lutaml-model 0.8.4 → 0.8.5

data/docs/_guides/rdf-serialization.adoc

@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+---
+title: Unified RDF Serialization
+nav_order: 17
+---
+
+= Unified RDF Serialization
+
+Lutaml::Model provides a unified `rdf` DSL that defines RDF mappings once for
+both JSON-LD and Turtle serialization. This follows the same principle as
+`key_value do ... end` which serves JSON, YAML, and TOML from a single block.
+
+Both JSON-LD and Turtle are RDF serialization formats representing the same
+subject–predicate–object triples. The `rdf` DSL lets you define the mapping
+once, and the format adapters handle syntax differences automatically.
+
+== Setup
+
+Add the `rdf-turtle` gem to your Gemfile (required for Turtle output):
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+gem "rdf-turtle", "~> 3.3"
+----
+
+No additional gem is needed for JSON-LD output.
+
+== When to Use `rdf` vs Separate `jsonld`/`turtle` Blocks
+
+Use `rdf do ... end` when:
+* Your model maps to RDF resources using standard vocabularies (SKOS, DC, etc.)
+* You need both JSON-LD and Turtle output from the same model
+* You want predicate-based mapping with automatic `@context` generation
+
+Use `jsonld do ... end` when:
+* You need full control over the JSON-LD `@context` structure
+* You are mapping to JSON properties that don't map to RDF predicates
+
+Use `turtle do ... end` when:
+* You only need Turtle output
+* You need Turtle-specific features not available in the unified DSL
+
+Both the unified `rdf` block and the format-specific blocks can coexist on the
+same model. If both are defined, format-specific blocks take precedence.
+
+== The `rdf` DSL
+
+=== Basic Model
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+class Concept < Lutaml::Model::Serializable
+  attribute :code, :string
+  attribute :name, :string
+
+  rdf do
+    namespace SkosNamespace
+
+    subject { |m| "http://example.org/concept/#{m.code}" }
+    type "skos:Concept"
+
+    predicate :notation,  namespace: SkosNamespace, to: :code
+    predicate :prefLabel, namespace: SkosNamespace, to: :name
+  end
+end
+----
+
+This single `rdf` block creates mappings for both `:turtle` and `:jsonld`
+formats automatically.
+
+=== DSL Methods
+
+==== namespace
+
+Declares the RDF namespaces used by predicates. Accepts one or more
+`Lutaml::Rdf::Namespace` subclass references:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+namespace SkosNamespace, DctermsNamespace
+----
+
+In Turtle output, each namespace becomes an `@prefix` declaration. In JSON-LD
+output, each becomes a prefix entry in `@context`.
+
+==== subject
+
+Required for top-level resources. A block that generates the subject URI from
+the model instance:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+subject { |m| "http://example.org/concept/#{m.code}" }
+----
+
+==== type
+
+Sets the RDF type (`rdf:type`). Compact IRIs are resolved via declared
+namespaces:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+type "skos:Concept"
+# resolves to <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#Concept>
+----
+
+==== predicate
+
+Each `predicate` creates a mapping between an RDF predicate and a model
+attribute:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+predicate :prefLabel, namespace: SkosNamespace, to: :name, lang_tagged: true
+----
+
+Parameters:
+
+* `name` — the local name in the namespace (e.g., `:prefLabel`)
+* `namespace:` — the `Lutaml::Rdf::Namespace` subclass (required)
+* `to:` — the model attribute to read (required)
+* `lang_tagged:` (default: `false`) — if true, values are serialized with
+  language tags (see <<language-tagged-values>>)
+
+==== members
+
+Declares that a container model contains member resources that should be
+serialized as separate subjects in the output graph (see <<graph-serialization>>).
+
+== Serialization
+
+=== Turtle
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+concept = Concept.new(code: "2119", name: "component")
+turtle = concept.to_turtle
+----
+
+Produces:
+
+[source,turtle]
+----
+@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
+
+<http://example.org/concept/2119> a skos:Concept;
+  skos:notation "2119";
+  skos:prefLabel "component" .
+----
+
+=== JSON-LD
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+jsonld = concept.to_jsonld
+----
+
+Produces:
+
+[source,json]
+----
+{
+  "@context": {
+    "skos": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
+    "notation": "skos:notation",
+    "prefLabel": "skos:prefLabel"
+  },
+  "@type": "skos:Concept",
+  "@id": "http://example.org/concept/2119",
+  "notation": "2119",
+  "prefLabel": "component"
+}
+----
+
+The `@context` is auto-generated from the declared namespaces and predicates.
+No manual context definition is needed.
+
+== [[language-tagged-values]]Language-Tagged Values
+
+When a predicate is declared with `lang_tagged: true`, values are serialized
+with language information:
+
+**Turtle:**
+```turtle
+skos:prefLabel "component"@eng ;
+skos:prefLabel "composant"@fra ;
+```
+
+**JSON-LD:**
+```json
+"prefLabel": { "eng": "component", "fra": "composant" }
+```
+
+In JSON-LD, the `@context` auto-generates a language container:
+```json
+"prefLabel": { "@id": "skos:prefLabel", "@container": "@language" }
+```
+
+For this to work, the attribute's values must include the
+`Lutaml::Rdf::LanguageTagged` module (or be a `Lutaml::Rdf::Literal`). A simple
+value object is sufficient:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+class LocalizedLiteral < Lutaml::Model::Serializable
+  attribute :value, :string
+  attribute :language_code, :string
+end
+----
+
+== [[graph-serialization]]Graph Serialization
+
+When a container model holds a collection of member resources, use `members` to
+serialize them as separate subjects in the same RDF graph.
+
+=== Container Model
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+class Vocabulary < Lutaml::Model::Serializable
+  attribute :id, :string
+  attribute :concepts, Concept, collection: true
+
+  rdf do
+    namespace SkosNamespace
+
+    subject { |v| "http://example.org/vocab/#{v.id}" }
+    type "skos:ConceptScheme"
+    predicate :prefLabel, namespace: SkosNamespace, to: :id
+
+    members :concepts
+  end
+end
+----
+
+=== Turtle Output with Members
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+vocab = Vocabulary.new(id: "iso1087", concepts: [concept1, concept2])
+puts vocab.to_turtle
+----
+
+Produces a single Turtle document with the container and all member triples:
+
+[source,turtle]
+----
+@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
+
+<http://example.org/vocab/iso1087> a skos:ConceptScheme;
+  skos:prefLabel "iso1087" .
+
+<http://example.org/concept/2119> a skos:Concept;
+  skos:notation "2119";
+  skos:prefLabel "component" .
+
+<http://example.org/concept/2120> a skos:Concept;
+  skos:notation "2120";
+  skos:prefLabel "intension" .
+----
+
+=== JSON-LD Output with Members
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+puts vocab.to_jsonld
+----
+
+Produces a JSON-LD document with `@graph` containing all resources:
+
+[source,json]
+----
+{
+  "@context": {
+    "skos": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
+    "prefLabel": "skos:prefLabel",
+    "notation": "skos:notation"
+  },
+  "@graph": [
+    {
+      "@id": "http://example.org/vocab/iso1087",
+      "@type": "skos:ConceptScheme",
+      "prefLabel": "iso1087"
+    },
+    {
+      "@id": "http://example.org/concept/2119",
+      "@type": "skos:Concept",
+      "notation": "2119",
+      "prefLabel": "component"
+    },
+    {
+      "@id": "http://example.org/concept/2120",
+      "@type": "skos:Concept",
+      "notation": "2120",
+      "prefLabel": "intension"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+----
+
+=== Member-Only Models
+
+A container model without a `subject` block serializes only the member triples.
+This is useful when you don't need a container resource:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+class MemberOnly < Lutaml::Model::Serializable
+  attribute :items, Concept, collection: true
+
+  rdf do
+    namespace SkosNamespace
+    members :items
+  end
+end
+----
+
+=== Namespace Merging
+
+When a container and its members declare different namespaces, all namespaces
+are merged in the output. Prefix declarations in Turtle and `@context` entries
+in JSON-LD include the union of all namespaces.
+
+== Architecture
+
+The unified RDF infrastructure consists of:
+
+* `Lutaml::Rdf::Mapping` — Unified mapping base class with `namespace`,
+  `subject`, `type`, `predicate`, and `members` DSL methods
+* `Lutaml::Rdf::MappingRule` — Value object for predicate-to-attribute mappings
+* `Lutaml::Rdf::MemberRule` — Value object for `members` declarations
+* `Lutaml::Rdf::Transform` — Base transform class with shared logic for subject
+  URI resolution, type resolution, and language extraction
+* `Lutaml::Turtle::Transform` — Inherits from `Rdf::Transform`, produces Turtle
+* `Lutaml::JsonLd::Transform` — Inherits from `Rdf::Transform`, produces JSON-LD
+
+Both format-specific transforms detect `Rdf::Mapping` instances and dispatch to
+unified serialization logic.
+
+== Error Handling
+
+* `Lutaml::Turtle::MissingSubjectError` — raised when a model with predicates
+  has no `subject` block and no `members` declaration
+* `ArgumentError` — raised when a predicate's `namespace` is not a
+  `Rdf::Namespace` subclass

data/docs/_guides/turtle-serialization.adoc

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+---
+title: Turtle Serialization
+nav_order: 16
+---
+
+= Turtle Serialization
+
+Lutaml::Model supports serialization to and from W3C RDF Turtle format using
+SKOS, Dublin Core Terms, and other W3C vocabularies.
+
+== Setup
+
+Add the `rdf-turtle` gem to your Gemfile:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+gem "rdf-turtle", "~> 3.3"
+----
+
+Turtle is a **non-key-value** format adapter with its own mapping DSL based on
+RDF triples (subject–predicate–object). It is registered as a first-class
+format in the `FormatRegistry` with dedicated `Mapping`, `Transform`, and
+`Adapter` classes.
+
+== Mapping DSL
+
+Use the `turtle do` block in your model to define Turtle mappings:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+class Concept < Lutaml::Model::Serializable
+  attribute :name, :string
+  attribute :description, :string
+  attribute :code, :string
+
+  turtle do
+    namespace Lutaml::Rdf::Namespaces::SkosNamespace,
+              Lutaml::Rdf::Namespaces::DctermsNamespace
+
+    subject { |m| "http://example.org/concept/#{m.code}" }
+    type "skos:Concept"
+
+    predicate :prefLabel,
+              namespace: Lutaml::Rdf::Namespaces::SkosNamespace,
+              to: :name,
+              lang_tagged: true
+
+    predicate :definition,
+              namespace: Lutaml::Rdf::Namespaces::SkosNamespace,
+              to: :description
+
+    predicate :notation,
+              namespace: Lutaml::Rdf::Namespaces::SkosNamespace,
+              to: :code
+  end
+end
+----
+
+=== namespace
+
+Declares the `@prefix` lines in the output. Accepts one or more
+`Lutaml::Rdf::Namespace` subclass references. Internally builds a
+`NamespaceSet` for O(1) prefix lookup and IRI resolution.
+
+=== subject
+
+Required for top-level models with predicates and no `members`. A block that
+generates the subject URI from the model instance. Raises
+`Lutaml::Turtle::MissingSubjectError` if not defined when needed.
+
+Member models (serialized via a container's `members` declaration) can omit the
+`subject` block — blank nodes are used automatically.
+
+=== type
+
+Sets the RDF type (`rdf:type`) triple. Compact IRIs (e.g., `"skos:Concept"`)
+are resolved to full URIs via the declared namespaces. Full URIs (e.g.,
+`"http://example.org/MyType"`) are used as-is.
+
+=== predicate
+
+Each `predicate` creates a `Lutaml::Rdf::MappingRule` value object:
+
+* `name` — the local name in the namespace (e.g., `:prefLabel`)
+* `namespace:` — the `Lutaml::Rdf::Namespace` subclass (required, validated)
+* `to:` — the model attribute to read/write (required)
+* `lang_tagged:` (default: `false`) — if true, appends `@lang` suffix from the
+  value's `language_code` or `language` method
+
+Validation errors:
+
+* `namespace` must be a `Rdf::Namespace` subclass — raises `ArgumentError`
+* `to:` is required — raises `ArgumentError`
+
+== Serialization
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+concept = Concept.new(name: "test", description: "A description", code: "2119")
+turtle = concept.to_turtle
+----
+
+Produces:
+
+[source,turtle]
+----
+@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
+
+<http://example.org/concept/2119> a skos:Concept;
+  skos:definition "A description";
+  skos:notation "2119";
+  skos:prefLabel "test" .
+----
+
+The output uses the `RDF::Turtle::Writer` from the `rdf-turtle` gem, which
+automatically compacts URIs using declared prefixes and uses native Turtle
+syntax for typed literals.
+
+=== Typed values
+
+Integer and boolean attributes are serialized using native Turtle literal
+syntax:
+
+* Integers → `42` (not `"42"^^xsd:integer`)
+* Booleans → `true` / `false` (not `"true"^^xsd:boolean`)
+
+=== Collection attributes
+
+When an attribute is defined with `collection: true`, each value produces a
+separate triple with the same predicate. The writer may use comma-separated
+object syntax:
+
+[source,turtle]
+----
+<http://example.org/1> skos:prefLabel "en", "fr" .
+----
+
+== Special Characters
+
+String values containing quotes, newlines, tabs, or backslashes are
+automatically escaped. The `RDF::Turtle::Writer` uses triple-quoted strings
+(`"""..."""`) for multi-line literals.
+
+== Nil Values
+
+Predicates for attributes with `nil` values are omitted from the output. If
+all predicates produce no data, the result is an empty string.
+
+== Deserialization
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+concept = Concept.from_turtle(turtle_string)
+puts concept.code         # => "2119"
+puts concept.description  # => "A description"
+----
+
+The `from_turtle` method:
+
+. Parses the Turtle string into an `RDF::Graph` via `RDF::Turtle::Reader`
+. Finds subjects by `rdf:type` matching the declared type
+. Maps predicates back to model attributes using the declared predicate rules
+. Converts RDF typed literals back to Ruby types (integers, booleans, etc.)
+
+Language-tagged literals are extracted without the language tag.
+
+== Round-trip
+
+Model data round-trips through Turtle serialization:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+restored = Concept.from_turtle(concept.to_turtle)
+restored.code == concept.code          # => true
+restored.description == concept.description  # => true
+----
+
+== Error Handling
+
+* `Lutaml::Turtle::MissingSubjectError` — raised when serializing a model
+  without a `subject` block defined
+* `RDF::ReaderError` — raised by the RDF parser for malformed Turtle input
+* Both are wrapped in `Lutaml::Model::InvalidFormatError` by the format
+  pipeline
+
+== Architecture
+
+The Turtle format is composed of:
+
+* `Lutaml::Turtle::Adapter` — parses Turtle strings to `RDF::Graph` and
+  serializes graphs back to Turtle
+* `Lutaml::Turtle::Mapping` — empty subclass of `Rdf::Mapping`; inherits
+  `namespace`, `subject`, `type`, `predicate`, `members` DSL methods
+* `Lutaml::Turtle::Transform` — inherits from `Rdf::Transform`; bidirectional
+  transform between model instances and RDF graphs via `model_to_data` /
+  `data_to_model`
+
+== Unified `rdf` DSL
+
+If you need both JSON-LD and Turtle output from the same model, use the
+unified `rdf` DSL instead of separate `jsonld` and `turtle` blocks:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+class Concept < Lutaml::Model::Serializable
+  attribute :name, :string
+  attribute :code, :string
+
+  rdf do
+    namespace Lutaml::Rdf::Namespaces::SkosNamespace
+    subject { |m| "http://example.org/#{m.code}" }
+    type "skos:Concept"
+    predicate :prefLabel, namespace: SkosNamespace, to: :name
+    predicate :notation,  namespace: SkosNamespace, to: :code
+  end
+end
+----
+
+The `rdf` block also supports `members` for graph-level serialization, where a
+container model emits all member resources as separate subjects in the same
+Turtle document.
+
+See link:../_guides/rdf-serialization.adoc[Unified RDF Serialization] for the
+complete guide.

data/docs/_pages/serialization_adapters.adoc

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ LutaML, out of the box, supports the following serialization formats:
 * YAML (https://yaml.org/[YAML version 1.2])
 * JSON (https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-404/[ECMA-404 The JSON Data Interchange Standard], unofficial link: https://www.json.org[JSON])
 * TOML (https://toml.io/en[TOML version 1.0])
+* JSON-LD (https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/[W3C JSON-LD 1.1])
+* Turtle (https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/[W3C RDF 1.1 Turtle])
 
 The adapter interface is also used to support certain transformation of models
 into an "end format", which is not a serialization format. For example, the
@@ -309,6 +311,35 @@ end
 ----
 
 
+=== JSON-LD
+
+Lutaml::Model supports serialization to and from JSON-LD (W3C JSON-LD 1.1).
+JSON-LD is a key-value format that extends the built-in JSON serialization with
+JSON-LD-specific constructs: `@context`, `@type`, and `@id`.
+
+The adapter uses the standard Ruby `JSON` library internally — no additional gem
+is required beyond `lutaml-model`.
+
+See the link:../guides/jsonld-serialization[JSON-LD Serialization guide] for
+mapping DSL details and usage examples.
+
+
+=== Turtle
+
+Lutaml::Model supports serialization to and from W3C RDF Turtle format.
+Turtle is a non-key-value format based on RDF triples with its own mapping DSL.
+
+Requires the `rdf-turtle` gem:
+
+[source,ruby]
+----
+gem "rdf-turtle", "~> 3.3"
+----
+
+See the link:../guides/turtle-serialization[Turtle Serialization guide] for
+mapping DSL details and usage examples.
+
+
 === Error handling
 
 When parsing invalid serialization format data, an `InvalidFormatError` is

data/docs/_references/index.adoc

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ Deep dives into specific features:
 
 * link:../format-independent-features[Format-Independent Features] - Cross-format mechanisms
 * link:../parent-root-context[Parent and Root Context] - Model hierarchy navigation
+* link:../rdf-namespaces[RDF Namespaces] - Namespace, NamespaceSet, Iri, Literal
 
 == See also