lutaml-model 0.7.7 → 0.8.15

data/lib/lutaml/xml/declaration_planner.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1848 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Lutaml
+  module Xml
+    # Phase 2: Declaration Planning
+    #
+    # Builds ElementNode tree with W3C-compliant attribute prefix decisions.
+    # The tree is isomorphic to XmlDataModel for index-based parallel traversal.
+    #
+    # CRITICAL: This planner ONLY builds trees. NO flat mode.
+    #
+    class DeclarationPlanner
+      # Initialize planner with register for type resolution
+      #
+      # @param register [Symbol] the register ID for type resolution
+      def initialize(register = nil)
+        @register = register || Lutaml::Model::Config.default_register
+      end
+
+      # Create declaration plan tree for XmlElement
+      #
+      # @param root_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement, Model, nil, Class] root element, model instance, or nil/Class for unit testing
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] the XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] namespace needs from collector
+      # @param options [Hash] serialization options (may contain :stored_xml_declaration_plan with input_formats)
+      # @return [DeclarationPlan] declaration plan with tree structure
+      def plan(root_element, mapping, needs, parent_plan: nil, options: {},
+  visited_types: Set.new)
+        # Normalize root_element: transform Model instances to XmlElement
+        root_element = normalize_root_element(root_element, mapping, options)
+
+        # Allow nil and Class for unit testing (type analysis without element instance)
+        if root_element && !root_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement) && !root_element.is_a?(Class)
+          raise ArgumentError,
+                "DeclarationPlanner ONLY works with XmlElement trees. Got: #{root_element.class}"
+        end
+
+        # Handle nil or Class root_element for unit testing
+        if root_element.nil? || root_element.is_a?(Class)
+          # CRITICAL: Resolve type namespace refs BEFORE using type_attribute_namespaces
+          TypeNamespaceResolver.new(@register).resolve(needs)
+
+          # Build namespace_classes hash from needs for unit testing
+          namespace_classes = {}
+          needs.all_namespace_classes.each do |ns_class|
+            namespace_classes[ns_class.uri] = ns_class
+          end
+
+          # CRITICAL: Add namespace_scope namespaces to namespace_classes
+          # (even if not used, :always mode requires them to be declared)
+          needs.namespace_scope_configs.each do |scope_config|
+            ns_class = scope_config.namespace_class
+            namespace_classes[ns_class.uri] ||= ns_class
+          end
+
+          # Get element's own namespace (from mapping)
+          element_namespace = mapping&.namespace_class
+
+          # Create minimal root node with namespace hoisting info
+          # W3C rule: Namespaces used in attributes MUST use prefix format
+          hoisted = {}
+
+          # FIRST: Process namespace_scope configurations (root-only)
+          needs.namespace_scope_configs.each do |scope_config|
+            ns_class = scope_config.namespace_class
+            next if ns_class == element_namespace # Don't add root's own namespace here
+
+            # Check :always mode or :auto mode with usage
+            ns_usage = needs.namespace(ns_class.to_key)
+            should_declare = scope_config.always_mode? ||
+              (scope_config.auto_mode? && ns_usage&.used_in&.any?)
+
+            if should_declare
+              prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+            end
+          end
+
+          # SECOND: Add element's own namespace (if not already added)
+          if element_namespace && !hoisted.value?(element_namespace.uri)
+            # Check if element's namespace is used in type attributes
+            # If so, use prefix format (W3C rule: namespaces in attributes MUST use prefix)
+            element_ns_in_attributes = needs.type_attribute_namespaces.any? do |ns|
+              ns.uri == element_namespace.uri
+            end
+
+            # Check use_prefix option (Tier 1 priority)
+            use_prefix_option = options[:use_prefix]
+
+            if element_ns_in_attributes
+              # Namespace used in attributes - MUST use prefix format
+              prefix = element_namespace.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = element_namespace.uri
+            elsif use_prefix_option == true
+              # Force prefix format when use_prefix: true
+              prefix = element_namespace.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = element_namespace.uri
+            elsif use_prefix_option.is_a?(String)
+              # Use custom prefix string
+              hoisted[use_prefix_option] = element_namespace.uri
+            elsif use_prefix_option == false
+              # Force default format when use_prefix: false
+              hoisted[nil] = element_namespace.uri
+            elsif element_namespace.element_form_default_set? &&
+                element_namespace.element_form_default == :unqualified
+              # W3C elementFormDefault="unqualified": local elements should be unqualified.
+              # When parent uses prefix format, children can simply omit xmlns (blank namespace).
+              # When parent uses default format, children need xmlns="" to opt out.
+              # Prefer prefix format so children can be truly blank (no xmlns attribute).
+              # CRITICAL: Only applies when explicitly set, not when defaulted to :unqualified.
+              prefix = element_namespace.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = element_namespace.uri
+            else
+              # Default: prefer default format (cleaner)
+              hoisted[nil] = element_namespace.uri
+            end
+          end
+
+          # THIRD: Add type namespaces (W3C: type namespaces MUST use prefix)
+          # CRITICAL: Type namespaces respect namespace_scope directive.
+          # When namespace_scope is configured, only hoist type namespaces in scope.
+          #
+          # Check if namespace_scope is configured
+          has_namespace_scope = !needs.namespace_scope_configs.empty?
+
+          # Type attribute namespaces
+          needs.type_attribute_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+            ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+            next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already added
+
+            # If namespace_scope is configured, only hoist if in scope
+            if has_namespace_scope
+              scope_config = needs.scope_config_for(ns_class)
+              next unless scope_config
+            end
+
+            # Namespaces in attributes MUST use prefix format (W3C rule)
+            prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+            hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+          end
+
+          # Type element namespaces
+          needs.type_element_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+            ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+            next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already added
+            next if ns_class == element_namespace # Skip element's own namespace
+
+            # NOTE: Type namespaces are different from child element namespaces.
+            # Type namespaces are declared on Type::Value subclasses and used as
+            # prefixes on child elements. They MUST be hoisted to root with prefix
+            # format (W3C constraint: only one default namespace per element).
+            #
+            # The condition below only applies to child element namespaces, NOT Type
+            # namespaces. Type namespaces should ALWAYS be hoisted.
+            #
+            # Examples of child element namespaces (should NOT be hoisted if different):
+            # - Root has XMI namespace, child has XMI_NEW namespace → child declares
+            # - Root has NO namespace, child has XMI namespace → child declares
+            #
+            # Examples of Type namespaces (should ALWAYS be hoisted):
+            # - Root has any namespace, attribute type has XMI namespace → hoist XMI
+            # - Root has NO namespace, attribute type has XMI namespace → hoist XMI
+            # Type namespaces are NOT about element structure, they're about type identity.
+
+            # If namespace_scope is configured, only hoist if in scope
+            if has_namespace_scope
+              scope_config = needs.scope_config_for(ns_class)
+              next unless scope_config
+            end
+
+            # Type element namespaces MUST use prefix format
+            prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+            hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+          end
+
+          # FOURTH: Add remaining namespaces not in namespace_scope
+          needs.all_namespace_classes.each do |ns_class|
+            ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+            next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already added
+
+            # Check if this namespace is in namespace_scope (skip if yes)
+            scope_config = needs.scope_config_for(ns_class)
+            next if scope_config
+
+            # Add remaining namespace (default format preferred)
+            hoisted[nil] = ns_class.uri
+          end
+
+          root_node = DeclarationPlan::ElementNode.new(
+            qualified_name: "",
+            use_prefix: nil,
+            hoisted_declarations: hoisted,
+          )
+
+          # Build children_plans for attributes with Serializable types
+          children_plans = build_children_plans_from_metadata(mapping, needs,
+                                                              options)
+
+          return DeclarationPlan.new(
+            root_node: root_node,
+            global_prefix_registry: build_prefix_registry(needs),
+            input_formats: {},
+            namespace_classes: namespace_classes,
+            children_plans: children_plans,
+            original_namespace_uris: options[:__original_namespace_uris] || {},
+          )
+        end
+
+        # TREE PATH: XmlElement tree path
+        # CRITICAL: Resolve type namespace refs BEFORE using type_attribute_namespaces
+        TypeNamespaceResolver.new(@register).resolve(needs)
+
+        # Extract input_formats from stored plan if present (format preservation)
+        input_formats = options[:stored_xml_declaration_plan]&.input_formats || {}
+        build_options = options.merge(input_formats: input_formats)
+
+        # Build namespace_classes hash for unit testing compatibility
+        namespace_classes = {}
+        needs.all_namespace_classes.each do |ns_class|
+          namespace_classes[ns_class.uri] = ns_class
+        end
+
+        # Build the element node tree recursively (mark root, no parent context)
+        root_node = build_element_node(
+          root_element, mapping, needs, build_options,
+          is_root: true,
+          parent_format: nil,
+          parent_namespace_class: nil,
+          parent_namespace_prefix: nil,
+          parent_hoisted: {}
+        )
+
+        # Build children_plans for each child element (for child_plan() method)
+        children_plans = build_children_plans(root_element, mapping, needs,
+                                              build_options)
+
+        # Create DeclarationPlan with tree and input_formats
+        DeclarationPlan.new(
+          root_node: root_node,
+          global_prefix_registry: build_prefix_registry(needs),
+          input_formats: input_formats,
+          namespace_classes: namespace_classes,
+          children_plans: children_plans,
+          original_namespace_uris: options[:__original_namespace_uris] || {},
+        )
+      end
+
+      # Create declaration plan for a collection
+      #
+      # @param collection [Collection] the collection object
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] the XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] namespace needs from collector
+      # @return [DeclarationPlan] declaration plan with children_plans
+      def plan_collection(collection, mapping, needs)
+        # For collections, create a plan with children_plans for each item
+        root_node = DeclarationPlan::ElementNode.new(
+          qualified_name: mapping.root_element || "",
+          use_prefix: nil,
+          hoisted_declarations: {},
+        )
+
+        # Build namespace_classes from needs
+        namespace_classes = {}
+        needs.all_namespace_classes.each do |ns_class|
+          namespace_classes[ns_class.uri] = ns_class
+        end
+
+        # Build individual child plans for collection items
+        children_plans = build_collection_item_plans(collection, mapping, needs)
+
+        DeclarationPlan.new(
+          root_node: root_node,
+          global_prefix_registry: build_prefix_registry(needs),
+          input_formats: {},
+          namespace_classes: namespace_classes,
+          children_plans: children_plans,
+        )
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      attr_reader :register
+
+      # Resolve the correct register for a child mapper class
+      #
+      # @param mapper_class [Class] The child's mapper class
+      # @return [Symbol] The resolved register ID
+      def register_for(mapper_class)
+        Lutaml::Model::Register.resolve_for_child(mapper_class, @register)
+      end
+
+      # Build individual child plans for collection items
+      #
+      # @param collection [Collection] the collection object
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] the XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] namespace needs from collector
+      # @return [Hash<Integer, DeclarationPlan>] Children plans by item index
+      def build_collection_item_plans(collection, _mapping, _needs)
+        children_plans = {}
+
+        return children_plans unless collection.is_a?(Array)
+
+        # Get the item type from the collection class
+        item_type = begin
+          collection.class.instance_type
+        rescue StandardError
+          nil
+        end
+
+        collection.each_with_index do |item, index|
+          next unless item
+
+          # Get the item's mapper class
+          item_mapper_class = if item.is_a?(Lutaml::Model::Serializable)
+                                item.class
+                              elsif item_type.is_a?(Class)
+                                item_type
+                              else
+                                next
+                              end
+
+          # Get the item's XML mapping
+          item_reg = register_for(item_mapper_class)
+          item_mapping = item_mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml, item_reg)
+          next unless item_mapping
+
+          # Collect namespace needs for this item
+          collector = NamespaceCollector.new(item_reg)
+          item_needs = collector.collect(item, item_mapping)
+
+          # Build a plan for this item
+          item_plan = plan(item, item_mapping, item_needs)
+          children_plans[index] = item_plan if item_plan
+        end
+
+        children_plans
+      end
+
+      # Normalize root element: transform Model instances to XmlElement
+      #
+      # @param root_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement, Model, nil, Class] Root element
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [XmlDataModel::XmlElement, nil, Class] Normalized root element
+      def normalize_root_element(root_element, _mapping, options)
+        return root_element if root_element.nil? || root_element.is_a?(Class)
+        return root_element if root_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+
+        # Check if root_element is a Model instance (has xml mapping)
+        if root_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+          # Get mapper_class from options or infer from root_element
+          mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || root_element.class
+
+          # Get mapping for the model class
+          root_reg = register_for(mapper_class)
+          mapping_dsl = mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml, root_reg)
+
+          # Use Xml::Transformation to convert model to XmlElement
+          # Pass register ID directly (Transformation handles Symbol)
+          transformation = Xml::Transformation.new(mapper_class, mapping_dsl,
+                                                   :xml, root_reg)
+          transformed = transformation.transform(root_element, options)
+
+          # Return transformed XmlElement
+          return transformed if transformed.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+        end
+
+        # Return as-is if no transformation needed
+        root_element
+      end
+
+      # Build children_plans hash for child_plan() method
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Parent element
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [Hash<Symbol, DeclarationPlan>] Children plans by attribute name
+      def build_children_plans(xml_element, mapping, needs, options)
+        children_plans = {}
+
+        # Get mapper_class to find child attributes
+        mapper_class = options[:mapper_class]
+        return children_plans unless mapper_class.is_a?(Class) &&
+          mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+
+        # Build namespace_classes hash for child plans
+        namespace_classes = {}
+        needs.all_namespace_classes.each do |ns_class|
+          namespace_classes[ns_class.uri] = ns_class
+        end
+
+        # Iterate through XmlElement children
+        xml_element.children.each do |xml_child|
+          next unless xml_child.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+
+          # Find the matching mapping rule for this child
+          child_name = xml_child.name
+          matching_rule = mapping.elements.find do |rule|
+            rule.name.to_s == child_name
+          end
+          next unless matching_rule
+
+          # Get the attribute definition for this child
+          attr_def = mapper_class.attributes[matching_rule.to]
+          next unless attr_def
+
+          # Build child's hoisted declarations
+          # CRITICAL: Child elements with type namespace attributes need those
+          # namespaces declared on themselves. Get type attribute namespaces from
+          # child's own needs (stored in needs.children)
+          child_hoisted = build_child_hoisted_declarations(attr_def, needs,
+                                                           options,
+                                                           mapper_class: mapper_class)
+
+          # Create child DeclarationPlan with the child's namespace info
+          # Children inherit parent's namespace_classes
+          child_plan = DeclarationPlan.new(
+            root_node: DeclarationPlan::ElementNode.new(
+              qualified_name: xml_child.name,
+              use_prefix: nil,
+              hoisted_declarations: child_hoisted,
+            ),
+            global_prefix_registry: build_prefix_registry(needs),
+            input_formats: {},
+            namespace_classes: namespace_classes,
+          )
+
+          # Store by attribute name
+          children_plans[attr_def.name] = child_plan
+        end
+
+        children_plans
+      end
+
+      # Build children_plans from mapper metadata (for nil/Class root_element)
+      #
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [Hash<Symbol, DeclarationPlan>] Children plans by attribute name
+      def build_children_plans_from_metadata(mapping, needs, options)
+        children_plans = {}
+
+        # Get mapper_class to find child attributes
+        mapper_class = options[:mapper_class]
+        return children_plans unless mapper_class.is_a?(Class) &&
+          mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+
+        # Build namespace_classes hash for child plans
+        namespace_classes = {}
+        needs.all_namespace_classes.each do |ns_class|
+          namespace_classes[ns_class.uri] = ns_class
+        end
+
+        # Get parent's hoisted declarations for child inheritance
+        parent_hoisted = build_parent_hoisted_for_children(mapping, needs,
+                                                           options)
+
+        # Iterate through mapper_class attributes
+        mapper_class.attributes.each_value do |attr_def|
+          # Check if attribute has a Serializable type
+          attr_type = attr_def.type(register_for(mapper_class))
+          next unless attr_type
+          next unless attr_type.is_a?(Class)
+          next unless attr_type < Lutaml::Model::Serialize
+
+          # Create child DeclarationPlan with parent's namespace_classes
+          # Child inherits parent's hoisted declarations
+          child_plan = DeclarationPlan.new(
+            root_node: DeclarationPlan::ElementNode.new(
+              qualified_name: "",
+              use_prefix: nil,
+              hoisted_declarations: parent_hoisted,
+            ),
+            global_prefix_registry: build_prefix_registry(needs),
+            input_formats: {},
+            namespace_classes: namespace_classes,
+          )
+
+          # Store by attribute name
+          children_plans[attr_def.name] = child_plan
+        end
+
+        children_plans
+      end
+
+      # Build parent's hoisted declarations for child inheritance
+      #
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [Hash<String|nil, String>] Hoisted declarations {prefix => uri}
+      def build_parent_hoisted_for_children(mapping, needs, options)
+        hoisted = {}
+
+        # Get element's own namespace (from mapping's namespace_class)
+        element_namespace = mapping&.namespace_class
+
+        # Process namespace_scope configurations
+        needs.namespace_scope_configs.each do |scope_config|
+          ns_class = scope_config.namespace_class
+          next if ns_class == element_namespace
+
+          ns_usage = needs.namespace(ns_class.to_key)
+          should_declare = scope_config.always_mode? ||
+            (scope_config.auto_mode? && ns_usage&.used_in&.any?)
+
+          if should_declare
+            prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+            hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Add element's own namespace (if not already added)
+        if element_namespace && !hoisted.value?(element_namespace.uri)
+          use_prefix_option = options[:use_prefix]
+
+          case use_prefix_option
+          when true
+            prefix = element_namespace.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+            hoisted[prefix] = element_namespace.uri
+          when String
+            hoisted[use_prefix_option] = element_namespace.uri
+          when false
+            hoisted[nil] = element_namespace.uri
+          else
+            # Default: prefer default format (cleaner)
+            hoisted[nil] = element_namespace.uri
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Add type namespaces
+        # Type attribute namespaces
+        needs.type_attribute_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+          ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+          next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri)
+
+          prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+          hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+        end
+
+        # Type element namespaces
+        needs.type_element_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+          ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+          next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri)
+
+          prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+          hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+        end
+
+        # Add remaining namespaces
+        needs.all_namespace_classes.each do |ns_class|
+          ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+          next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri)
+
+          scope_config = needs.scope_config_for(ns_class)
+          next if scope_config
+
+          hoisted[nil] = ns_class.uri
+        end
+
+        hoisted
+      end
+
+      # Build hoisted declarations for a child element
+      #
+      # When a child element has attributes with type namespaces, those namespaces
+      # must be declared on the child element itself (W3C compliance).
+      #
+      # @param attr_def [Attribute] The attribute definition for the child
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [Hash<String|nil, String>] Hoisted declarations {prefix => uri}
+      def build_child_hoisted_declarations(attr_def, needs, _options,
+mapper_class: nil)
+        hoisted = {}
+
+        # Get the child's own namespace needs
+        child_needs = needs.child(attr_def.name)
+        return hoisted unless child_needs
+
+        # Add type attribute namespaces for the child element
+        # CRITICAL: Type attribute namespaces MUST use prefix format (W3C rule)
+        # NOTE: We only add type ATTRIBUTE namespaces, not type ELEMENT namespaces.
+        # Type element namespaces are used by child elements and should be declared
+        # on the parent element (or root, depending on namespace_scope).
+        child_needs.type_attribute_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+          ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+          next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri)
+
+          prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+          hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+        end
+
+        # Get child's element namespace if available
+        child_type = attr_def.type(mapper_class ? register_for(mapper_class) : @register)
+        if child_type.is_a?(Class) && child_type < Lutaml::Model::Serialize
+          child_reg = register_for(child_type)
+          child_mapping = child_type.mappings_for(:xml, child_reg)
+          if child_mapping&.namespace_class
+            element_namespace = child_mapping.namespace_class
+            # Only add if not already present
+            unless hoisted.value?(element_namespace.uri)
+              # For child elements, prefer default format (cleaner)
+              hoisted[nil] = element_namespace.uri
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        hoisted
+      end
+
+      # Build ElementNode for an XmlElement (recursive)
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Element to plan
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options (may contain :input_formats)
+      # @param parent_node [ElementNode, nil] Parent element node
+      # @param is_root [Boolean] Whether this is the root element
+      # @param parent_format [Symbol, nil] Parent's namespace format (:default or :prefix)
+      # @param parent_namespace_class [Class, nil] Parent's namespace class
+      # @param parent_namespace_prefix [String, nil] Parent's actual namespace prefix
+      # @param parent_hoisted [Hash] Namespaces hoisted on parent {prefix => uri}
+      # @return [ElementNode] Element node with all decisions
+      def build_element_node(xml_element, mapping, needs, options,
+  parent_node: nil, is_root: false, parent_format: nil, parent_namespace_class: nil, parent_namespace_prefix: nil, parent_hoisted: {}, element_path: [])
+        # Determine element's prefix (checks input_formats, parent context for preservation)
+        # Priority:
+        # 1. Lutaml::Xml::XmlElement (from parsed XML): has namespace_prefix_explicit
+        # 2. DataModel::XmlElement (from serialization): has @__xml_namespace_prefix
+        element_prefix_explicit = xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::XmlElement) &&
+          xml_element.namespace_prefix_explicit
+        # For ROOT elements: don't use @__xml_namespace_prefix from XmlElement.
+        # The root's prefix should be determined by the DecisionEngine (model's prefix_default).
+        # This ensures mixed content roots use their namespace's default prefix, not the input prefix.
+        # For NESTED elements: use @__xml_namespace_prefix if set (supports doubly-defined namespaces).
+        element_used_prefix = if is_root
+                                nil
+                              elsif xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::XmlElement)
+                                xml_element.namespace_prefix
+                              else
+                                xml_element.xml_namespace_prefix
+                              end
+
+        element_prefix = determine_element_prefix(
+          xml_element, mapping, needs, options,
+          is_root: is_root,
+          parent_format: parent_format,
+          parent_namespace_class: parent_namespace_class,
+          parent_namespace_prefix: parent_namespace_prefix,
+          parent_hoisted: parent_hoisted,
+          element_prefix_explicit: element_prefix_explicit,
+          element_used_prefix: element_used_prefix
+        )
+
+        # Determine hoisted xmlns declarations at this element
+        # CRITICAL: Pass element_prefix to avoid calling determine_element_prefix twice
+        # which could return different results due to context differences
+        hoisted = determine_hoisted_declarations(xml_element, mapping, needs,
+                                                 options, is_root: is_root, parent_hoisted: parent_hoisted, element_prefix: element_prefix, element_path: element_path, parent_namespace_class: parent_namespace_class, parent_namespace_prefix: parent_namespace_prefix)
+
+        # For ROOT element with a stored input plan, merge additional declarations
+        # from the stored plan that the normal computation didn't include.
+        # This preserves namespace prefix declarations from input XML that
+        # the recomputation would not produce. Specifically:
+        # - Doubly-defined: xmlns="..." AND xmlns:b="..." on the same element
+        # - Non-default prefix: xmlns:xyzabc="..." when model uses prefix_default "a:"
+        #
+        # Only merge when the root element itself did NOT use a prefix in the input.
+        # When the root's element name had a prefix (e.g., <examplecom:schema>),
+        # the deserialization sets @__xml_namespace_prefix on the root XmlElement,
+        # and element_builder clears child prefixes — so the stored plan's
+        # prefix declarations are NOT needed by any child element.
+        if is_root && !options.key?(:use_prefix)
+          stored_plan = options[:stored_xml_declaration_plan]
+          if stored_plan.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DeclarationPlan) && stored_plan.root_node.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DeclarationPlan::ElementNode)
+            root_has_input_prefix = xml_element.xml_namespace_prefix.to_s != ""
+
+            unless root_has_input_prefix
+              stored_hoisted = stored_plan.root_node.hoisted_declarations
+              stored_original_uris = stored_plan.original_namespace_uris || {}
+
+              stored_hoisted.each do |prefix, uri|
+                effective_uri = stored_original_uris[uri] || uri
+                already_present = hoisted.any? do |_k, v|
+                  v == effective_uri || v == uri
+                end
+                if already_present && !hoisted.key?(prefix)
+                  hoisted[prefix] = uri
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        # Determine if child needs xmlns="" (W3C compliance)
+        # W3C XML Namespaces 1.0 §6.2: When parent has default namespace and child
+        # has NO namespace (namespace_class is nil), child MUST explicitly opt out
+        # with xmlns="" to prevent inheriting parent's default namespace.
+        #
+        # This applies when:
+        # 1. Transformation marked the element as needing xmlns="" (explicit :blank)
+        # 2. OR element has no namespace AND parent uses default format AND the default
+        #    namespace does NOT have element_form_default :qualified
+        #
+        # Note: The transformation sets @needs_xmlns_blank on the XmlElement when the child
+        # model has explicit `namespace :blank` declaration.
+        element_marked_blank = xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement) && xml_element.needs_xmlns_blank
+
+        # Add xmlns="" when parent's effective namespace form is :qualified.
+        # This implements the W3C XML Schema default behavior:
+        # - element_form_default :qualified (explicit) → children with no namespace get xmlns=""
+        #   to opt out of parent's default namespace
+        # - element_form_default :unqualified (explicit) → children inherit parent's ns, no xmlns=""
+        # - not set (nil) → W3C default is :qualified, BUT children opt out when parent's
+        #   namespace doesn't have an explicit form set (nested conflict case)
+        #
+        # The parent's effective namespace form (default_ns_form) is:
+        # - nil when no form was explicitly set on the parent's namespace
+        # - :qualified when explicitly set to qualified
+        # - :unqualified when explicitly set to unqualified
+        default_ns_form = options[:default_ns_element_form_default]
+        parent_ns_class = parent_namespace_class
+
+        # Skip xmlns="" when parent explicitly set :unqualified.
+        # Override original default_ns_form.nil? with parent_explicitly_unqualified check.
+        parent_explicitly_unqualified = parent_ns_class&.element_form_default_set? &&
+          parent_ns_class.element_form_default == :unqualified
+
+        # Original: default_ns_form.nil? (W3C default is :qualified, opt out with xmlns="")
+        # Override: if parent explicitly set :unqualified, don't opt out (inherit parent's ns)
+        implicit_blank_needs_xmlns = xml_element.namespace_class.nil? &&
+          parent_hoisted&.key?(nil) &&
+          default_ns_form.nil? && !parent_explicitly_unqualified
+
+        child_needs_xmlns_blank = element_marked_blank || implicit_blank_needs_xmlns
+
+        # Build schema_location_attr if root element and any namespace has schema_location
+        schema_location_attr = nil
+        if is_root
+          schema_location_attr = build_schema_location_attr_for_needs(needs)
+        end
+
+        # Create ElementNode
+        element_node = DeclarationPlan::ElementNode.new(
+          qualified_name: build_qualified_element_name(xml_element,
+                                                       element_prefix),
+          use_prefix: element_prefix,
+          hoisted_declarations: hoisted,
+          needs_xmlns_blank: child_needs_xmlns_blank,
+          schema_location_attr: schema_location_attr,
+        )
+
+        # Calculate this element's format for passing to children
+        this_format = element_prefix.nil? ? :default : :prefix
+        this_namespace = xml_element.namespace_class
+
+        # Get this element's element_form_default for passing to children
+        # This determines whether child elements inherit this element's namespace
+        this_element_form_default = this_namespace&.element_form_default
+
+        # Track the effective default namespace's element_form_default
+        # This is used to determine if children should inherit the default namespace
+        # If this element declares a default namespace (hoisted[nil]), use its element_form_default
+        # ONLY if it was explicitly set. Otherwise use the parent's effective value.
+        effective_default_ns_form = if hoisted.key?(nil) && this_namespace&.element_form_default_set?
+                                      this_namespace.element_form_default
+                                    else
+                                      options[:default_ns_element_form_default]
+                                    end
+
+        # Plan ALL attributes (PRESERVES ORDER)
+        xml_element.attributes.each do |xml_attr|
+          attr_node = plan_attribute(xml_attr, xml_element, mapping, options)
+          element_node.add_attribute_node(attr_node)
+        end
+
+        # Get mapper_class from options to match children to mapping rules
+        mapper_class = options[:mapper_class]
+        attributes = if mapper_class.is_a?(Class) && mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+                       mapper_class.attributes
+                     else
+                       {}
+                     end
+
+        # Recursively plan ALL children (PRESERVES ORDER, mark as NOT root, pass parent context)
+        xml_element.children.each do |xml_child|
+          next unless xml_child.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+
+          # Match child XmlElement to its mapping rule to get correct child mapping
+          child_name = xml_child.name
+          matching_rule = mapping.elements.find do |rule|
+            rule.name.to_s == child_name
+          end
+
+          child_mapping = mapping # Default to parent mapping
+          child_options = options
+
+          if matching_rule && attributes.any?
+            # Get child's mapper_class and mapping
+            attr_def = attributes[matching_rule.to]
+            if attr_def
+              child_reg = mapper_class ? register_for(mapper_class) : @register
+              child_type = attr_def.type(child_reg)
+              if child_type.is_a?(Class) && child_type < Lutaml::Model::Serialize
+                child_type_reg = register_for(child_type)
+                child_mapping_obj = child_type.mappings_for(:xml,
+                                                            child_type_reg)
+                if child_mapping_obj
+                  child_mapping = child_mapping_obj
+                  # CRITICAL: Pass parent's mapping so child can find its attribute name
+                  # NOTE: do NOT propagate use_prefix to child elements
+                  # use_prefix only applies to root element, not to children
+                  # Children should use their own namespace's default presentation
+                  use_prefix_value = options[:use_prefix]
+                  base_child_options = {
+                    mapper_class: child_type,
+                    parent_mapping: mapping,
+                    parent_element_form_default: this_element_form_default,
+                    default_ns_element_form_default: effective_default_ns_form,
+                  }
+                  if use_prefix_value == true
+                    # Do NOT propagate use_prefix: true to children
+                    # Children should use their own namespace's default presentation
+                  elsif use_prefix_value.is_a?(String)
+                    # Custom string prefix is specific to root's namespace - don't propagate
+                  else
+                    # use_prefix: false or nil - don't propagate
+                  end
+                  child_options = options.except(:use_prefix).merge(base_child_options)
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          child_node = build_element_node(
+            xml_child, child_mapping, needs, child_options,
+            parent_node: element_node,
+            is_root: false,
+            parent_format: this_format,
+            parent_namespace_class: this_namespace,
+            parent_namespace_prefix: element_prefix,
+            parent_hoisted: parent_hoisted.merge(hoisted),
+            element_path: element_path + [xml_child.name]
+          )
+          element_node.add_element_node(child_node)
+        end
+
+        element_node
+      end
+
+      # Plan attribute prefix using W3C attributeFormDefault semantics
+      #
+      # W3C Rules (MECE):
+      # 1. Same namespace + unqualified → NO prefix
+      # 2. Different namespace OR qualified → YES prefix
+      # 3. Only attribute has namespace → YES prefix
+      # 4. No namespace but qualified → inherit element prefix
+      # 5. No namespace, unqualified → NO prefix (W3C default)
+      #
+      # @param xml_attr [XmlDataModel::XmlAttribute] Attribute to plan
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Parent element
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [AttributeNode] Attribute decision node
+      def plan_attribute(xml_attr, xml_element, mapping, options)
+        attr_ns_class = xml_attr.namespace_class
+        element_ns_class = xml_element.namespace_class
+
+        # Get W3C attributeFormDefault setting
+        attribute_form_default = element_ns_class&.attribute_form_default || :unqualified
+
+        # Compare by URI since namespace classes can be different instances
+        # with the same URI (e.g., dynamically created in tests with Class.new)
+        same_namespace = attr_ns_class && element_ns_class &&
+          attr_ns_class.uri == element_ns_class.uri
+
+        # Get the attribute's mapping rule to check form option
+        mapper_class = options[:mapper_class]
+        attr_mapping_rule = nil
+        if mapper_class.is_a?(Class) && mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+          attrs = mapper_class.attributes
+          attr_def = attrs[xml_attr.name.to_sym] || attrs[xml_attr.name.to_s]
+          if attr_def
+            attr_mapping_rule = mapping.attributes.find do |r|
+              r.to == attr_def.name
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # W3C Attribute Prefix Decision (MECE)
+        # Priority: form option on mapping > same_namespace + attribute_form_default > type namespace
+        use_prefix = if attr_mapping_rule&.form == :qualified
+                       # Priority 1: Explicit form: :qualified → YES prefix
+                       attr_ns_class&.prefix_default || element_ns_class&.prefix_default
+                     elsif same_namespace && attribute_form_default == :unqualified
+                       # Priority 2: Same namespace + unqualified → NO prefix
+                       nil
+                     elsif attr_ns_class && element_ns_class
+                       # Priority 3: Different namespace OR qualified → YES prefix
+                       attr_ns_class.prefix_default
+                     elsif attr_ns_class
+                       # Priority 4: Only attribute has namespace → YES prefix
+                       attr_ns_class.prefix_default
+                     elsif attribute_form_default == :qualified
+                       # Priority 5: No namespace but qualified → inherit element prefix
+                       # CRITICAL: xmlns declarations (xmlns, xmlns:*) must NEVER have a prefix.
+                       # The "xmlns" part is part of the declaration syntax, not a namespace prefix.
+                       # These declarations are handled separately by the XML processor.
+                       # Also, xsi:* attributes (xsi:schemaLocation, xsi:type, xsi:nil) must
+                       # ALWAYS use the "xsi" prefix. They should never inherit element prefix.
+                       # They conventionally belong to the XSI namespace.
+                       attr_name = xml_attr.name.to_s
+                       if attr_name.start_with?("xmlns", "xsi:", "xml:")
+                         nil
+                       else
+                         element_ns_class&.prefix_default
+                       end
+                     else
+                       # Priority 6: No namespace, unqualified → NO prefix (W3C default)
+                       nil
+                     end
+
+        DeclarationPlan::AttributeNode.new(
+          local_name: xml_attr.name,
+          use_prefix: use_prefix,
+          namespace_uri: attr_ns_class&.uri,
+        )
+      end
+
+      # Determine element's prefix using the OOP decision system
+      #
+      # Uses ElementPrefixResolver instead of procedural if-else chain.
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Element
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @param is_root [Boolean] Whether this is the root element
+      # @param parent_format [Symbol, nil] Parent's format (:prefix or :default)
+      # @param parent_namespace_class [Class, nil] Parent's namespace class
+      # @param parent_hoisted [Hash] Namespaces hoisted on parent {prefix => uri}
+      # @return [String, nil] The prefix to use, or nil for default format
+      def find_type_namespace_for_element(xml_element, mapping, needs,
+  options)
+        # Get mapper_class from options
+        mapper_class = options[:mapper_class]
+        return nil unless mapper_class
+
+        # Get attributes from mapper_class
+        attributes = if mapper_class.is_a?(Class) && mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+                       mapper_class.attributes
+                     else
+                       {}
+                     end
+        return nil unless attributes.any?
+
+        # Find matching element rule
+        element_name = xml_element.name.to_s
+        matching_rule = mapping.elements.find do |rule|
+          rule.name.to_s == element_name
+        end
+        return nil unless matching_rule
+
+        # Get attribute definition
+        attr_def = attributes[matching_rule.to]
+        return nil unless attr_def
+
+        # Look up type namespace from needs.type_namespaces
+        needs.type_namespaces[attr_def&.name]
+      end
+
+      def determine_element_prefix(xml_element, mapping, needs, options,
+                                 is_root: false,
+                                 parent_format: nil,
+                                 parent_namespace_class: nil,
+                                 parent_namespace_prefix: nil,
+                                 parent_hoisted: {},
+                                 element_prefix_explicit: false,
+                                 element_used_prefix: nil)
+        # CRITICAL: Check for Type namespace FIRST
+        # Type namespaces are declared on Type::Value subclasses and used as
+        # prefixes on child elements. They take precedence over element namespace.
+        type_ns_class = find_type_namespace_for_element(xml_element, mapping,
+                                                        needs, options)
+        if type_ns_class
+          # If parent uses default format AND Type namespace matches parent's namespace,
+          # inherit parent's namespace (return nil for prefix)
+          if parent_format == :default && parent_namespace_class&.uri == type_ns_class.uri
+            return nil
+          end
+
+          # CRITICAL: Check if parent hoisted this type namespace with a custom prefix
+          # When user specifies prefix: "custom", the parent hoists the namespace
+          # with that custom prefix, and child elements must use the same prefix
+          parent_prefix = parent_hoisted.find do |_prefix, uri|
+            uri == type_ns_class.uri
+          end&.first
+          if parent_prefix
+            return parent_prefix
+          end
+
+          # CRITICAL: Check if user specified an explicit custom prefix option
+          # This handles the case where parent hasn't hoisted yet AND the type namespace
+          # matches the parent's namespace (i.e., they share the same namespace)
+          use_prefix_option = options[:use_prefix]
+          if use_prefix_option && parent_namespace_class && parent_namespace_class.uri == type_ns_class.uri
+            # Parent has the same namespace as the type namespace
+            # Use the prefix option to maintain consistency
+            case use_prefix_option
+            when String
+              return use_prefix_option
+            when true
+              return parent_namespace_class.prefix_default
+            when false
+              return nil
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Default: use the Type namespace's prefix_default
+          return type_ns_class.prefix_default
+        end
+
+        # If no Type namespace, check element's own namespace
+        return nil unless xml_element.namespace_class
+
+        # NEW: If element used explicit prefix during deserialization, use that prefix.
+        # This handles doubly-defined namespaces where <a:item> and <b:item> both
+        # map to same URI but need different prefixes.
+        # Check: (a) from XmlElement (root), (b) from NamespaceUsage (children)
+        used_prefix = element_used_prefix
+        unless used_prefix
+          # Look up from NamespaceUsage in needs (set during collection from model instance).
+          # CRITICAL: Only use NamespaceUsage.used_prefix when the XmlElement is a
+          # Lutaml::Xml::XmlElement wrapper (from original parsed XML, has namespace_prefix_explicit).
+          # Do NOT use it when the XmlElement is a DataModel::XmlElement (from transformation)
+          # because NamespaceUsage.used_prefix may have been set from a parent/r sibling element.
+          # For DataModel::XmlElement, the prefix must come from @__xml_namespace_prefix on the
+          # XmlElement itself (which is set during transformation for doubly-defined case).
+          ns_key = xml_element.namespace_class.to_key
+          ns_usage = needs.namespaces[ns_key]
+          ns_from_wrapper = xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::XmlElement) &&
+            xml_element.namespace_prefix_explicit
+          if ns_from_wrapper
+            used_prefix = ns_usage&.used_prefix
+          end
+        end
+
+        # For the ROOT element: always use DecisionEngine (model's prefix_default).
+        # The root's format should be determined by the namespace's default, not the input.
+        # This prevents mixed content roots from using input prefixes like "examplecom:".
+        #
+        # For CHILD elements: use input prefix when it differs from model default.
+        # This handles doubly-defined namespaces where input uses "xyzabc:" but
+        # the input uses a different prefix than the model defines (e.g., input has
+        # "xyzabc:" but model has prefix_default "a:").
+        #
+        # When used_prefix == model_default_prefix, fall through to DecisionEngine
+        # to preserve the original format decision (default vs prefix).
+        if used_prefix && !is_root
+          ns_class = xml_element.namespace_class
+          model_default_prefix = ns_class.prefix_default
+
+          # Only use used_prefix when it differs from model default
+          # This preserves arbitrary input prefixes (xyzabc:) while allowing
+          # the DecisionEngine to decide format when input matches model default.
+          if model_default_prefix.nil? || used_prefix != model_default_prefix
+            return used_prefix
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Use the OOP decision resolver
+        @prefix_resolver ||= Decisions::ElementPrefixResolver.new
+        decision = @prefix_resolver.resolve_with_decision(
+          xml_element, mapping, needs, options,
+          is_root: is_root,
+          parent_format: parent_format,
+          parent_namespace_class: parent_namespace_class,
+          parent_namespace_prefix: parent_namespace_prefix,
+          parent_hoisted: parent_hoisted,
+          element_used_prefix: element_used_prefix
+        )
+
+        decision.prefix
+      end
+
+      # Build qualified element name with prefix
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Element
+      # @param prefix [String, nil] Prefix (nil = no prefix)
+      # @return [String] Qualified name: "prefix:name" or "name"
+      def build_qualified_element_name(xml_element, prefix)
+        if prefix
+          "#{prefix}:#{xml_element.name}"
+        else
+          xml_element.name
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Determine which xmlns declarations to hoist at this element
+      #
+      # Checks input_formats to preserve input format during round-trip.
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Element
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] XML mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options (may contain :input_formats)
+      # @param is_root [Boolean] Whether this is the root element
+      # @param parent_hoisted [Hash] Namespaces hoisted on parent {prefix => uri}
+      # @param element_path [Array<String>] Element path in the tree for namespace_locations lookup
+      # @param parent_namespace_class [Class, nil] Parent's namespace class
+      # @param parent_namespace_prefix [String, nil] Parent's actual namespace prefix
+      # @return [Hash<String|nil, String>] xmlns attributes: {prefix_or_nil => uri}
+      def determine_hoisted_declarations(xml_element, mapping, needs,
+  options, is_root: false, parent_hoisted: {}, element_prefix: nil, element_path: [], parent_namespace_class: nil, parent_namespace_prefix: nil)
+        hoisted = {}
+
+        # Compute element_used_prefix the same way it's done in build_element_node.
+        # This is needed because determine_element_prefix is called again inside this method,
+        # and it needs element_used_prefix to correctly determine the prefix.
+        element_used_prefix = if is_root
+                                nil
+                              elsif xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::XmlElement)
+                                xml_element.namespace_prefix
+                              else
+                                xml_element.xml_namespace_prefix
+                              end
+
+        # CRITICAL: Get the current element's namespace_scope_configs.
+        # For child elements, use their own namespace_scope, not the parent's.
+        current_scope_configs = get_element_namespace_scope_configs(
+          xml_element, mapping, needs, options
+        )
+
+        # Check if element's namespace is hoisted to root via namespace_scope
+        element_ns_hoisted_to_root = false
+        if xml_element.namespace_class
+          scope_config = find_scope_config_for(xml_element.namespace_class,
+                                               current_scope_configs)
+          if scope_config
+            ns_usage = needs.namespaces[xml_element.namespace_class.to_key]
+            element_ns_hoisted_to_root = scope_config.always_mode? ||
+              (scope_config.auto_mode? && ns_usage&.used_in&.any?)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Check if element's namespace was already hoisted on parent (locally)
+        if xml_element.namespace_class
+          ns_uri = xml_element.namespace_class.uri
+          parent_hoisted.value?(ns_uri)
+        end
+
+        # FIRST: Add element's OWN namespace if it has one
+        # This ensures the namespace is declared with the correct format (prefix or default)
+        # even when it's already hoisted by parent, to maintain consistency.
+        if xml_element.namespace_class
+          ns_class = xml_element.namespace_class
+          ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+
+          # Check if namespace_locations has an original URI that should be used instead.
+          # namespace_locations is keyed by element path (e.g., "child/grandchild")
+          # matching the key format from collect_element_namespaces in model_transform.rb.
+          # Use element_path for lookup, not xml_element.name (which is just the local name).
+          #
+          # For round-trip fidelity, ALWAYS use the alias URI from stored plan when available.
+          # The use_prefix option only affects element format (prefix vs default), not the URI.
+          # Users expect round-trip to preserve the exact namespace URI from input.
+          stored_plan = options[:stored_xml_declaration_plan]
+          if stored_plan
+            # For child elements, look up by element path
+            # For root elements (empty path), use namespaces_at_path([]) to get root declarations
+            loc_key = element_path.join("/")
+            element_ns_loc = if is_root
+                               stored_plan.namespaces_at_path([])
+                             else
+                               stored_plan.namespace_locations&.dig(loc_key)
+                             end
+            # Check if any URI in the stored location is an alias of the canonical URI
+            element_ns_loc&.each_value do |stored_uri|
+              if ns_class.is_alias?(stored_uri)
+                # Use the original alias URI instead of canonical
+                ns_uri = stored_uri
+                break
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          # Check if namespace is hoisted on parent
+          # When namespace has uri_aliases, the parent may have declared a different
+          # URI (alias or canonical) than what this element wants to use.
+          # Rules:
+          # 1. Exact match → already hoisted, don't re-declare
+          # 2. Parent declared alias, child wants canonical → already hoisted (alias covers canonical)
+          # 3. Parent declared canonical/alias-A, child wants alias-B → NOT hoisted (child must declare its alias)
+          # This ensures round-trip fidelity: if input used alias URI, output preserves it.
+          ns_hoisted_by_parent = parent_hoisted.value?(ns_uri)
+          if !ns_hoisted_by_parent && ns_class.is_a?(Class) && ns_class < Lutaml::Xml::Namespace &&
+              ns_uri == ns_class.uri # child is using canonical URI
+            # Parent declared an alias of this namespace — child doesn't need to re-declare
+            # because the alias already establishes the namespace binding
+            ns_hoisted_by_parent = ns_class.uri_aliases.any? do |alias_uri|
+              parent_hoisted.value?(alias_uri)
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Check if namespace is hoisted to root via namespace_scope (for non-root elements)
+          element_ns_hoisted_to_root && !is_root
+
+          # Determine the prefix to use for this namespace
+          if !ns_hoisted_by_parent
+            # Namespace is NOT already hoisted by parent - need to determine prefix
+            element_prefix = determine_element_prefix(xml_element, mapping,
+                                                      needs, options, is_root: is_root, parent_hoisted: parent_hoisted, element_used_prefix: element_used_prefix, parent_namespace_class: parent_namespace_class, parent_namespace_prefix: parent_namespace_prefix)
+
+            # W3C elementFormDefault="unqualified": prefer prefix format so children
+            # can be in blank namespace (no xmlns attribute). Only for non-root elements
+            # since elementFormDefault only applies to local elements.
+            # CRITICAL: Only applies when explicitly set, not when defaulted to :unqualified.
+            if element_prefix.nil? && ns_class.element_form_default_set? &&
+                ns_class.element_form_default == :unqualified && !is_root
+              element_prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns"
+            end
+
+            hoisted[element_prefix] = ns_uri
+          elsif element_prefix
+            # Namespace is already hoisted by parent, and we have an explicit prefix
+            # Check if parent has the SAME prefix declaration (accounting for URI aliases)
+            parent_uri_for_prefix = parent_hoisted[element_prefix]
+            all_uris = ns_class.is_a?(Class) && ns_class < Lutaml::Xml::Namespace ? ns_class.all_uris : [ns_uri]
+            parent_has_same_prefix = parent_uri_for_prefix && all_uris.include?(parent_uri_for_prefix)
+            if parent_has_same_prefix
+              # Parent already declared this namespace with the same prefix - don't re-declare
+              # Just keep track that we're using the parent's prefix (no need to add to hoisted)
+            else
+              # Parent has different prefix or no prefix - add our declaration
+              hoisted[element_prefix] = ns_uri
+            end
+          else
+            # Namespace is hoisted by parent, and we don't have an explicit prefix
+            # W3C XML Namespaces 1.0 §6.2: Child elements inherit namespace from parent
+            # DO NOT re-declare the namespace - the child will inherit it
+            # This prevents redundant xmlns declarations on nested elements with same namespace
+          end
+
+          # CRITICAL FIX: If root element uses default format (nil prefix) and child elements
+          # need prefix format for the same namespace (due to form: :qualified), also declare
+          # the namespace with prefix format on the root element.
+          # This allows child elements to use the prefix without declaring it locally.
+          # IMPORTANT: This only applies to the element's OWN namespace, not type namespaces.
+          # Type namespaces should be declared locally on the element that uses the type.
+          # Check if any child elements have form: :qualified for this namespace
+          # by checking the children's form attribute in the XmlElement tree
+          #
+          # ADDITIONAL CHECK: Skip if namespace was NOT declared at root in input XML.
+          # Use namespaces_at_path([]) to verify this namespace was actually at root level.
+          # Note: namespace_locations only has child paths, not root. Root namespaces
+          # are stored in root_node.hoisted_declarations, which namespaces_at_path returns.
+          if is_root && hoisted.key?(nil) && hoisted[nil] == ns_uri && xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+            stored_plan = options[:stored_xml_declaration_plan]
+            root_ns_at_input = stored_plan&.namespaces_at_path([])
+            namespace_was_at_root = if root_ns_at_input
+                                      root_ns_at_input.value?(ns_uri)
+                                    else
+                                      true # No location data, assume it was at root
+                                    end
+
+            if namespace_was_at_root
+              child_needs_prefix = xml_element.children.any? do |child|
+                next unless child.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+
+                # Check if child has form: :qualified and same namespace
+                child.form == :qualified && child.namespace_class&.uri == ns_uri
+              end
+              if child_needs_prefix
+                prefix = ns_class.prefix_default
+                hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # SECOND: Add namespace_scope namespaces (ONLY at root!)
+        if is_root
+          stored_plan = options[:stored_xml_declaration_plan]
+          current_scope_configs.each do |scope_config|
+            ns_class = scope_config.namespace_class
+            ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+
+            # Skip if already added (element's own namespace)
+            next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class
+
+            # CRITICAL: Skip if namespace URI is already in hoisted hash
+            # An element can declare the same URI with both default and prefix formats
+            next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) || hoisted.key?(ns_class.prefix_default)
+
+            # NEW: Skip if namespace was NOT declared at root in input XML.
+            # Use namespace_locations to verify this namespace was actually at root level.
+            # If namespace_locations shows it was only at child paths, do NOT hoist to root.
+            root_ns_at_input = stored_plan&.namespaces_at_path([])
+            if root_ns_at_input && !root_ns_at_input.value?(ns_uri)
+              # Namespace was not declared at root in input - skip hoisting
+              next
+            end
+
+            # Check :always mode or :auto mode with usage
+            ns_usage = needs.namespace(ns_class.to_key)
+            should_declare_here = scope_config.always_mode? ||
+              (scope_config.auto_mode? && ns_usage&.used_in&.any?)
+
+            if should_declare_here
+              prefix = ns_class.prefix_default
+              hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # THIRD: Add type namespaces
+        # Type namespaces are declared on PARENT elements and used by child elements.
+        # W3C rule: Namespaces in attributes MUST use prefix format.
+        # Type namespaces for elements MUST also be declared at root with prefix.
+        # Example: ContactInfo declares xmlns:name for personName's name:prefix attribute.
+        # Example: Document declares xmlns:dc for title's dc:title element.
+        #
+        # CRITICAL: Type namespaces respect namespace_scope directive.
+        # When namespace_scope is configured, hoist type namespaces to root.
+        # When namespace_scope is NOT configured, type namespaces are declared
+        # locally on the elements that use them.
+        if is_root
+          # Check if namespace_scope is configured
+          has_namespace_scope = !current_scope_configs.empty?
+
+          # Only hoist type namespaces to root when namespace_scope is configured
+          if has_namespace_scope
+            # Type attribute namespaces
+            needs.type_attribute_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+              ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+              next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already declared
+              next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class # Skip element's own namespace
+
+              # If namespace_scope is configured, only hoist if in scope
+              scope_config = find_scope_config_for(ns_class,
+                                                   current_scope_configs)
+              next unless scope_config
+
+              # Type attribute namespaces MUST use prefix format (W3C rule)
+              prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+            end
+
+            # Type element namespaces
+            needs.type_element_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+              ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+              next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already declared
+              next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class # Skip element's own namespace
+
+              # CRITICAL: Type namespaces are different from child element namespaces.
+              # Type namespaces are declared on Type::Value subclasses (via xml_namespace
+              # directive) and MUST ALWAYS be hoisted to root with prefix format (W3C
+              # constraint: only one default namespace per element).
+              #
+              # The restriction below applies ONLY to child element namespaces (from nested
+              # models), NOT to Type namespaces. Type namespaces are about TYPE identity,
+              # not about element structure.
+              #
+              # Examples of child element namespaces (should NOT be hoisted if different):
+              # - Root has XMI namespace, child model has XMI_NEW namespace → child declares
+              # - Root has NO namespace, child model has XMI namespace → child declares
+              #
+              # Examples of Type namespaces (should ALWAYS be hoisted):
+              # - Root has any namespace, attribute type has XMI namespace → hoist XMI
+              # - Root has NO namespace, attribute type has XMI namespace → hoist XMI
+
+              # If namespace_scope is configured, only hoist if in scope
+              scope_config = find_scope_config_for(ns_class,
+                                                   current_scope_configs)
+              next unless scope_config
+
+              # Type element namespaces MUST use prefix format
+              prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+            end
+          else
+            # Root element without namespace_scope: hoist type namespaces
+            # Type namespaces MUST use prefix format (W3C rule)
+            #
+            # CRITICAL: Don't hoist type namespaces that are also child element
+            # namespaces. When a type namespace is also a child's element namespace, it
+            # should be declared on that child element (not hoisted to root).
+
+            # Type element namespaces (for Type::Value classes used by root's attributes)
+            needs.type_element_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+              ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+              next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already declared
+              next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class # Skip element's own namespace
+
+              # Check if this namespace is used by any child element as its element namespace
+              # If so, don't hoist - let the child declare it locally
+              # UNLESS the parent also uses this namespace for its attributes
+              child_uses_namespace = needs.children&.any? do |_attr_name, child_needs|
+                child_needs.namespaces.any? do |_key, ns_usage|
+                  ns_usage.used_in_elements? && ns_usage.namespace_class.uri == ns_uri
+                end
+              end
+
+              # Only skip hoisting if child uses namespace AND parent doesn't use it for attributes
+              # Check if parent element instance has attributes with this namespace
+              parent_has_attr_with_ns = if xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+                                          xml_element.attributes.any? do |xml_attr|
+                                            next false unless xml_attr.namespace_class
+
+                                            xml_attr.namespace_class.uri == ns_uri
+                                          end
+                                        else
+                                          # For nil/Class root_element, check if mapping has attributes with this namespace
+                                          # This handles the case where parent doesn't have the attribute set
+                                          # Only hoist if parent's MAPPING declares attributes with this namespace
+                                          mapping.attributes.any? do |attr_rule|
+                                            next false unless attr_rule.attribute?
+
+                                            # Get the mapper_class to find attribute definition
+                                            mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || mapping.owner
+                                            next false unless mapper_class
+                                            next false unless mapper_class.is_a?(Class) &&
+                                              mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+
+                                            attr_def = mapper_class.attributes[attr_rule.to]
+                                            next false unless attr_def
+
+                                            # Check if this attribute's type has the namespace
+                                            type_ns_class = attr_def.type_namespace_class(register_for(mapper_class))
+                                            type_ns_class&.uri == ns_uri
+                                          end
+                                        end
+              next if child_uses_namespace && !parent_has_attr_with_ns
+
+              prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+            end
+
+            # Type attribute namespaces (for Type::Value classes used in child element attributes)
+            # CRITICAL: Don't hoist if namespace is also child element's namespace
+            needs.type_attribute_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+              ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+              next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already declared
+              next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class # Skip element's own namespace
+
+              # Check if this namespace is used by any child element as its element namespace
+              # If so, don't hoist - let the child declare it locally
+              child_uses_namespace = needs.children&.any? do |_attr_name, child_needs|
+                child_needs.namespaces.any? do |_key, ns_usage|
+                  ns_usage.used_in_elements? && ns_usage.namespace_class.uri == ns_uri
+                end
+              end
+
+              # Only skip hoisting if child uses namespace AND parent doesn't use it for attributes
+              parent_has_attr_with_ns = if xml_element.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+                                          xml_element.attributes.any? do |xml_attr|
+                                            next false unless xml_attr.namespace_class
+
+                                            xml_attr.namespace_class.uri == ns_uri
+                                          end
+                                        else
+                                          # For nil/Class root_element, check if mapping has attributes with this namespace
+                                          mapping.attributes.any? do |attr_rule|
+                                            next false unless attr_rule.attribute?
+
+                                            mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || mapping.owner
+                                            next false unless mapper_class
+                                            next false unless mapper_class.is_a?(Class) &&
+                                              mapper_class.include?(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
+
+                                            attr_def = mapper_class.attributes[attr_rule.to]
+                                            next false unless attr_def
+
+                                            type_ns_class = attr_def.type_namespace_class(register_for(mapper_class))
+                                            type_ns_class&.uri == ns_uri
+                                          end
+                                        end
+
+              next if child_uses_namespace && !parent_has_attr_with_ns
+
+              prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+              hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          # For non-root (child) elements, add their own type namespaces
+          # CRITICAL: Child elements with type namespace attributes need those
+          # namespaces declared on themselves (W3C compliance)
+          #
+          # Get the child's own namespace needs by matching the current element
+          # to its corresponding attribute name in the parent's mapping
+          child_attr_name = find_child_attribute_name(xml_element, mapping,
+                                                      options)
+          if child_attr_name
+            child_needs = needs.child(child_attr_name)
+            if child_needs
+              # Add child's type element namespaces (for Type::Value attributes)
+              # These need to be hoisted to the child element
+              child_needs.type_element_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+                ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+                next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already declared
+                next if parent_hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if parent already declared
+                next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class # Skip element's own namespace
+
+                # Type namespaces MUST use prefix format (W3C rule)
+                prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+                hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+              end
+
+              # Add child's type attribute namespaces
+              # CRITICAL: Skip if namespace is child's own element namespace
+              # The element's namespace declaration already covers it
+              child_needs.type_attribute_namespaces.each do |ns_class|
+                ns_uri = ns_class.uri
+                next if hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if already declared
+                next if parent_hoisted.value?(ns_uri) # Skip if parent already declared
+                next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class # Skip element's own namespace
+
+                # Type attribute namespaces MUST use prefix format (W3C rule)
+                prefix = ns_class.prefix_default || "ns#{hoisted.keys.length}"
+                hoisted[prefix] = ns_uri
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # FOURTH: Add namespaces NOT in namespace_scope (LOCAL hoisting)
+        # W3C minimal-subtree principle: declare namespace at first element using it
+        if !is_root
+          needs.namespaces.each_value do |ns_usage|
+            ns_class = ns_usage.namespace_class
+
+            # Skip if already added (element's own namespace)
+            next if ns_class == xml_element.namespace_class
+
+            # Skip if already hoisted on parent (don't redeclare!)
+            next if parent_hoisted.value?(ns_class.uri)
+
+            # CRITICAL: Skip if this namespace is ONLY used by child elements (not by
+            # the current element). Child elements should declare their own namespace
+            # locally using default format. But if the current element uses this namespace
+            # for its attributes, it should be hoisted.
+            # Check: if NOT used in attributes AND used in elements → skip hoisting
+            # NOTE: Also check type_attribute_namespaces (attribute type namespaces)
+            used_in_attributes = ns_usage.used_in_attributes? || needs.type_attribute_namespaces.include?(ns_class)
+            next if !used_in_attributes && ns_usage.used_in_elements?
+
+            scope_config = find_scope_config_for(ns_class,
+                                                 current_scope_configs)
+
+            # Only hoist if NOT in namespace_scope (local hoisting)
+            # Check if any child/grandchild uses this namespace
+            if !scope_config && element_needs_namespace?(xml_element,
+                                                         ns_class)
+              prefix = ns_class.prefix_default
+              hoisted[prefix] = ns_class.uri
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # PRESERVATION: For root element, add stored input namespace declarations
+        # that were declared AT ROOT in the original XML.
+        # This includes namespaces like xmlns:xi that were in input at root level
+        # but are not "needed" by model. These namespaces may be required for
+        # downstream processing (XInclude, XSchema, etc.)
+        #
+        # For doubly-defined namespaces (same URI with different prefixes), we allow
+        # each prefix variant to be preserved if used by children.
+        #
+        # CRITICAL: Only preserve namespaces that were ORIGINALLY declared at root.
+        # Namespaces declared on child elements in the input should remain on children.
+        # NOTE: PRESERVATION should always run when we have a stored plan, because
+        # unused namespaces (like xmlns:xsi for schemaLocation) should be preserved
+        # for round-trip fidelity regardless of prefix formatting options.
+        stored_plan = options[:stored_xml_declaration_plan]
+        if is_root && stored_plan
+
+          # Get root-level namespaces from location tracking.
+          # This properly distinguishes namespaces declared at root vs hoisted there.
+          root_level_namespaces = stored_plan&.namespaces_at_path([])
+
+          # Track namespaces that are in child paths (not root) in namespace_locations
+          # These should NOT be on root in the input XML
+          child_only_namespaces = {}
+          stored_plan&.namespace_locations&.each do |path, ns_hash|
+            next if path.empty? # Skip root path
+
+            ns_hash.each do |prefix, uri|
+              child_only_namespaces[[prefix, uri]] = true
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Get namespace_locations to verify which namespaces were actually declared at root
+          # in the input XML. This prevents hoisting namespaces that were declared on child
+          # elements but got incorrectly added to root's hoisted during FIRST phase.
+          input_root_ns = {}
+          if stored_plan&.namespace_locations
+            # Aggregate all namespaces from child paths
+            child_ns = {}
+            stored_plan.namespace_locations.each_value do |ns_hash|
+              ns_hash.each do |prefix, uri|
+                child_ns[[prefix, uri]] = true
+              end
+            end
+            # Namespaces in root's hoisted but NOT in any child path were actually at root
+            root_level_namespaces&.each do |prefix, uri|
+              if prefix != :not_root && !child_ns.key?([
+                                                         prefix, uri
+                                                       ])
+                input_root_ns[prefix] =
+                  uri
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          if input_root_ns.any?
+            root_level_namespaces = input_root_ns
+          end
+
+          if root_level_namespaces
+            root_level_namespaces.each do |prefix, uri|
+              # Skip if same prefix already used for different URI
+              next if hoisted.key?(prefix) && hoisted[prefix] != uri
+
+              # Skip if this namespace is a child element's OWN element namespace
+              # (not a type namespace). Children should declare their own namespace
+              # locally rather than having it hoisted to root.
+              child_own_element_ns = needs.children&.any? do |_attr_name, child_needs|
+                child_needs.namespaces.values.any? do |ns_usage|
+                  ns_usage.namespace_class.uri == uri &&
+                    ns_usage.used_in_elements? &&
+                    needs.type_namespace_classes.none? { |tc| tc.uri == uri }
+                end
+              end
+              next if child_own_element_ns
+
+              # Check if children use this specific prefix variant
+              # This enables doubly-defined namespace preservation
+              child_uses_this_prefix = needs.children&.any? do |_attr_name, child_needs|
+                child_needs.namespaces.values.any? do |ns_usage|
+                  ns_usage.used_prefix == prefix &&
+                    ns_usage.namespace_class.uri == uri
+                end
+              end
+
+              # Hoist if:
+              # - URI not yet declared (no prefix+URI combo), OR
+              # - This specific prefix variant is used by children (doubly-defined ns)
+              uri_already_hoisted = hoisted.value?(uri)
+              if !uri_already_hoisted || child_uses_this_prefix
+                hoisted[prefix] = uri
+              end
+            end
+          elsif stored_plan&.root_node&.hoisted_declarations
+            # Fallback: Legacy behavior for plans without location data
+            # Only add namespaces that are NOT needed by any child
+            #
+            # CRITICAL: If namespace_locations has child entries but root path is empty,
+            # it means the root's own namespaces were NOT captured during parsing.
+            # In this case, we should NOT add anything from fallback to avoid
+            # incorrectly adding child namespaces to root.
+            root_path_in_locations = stored_plan.namespace_locations&.key?("")
+            if root_path_in_locations && stored_plan.namespace_locations[""].to_h.empty?
+              # Root path exists but is empty - skip fallback to avoid adding child namespaces to root
+            else
+              stored_hoisted = stored_plan.root_node.hoisted_declarations
+              stored_hoisted.each do |prefix, uri|
+                # Skip if this namespace is in child_only_namespaces
+                # (declared on a child element in the input)
+                next if child_only_namespaces.key?([prefix, uri])
+
+                # Skip if same prefix already used for different URI
+                next if hoisted.key?(prefix) && hoisted[prefix] != uri
+
+                # Check if any child element needs this namespace
+                child_needs_ns = needs.children&.any? do |_attr_name, child_needs|
+                  child_needs.namespaces.any? do |_key, ns_usage|
+                    ns_usage.namespace_class&.uri == uri
+                  end
+                end
+                next if child_needs_ns
+
+                # Safe to preserve at root
+                hoisted[prefix] = uri
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # FIFTH: Add XSI namespace if any Namespace in scope has schema_location
+        # Schema location is handled by DeclarationPlan.build_schema_location_attr
+        # which builds xsi:schemaLocation from all Namespace.schema_location values
+        if namespaces_have_schema_location?(needs, options)
+          xsi_uri = W3c::XsiNamespace.uri
+          xsi_prefix = W3c::XsiNamespace.prefix_default || "xsi"
+          hoisted[xsi_prefix] = xsi_uri unless hoisted.value?(xsi_uri)
+        end
+
+        hoisted
+      end
+
+      # Check if any Namespace in scope has schema_location
+      #
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [Boolean] True if any namespace has schema_location
+      def namespaces_have_schema_location?(needs, _options)
+        return false unless needs
+
+        # Check all namespace classes in needs
+        needs.all_namespace_classes.any? do |ns_class|
+          ns_class.is_a?(Class) && ns_class < Lutaml::Xml::Namespace && ns_class.schema_location
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Find the attribute name for a child XmlElement
+      #
+      # When building child element nodes, we need to match the XmlElement to its
+      # corresponding attribute name in the parent's mapping to access the child's
+      # own namespace needs.
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] The child element
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] The current element's mapping (parent's for child elements)
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options (may contain :parent_mapping)
+      # @return [Symbol, nil] The attribute name, or nil if not found
+      def find_child_attribute_name(xml_element, mapping, options = {})
+        # Use parent's mapping if available (for child elements)
+        search_mapping = options[:parent_mapping] || mapping
+
+        element_name = xml_element.name.to_s
+        matching_rule = search_mapping.elements.find do |rule|
+          rule.name.to_s == element_name
+        end
+
+        matching_rule&.to
+      end
+
+      # Get the current element's namespace_scope_configs
+      #
+      # For child elements, use their own namespace_scope, not the parent's.
+      # This ensures that namespace_scope directives are scoped to the model that defines them.
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] The element
+      # @param mapping [Xml::Mapping] The element's mapping
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @param options [Hash] Serialization options
+      # @return [Array<NamespaceScopeConfig>] The element's namespace_scope_configs
+      def get_element_namespace_scope_configs(_xml_element, _mapping, needs,
+  _options)
+        # Use the parent's namespace_scope_configs
+        needs.namespace_scope_configs
+      end
+
+      # Find a scope config for a namespace class
+      #
+      # @param ns_class [Class] The namespace class
+      # @param scope_configs [Array<NamespaceScopeConfig>] The scope configs to search
+      # @return [NamespaceScopeConfig, nil] The matching scope config, or nil
+      def find_scope_config_for(ns_class, scope_configs)
+        scope_configs.find { |config| config.namespace_class == ns_class }
+      end
+
+      # Build global prefix registry from needs
+      #
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @return [Hash<String, String>] URI => prefix mapping
+      def build_prefix_registry(needs)
+        registry = {}
+        needs.namespaces.each_value do |ns_usage|
+          ns_class = ns_usage.namespace_class
+          if ns_class.prefix_default
+            registry[ns_class.uri] =
+              ns_class.prefix_default
+          end
+        end
+        registry
+      end
+
+      # Check if element or its descendants use a namespace
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Element to check
+      # @param ns_class [Class] Namespace class to search for
+      # @return [Boolean] true if namespace is used in subtree
+      def element_needs_namespace?(xml_element, ns_class)
+        # Check direct children
+        xml_element.children.each do |child|
+          next unless child.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
+
+          # Does child use this namespace?
+          return true if child.namespace_class == ns_class
+
+          # Does child have attributes using this namespace?
+          child.attributes.each do |attr|
+            return true if attr.namespace_class == ns_class
+          end
+
+          # Recurse to grandchildren
+          return true if element_needs_namespace?(child, ns_class)
+        end
+
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Check if element is a native type element (leaf with text content)
+      #
+      # Native type elements (like :string, :integer) are simple values
+      # that need xmlns="" when parent uses default namespace format.
+      # Child models are complex elements with their own structure.
+      #
+      # @param xml_element [XmlDataModel::XmlElement] Element to check
+      # @return [Boolean] true if element is a native type element
+      def native_type_element?(xml_element)
+        # Native type elements have:
+        # - text_content (not nil)
+        # - No element children (all children are Strings, not XmlElement)
+        return false unless xml_element.text_content
+
+        xml_element.children.all?(String)
+      end
+
+      # Build schema_location attribute value from all Namespace.schema_location values
+      #
+      # @param needs [NamespaceNeeds] Namespace needs
+      # @return [Hash, nil] { "xsi:schemaLocation" => "uri1 loc1 uri2 loc2" } or nil
+      def build_schema_location_attr_for_needs(needs)
+        return nil unless needs
+
+        # Collect all namespace classes that have schema_location
+        namespaces_with_schema = needs.all_namespace_classes.select do |ns_class|
+          ns_class.is_a?(Class) && ns_class < Lutaml::Xml::Namespace && ns_class.schema_location
+        end
+
+        return nil if namespaces_with_schema.empty?
+
+        # Build xsi:schemaLocation value
+        value = namespaces_with_schema.map do |ns_class|
+          "#{ns_class.uri} #{ns_class.schema_location}"
+        end.join(" ")
+
+        # Get XSI prefix from hoisted declarations or use default
+        xsi_prefix = W3c::XsiNamespace.prefix_default || "xsi"
+
+        { "#{xsi_prefix}:schemaLocation" => value }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end