.uri
+            end
+          end
+
+          [resolved_prefix, attributes]
+        end
+
+        def render_simple_value_element(xml, rule, value, attribute,
+    resolved_prefix, attributes)
+          if value.nil?
+            if rule.render_nil_as_blank? || rule.render_nil_as_empty?
+              xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
+                                         attributes: attributes.empty? ? nil : attributes,
+                                         prefix: resolved_prefix)
+            else
+              xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
+                                         attributes: attributes.merge({ "xsi:nil" => true }),
+                                         prefix: resolved_prefix)
+            end
+          elsif ::Lutaml::Model::Utils.uninitialized?(value)
+            nil
+          elsif ::Lutaml::Model::Utils.empty?(value)
+            xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
+                                       attributes: attributes.empty? ? nil : attributes,
+                                       prefix: resolved_prefix)
+          elsif rule.raw_mapping?
+            xml.add_xml_fragment(xml, value)
+          elsif value.is_a?(::Hash) && attribute&.type(register) == Lutaml::Model::Type::Hash
+            xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
+                                       attributes: attributes.empty? ? nil : attributes,
+                                       prefix: resolved_prefix) do
+              value.each do |key, val|
+                xml.create_and_add_element(key.to_s) do
+                  xml.add_text(xml, val.to_s)
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
+                                       attributes: attributes.empty? ? nil : attributes,
+                                       prefix: resolved_prefix) do
+              add_value(xml, value, attribute, cdata: rule.cdata)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Get child plan from parent plan
+        #
+        # @param plan [DeclarationPlan, nil] the parent plan
+        # @param attr_name [Symbol] the attribute name
+        # @return [DeclarationPlan, nil] the child plan or nil
+        def child_plan_for(plan, attr_name)
+          plan&.child_plan(attr_name)
+        end
+
+        # Fetch attribute definition and value, handling delegation
+        #
+        # @param element [Object] the model instance
+        # @param element_rule [MappingRule] the mapping rule
+        # @param mapper_class [Class] the mapper class
+        # @return [Array<(Attribute, Object)>] attribute definition and value tuple
+        def fetch_attribute_and_value(element, element_rule, mapper_class)
+          attribute_def = nil
+          value = nil
+
+          if element_rule.delegate
+            delegate_obj = element.send(element_rule.delegate)
+            if delegate_obj.respond_to?(element_rule.to)
+              attribute_def = delegate_obj.class.attributes[element_rule.to]
+              value = delegate_obj.send(element_rule.to)
+            end
+          else
+            attribute_def = attribute_definition_for(element, element_rule,
+                                                     mapper_class: mapper_class)
+            value = attribute_value_for(element, element_rule)
+          end
+
+          [attribute_def, value]
+        end
+
+        # Process content for ordered elements
+        #
+        # @param element [Object] the model instance
+        # @param xml_mapping [Xml::Mapping] the XML mapping
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param curr_index [Integer] current index in collection
+        # @param content [Array] accumulated content strings
+        def process_ordered_content(element, xml_mapping, xml, curr_index,
+content)
+          text = element.send(xml_mapping.content_mapping.to)
+          text = text[curr_index] if text.is_a?(Array)
+
+          if element.mixed?
+            add_mixed_text(xml, text)
+          else
+            content << text
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Process a single ordered element
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param element [Object] the model instance
+        # @param element_rule [MappingRule] the mapping rule
+        # @param attribute_def [Attribute, nil] the attribute definition
+        # @param value [Object] the value
+        # @param curr_index [Integer] current index in collection
+        # @param plan [DeclarationPlan, Hash] the declaration plan
+        # @param xml_mapping [Xml::Mapping] the XML mapping
+        # @param options [Hash] serialization options
+        def process_ordered_element(xml, element, element_rule, attribute_def,
+                                    value, curr_index, plan, xml_mapping, options)
+          # Handle collection values by index
+          current_value = if attribute_def&.collection? && value.is_a?(Array)
+                            value[curr_index]
+                          elsif attribute_def&.collection? && value.is_a?(Lutaml::Model::Collection)
+                            value.to_a[curr_index]
+                          else
+                            value
+                          end
+
+          # Get child's plan if available
+          child_plan = child_plan_for(plan, element_rule.to)
+
+          is_collection_instance = current_value.is_a?(Lutaml::Model::Collection)
+
+          if current_value && (attribute_def&.type(register)&.<=(Lutaml::Model::Serialize) || is_collection_instance)
+            handle_nested_elements_with_plan(
+              xml,
+              current_value,
+              element_rule,
+              attribute_def,
+              child_plan,
+              options,
+              parent_plan: plan,
+            )
+          else
+            # Apply transformations if attribute_def exists
+            if attribute_def
+              current_value = ExportTransformer.call(current_value,
+                                                     element_rule, attribute_def, format: :xml)
+            end
+
+            # For mixed content, create elements directly
+            if element.mixed? && !attribute_def&.raw?
+              add_mixed_element(xml, element_rule, current_value, attribute_def,
+                                plan: plan, mapping: xml_mapping)
+            else
+              add_simple_value(xml, element_rule, current_value,
+                               attribute_def, plan: plan, mapping: xml_mapping, options: options)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Add text for mixed content (can be overridden by adapters)
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param text [String] the text to add
+        def add_mixed_text(xml, text)
+          xml.add_text(xml, text) unless text.nil? || text.to_s.empty?
+        end
+
+        # Add element for mixed content (can be overridden by adapters)
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param element_rule [MappingRule] the element rule
+        # @param value [Object] the value to add
+        # @param attribute [Attribute, nil] the attribute definition
+        # @param plan [DeclarationPlan, Hash, nil] the declaration plan
+        # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] the XML mapping
+        def add_mixed_element(xml, element_rule, value, _attribute,
+                              plan: nil, mapping: nil) # rubocop:disable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
+          xml.create_and_add_element(element_rule.name) do |child_element|
+            child_element.text(value.to_s) unless ::Lutaml::Model::Utils.empty?(value)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Add accumulated content (can be overridden by adapters)
+        #
+        # @param xml [Builder] the XML builder
+        # @param content [Array<String>] accumulated content strings
+        def add_ordered_content(xml, content)
+          xml.add_text(xml, content.join)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end