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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+	<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+	<title>template xhtml as html</title>
+	<script src="../assets/getgetter.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class="head">
+   <p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img height=48 alt=W3C src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width=72></a>
+   <h1 id="title">Selectors</h1>
+   <h2>W3C Working Draft 15 December 2005</h2>
+   <dl>
+    <dt>This version:
+    <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-selectors-20051215">
+                 http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-selectors-20051215</a>
+    <dt>Latest version:
+    <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors">
+                 http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors</a>
+    <dt>Previous version:
+    <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/CR-css3-selectors-20011113">
+                 http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/CR-css3-selectors-20011113</a>
+    <dt><a name=editors-list></a>Editors:
+    <dd class="vcard"><span class="fn">Daniel Glazman</span> (Invited Expert)</dd>
+    <dd class="vcard"><a lang="tr" class="url fn" href="http://www.tantek.com/">Tantek &Ccedil;elik</a> (Invited Expert)
+    <dd class="vcard"><a href="mailto:ian@hixie.ch" class="url fn">Ian Hickson</a> (<span
+    class="company"><a href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></span>)
+    <dd class="vcard"><span class="fn">Peter Linss</span> (former editor, <span class="company"><a
+    href="http://www.netscape.com/">Netscape/AOL</a></span>)
+    <dd class="vcard"><span class="fn">John Williams</span> (former editor, <span class="company"><a
+    href="http://www.quark.com/">Quark, Inc.</a></span>)
+   </dl>
+   <p class="copyright"><a
+   href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
+   Copyright</a> &copy; 2005 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr
+   title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>&reg;</sup>
+   (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts
+   Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a
+   href="http://www.ercim.org/"><acronym title="European Research
+   Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a
+   href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved.  W3C
+   <a
+   href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
+   <a
+   href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>,
+   <a
+   href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
+   use</a> rules apply.
+   <hr title="Separator for header">
+  </div>
+  <h2><a name=abstract></a>Abstract</h2>
+  <p><em>Selectors</em> are patterns that match against elements in a
+  tree. Selectors have been optimized for use with HTML and XML, and
+  are designed to be usable in performance-critical code.</p>
+  <p><acronym title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</acronym> (Cascading
+  Style Sheets) is a language for describing the rendering of <acronym
+  title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</acronym> and <acronym
+  title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</acronym> documents on
+  screen, on paper, in speech, etc. CSS uses Selectors for binding
+  style properties to elements in the document. This document
+  describes extensions to the selectors defined in CSS level 2. These
+  extended selectors will be used by CSS level 3.
+  <p>Selectors define the following function:</p>
+  <pre>expression &#x2217; element &rarr; boolean</pre>
+  <p>That is, given an element and a selector, this specification
+  defines whether that element matches the selector.</p>
+  <p>These expressions can also be used, for instance, to select a set
+  of elements, or a single element from a set of elements, by
+  evaluating the expression across all the elements in a
+  subtree. <acronym title="Simple Tree Transformation
+  Sheets">STTS</acronym> (Simple Tree Transformation Sheets), a
+  language for transforming XML trees, uses this mechanism. <a href="#refsSTTS">[STTS]</a></p>
+  <h2><a name=status></a>Status of this document</h2>
+  <p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the
+  time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this
+  document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision
+  of this technical report can be found in the <a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index at
+  http://www.w3.org/TR/.</a></em></p>
+  <p>This document describes the selectors that already exist in <a
+  href="#refsCSS1"><abbr title="CSS level 1">CSS1</abbr></a> and <a
+  href="#refsCSS21"><abbr title="CSS level 2">CSS2</abbr></a>, and
+  also proposes new selectors for <abbr title="CSS level
+  3">CSS3</abbr> and other languages that may need them.</p>
+  <p>The CSS Working Group doesn't expect that all implementations of
+  CSS3 will have to implement all selectors. Instead, there will
+  probably be a small number of variants of CSS3, called profiles. For
+  example, it may be that only a profile for interactive user agents
+  will include all of the selectors.</p>
+  <p>This specification is a last call working draft for the the <a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/members">CSS Working Group</a>
+  (<a href="/Style/">Style Activity</a>). This
+  document is a revision of the <a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/CR-css3-selectors-20011113/">Candidate
+  Recommendation dated 2001 November 13</a>, and has incorporated
+  implementation feedback received in the past few years. It is
+  expected that this last call will proceed straight to Proposed
+  Recommendation stage since it is believed that interoperability will
+  be demonstrable.</p>
+  <p>All persons are encouraged to review and implement this
+  specification and return comments to the (<a
+  href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/">archived</a>)
+  public mailing list <a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Lists.html#www-style">www-style</a>
+  (see <a href="http://www.w3.org/Mail/Request">instructions</a>). W3C
+  Members can also send comments directly to the CSS Working
+  Group.
+  The deadline for comments is 14 January 2006.</p>
+  <p>This is still a draft document and may be updated, replaced, or
+  obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to
+  cite a W3C Working Draft as other than &quot;work in progress&quot;.
+  <p>This document may be available in <a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/Style/css3-selectors-updates/translations">translation</a>.
+  The English version of this specification is the only normative
+  version.
+  <div class="subtoc">
+   <h2><a name=contents>Table of contents</a></h2>
+   <ul class="toc">
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#context">1. Introduction</a>
+     <ul>
+      <li><a href="#dependencies">1.1. Dependencies</a> </li>
+      <li><a href="#terminology">1.2. Terminology</a> </li>
+      <li><a href="#changesFromCSS2">1.3. Changes from CSS2</a> </li>
+     </ul>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#selectors">2. Selectors</a>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#casesens">3. Case sensitivity</a>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#selector-syntax">4. Selector syntax</a>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#grouping">5. Groups of selectors</a>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#simple-selectors">6. Simple selectors</a>
+     <ul class="toc">
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#type-selectors">6.1. Type selectors</a>
+       <ul class="toc">
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#typenmsp">6.1.1. Type selectors and namespaces</a></li>
+       </ul>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#universal-selector">6.2. Universal selector</a>
+       <ul>
+        <li><a href="#univnmsp">6.2.1. Universal selector and namespaces</a></li>
+       </ul>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#attribute-selectors">6.3. Attribute selectors</a>
+       <ul class="toc">
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#attribute-representation">6.3.1. Representation of attributes and attributes values</a>
+        <li><a href="#attribute-substrings">6.3.2. Substring matching attribute selectors</a>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#attrnmsp">6.3.3. Attribute selectors and namespaces</a>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#def-values">6.3.4. Default attribute values in DTDs</a></li>
+       </ul>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#class-html">6.4. Class selectors</a>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#id-selectors">6.5. ID selectors</a>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#pseudo-classes">6.6. Pseudo-classes</a>
+       <ul class="toc">
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#dynamic-pseudos">6.6.1. Dynamic pseudo-classes</a>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#target-pseudo">6.6.2. The :target pseudo-class</a>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#lang-pseudo">6.6.3. The :lang() pseudo-class</a>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#UIstates">6.6.4. UI element states pseudo-classes</a>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#structural-pseudos">6.6.5. Structural pseudo-classes</a>
+         <ul>
+          <li><a href="#root-pseudo">:root pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#nth-child-pseudo">:nth-child() pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#nth-last-child-pseudo">:nth-last-child()</a>
+          <li><a href="#nth-of-type-pseudo">:nth-of-type() pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#nth-last-of-type-pseudo">:nth-last-of-type()</a>
+          <li><a href="#first-child-pseudo">:first-child pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#last-child-pseudo">:last-child pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#first-of-type-pseudo">:first-of-type pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#last-of-type-pseudo">:last-of-type pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#only-child-pseudo">:only-child pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#only-of-type-pseudo">:only-of-type pseudo-class</a>
+          <li><a href="#empty-pseudo">:empty pseudo-class</a></li>
+         </ul>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#negation">6.6.7. The negation pseudo-class</a></li>
+       </ul>
+      </li>
+     </ul>
+    <li><a href="#pseudo-elements">7. Pseudo-elements</a>
+     <ul>
+      <li><a href="#first-line">7.1. The ::first-line pseudo-element</a>
+      <li><a href="#first-letter">7.2. The ::first-letter pseudo-element</a>
+      <li><a href="#UIfragments">7.3. The ::selection pseudo-element</a>
+      <li><a href="#gen-content">7.4. The ::before and ::after pseudo-elements</a></li>
+     </ul>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#combinators">8. Combinators</a>
+     <ul class="toc">
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#descendant-combinators">8.1. Descendant combinators</a>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#child-combinators">8.2. Child combinators</a>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#sibling-combinators">8.3. Sibling combinators</a>
+       <ul class="toc">
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#adjacent-sibling-combinators">8.3.1. Adjacent sibling combinator</a>
+        <li class="tocline4"><a href="#general-sibling-combinators">8.3.2. General sibling combinator</a></li>
+       </ul>
+      </li>
+     </ul>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#specificity">9. Calculating a selector's specificity</a>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#w3cselgrammar">10. The grammar of Selectors</a>
+     <ul class="toc">
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#grammar">10.1. Grammar</a>
+      <li class="tocline3"><a href="#lex">10.2. Lexical scanner</a></li>
+     </ul>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#downlevel">11. Namespaces and down-level clients</a>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#profiling">12. Profiles</a>
+    <li><a href="#Conformance">13. Conformance and requirements</a>
+    <li><a href="#Tests">14. Tests</a>
+    <li><a href="#ACKS">15. Acknowledgements</a>
+    <li class="tocline2"><a href="#references">16. References</a>
+   </ul>
+  </div>
+  <h2><a name=context>1. Introduction</a></h2>
+  <h3><a name=dependencies></a>1.1. Dependencies</h3>
+  <p>Some features of this specification are specific to CSS, or have
+  particular limitations or rules specific to CSS. In this
+  specification, these have been described in terms of CSS2.1. <a
+  href="#refsCSS21">[CSS21]</a></p>
+  <h3><a name=terminology></a>1.2. Terminology</h3>
+  <p>All of the text of this specification is normative except
+  examples, notes, and sections explicitly marked as
+  non-normative.</p>
+  <h3><a name=changesFromCSS2></a>1.3. Changes from CSS2</h3>
+  <p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
+  <p>The main differences between the selectors in CSS2 and those in
+  Selectors are:
+  <ul>
+   <li>the list of basic definitions (selector, group of selectors,
+   simple selector, etc.) has been changed; in particular, what was
+   referred to in CSS2 as a simple selector is now called a sequence
+   of simple selectors, and the term "simple selector" is now used for
+   the components of this sequence</li>
+   <li>an optional namespace component is now allowed in type element
+   selectors, the universal selector and attribute selectors</li>
+   <li>a <a href="#general-sibling-combinators">new combinator</a> has been introduced</li>
+   <li>new simple selectors including substring matching attribute
+   selectors, and new pseudo-classes</li>
+   <li>new pseudo-elements, and introduction of the "::" convention
+   for pseudo-elements</li>
+   <li>the grammar has been rewritten</li>
+   <li>profiles to be added to specifications integrating Selectors
+   and defining the set of selectors which is actually supported by
+   each specification</li>
+   <li>Selectors are now a CSS3 Module and an independent
+   specification; other specifications can now refer to this document
+   independently of CSS</li>
+   <li>the specification now has its own test suite</li>
+  </ul>
+<h2><a name=selectors></a>2. Selectors</h2>
+<p><em>This section is non-normative, as it merely summarizes the
+following sections.</em></p>
+<p>A Selector represents a structure. This structure can be used as a
+condition (e.g. in a CSS rule) that determines which elements a
+selector matches in the document tree, or as a flat description of the
+HTML or XML fragment corresponding to that structure.</p>
+<p>Selectors may range from simple element names to rich contextual
+representations.</p>
+<p>The following table summarizes the Selector syntax:</p>
+<table class="selectorsReview">
+  <thead>
+  <tr>
+    <th class="pattern">Pattern</th>
+    <th class="meaning">Meaning</th>
+    <th class="described">Described in section</th>
+    <th class="origin">First defined in CSS level</th></tr>
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">*</td>
+    <td class="meaning">any element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#universal-selector">Universal
+      selector</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an element of type E</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#type-selectors">Type selector</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E[foo]</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element with a "foo" attribute</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#attribute-selectors">Attribute
+      selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E[foo="bar"]</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element whose "foo" attribute value is exactly
+      equal to "bar"</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#attribute-selectors">Attribute
+      selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E[foo~="bar"]</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element whose "foo" attribute value is a list of
+      space-separated values, one of which is exactly equal to "bar"</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#attribute-selectors">Attribute
+      selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E[foo^="bar"]</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element whose "foo" attribute value begins exactly
+      with the string "bar"</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#attribute-selectors">Attribute
+      selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E[foo$="bar"]</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element whose "foo" attribute value ends exactly
+      with the string "bar"</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#attribute-selectors">Attribute
+      selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E[foo*="bar"]</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element whose "foo" attribute value contains the
+      substring "bar"</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#attribute-selectors">Attribute
+      selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E[hreflang|="en"]</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element whose "hreflang" attribute has a hyphen-separated
+      list of values beginning (from the left) with "en"</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#attribute-selectors">Attribute
+      selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:root</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, root of the document</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:nth-child(n)</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, the n-th child of its parent</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:nth-last-child(n)</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, the n-th child of its parent, counting
+      from the last one</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:nth-of-type(n)</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, the n-th sibling of its type</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:nth-last-of-type(n)</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, the n-th sibling of its type, counting
+      from the last one</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:first-child</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, first child of its parent</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:last-child</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, last child of its parent</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:first-of-type</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, first sibling of its type</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:last-of-type</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, last sibling of its type</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:only-child</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, only child of its parent</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:only-of-type</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element, only sibling of its type</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:empty</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element that has no children (including text
+    nodes)</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#structural-pseudos">Structural
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:link<br>E:visited</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element being the source anchor of a hyperlink of
+      which the target is not yet visited (:link) or already visited
+    (:visited)</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#link">The link
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:active<br>E:hover<br>E:focus</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element during certain user actions</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#useraction-pseudos">The user
+      action pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1 and 2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:target</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element being the target of the referring URI</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#target-pseudo">The target
+      pseudo-class</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:lang(fr)</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an element of type E in language "fr" (the document
+      language specifies how language is determined)</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#lang-pseudo">The :lang()
+      pseudo-class</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:enabled<br>E:disabled</td>
+    <td class="meaning">a user interface element E which is enabled or
+    disabled</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#UIstates">The UI element states
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:checked<!--<br>E:indeterminate--></td>
+    <td class="meaning">a user interface element E which is checked<!-- or in an
+      indeterminate state--> (for instance a radio-button or checkbox)</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#UIstates">The UI element states
+      pseudo-classes</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E::first-line</td>
+    <td class="meaning">the first formatted line of an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#first-line">The ::first-line
+      pseudo-element</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E::first-letter</td>
+    <td class="meaning">the first formatted letter of an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#first-letter">The ::first-letter
+      pseudo-element</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E::selection</td>
+    <td class="meaning">the portion of an E element that is currently
+      selected/highlighted by the user</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#UIfragments">The UI element
+      fragments pseudo-elements</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E::before</td>
+    <td class="meaning">generated content before an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#gen-content">The ::before
+      pseudo-element</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E::after</td>
+    <td class="meaning">generated content after an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#gen-content">The ::after
+      pseudo-element</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E.warning</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element whose class is
+"warning" (the document language specifies how class is determined).</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#class-html">Class
+    selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E#myid</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element with ID equal to "myid".</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#id-selectors">ID
+    selectors</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E:not(s)</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an E element that does not match simple selector s</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#negation">Negation
+      pseudo-class</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E F</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an F element descendant of an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#descendant-combinators">Descendant
+      combinator</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E &gt; F</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an F element child of an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#child-combinators">Child
+      combinator</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E + F</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an F element immediately preceded by an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#adjacent-sibling-combinators">Adjacent sibling combinator</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="pattern">E ~ F</td>
+    <td class="meaning">an F element preceded by an E element</td>
+    <td class="described"><a
+      href="#general-sibling-combinators">General sibling combinator</a></td>
+    <td class="origin">3</td></tr></tbody></table>
+<p>The meaning of each selector is derived from the table above by
+prepending "matches" to the contents of each cell in the "Meaning"
+column.</p>
+<h2><a name=casesens>3. Case sensitivity</a></h2>
+<p>The case sensitivity of document language element names, attribute
+names, and attribute values in selectors depends on the document
+language. For example, in HTML, element names are case-insensitive,
+but in XML, they are case-sensitive.</p>
+<h2><a name=selector-syntax>4. Selector syntax</a></h2>
+<p>A <dfn><a name=selector>selector</a></dfn> is a chain of one
+or more <a href="#sequence">sequences of simple selectors</a>
+separated by <a href="#combinators">combinators</a>.</p>
+<p>A <dfn><a name=sequence>sequence of simple selectors</a></dfn>
+is a chain of <a href="#simple-selectors-dfn">simple selectors</a>
+that are not separated by a <a href="#combinators">combinator</a>. It
+always begins with a <a href="#type-selectors">type selector</a> or a
+<a href="#universal-selector">universal selector</a>. No other type
+selector or universal selector is allowed in the sequence.</p>
+<p>A <dfn><a name=simple-selectors-dfn></a><a
+href="#simple-selectors">simple selector</a></dfn> is either a <a
+href="#type-selectors">type selector</a>, <a
+href="#universal-selector">universal selector</a>, <a
+href="#attribute-selectors">attribute selector</a>, <a
+href="#class-html">class selector</a>, <a
+href="#id-selectors">ID selector</a>, <a
+href="#content-selectors">content selector</a>, or <a
+href="#pseudo-classes">pseudo-class</a>. One <a
+href="#pseudo-elements">pseudo-element</a> may be appended to the last
+sequence of simple selectors.</p>
+<p><dfn>Combinators</dfn> are: white space, &quot;greater-than
+sign&quot; (U+003E, <code>&gt;</code>), &quot;plus sign&quot; (U+002B,
+<code>+</code>) and &quot;tilde&quot; (U+007E, <code>~</code>).  White
+space may appear between a combinator and the simple selectors around
+it. <a name=whitespace></a>Only the characters "space" (U+0020), "tab"
+(U+0009), "line feed" (U+000A), "carriage return" (U+000D), and "form
+feed" (U+000C) can occur in white space. Other space-like characters,
+such as "em-space" (U+2003) and "ideographic space" (U+3000), are
+never part of white space.</p>
+<p>The elements of a document tree that are represented by a selector
+are the <dfn><a name=subject></a>subjects of the selector</dfn>. A
+selector consisting of a single sequence of simple selectors
+represents any element satisfying its requirements. Prepending another
+sequence of simple selectors and a combinator to a sequence imposes
+additional matching constraints, so the subjects of a selector are
+always a subset of the elements represented by the last sequence of
+simple selectors.</p>
+<p>An empty selector, containing no sequence of simple selectors and
+no pseudo-element, is an <a href="#Conformance">invalid
+selector</a>.</p>
+<h2><a name=grouping>5. Groups of selectors</a></h2>
+<p>When several selectors share the same declarations, they may be
+grouped into a comma-separated list. (A comma is U+002C.)</p>
+<div class="example">
+<p>CSS examples:</p>
+<p>In this example, we condense three rules with identical
+declarations into one. Thus,</p>
+<pre>h1 { font-family: sans-serif }
+h2 { font-family: sans-serif }
+h3 { font-family: sans-serif }</pre>
+<p>is equivalent to:</p>
+<pre>h1, h2, h3 { font-family: sans-serif }</pre>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Warning</strong>: the equivalence is true in this example
+because all the selectors are valid selectors. If just one of these
+selectors were invalid, the entire group of selectors would be
+invalid. This would invalidate the rule for all three heading
+elements, whereas in the former case only one of the three individual
+heading rules would be invalidated.</p>
+<h2><a name=simple-selectors>6. Simple selectors</a></h2>
+<h3><a name=type-selectors>6.1. Type selector</a></h3>
+<p>A <dfn>type selector</dfn> is the name of a document language
+element type. A type selector represents an instance of the element
+type in the document tree.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Example:</p>
+ <p>The following selector represents an <code>h1</code> element in the document tree:</p>
+ <pre>h1</pre>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=typenmsp>6.1.1. Type selectors and namespaces</a></h4>
+<p>Type selectors allow an optional namespace (<a
+href="#refsXMLNAMES">[XMLNAMES]</a>) component. A namespace prefix
+that has been previously declared may be prepended to the element name
+separated by the namespace separator &quot;vertical bar&quot;
+(U+007C, <code>|</code>).</p>
+<p>The namespace component may be left empty to indicate that the
+selector is only to represent elements with no declared namespace.</p>
+<p>An asterisk may be used for the namespace prefix, indicating that
+the selector represents elements in any namespace (including elements
+with no namespace).</p>
+<p>Element type selectors that have no namespace component (no
+namespace separator), represent elements without regard to the
+element's namespace (equivalent to "<code>*|</code>") unless a default
+namespace has been declared. If a default namespace has been declared,
+the selector will represent only elements in the default
+namespace.</p>
+<p>A type selector containing a namespace prefix that has not been
+previously declared is an <a href="#Conformance">invalid</a> selector.
+The mechanism for declaring a namespace prefix is left up to the
+language implementing Selectors. In CSS, such a mechanism is defined
+in the General Syntax module.</p>
+<p>In a namespace-aware client, element type selectors will only match
+against the <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#NT-LocalPart">local part</a>
+of the element's <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#ns-qualnames">qualified
+name</a>. See <a href="#downlevel">below</a> for notes about matching
+behaviors in down-level clients.</p>
+<p>In summary:</p>
+<dl>
+  <dt><code>ns|E</code></dt>
+  <dd>elements with name E in namespace ns</dd>
+  <dt><code>*|E</code></dt>
+  <dd>elements with name E in any namespace, including those without any
+  declared namespace</dd>
+  <dt><code>|E</code></dt>
+  <dd>elements with name E without any declared namespace</dd>
+  <dt><code>E</code></dt>
+  <dd>if no default namespace has been specified, this is equivalent to *|E.
+  Otherwise it is equivalent to ns|E where ns is the default namespace.</dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>CSS examples:</p>
+ <pre>@namespace foo url(http://www.example.com);
+ foo|h1 { color: blue }
+ foo|* { color: yellow }
+ |h1 { color: red }
+ *|h1 { color: green }
+ h1 { color: green }</pre>
+ <p>The first rule will match only <code>h1</code> elements in the
+ "http://www.example.com" namespace.</p>
+ <p>The second rule will match all elements in the
+ "http://www.example.com" namespace.</p>
+ <p>The third rule will match only <code>h1</code> elements without
+ any declared namespace.</p>
+ <p>The fourth rule will match <code>h1</code> elements in any
+ namespace (including those without any declared namespace).</p>
+ <p>The last rule is equivalent to the fourth rule because no default
+ namespace has been defined.</p>
+</div>
+<h3><a name=universal-selector>6.2. Universal selector</a> </h3>
+<p>The <dfn>universal selector</dfn>, written &quot;asterisk&quot;
+(<code>*</code>), represents the qualified name of any element
+type. It represents any single element in the document tree in any
+namespace (including those without any declared namespace) if no
+default namespace has been specified. If a default namespace has been
+specified, see <a href="#univnmsp">Universal selector and
+Namespaces</a> below.</p>
+<p>If the universal selector is not the only component of a sequence
+of simple selectors, the <code>*</code> may be omitted.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Examples:</p>
+ <ul>
+  <li><code>*[hreflang|=en]</code> and <code>[hreflang|=en]</code> are equivalent,</li>
+  <li><code>*.warning</code> and <code>.warning</code> are equivalent,</li>
+  <li><code>*#myid</code> and <code>#myid</code> are equivalent.</li>
+ </ul>
+</div>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> it is recommended that the
+<code>*</code>, representing the universal selector, not be
+omitted.</p>
+<h4><a name=univnmsp>6.2.1. Universal selector and namespaces</a></h4>
+<p>The universal selector allows an optional namespace component. It
+is used as follows:</p>
+<dl>
+ <dt><code>ns|*</code></dt>
+ <dd>all elements in namespace ns</dd>
+ <dt><code>*|*</code></dt>
+ <dd>all elements</dd>
+ <dt><code>|*</code></dt>
+ <dd>all elements without any declared namespace</dd>
+ <dt><code>*</code></dt>
+ <dd>if no default namespace has been specified, this is equivalent to *|*.
+ Otherwise it is equivalent to ns|* where ns is the default namespace.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>A universal selector containing a namespace prefix that has not
+been previously declared is an <a href="#Conformance">invalid</a>
+selector.  The mechanism for declaring a namespace prefix is left up
+to the language implementing Selectors.  In CSS, such a mechanism is
+defined in the General Syntax module.</p>
+<h3><a name=attribute-selectors>6.3. Attribute selectors</a></h3>
+<p>Selectors allow the representation of an element's attributes. When
+a selector is used as an expression to match against an element,
+attribute selectors must be considered to match an element if that
+element has an attribute that matches the attribute represented by the
+attribute selector.</p>
+<h4><a name=attribute-representation>6.3.1. Attribute presence and values
+selectors</a></h4>
+<p>CSS2 introduced four attribute selectors:</p>
+<dl>
+  <dt><code>[att]</code>
+  <dd>Represents an element with the <code>att</code> attribute, whatever the value of
+  the attribute.</dd>
+  <dt><code>[att=val]</code></dt>
+  <dd>Represents an element with the <code>att</code> attribute whose value is exactly
+  "val".</dd>
+  <dt><code>[att~=val]</code></dt>
+  <dd>Represents an element with the <code>att</code> attribute whose value is a <a
+  href="#whitespace">whitespace</a>-separated list of words, one of
+  which is exactly "val". If "val" contains whitespace, it will never
+  represent anything (since the words are <em>separated</em> by
+  spaces).</dd>
+  <dt><code>[att|=val]</code>
+  <dd>Represents an element with the <code>att</code> attribute, its value either
+  being exactly "val" or beginning with "val" immediately followed by
+  "-" (U+002D).  This is primarily intended to allow language subcode
+  matches (e.g., the <code>hreflang</code> attribute on the
+  <code>link</code> element in HTML) as described in RFC 3066 (<a
+  href="#refsRFC3066">[RFC3066]</a>).  For <code>lang</code> (or
+  <code>xml:lang</code>) language subcode matching, please see <a
+  href="#lang-pseudo">the <code>:lang</code> pseudo-class</a>.</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Attribute values must be identifiers or strings. The
+case-sensitivity of attribute names and values in selectors depends on
+the document language.</p>
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Examples:</p>
+  <p>The following attribute selector represents an <code>h1</code>
+  element that carries the <code>title</code> attribute, whatever its
+  value:</p>
+  <pre>h1[title]</pre>
+  <p>In the following example, the selector represents a
+  <code>span</code> element whose <code>class</code> attribute has
+  exactly the value "example":</p>
+  <pre>span[class="example"]</pre>
+  <p>Multiple attribute selectors can be used to represent several
+  attributes of an element, or several conditions on the same
+  attribute. Here, the selector represents a <code>span</code> element
+  whose <code>hello</code> attribute has exactly the value "Cleveland"
+  and whose <code>goodbye</code> attribute has exactly the value
+  "Columbus":</p>
+  <pre>span[hello="Cleveland"][goodbye="Columbus"]</pre>
+  <p>The following selectors illustrate the differences between "="
+  and "~=".  The first selector will represent, for example, the value
+  "copyright copyleft copyeditor" on a <code>rel</code> attribute. The
+  second selector will only represent an <code>a</code> element with
+  an <code>href</code> attribute having the exact value
+  "http://www.w3.org/".</p>
+  <pre>a[rel~="copyright"]
+a[href="http://www.w3.org/"]</pre>
+  <p>The following selector represents a <code>link</code> element
+  whose <code>hreflang</code> attribute is exactly "fr".</p>
+  <pre>link[hreflang=fr]</pre>
+  <p>The following selector represents a <code>link</code> element for
+  which the values of the <code>hreflang</code> attribute begins with
+  "en", including "en", "en-US", and "en-cockney":</p>
+  <pre>link[hreflang|="en"]</pre>
+  <p>Similarly, the following selectors represents a
+  <code>DIALOGUE</code> element whenever it has one of two different
+  values for an attribute <code>character</code>:</p>
+  <pre>DIALOGUE[character=romeo]
+DIALOGUE[character=juliet]</pre>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=attribute-substrings></a>6.3.2. Substring matching attribute
+selectors</h4>
+<p>Three additional attribute selectors are provided for matching
+substrings in the value of an attribute:</p>
+<dl>
+  <dt><code>[att^=val]</code></dt>
+  <dd>Represents an element with the <code>att</code> attribute whose value begins
+  with the prefix "val".</dd>
+  <dt><code>[att$=val]</code>
+  <dd>Represents an element with the <code>att</code> attribute whose value ends with
+  the suffix "val".</dd>
+  <dt><code>[att*=val]</code>
+  <dd>Represents an element with the <code>att</code> attribute whose value contains
+  at least one instance of the substring "val".</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Attribute values must be identifiers or strings. The
+case-sensitivity of attribute names in selectors depends on the
+document language.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Examples:</p>
+ <p>The following selector represents an HTML <code>object</code>, referencing an
+ image:</p>
+ <pre>object[type^="image/"]</pre>
+ <p>The following selector represents an HTML anchor <code>a</code> with an
+ <code>href</code> attribute whose value ends with ".html".</p>
+ <pre>a[href$=".html"]</pre>
+ <p>The following selector represents an HTML paragraph with a <code>title</code>
+ attribute whose value contains the substring "hello"</p>
+ <pre>p[title*="hello"]</pre>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=attrnmsp>6.3.3. Attribute selectors and namespaces</a></h4>
+<p>Attribute selectors allow an optional namespace component to the
+attribute name. A namespace prefix that has been previously declared
+may be prepended to the attribute name separated by the namespace
+separator &quot;vertical bar&quot; (<code>|</code>). In keeping with
+the Namespaces in the XML recommendation, default namespaces do not
+apply to attributes, therefore attribute selectors without a namespace
+component apply only to attributes that have no declared namespace
+(equivalent to "<code>|attr</code>"). An asterisk may be used for the
+namespace prefix indicating that the selector is to match all
+attribute names without regard to the attribute's namespace.
+<p>An attribute selector with an attribute name containing a namespace
+prefix that has not been previously declared is an <a
+href="#Conformance">invalid</a> selector.  The mechanism for declaring
+a namespace prefix is left up to the language implementing Selectors.
+In CSS, such a mechanism is defined in the General Syntax module.
+<div class="example">
+  <p>CSS examples:</p>
+  <pre>@namespace foo "http://www.example.com";
+[foo|att=val] { color: blue }
+[*|att] { color: yellow }
+[|att] { color: green }
+[att] { color: green }</pre>
+  <p>The first rule will match only elements with the attribute
+  <code>att</code> in the "http://www.example.com" namespace with the
+  value "val".</p>
+  <p>The second rule will match only elements with the attribute
+  <code>att</code> regardless of the namespace of the attribute
+  (including no declared namespace).</p>
+  <p>The last two rules are equivalent and will match only elements
+  with the attribute <code>att</code> where the attribute is not
+  declared to be in a namespace.</p>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=def-values>6.3.4. Default attribute values in DTDs</a></h4>
+<p>Attribute selectors represent explicitly set attribute values in
+the document tree. Default attribute values may be defined in a DTD or
+elsewhere, but cannot always be selected by attribute
+selectors. Selectors should be designed so that they work even if the
+default values are not included in the document tree.</p>
+<p>More precisely, a UA is <em>not</em> required to read an "external
+subset" of the DTD but <em>is</em> required to look for default
+attribute values in the document's "internal subset." (See <a
+href="#refsXML10">[XML10]</a> for definitions of these subsets.)</p>
+<p>A UA that recognizes an XML namespace <a
+href="#refsXMLNAMES">[XMLNAMES]</a> is not required to use its
+knowledge of that namespace to treat default attribute values as if
+they were present in the document. (For example, an XHTML UA is not
+required to use its built-in knowledge of the XHTML DTD.)</p>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> Typically, implementations
+choose to ignore external subsets.</p>
+<div class="example">
+<p>Example:</p>
+<p>Consider an element EXAMPLE with an attribute "notation" that has a
+default value of "decimal". The DTD fragment might be</p>
+<pre class="dtd-example">&lt;!ATTLIST EXAMPLE notation (decimal,octal) "decimal"></pre>
+<p>If the style sheet contains the rules</p>
+<pre>EXAMPLE[notation=decimal] { /*... default property settings ...*/ }
+EXAMPLE[notation=octal]   { /*... other settings...*/ }</pre>
+<p>the first rule will not match elements whose "notation" attribute
+is set by default, i.e. not set explicitly. To catch all cases, the
+attribute selector for the default value must be dropped:</p>
+<pre>EXAMPLE                   { /*... default property settings ...*/ }
+EXAMPLE[notation=octal]   { /*... other settings...*/ }</pre>
+<p>Here, because the selector <code>EXAMPLE[notation=octal]</code> is
+more specific than the tag
+selector alone, the style declarations in the second rule will override
+those in the first for elements that have a "notation" attribute value
+of "octal". Care has to be taken that all property declarations that
+are to apply only to the default case are overridden in the non-default
+cases' style rules.</p>
+</div>
+<h3><a name=class-html>6.4. Class selectors</a></h3>
+<p>Working with HTML, authors may use the period (U+002E,
+<code>.</code>) notation as an alternative to the <code>~=</code>
+notation when representing the <code>class</code> attribute. Thus, for
+HTML, <code>div.value</code> and <code>div[class~=value]</code> have
+the same meaning. The attribute value must immediately follow the
+&quot;period&quot; (<code>.</code>).</p>
+<p>UAs may apply selectors using the period (.) notation in XML
+documents if the UA has namespace-specific knowledge that allows it to
+determine which attribute is the &quot;class&quot; attribute for the
+respective namespace. One such example of namespace-specific knowledge
+is the prose in the specification for a particular namespace (e.g. SVG
+1.0 <a href="#refsSVG">[SVG]</a> describes the <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/PR-SVG-20010719/styling.html#ClassAttribute">SVG
+&quot;class&quot; attribute</a> and how a UA should interpret it, and
+similarly MathML 1.01 <a href="#refsMATH">[MATH]</a> describes the <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/1999/07/REC-MathML-19990707/chapter2.html#sec2.3.4">MathML
+&quot;class&quot; attribute</a>.)</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>CSS examples:</p>
+ <p>We can assign style information to all elements with
+ <code>class~="pastoral"</code> as follows:</p>
+  <pre>*.pastoral { color: green }  /* all elements with class~=pastoral */</pre>
+  <p>or just</p>
+  <pre>.pastoral { color: green }  /* all elements with class~=pastoral */</pre>
+  <p>The following assigns style only to H1 elements with
+  <code>class~="pastoral"</code>:</p>
+  <pre>H1.pastoral { color: green }  /* H1 elements with class~=pastoral */</pre>
+  <p>Given these rules, the first H1 instance below would not have
+  green text, while the second would:</p>
+  <pre>&lt;H1&gt;Not green&lt;/H1&gt;
+&lt;H1 class="pastoral"&gt;Very green&lt;/H1&gt;</pre>
+</div>
+<p>To represent a subset of "class" values, each value must be preceded
+by a ".", in any order.</P>
+<div class="example">
+  <p>CSS example:</p>
+  <p>The following rule matches any P element whose "class" attribute
+  has been assigned a list of <a
+  href="#whitespace">whitespace</a>-separated values that includes
+  "pastoral" and "marine":</p>
+  <pre>p.pastoral.marine { color: green }</pre>
+  <p>This rule matches when <code>class="pastoral blue aqua
+  marine"</code> but does not match for <code>class="pastoral
+  blue"</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> Because CSS gives considerable
+power to the "class" attribute, authors could conceivably design their
+own "document language" based on elements with almost no associated
+presentation (such as DIV and SPAN in HTML) and assigning style
+information through the "class" attribute.  Authors should avoid this
+practice since the structural elements of a document language often
+have recognized and accepted meanings and author-defined classes may
+not.</p>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> If an element has multiple
+class attributes, their values must be concatenated with spaces
+between the values before searching for the class. As of this time the
+working group is not aware of any manner in which this situation can
+be reached, however, so this behavior is explicitly non-normative in
+this specification.</p>
+<h3><a name=id-selectors>6.5. ID selectors</a></h3>
+<p>Document languages may contain attributes that are declared to be
+of type ID. What makes attributes of type ID special is that no two
+such attributes can have the same value in a document, regardless of
+the type of the elements that carry them; whatever the document
+language, an ID typed attribute can be used to uniquely identify its
+element. In HTML all ID attributes are named "id"; XML applications
+may name ID attributes differently, but the same restriction
+applies.</p>
+<p>An ID-typed attribute of a document language allows authors to
+assign an identifier to one element instance in the document tree. W3C
+ID selectors represent an element instance based on its identifier. An
+ID selector contains a &quot;number sign&quot; (U+0023,
+<code>#</code>) immediately followed by the ID value, which must be an
+identifier.</p>
+<p>Selectors does not specify how a UA knows the ID-typed attribute of
+an element. The UA may, e.g., read a document's DTD, have the
+information hard-coded or ask the user.
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Examples:</p>
+  <p>The following ID selector represents an <code>h1</code> element
+  whose ID-typed attribute has the value "chapter1":</p>
+  <pre>h1#chapter1</pre>
+  <p>The following ID selector represents any element whose ID-typed
+  attribute has the value "chapter1":</p>
+  <pre>#chapter1</pre>
+  <p>The following selector represents any element whose ID-typed
+  attribute has the value "z98y".</p>
+  <pre>*#z98y</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note.</strong> In XML 1.0 <a
+href="#refsXML10">[XML10]</a>, the information about which attribute
+contains an element's IDs is contained in a DTD or a schema. When
+parsing XML, UAs do not always read the DTD, and thus may not know
+what the ID of an element is (though a UA may have namespace-specific
+knowledge that allows it to determine which attribute is the ID
+attribute for that namespace). If a style sheet designer knows or
+suspects that a UA may not know what the ID of an element is, he
+should use normal attribute selectors instead:
+<code>[name=p371]</code> instead of <code>#p371</code>.  Elements in
+XML 1.0 documents without a DTD do not have IDs at all.</p>
+<p>If an element has multiple ID attributes, all of them must be
+treated as IDs for that element for the purposes of the ID
+selector. Such a situation could be reached using mixtures of xml:id,
+DOM3 Core, XML DTDs, and namespace-specific knowledge.</p>
+<h3><a name=pseudo-classes>6.6. Pseudo-classes</a></h3>
+<p>The pseudo-class concept is introduced to permit selection based on
+information that lies outside of the document tree or that cannot be
+expressed using the other simple selectors.</p>
+<p>A pseudo-class always consists of a &quot;colon&quot;
+(<code>:</code>) followed by the name of the pseudo-class and
+optionally by a value between parentheses.</p>
+<p>Pseudo-classes are allowed in all sequences of simple selectors
+contained in a selector. Pseudo-classes are allowed anywhere in
+sequences of simple selectors, after the leading type selector or
+universal selector (possibly omitted). Pseudo-class names are
+case-insensitive. Some pseudo-classes are mutually exclusive, while
+others can be applied simultaneously to the same
+element. Pseudo-classes may be dynamic, in the sense that an element
+may acquire or lose a pseudo-class while a user interacts with the
+document.</p>
+<h4><a name=dynamic-pseudos>6.6.1. Dynamic pseudo-classes</a></h4>
+<p>Dynamic pseudo-classes classify elements on characteristics other
+than their name, attributes, or content, in principle characteristics
+that cannot be deduced from the document tree.</p>
+<p>Dynamic pseudo-classes do not appear in the document source or
+document tree.</p>
+<h5>The <a name=link>link pseudo-classes: :link and :visited</a></h5>
+<p>User agents commonly display unvisited links differently from
+previously visited ones. Selectors
+provides the pseudo-classes <code>:link</code> and
+<code>:visited</code> to distinguish them:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>The <code>:link</code> pseudo-class applies to links that have
+  not yet been visited.</li>
+  <li>The <code>:visited</code> pseudo-class applies once the link has
+  been visited by the user. </li>
+</ul>
+<p>After some amount of time, user agents may choose to return a
+visited link to the (unvisited) ':link' state.</p>
+<p>The two states are mutually exclusive.</p>
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Example:</p>
+  <p>The following selector represents links carrying class
+  <code>external</code> and already visited:</p>
+  <pre>a.external:visited</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> It is possible for style sheet
+authors to abuse the :link and :visited pseudo-classes to determine
+which sites a user has visited without the user's consent.
+<p>UAs may therefore treat all links as unvisited links, or implement
+other measures to preserve the user's privacy while rendering visited
+and unvisited links differently.</p>
+<h5>The <a name=useraction-pseudos>user action pseudo-classes
+:hover, :active, and :focus</a></h5>
+<p>Interactive user agents sometimes change the rendering in response
+to user actions. Selectors provides
+three pseudo-classes for the selection of an element the user is
+acting on.</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>The <code>:hover</code> pseudo-class applies while the user
+  designates an element with a pointing device, but does not activate
+  it. For example, a visual user agent could apply this pseudo-class
+  when the cursor (mouse pointer) hovers over a box generated by the
+  element. User agents not that do not support <a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/media.html#interactive-media-group">interactive
+  media</a> do not have to support this pseudo-class. Some conforming
+  user agents that support <a
+  href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/media.html#interactive-media-group">interactive
+  media</a> may not be able to support this pseudo-class (e.g., a pen
+  device that does not detect hovering).</li>
+  <li>The <code>:active</code> pseudo-class applies while an element
+  is being activated by the user. For example, between the times the
+  user presses the mouse button and releases it.</li>
+  <li>The <code>:focus</code> pseudo-class applies while an element
+  has the focus (accepts keyboard or mouse events, or other forms of
+  input). </li>
+</ul>
+<p>There may be document language or implementation specific limits on
+which elements can become <code>:active</code> or acquire
+<code>:focus</code>.</p>
+<p>These pseudo-classes are not mutually exclusive. An element may
+match several pseudo-classes at the same time.</p>
+<p>Selectors doesn't define if the parent of an element that is
+':active' or ':hover' is also in that state.</p>
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Examples:</p>
+  <pre>a:link    /* unvisited links */
+a:visited /* visited links */
+a:hover   /* user hovers */
+a:active  /* active links */</pre>
+  <p>An example of combining dynamic pseudo-classes:</p>
+  <pre>a:focus
+a:focus:hover</pre>
+  <p>The last selector matches <code>a</code> elements that are in
+  the pseudo-class :focus and in the pseudo-class :hover.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> An element can be both ':visited'
+and ':active' (or ':link' and ':active').</p>
+<h4><a name=target-pseudo>6.6.2. The target pseudo-class :target</a></h4>
+<p>Some URIs refer to a location within a resource. This kind of URI
+ends with a &quot;number sign&quot; (#) followed by an anchor
+identifier (called the fragment identifier).</p>
+<p>URIs with fragment identifiers link to a certain element within the
+document, known as the target element. For instance, here is a URI
+pointing to an anchor named <code>section_2</code> in an HTML
+document:</p>
+<pre>http://example.com/html/top.html#section_2</pre>
+<p>A target element can be represented by the <code>:target</code>
+pseudo-class. If the document's URI has no fragment identifier, then
+the document has no target element.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Example:</p>
+ <pre>p.note:target</pre>
+ <p>This selector represents a <code>p</code> element of class
+ <code>note</code> that is the target element of the referring
+ URI.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>CSS example:</p>
+ <p>Here, the <code>:target</code> pseudo-class is used to make the
+ target element red and place an image before it, if there is one:</p>
+ <pre>*:target { color : red }
+*:target::before { content : url(target.png) }</pre>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=lang-pseudo>6.6.3. The language pseudo-class :lang</a></h4>
+<p>If the document language specifies how the human language of an
+element is determined, it is possible to write selectors that
+represent an element based on its language. For example, in HTML <a
+href="#refsHTML4">[HTML4]</a>, the language is determined by a
+combination of the <code>lang</code> attribute, the <code>meta</code>
+element, and possibly by information from the protocol (such as HTTP
+headers). XML uses an attribute called <code>xml:lang</code>, and
+there may be other document language-specific methods for determining
+the language.</p>
+<p>The pseudo-class <code>:lang(C)</code> represents an element that
+is in language C. Whether an element is represented by a
+<code>:lang()</code> selector is based solely on the identifier C
+being either equal to, or a hyphen-separated substring of, the
+element's language value, in the same way as if performed by the <a
+href="#attribute-representation">'|='</a> operator in attribute
+selectors. The identifier C does not have to be a valid language
+name.</p>
+<p>C must not be empty. (If it is, the selector is invalid.)</p>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> It is recommended that
+documents and protocols indicate language using codes from RFC 3066 <a
+href="#refsRFC3066">[RFC3066]</a> or its successor, and by means of
+"xml:lang" attributes in the case of XML-based documents <a
+href="#refsXML10">[XML10]</a>. See <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-2or3.html">
+"FAQ: Two-letter or three-letter language codes."</a></p>
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Examples:</p>
+  <p>The two following selectors represent an HTML document that is in
+  Belgian, French, or German. The two next selectors represent
+  <code>q</code> quotations in an arbitrary element in Belgian, French,
+  or German.</p>
+  <pre>html:lang(fr-be)
+html:lang(de)
+:lang(fr-be) &gt; q
+:lang(de) &gt; q</pre>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=UIstates>6.6.4. The UI element states pseudo-classes</a></h4>
+<h5><a name=enableddisabled>The :enabled and :disabled pseudo-classes</a></h5>
+<p>The <code>:enabled</code> pseudo-class allows authors to customize
+the look of user interface elements that are enabled &mdash; which the
+user can select or activate in some fashion (e.g. clicking on a button
+with a mouse).  There is a need for such a pseudo-class because there
+is no way to programmatically specify the default appearance of say,
+an enabled <code>input</code> element without also specifying what it
+would look like when it was disabled.</p>
+<p>Similar to <code>:enabled</code>, <code>:disabled</code> allows the
+author to specify precisely how a disabled or inactive user interface
+element should look.</p>
+<p>Most elements will be neither enabled nor disabled.  An element is
+enabled if the user can either activate it or transfer the focus to
+it. An element is disabled if it could be enabled, but the user cannot
+presently activate it or transfer focus to it.</p>
+<h5><a name=checked>The :checked pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>Radio and checkbox elements can be toggled by the user. Some menu
+items are "checked" when the user selects them. When such elements are
+toggled "on" the <code>:checked</code> pseudo-class applies. The
+<code>:checked</code> pseudo-class initially applies to such elements
+that have the HTML4 <code>selected</code> and <code>checked</code>
+attributes as described in <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#h-17.2.1">Section
+17.2.1 of HTML4</a>, but of course the user can toggle "off" such
+elements in which case the <code>:checked</code> pseudo-class would no
+longer apply. While the <code>:checked</code> pseudo-class is dynamic
+in nature, and is altered by user action, since it can also be based
+on the presence of the semantic HTML4 <code>selected</code> and
+<code>checked</code> attributes, it applies to all media.
+<h5><a name=indeterminate>The :indeterminate pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<div class="note">
+<p>Radio and checkbox elements can be toggled by the user, but are
+sometimes in an indeterminate state, neither checked nor unchecked.
+This can be due to an element attribute, or DOM manipulation.</p>
+<p>A future version of this specification may introduce an
+<code>:indeterminate</code> pseudo-class that applies to such elements.
+<!--While the <code>:indeterminate</code> pseudo-class is dynamic in
+nature, and is altered by user action, since it can also be based on
+the presence of an element attribute, it applies to all media.</p>
+<p>Components of a radio-group initialized with no pre-selected choice
+are an example of :indeterminate state.--></p>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=structural-pseudos>6.6.5. Structural pseudo-classes</a></h4>
+<p>Selectors introduces the concept of <dfn>structural
+pseudo-classes</dfn> to permit selection based on extra information that lies in
+the document tree but cannot be represented by other simple selectors or
+combinators.
+<p>Note that standalone pieces of PCDATA (text nodes in the DOM) are
+not counted when calculating the position of an element in the list of
+children of its parent. When calculating the position of an element in
+the list of children of its parent, the index numbering starts at 1.
+<h5><a name=root-pseudo>:root pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>The <code>:root</code> pseudo-class represents an element that is
+the root of the document. In HTML 4, this is always the
+<code>HTML</code> element.
+<h5><a name=nth-child-pseudo>:nth-child() pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>The
+<code>:nth-child(<var>a</var><code>n</code>+<var>b</var>)</code>
+pseudo-class notation represents an element that has
+<var>a</var><code>n</code>+<var>b</var>-1 siblings
+<strong>before</strong> it in the document tree, for a given positive
+integer or zero value of <code>n</code>, and has a parent element. In
+other words, this matches the <var>b</var>th child of an element after
+all the children have been split into groups of <var>a</var> elements
+each. For example, this allows the selectors to address every other
+row in a table, and could be used to alternate the color
+of paragraph text in a cycle of four. The <var>a</var> and
+<var>b</var> values must be zero, negative integers or positive
+integers. The index of the first child of an element is 1.
+<p>In addition to this, <code>:nth-child()</code> can take
+'<code>odd</code>' and '<code>even</code>' as arguments instead.
+'<code>odd</code>' has the same signification as <code>2n+1</code>,
+and '<code>even</code>' has the same signification as <code>2n</code>.
+<div class="example">
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<pre>tr:nth-child(2n+1) /* represents every odd row of an HTML table */
+tr:nth-child(odd)  /* same */
+tr:nth-child(2n)   /* represents every even row of an HTML table */
+tr:nth-child(even) /* same */
+/* Alternate paragraph colours in CSS */
+p:nth-child(4n+1) { color: navy; }
+p:nth-child(4n+2) { color: green; }
+p:nth-child(4n+3) { color: maroon; }
+p:nth-child(4n+4) { color: purple; }</pre>
+</div>
+<p>When <var>a</var>=0, no repeating is used, so for example
+<code>:nth-child(0n+5)</code> matches only the fifth child. When
+<var>a</var>=0, the <var>a</var><code>n</code> part need not be
+included, so the syntax simplifies to
+<code>:nth-child(<var>b</var>)</code> and the last example simplifies
+to <code>:nth-child(5)</code>.
+<div class="example">
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<pre>foo:nth-child(0n+1)   /* represents an element foo, first child of its parent element */
+foo:nth-child(1)      /* same */</pre>
+</div>
+<p>When <var>a</var>=1, the number may be omitted from the rule.
+<div class="example">
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<p>The following selectors are therefore equivalent:</p>
+<pre>bar:nth-child(1n+0)   /* represents all bar elements, specificity (0,1,1) */
+bar:nth-child(n+0)    /* same */
+bar:nth-child(n)      /* same */
+bar                   /* same but lower specificity (0,0,1) */</pre>
+</div>
+<p>If <var>b</var>=0, then every <var>a</var>th element is picked. In
+such a case, the <var>b</var> part may be omitted.
+<div class="example">
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<pre>tr:nth-child(2n+0) /* represents every even row of an HTML table */
+tr:nth-child(2n) /* same */</pre>
+</div>
+<p>If both <var>a</var> and <var>b</var> are equal to zero, the
+pseudo-class represents no element in the document tree.</p>
+<p>The value <var>a</var> can be negative, but only the positive
+values of <var>a</var><code>n</code>+<var>b</var>, for
+<code>n</code>&ge;0, may represent an element in the document
+tree.</p>
+<div class="example">
+<p>Example:</p>
+<pre>html|tr:nth-child(-n+6)  /* represents the 6 first rows of XHTML tables */</pre>
+</div>
+<p>When the value <var>b</var> is negative, the "+" character in the
+expression must be removed (it is effectively replaced by the "-"
+character indicating the negative value of <var>b</var>).</p>
+<div class="example">
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<pre>:nth-child(10n-1)  /* represents the 9th, 19th, 29th, etc, element */
+:nth-child(10n+9)  /* Same */
+:nth-child(10n+-1) /* Syntactically invalid, and would be ignored */</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=nth-last-child-pseudo>:nth-last-child() pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>The <code>:nth-last-child(<var>a</var>n+<var>b</var>)</code>
+pseudo-class notation represents an element that has
+<var>a</var><code>n</code>+<var>b</var>-1 siblings
+<strong>after</strong> it in the document tree, for a given positive
+integer or zero value of <code>n</code>, and has a parent element. See
+<code>:nth-child()</code> pseudo-class for the syntax of its argument.
+It also accepts the '<code>even</code>' and '<code>odd</code>' values
+as arguments.
+<div class="example">
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<pre>tr:nth-last-child(-n+2)    /* represents the two last rows of an HTML table */
+foo:nth-last-child(odd)    /* represents all odd foo elements in their parent element,
+                              counting from the last one */</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=nth-of-type-pseudo>:nth-of-type() pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>The <code>:nth-of-type(<var>a</var>n+<var>b</var>)</code>
+pseudo-class notation represents an element that has
+<var>a</var><code>n</code>+<var>b</var>-1 siblings with the same
+element name <strong>before</strong> it in the document tree, for a
+given zero or positive integer value of <code>n</code>, and has a
+parent element. In other words, this matches the <var>b</var>th child
+of that type after all the children of that type have been split into
+groups of a elements each. See <code>:nth-child()</code> pseudo-class
+for the syntax of its argument. It also accepts the
+'<code>even</code>' and '<code>odd</code>' values.
+<div class="example">
+<p>CSS example:</p>
+<p>This allows an author to alternate the position of floated images:</p>
+<pre>img:nth-of-type(2n+1) { float: right; }
+img:nth-of-type(2n) { float: left; }</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=nth-last-of-type-pseudo>:nth-last-of-type() pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>The <code>:nth-last-of-type(<var>a</var>n+<var>b</var>)</code>
+pseudo-class notation represents an element that has
+<var>a</var><code>n</code>+<var>b</var>-1 siblings with the same
+element name <strong>after</strong> it in the document tree, for a
+given zero or positive integer value of <code>n</code>, and has a
+parent element. See <code>:nth-child()</code> pseudo-class for the
+syntax of its argument. It also accepts the '<code>even</code>' and '<code>odd</code>' values.
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Example:</p>
+ <p>To represent all <code>h2</code> children of an XHTML
+ <code>body</code> except the first and last, one could use the
+ following selector:</p>
+ <pre>body &gt; h2:nth-of-type(n+2):nth-last-of-type(n+2)</pre>
+ <p>In this case, one could also use <code>:not()</code>, although the
+ selector ends up being just as long:</p>
+ <pre>body &gt; h2:not(:first-of-type):not(:last-of-type)</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=first-child-pseudo>:first-child pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>Same as <code>:nth-child(1)</code>. The <code>:first-child</code> pseudo-class
+represents an element that is the first child of some other element.
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Examples:</p>
+  <p>The following selector represents a <code>p</code> element that is
+  the first child of a <code>div</code> element:</p>
+  <pre>div &gt; p:first-child</pre>
+  <p>This selector can represent the <code>p</code> inside the
+  <code>div</code> of the following fragment:</p>
+  <pre>&lt;p&gt; The last P before the note.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div class="note"&gt;
+   &lt;p&gt; The first P inside the note.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;</pre>but cannot represent the second <code>p</code> in the following
+fragment:
+  <pre>&lt;p&gt; The last P before the note.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div class="note"&gt;
+   &lt;h2&gt; Note &lt;/h2&gt;
+   &lt;p&gt; The first P inside the note.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;</pre>
+  <p>The following two selectors are usually equivalent:</p>
+  <pre>* &gt; a:first-child /* a is first child of any element */
+a:first-child /* Same (assuming a is not the root element) */</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=last-child-pseudo>:last-child pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>Same as <code>:nth-last-child(1)</code>. The <code>:last-child</code> pseudo-class
+represents an element that is the last child of some other element.
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Example:</p>
+ <p>The following selector represents a list item <code>li</code> that
+ is the last child of an ordered list <code>ol</code>.
+ <pre>ol &gt; li:last-child</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=first-of-type-pseudo>:first-of-type pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>Same as <code>:nth-of-type(1)</code>. The <code>:first-of-type</code> pseudo-class
+represents an element that is the first sibling of its type in the list of
+children of its parent element.
+<div class="example">
+<p>Example:</p>
+<p>The following selector represents a definition title
+<code>dt</code> inside a definition list <code>dl</code>, this
+<code>dt</code> being the first of its type in the list of children of
+its parent element.</p>
+<pre>dl dt:first-of-type</pre>
+<p>It is a valid description for the first two <code>dt</code>
+elements in the following example but not for the third one:</p>
+<pre>&lt;dl&gt;
+ &lt;dt&gt;gigogne&lt;/dt&gt;
+ &lt;dd&gt;
+  &lt;dl&gt;
+   &lt;dt&gt;fus&eacute;e&lt;/dt&gt;
+   &lt;dd&gt;multistage rocket&lt;/dd&gt;
+   &lt;dt&gt;table&lt;/dt&gt;
+   &lt;dd&gt;nest of tables&lt;/dd&gt;
+  &lt;/dl&gt;
+ &lt;/dd&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=last-of-type-pseudo>:last-of-type pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>Same as <code>:nth-last-of-type(1)</code>. The
+<code>:last-of-type</code> pseudo-class represents an element that is
+the last sibling of its type in the list of children of its parent
+element.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Example:</p>
+ <p>The following selector represents the last data cell
+ <code>td</code> of a table row.</p>
+ <pre>tr &gt; td:last-of-type</pre>
+</div>
+<h5><a name=only-child-pseudo>:only-child pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>Represents an element that has a parent element and whose parent
+element has no other element children. Same as
+<code>:first-child:last-child</code> or
+<code>:nth-child(1):nth-last-child(1)</code>, but with a lower
+specificity.</p>
+<h5><a name=only-of-type-pseudo>:only-of-type pseudo-class</a></h5>
+<p>Represents an element that has a parent element and whose parent
+element has no other element children with the same element name. Same
+as <code>:first-of-type:last-of-type</code> or
+<code>:nth-of-type(1):nth-last-of-type(1)</code>, but with a lower
+specificity.</p>
+<h5><a name=empty-pseudo></a>:empty pseudo-class</h5>
+<p>The <code>:empty</code> pseudo-class represents an element that has
+no children at all. In terms of the DOM, only element nodes and text
+nodes (including CDATA nodes and entity references) whose data has a
+non-zero length must be considered as affecting emptiness; comments,
+PIs, and other nodes must not affect whether an element is considered
+empty or not.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Examples:</p>
+ <p><code>p:empty</code> is a valid representation of the following fragment:</p>
+ <pre>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</pre>
+ <p><code>foo:empty</code> is not a valid representation for the
+ following fragments:</p>
+ <pre>&lt;foo&gt;bar&lt;/foo&gt;</pre>
+ <pre>&lt;foo&gt;&lt;bar&gt;bla&lt;/bar&gt;&lt;/foo&gt;</pre>
+ <pre>&lt;foo&gt;this is not &lt;bar&gt;:empty&lt;/bar&gt;&lt;/foo&gt;</pre>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=content-selectors>6.6.6. Blank</a></h4> <!-- It's the Return of Appendix H!!! Run away! -->
+<p>This section intentionally left blank.</p>
+<!-- (used to be :contains()) -->
+<h4><a name=negation></a>6.6.7. The negation pseudo-class</h4>
+<p>The negation pseudo-class, <code>:not(<var>X</var>)</code>, is a
+functional notation taking a <a href="#simple-selectors-dfn">simple
+selector</a> (excluding the negation pseudo-class itself and
+pseudo-elements) as an argument. It represents an element that is not
+represented by the argument.
+<!-- pseudo-elements are not simple selectors, so the above paragraph
+may be a bit confusing -->
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Examples:</p>
+  <p>The following CSS selector matches all <code>button</code>
+  elements in an HTML document that are not disabled.</p>
+  <pre>button:not([DISABLED])</pre>
+  <p>The following selector represents all but <code>FOO</code>
+  elements.</p>
+  <pre>*:not(FOO)</pre>
+  <p>The following group of selectors represents all HTML elements
+  except links.</p>
+  <pre>html|*:not(:link):not(:visited)</pre>
+</div>
+<p>Default namespace declarations do not affect the argument of the
+negation pseudo-class unless the argument is a universal selector or a
+type selector.</p>
+<div class="example">
+  <p>Examples:</p>
+  <p>Assuming that the default namespace is bound to
+  "http://example.com/", the following selector represents all
+  elements that are not in that namespace:</p>
+  <pre>*|*:not(*)</pre>
+  <p>The following CSS selector matches any element being hovered,
+  regardless of its namespace. In particular, it is not limited to
+  only matching elements in the default namespace that are not being
+  hovered, and elements not in the default namespace don't match the
+  rule when they <em>are</em> being hovered.</p>
+  <pre>*|*:not(:hover)</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note</strong>: the :not() pseudo allows
+useless selectors to be written.  For instance <code>:not(*|*)</code>,
+which represents no element at all, or <code>foo:not(bar)</code>,
+which is equivalent to <code>foo</code> but with a higher
+specificity.</p>
+<h3><a name=pseudo-elements>7. Pseudo-elements</a></h3>
+<p>Pseudo-elements create abstractions about the document tree beyond
+those specified by the document language. For instance, document
+languages do not offer mechanisms to access the first letter or first
+line of an element's content. Pseudo-elements allow designers to refer
+to this otherwise inaccessible information. Pseudo-elements may also
+provide designers a way to refer to content that does not exist in the
+source document (e.g., the <code>::before</code> and
+<code>::after</code> pseudo-elements give access to generated
+content).</p>
+<p>A pseudo-element is made of two colons (<code>::</code>) followed
+by the name of the pseudo-element.</p>
+<p>This <code>::</code> notation is introduced by the current document
+in order to establish a discrimination between pseudo-classes and
+pseudo-elements.  For compatibility with existing style sheets, user
+agents must also accept the previous one-colon notation for
+pseudo-elements introduced in CSS levels 1 and 2 (namely,
+<code>:first-line</code>, <code>:first-letter</code>,
+<code>:before</code> and <code>:after</code>). This compatibility is
+not allowed for the new pseudo-elements introduced in CSS level 3.</p>
+<p>Only one pseudo-element may appear per selector, and if present it
+must appear after the sequence of simple selectors that represents the
+<a href="#subject">subjects</a> of the selector. <span class="note">A
+future version of this specification may allow multiple
+pesudo-elements per selector.</span></p>
+<h4><a name=first-line>7.1. The ::first-line pseudo-element</a></h4>
+<p>The <code>::first-line</code> pseudo-element describes the contents
+of the first formatted line of an element.
+<div class="example">
+<p>CSS example:</p>
+<pre>p::first-line { text-transform: uppercase }</pre>
+<p>The above rule means "change the letters of the first line of every
+paragraph to uppercase".</p>
+</div>
+<p>The selector <code>p::first-line</code> does not match any real
+HTML element. It does match a pseudo-element that conforming user
+agents will insert at the beginning of every paragraph.</p>
+<p>Note that the length of the first line depends on a number of
+factors, including the width of the page, the font size, etc.  Thus,
+an ordinary HTML paragraph such as:</p>
+<pre>
+&lt;P&gt;This is a somewhat long HTML
+paragraph that will be broken into several
+lines. The first line will be identified
+by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines
+will be treated as ordinary lines in the
+paragraph.&lt;/P&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>the lines of which happen to be broken as follows:
+<pre>
+THIS IS A SOMEWHAT LONG HTML PARAGRAPH THAT
+will be broken into several lines. The first
+line will be identified by a fictional tag
+sequence. The other lines will be treated as
+ordinary lines in the paragraph.
+</pre>
+<p>This paragraph might be "rewritten" by user agents to include the
+<em>fictional tag sequence</em> for <code>::first-line</code>. This
+fictional tag sequence helps to show how properties are inherited.</p>
+<pre>
+&lt;P&gt;<b>&lt;P::first-line&gt;</b> This is a somewhat long HTML
+paragraph that <b>&lt;/P::first-line&gt;</b> will be broken into several
+lines. The first line will be identified
+by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines
+will be treated as ordinary lines in the
+paragraph.&lt;/P&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>If a pseudo-element breaks up a real element, the desired effect
+can often be described by a fictional tag sequence that closes and
+then re-opens the element. Thus, if we mark up the previous paragraph
+with a <code>span</code> element:</p>
+<pre>
+&lt;P&gt;<b>&lt;SPAN class="test"&gt;</b> This is a somewhat long HTML
+paragraph that will be broken into several
+lines.<b>&lt;/SPAN&gt;</b> The first line will be identified
+by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines
+will be treated as ordinary lines in the
+paragraph.&lt;/P&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>the user agent could simulate start and end tags for
+<code>span</code> when inserting the fictional tag sequence for
+<code>::first-line</code>.
+<pre>
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;P::first-line&gt;<b>&lt;SPAN class="test"&gt;</b> This is a
+somewhat long HTML
+paragraph that will <b>&lt;/SPAN&gt;</b>&lt;/P::first-line&gt;<b>&lt;SPAN class="test"&gt;</b> be
+broken into several
+lines.<b>&lt;/SPAN&gt;</b> The first line will be identified
+by a fictional tag sequence. The other lines
+will be treated as ordinary lines in the
+paragraph.&lt;/P&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>In CSS, the <code>::first-line</code> pseudo-element can only be
+attached to a block-level element, an inline-block, a table-caption,
+or a table-cell.</p>
+<p><a name="first-formatted-line"></a>The "first formatted line" of an
+element may occur inside a
+block-level descendant in the same flow (i.e., a block-level
+descendant that is not positioned and not a float). E.g., the first
+line of the <code>div</code> in <code>&lt;DIV>&lt;P>This
+line...&lt;/P>&lt/DIV></code> is the first line of the <code>p</code> (assuming
+that both <code>p</code> and <code>div</code> are block-level).
+<p>The first line of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the first
+formatted line of an ancestor element. Thus, in <code>&lt;DIV&gt;&lt;P
+STYLE="display: inline-block">Hello&lt;BR&gt;Goodbye&lt;/P&gt;
+etcetera&lt;/DIV&gt;</code> the first formatted line of the
+<code>div</code> is not the line "Hello".
+<p class="note">Note that the first line of the <code>p</code> in this
+fragment: <code>&lt;p&gt&lt;br&gt;First...</code> doesn't contain any
+letters (assuming the default style for <code>br</code> in HTML
+4). The word "First" is not on the first formatted line.
+<p>A UA should act as if the fictional start tags of the
+<code>::first-line</code> pseudo-elements were nested just inside the
+innermost enclosing block-level element. (Since CSS1 and CSS2 were
+silent on this case, authors should not rely on this behavior.) Here
+is an example. The fictional tag sequence for</p>
+<pre>
+&lt;DIV>
+  &lt;P>First paragraph&lt;/P>
+  &lt;P>Second paragraph&lt;/P>
+&lt;/DIV>
+</pre>
+<p>is</p>
+<pre>
+&lt;DIV>
+  &lt;P>&lt;DIV::first-line>&lt;P::first-line>First paragraph&lt;/P::first-line>&lt;/DIV::first-line>&lt;/P>
+  &lt;P>&lt;P::first-line>Second paragraph&lt;/P::first-line>&lt;/P>
+&lt;/DIV>
+</pre>
+<p>The <code>::first-line</code> pseudo-element is similar to an
+inline-level element, but with certain restrictions. In CSS, the
+following properties apply to a <code>::first-line</code>
+pseudo-element: font properties, color property, background
+properties, 'word-spacing', 'letter-spacing', 'text-decoration',
+'vertical-align', 'text-transform', 'line-height'. UAs may apply other
+properties as well.</p>
+<h4><a name=first-letter>7.2. The ::first-letter pseudo-element</a></h4>
+<p>The <code>::first-letter</code> pseudo-element represents the first
+letter of the first line of a block, if it is not preceded by any
+other content (such as images or inline tables) on its line. The
+::first-letter pseudo-element may be used for "initial caps" and "drop
+caps", which are common typographical effects. This type of initial
+letter is similar to an inline-level element if its 'float' property
+is 'none'; otherwise, it is similar to a floated element.</p>
+<p>In CSS, these are the properties that apply to <code>::first-letter</code>
+pseudo-elements: font properties, 'text-decoration', 'text-transform',
+'letter-spacing', 'word-spacing' (when appropriate), 'line-height',
+'float', 'vertical-align' (only if 'float' is 'none'), margin
+properties, padding properties, border properties, color property,
+background properties.  UAs may apply other properties as well.  To
+allow UAs to render a typographically correct drop cap or initial cap,
+the UA may choose a line-height, width and height based on the shape
+of the letter, unlike for normal elements.</p>
+<div class="example">
+<p>Example:</p>
+<p>This example shows a possible rendering of an initial cap. Note
+that the 'line-height' that is inherited by the <code>::first-letter</code>
+pseudo-element is 1.1, but the UA in this example has computed the
+height of the first letter differently, so that it doesn't cause any
+unnecessary space between the first two lines. Also note that the
+fictional start tag of the first letter is inside the <span>span</span>, and thus
+the font weight of the first letter is normal, not bold as the <span>span</span>:
+<pre>
+p { line-height: 1.1 }
+p::first-letter { font-size: 3em; font-weight: normal }
+span { font-weight: bold }
+...
+&lt;p>&lt;span>Het hemelsche&lt;/span> gerecht heeft zich ten lange lesten&lt;br>
+Erbarremt over my en mijn benaeuwde vesten&lt;br>
+En arme burgery, en op mijn volcx gebed&lt;br>
+En dagelix geschrey de bange stad ontzet.
+</pre>
+<div class="figure">
+<p><img src="initial-cap.png" alt="Image illustrating the ::first-letter pseudo-element">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="example">
+<p>The following CSS will make a drop cap initial letter span about two lines:</p>
+<pre>
+&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"&gt;
+&lt;HTML&gt;
+ &lt;HEAD&gt;
+  &lt;TITLE&gt;Drop cap initial letter&lt;/TITLE&gt;
+  &lt;STYLE type="text/css"&gt;
+   P               { font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.2 }
+   P::first-letter { font-size: 200%; font-weight: bold; float: left }
+   SPAN            { text-transform: uppercase }
+  &lt;/STYLE&gt;
+ &lt;/HEAD&gt;
+ &lt;BODY&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;SPAN&gt;The first&lt;/SPAN&gt; few words of an article
+    in The Economist.&lt;/P&gt;
+ &lt;/BODY&gt;
+&lt;/HTML&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>This example might be formatted as follows:</p>
+<div class="figure">
+<P><img src="first-letter.gif" alt="Image illustrating the combined effect of the ::first-letter and ::first-line pseudo-elements"></p>
+</div>
+<p>The <span class="index-inst" title="fictional tag
+sequence">fictional tag sequence</span> is:</p>
+<pre>
+&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;SPAN&gt;
+&lt;P::first-letter&gt;
+T
+&lt;/P::first-letter&gt;he first
+&lt;/SPAN&gt;
+few words of an article in the Economist.
+&lt;/P&gt;
+</pre>
+<p>Note that the <code>::first-letter</code> pseudo-element tags abut
+the content (i.e., the initial character), while the ::first-line
+pseudo-element start tag is inserted right after the start tag of the
+block element.</p> </div>
+<p>In order to achieve traditional drop caps formatting, user agents
+may approximate font sizes, for example to align baselines. Also, the
+glyph outline may be taken into account when formatting.</p>
+<p>Punctuation (i.e, characters defined in Unicode in the "open" (Ps),
+"close" (Pe), "initial" (Pi). "final" (Pf) and "other" (Po)
+punctuation classes), that precedes or follows the first letter should
+be included. <a href="#refsUNICODE">[UNICODE]</a></p>
+<div class="figure">
+<P><img src="first-letter2.gif" alt="Quotes that precede the
+first letter should be included."></p>
+</div>
+<p>The <code>::first-letter</code> also applies if the first letter is
+in fact a digit, e.g., the "6" in "67 million dollars is a lot of
+money."</p>
+<p>In CSS, the <code>::first-letter</code> pseudo-element applies to
+block, list-item, table-cell, table-caption, and inline-block
+elements. <span class="note">A future version of this specification
+may allow this pesudo-element to apply to more element
+types.</span></p>
+<p>The <code>::first-letter</code> pseudo-element can be used with all
+such elements that contain text, or that have a descendant in the same
+flow that contains text. A UA should act as if the fictional start tag
+of the ::first-letter pseudo-element is just before the first text of
+the element, even if that first text is in a descendant.</p>
+<div class="example">
+<p>Example:</p>
+<p>The fictional tag sequence for this HTMLfragment:
+<pre>&lt;div>
+&lt;p>The first text.</pre>
+<p>is:
+<pre>&lt;div>
+&lt;p>&lt;div::first-letter>&lt;p::first-letter>T&lt;/...>&lt;/...>he first text.</pre>
+</div>
+<p>The first letter of a table-cell or inline-block cannot be the
+first letter of an ancestor element. Thus, in <code>&lt;DIV&gt;&lt;P
+STYLE="display: inline-block">Hello&lt;BR&gt;Goodbye&lt;/P&gt;
+etcetera&lt;/DIV&gt;</code> the first letter of the <code>div</code> is not the
+letter "H". In fact, the <code>div</code> doesn't have a first letter.
+<p>The first letter must occur on the <a
+href="#first-formatted-line">first formatted line.</a> For example, in
+this fragment: <code>&lt;p&gt&lt;br&gt;First...</code> the first line
+doesn't contain any letters and <code>::first-letter</code> doesn't
+match anything (assuming the default style for <code>br</code> in HTML
+4). In particular, it does not match the "F" of "First."
+<p>In CSS, if an element is a list item ('display: list-item'), the
+<code>::first-letter</code> applies to the first letter in the
+principal box after the marker. UAs may ignore
+<code>::first-letter</code> on list items with 'list-style-position:
+inside'. If an element has <code>::before</code> or
+<code>::after</code> content, the <code>::first-letter</code> applies
+to the first letter of the element <em>including</em> that content.
+<div class="example">
+<p>Example:</p>
+<p>After the rule 'p::before {content: "Note: "}', the selector
+'p::first-letter' matches the "N" of "Note".</p>
+</div>
+<p>Some languages may have specific rules about how to treat certain
+letter combinations. In Dutch, for example, if the letter combination
+"ij" appears at the beginning of a word, both letters should be
+considered within the <code>::first-letter</code> pseudo-element.
+<p>If the letters that would form the ::first-letter are not in the
+same element, such as "'T" in <code>&lt;p>'&lt;em>T...</code>, the UA
+may create a ::first-letter pseudo-element from one of the elements,
+both elements, or simply not create a pseudo-element.</p>
+<p>Similarly, if the first letter(s) of the block are not at the start
+of the line (for example due to bidirectional reordering), then the UA
+need not create the pseudo-element(s).
+<div class="example">
+<p>Example:</p>
+<p><a name="overlapping-example">The following example</a> illustrates
+how overlapping pseudo-elements may interact.  The first letter of
+each P element will be green with a font size of '24pt'. The rest of
+the first formatted line will be 'blue' while the rest of the
+paragraph will be 'red'.</p>
+<pre>p { color: red; font-size: 12pt }
+p::first-letter { color: green; font-size: 200% }
+p::first-line { color: blue }
+&lt;P&gt;Some text that ends up on two lines&lt;/P&gt;</pre>
+<p>Assuming that a line break will occur before the word "ends", the
+<span class="index-inst" title="fictional tag sequence">fictional tag
+sequence</span> for this fragment might be:</p>
+<pre>&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;P::first-line&gt;
+&lt;P::first-letter&gt;
+S
+&lt;/P::first-letter&gt;ome text that
+&lt;/P::first-line&gt;
+ends up on two lines
+&lt;/P&gt;</pre>
+<p>Note that the <code>::first-letter</code> element is inside the <code>::first-line</code>
+element.  Properties set on <code>::first-line</code> are inherited by
+<code>::first-letter</code>, but are overridden if the same property is set on
+<code>::first-letter</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=UIfragments>7.3.</a> <a name=selection>The ::selection pseudo-element</a></h4>
+<p>The <code>::selection</code> pseudo-element applies to the portion
+of a document that has been highlighted by the user. This also
+applies, for example, to selected text within an editable text
+field. This pseudo-element should not be confused with the <code><a
+href="#checked">:checked</a></code> pseudo-class (which used to be
+named <code>:selected</code>)
+<p>Although the <code>::selection</code> pseudo-element is dynamic in
+nature, and is altered by user action, it is reasonable to expect that
+when a UA re-renders to a static medium (such as a printed page, see
+<a href="#refsCSS21">[CSS21]</a>) which was originally rendered to a
+dynamic medium (like screen), the UA may wish to transfer the current
+<code>::selection</code> state to that other medium, and have all the
+appropriate formatting and rendering take effect as well. This is not
+required &mdash; UAs may omit the <code>::selection</code>
+pseudo-element for static media.
+<p>These are the CSS properties that apply to <code>::selection</code>
+pseudo-elements: color, background, cursor (optional), outline
+(optional). The computed value of the 'background-image' property on
+<code>::selection</code> may be ignored.
+<h4><a name=gen-content>7.4. The ::before and ::after pseudo-elements</a></h4>
+<p>The <code>::before</code> and <code>::after</code> pseudo-elements
+can be used to describe generated content before or after an element's
+content. They are explained in CSS 2.1 <a
+href="#refsCSS21">[CSS21]</a>.</p>
+<p>When the <code>::first-letter</code> and <code>::first-line</code>
+pseudo-elements are combined with <code>::before</code> and
+<code>::after</code>, they apply to the first letter or line of the
+element including the inserted text.</p>
+<h2><a name=combinators>8. Combinators</a></h2>
+<h3><a name=descendant-combinators>8.1. Descendant combinator</a></h3>
+<p>At times, authors may want selectors to describe an element that is
+the descendant of another element in the document tree (e.g., "an
+<code>EM</code> element that is contained within an <code>H1</code>
+element"). Descendant combinators express such a relationship. A
+descendant combinator is <a href="#whitespace">white space</a> that
+separates two sequences of simple selectors.  A selector of the form
+"<code>A B</code>" represents an element <code>B</code> that is an
+arbitrary descendant of some ancestor element <code>A</code>.
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Examples:</p>
+ <p>For example, consider the following selector:</p>
+ <pre>h1 em</pre>
+ <p>It represents an <code>em</code> element being the descendant of
+ an <code>h1</code> element. It is a correct and valid, but partial,
+ description of the following fragment:</p>
+ <pre>&lt;h1&gt;This &lt;span class="myclass"&gt;headline
+is &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; important&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;</pre>
+ <p>The following selector:</p>
+ <pre>div * p</pre>
+ <p>represents a <code>p</code> element that is a grandchild or later
+ descendant of a <code>div</code> element. Note the whitespace on
+ either side of the "*" is not part of the universal selector; the
+ whitespace is a combinator indicating that the DIV must be the
+ ancestor of some element, and that that element must be an ancestor
+ of the P.</p>
+ <p>The following selector, which combines descendant combinators and
+ <a href="#attribute-selectors">attribute selectors</a>, represents an
+ element that (1) has the <code>href</code> attribute set and (2) is
+ inside a <code>p</code> that is itself inside a <code>div</code>:</p>
+ <pre>div p *[href]</pre>
+</div>
+<h3><a name=child-combinators>8.2. Child combinators</a></h3>
+<p>A <dfn>child combinator</dfn> describes a childhood relationship
+between two elements. A child combinator is made of the
+&quot;greater-than sign&quot; (<code>&gt;</code>) character and
+separates two sequences of simple selectors.
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Examples:</p>
+ <p>The following selector represents a <code>p</code> element that is
+ child of <code>body</code>:</p>
+ <pre>body &gt; p</pre>
+ <p>The following example combines descendant combinators and child
+ combinators.</p>
+ <pre>div ol&gt;li p</pre><!-- LEAVE THOSE SPACES OUT! see below -->
+ <p>It represents a <code>p</code> element that is a descendant of an
+ <code>li</code> element; the <code>li</code> element must be the
+ child of an <code>ol</code> element; the <code>ol</code> element must
+ be a descendant of a <code>div</code>. Notice that the optional white
+ space around the "&gt;" combinator has been left out.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For information on selecting the first child of an element, please
+see the section on the <code><a
+href="#structural-pseudos">:first-child</a></code> pseudo-class
+above.</p>
+<h3><a name=sibling-combinators>8.3. Sibling combinators</a></h3>
+<p>There are two different sibling combinators: the adjacent sibling
+combinator and the general sibling combinator. In both cases,
+non-element nodes (e.g. text between elements) are ignored when
+considering adjacency of elements.</p>
+<h4><a name=adjacent-sibling-combinators>8.3.1. Adjacent sibling combinator</a></h4>
+<p>The adjacent sibling combinator is made of the &quot;plus
+sign&quot; (U+002B, <code>+</code>) character that separates two
+sequences of simple selectors. The elements represented by the two
+sequences share the same parent in the document tree and the element
+represented by the first sequence immediately precedes the element
+represented by the second one.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Examples:</p>
+ <p>The following selector represents a <code>p</code> element
+ immediately following a <code>math</code> element:</p>
+ <pre>math + p</pre>
+ <p>The following selector is conceptually similar to the one in the
+ previous example, except that it adds an attribute selector &mdash; it
+ adds a constraint to the <code>h1</code> element, that it must have
+ <code>class="opener"</code>:</p>
+ <pre>h1.opener + h2</pre>
+</div>
+<h4><a name=general-sibling-combinators>8.3.2. General sibling combinator</a></h4>
+<p>The general sibling combinator is made of the &quot;tilde&quot;
+(U+007E, <code>~</code>) character that separates two sequences of
+simple selectors. The elements represented by the two sequences share
+the same parent in the document tree and the element represented by
+the first sequence precedes (not necessarily immediately) the element
+represented by the second one.</p>
+<div class="example">
+ <p>Example:</p>
+ <pre>h1 ~ pre</pre>
+ <p>represents a <code>pre</code> element following an <code>h1</code>. It
+ is a correct and valid, but partial, description of:</p>
+ <pre>&lt;h1&gt;Definition of the function a&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Function a(x) has to be applied to all figures in the table.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;function a(x) = 12x/13.5&lt;/pre&gt;</pre>
+</div>
+<h2><a name=specificity>9. Calculating a selector's specificity</a></h2>
+<p>A selector's specificity is calculated as follows:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>count the number of ID selectors in the selector (= a)</li>
+  <li>count the number of class selectors, attributes selectors, and pseudo-classes in the selector (= b)</li>
+  <li>count the number of element names in the selector (= c)</li>
+  <li>ignore pseudo-elements</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Selectors inside <a href="#negation">the negation pseudo-class</a>
+are counted like any other, but the negation itself does not count as
+a pseudo-class.</p>
+<p>Concatenating the three numbers a-b-c (in a number system with a
+large base) gives the specificity.</p>
+<div class="example">
+<p>Examples:</p>
+<pre>*               /* a=0 b=0 c=0 -&gt; specificity =   0 */
+LI              /* a=0 b=0 c=1 -&gt; specificity =   1 */
+UL LI           /* a=0 b=0 c=2 -&gt; specificity =   2 */
+UL OL+LI        /* a=0 b=0 c=3 -&gt; specificity =   3 */
+H1 + *[REL=up]  /* a=0 b=1 c=1 -&gt; specificity =  11 */
+UL OL LI.red    /* a=0 b=1 c=3 -&gt; specificity =  13 */
+LI.red.level    /* a=0 b=2 c=1 -&gt; specificity =  21 */
+#x34y           /* a=1 b=0 c=0 -&gt; specificity = 100 */
+#s12:not(FOO)   /* a=1 b=0 c=1 -&gt; specificity = 101 */
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> the specificity of the styles
+specified in an HTML <code>style</code> attribute is described in CSS
+2.1. <a href="#refsCSS21">[CSS21]</a>.</p>
+<h2><a name=w3cselgrammar>10. The grammar of Selectors</a></h2>
+<h3><a name=grammar>10.1. Grammar</a></h3>
+<p>The grammar below defines the syntax of Selectors.  It is globally
+LL(1) and can be locally LL(2) (but note that most UA's should not use
+it directly, since it doesn't express the parsing conventions). The
+format of the productions is optimized for human consumption and some
+shorthand notations beyond Yacc (see <a href="#refsYACC">[YACC]</a>)
+are used:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li><b>*</b>: 0 or more
+  <li><b>+</b>: 1 or more
+  <li><b>?</b>: 0 or 1
+  <li><b>|</b>: separates alternatives
+  <li><b>[ ]</b>: grouping </li>
+</ul>
+<p>The productions are:</p>
+<pre>selectors_group
+  : selector [ COMMA S* selector ]*
+  ;
+selector
+  : simple_selector_sequence [ combinator simple_selector_sequence ]*
+  ;
+combinator
+  /* combinators can be surrounded by white space */
+  : PLUS S* | GREATER S* | TILDE S* | S+
+  ;
+simple_selector_sequence
+  : [ type_selector | universal ]
+    [ HASH | class | attrib | pseudo | negation ]*
+  | [ HASH | class | attrib | pseudo | negation ]+
+  ;
+type_selector
+  : [ namespace_prefix ]? element_name
+  ;
+namespace_prefix
+  : [ IDENT | '*' ]? '|'
+  ;
+element_name
+  : IDENT
+  ;
+universal
+  : [ namespace_prefix ]? '*'
+  ;
+class
+  : '.' IDENT
+  ;
+attrib
+  : '[' S* [ namespace_prefix ]? IDENT S*
+        [ [ PREFIXMATCH |
+            SUFFIXMATCH |
+            SUBSTRINGMATCH |
+            '=' |
+            INCLUDES |
+            DASHMATCH ] S* [ IDENT | STRING ] S*
+        ]? ']'
+  ;
+pseudo
+  /* '::' starts a pseudo-element, ':' a pseudo-class */
+  /* Exceptions: :first-line, :first-letter, :before and :after. */
+  /* Note that pseudo-elements are restricted to one per selector and */
+  /* occur only in the last simple_selector_sequence. */
+  : ':' ':'? [ IDENT | functional_pseudo ]
+  ;
+functional_pseudo
+  : FUNCTION S* expression ')'
+  ;
+expression
+  /* In CSS3, the expressions are identifiers, strings, */
+  /* or of the form "an+b" */
+  : [ [ PLUS | '-' | DIMENSION | NUMBER | STRING | IDENT ] S* ]+
+  ;
+negation
+  : NOT S* negation_arg S* ')'
+  ;
+negation_arg
+  : type_selector | universal | HASH | class | attrib | pseudo
+  ;</pre>
+<h3><a name=lex>10.2. Lexical scanner</a></h3>
+<p>The following is the <a name=x3>tokenizer</a>, written in Flex (see
+<a href="#refsFLEX">[FLEX]</a>) notation. The tokenizer is
+case-insensitive.</p>
+<p>The two occurrences of "\377" represent the highest character
+number that current versions of Flex can deal with (decimal 255). They
+should be read as "\4177777" (decimal 1114111), which is the highest
+possible code point in Unicode/ISO-10646. <a
+href="#refsUNICODE">[UNICODE]</a></p>
+<pre>%option case-insensitive
+ident     [-]?{nmstart}{nmchar}*
+name      {nmchar}+
+nmstart   [_a-z]|{nonascii}|{escape}
+nonascii  [^\0-\177]
+unicode   \\[0-9a-f]{1,6}(\r\n|[ \n\r\t\f])?
+escape    {unicode}|\\[^\n\r\f0-9a-f]
+nmchar    [_a-z0-9-]|{nonascii}|{escape}
+num       [0-9]+|[0-9]*\.[0-9]+
+string    {string1}|{string2}
+string1   \"([^\n\r\f\\"]|\\{nl}|{nonascii}|{escape})*\"
+string2   \'([^\n\r\f\\']|\\{nl}|{nonascii}|{escape})*\'
+invalid   {invalid1}|{invalid2}
+invalid1  \"([^\n\r\f\\"]|\\{nl}|{nonascii}|{escape})*
+invalid2  \'([^\n\r\f\\']|\\{nl}|{nonascii}|{escape})*
+nl        \n|\r\n|\r|\f
+w         [ \t\r\n\f]*
+%%
+[ \t\r\n\f]+     return S;
+"~="             return INCLUDES;
+"|="             return DASHMATCH;
+"^="             return PREFIXMATCH;
+"$="             return SUFFIXMATCH;
+"*="             return SUBSTRINGMATCH;
+{ident}          return IDENT;
+{string}         return STRING;
+{ident}"("       return FUNCTION;
+{num}            return NUMBER;
+"#"{name}        return HASH;
+{w}"+"           return PLUS;
+{w}"&gt;"           return GREATER;
+{w}","           return COMMA;
+{w}"~"           return TILDE;
+":not("          return NOT;
+@{ident}         return ATKEYWORD;
+{invalid}        return INVALID;
+{num}%           return PERCENTAGE;
+{num}{ident}     return DIMENSION;
+"&lt;!--"           return CDO;
+"--&gt;"            return CDC;
+"url("{w}{string}{w}")"                           return URI;
+"url("{w}([!#$%&*-~]|{nonascii}|{escape})*{w}")"  return URI;
+U\+[0-9a-f?]{1,6}(-[0-9a-f]{1,6})?                return UNICODE_RANGE;
+\/\*[^*]*\*+([^/*][^*]*\*+)*\/                    /* ignore comments */
+.                return *yytext;</pre>
+<h2><a name=downlevel>11. Namespaces and down-level clients</a></h2>
+<p>An important issue is the interaction of CSS selectors with XML
+documents in web clients that were produced prior to this
+document. Unfortunately, due to the fact that namespaces must be
+matched based on the URI which identifies the namespace, not the
+namespace prefix, some mechanism is required to identify namespaces in
+CSS by their URI as well. Without such a mechanism, it is impossible
+to construct a CSS style sheet which will properly match selectors in
+all cases against a random set of XML documents. However, given
+complete knowledge of the XML document to which a style sheet is to be
+applied, and a limited use of namespaces within the XML document, it
+is possible to construct a style sheet in which selectors would match
+elements and attributes correctly.</p>
+<p>It should be noted that a down-level CSS client will (if it
+properly conforms to CSS forward compatible parsing rules) ignore all
+<code>@namespace</code> at-rules, as well as all style rules that make
+use of namespace qualified element type or attribute selectors. The
+syntax of delimiting namespace prefixes in CSS was deliberately chosen
+so that down-level CSS clients would ignore the style rules rather
+than possibly match them incorrectly.</p>
+<p>The use of default namespaces in CSS makes it possible to write
+element type selectors that will function in both namespace aware CSS
+clients as well as down-level clients. It should be noted that
+down-level clients may incorrectly match selectors against XML
+elements in other namespaces.</p>
+<p>The following are scenarios and examples in which it is possible to
+construct style sheets which would function properly in web clients
+that do not implement this proposal.</p>
+<ol>
+  <li>
+   <p>The XML document does not use namespaces.</p>
+   <ul>
+    <li>In this case, it is obviously not necessary to declare or use
+    namespaces in the style sheet. Standard CSS element type and
+    attribute selectors will function adequately in a down-level
+    client.</li>
+    <li>In a CSS namespace aware client, the default behavior of
+    element selectors matching without regard to namespace will
+    function properly against all elements, since no namespaces are
+    present. However, the use of specific element type selectors that
+    match only elements that have no namespace ("<code>|name</code>")
+    will guarantee that selectors will match only XML elements that do
+    not have a declared namespace. </li>
+   </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>The XML document defines a single, default namespace used
+   throughout the document. No namespace prefixes are used in element
+   names.</p>
+   <ul>
+    <li>In this case, a down-level client will function as if
+    namespaces were not used in the XML document at all. Standard CSS
+    element type and attribute selectors will match against all
+    elements. </li>
+   </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>The XML document does <b>not</b> use a default namespace, all
+   namespace prefixes used are known to the style sheet author, and
+   there is a direct mapping between namespace prefixes and namespace
+   URIs. (A given prefix may only be mapped to one namespace URI
+   throughout the XML document; there may be multiple prefixes mapped
+   to the same URI).</p>
+   <ul>
+    <li>In this case, the down-level client will view and match
+    element type and attribute selectors based on their fully
+    qualified name, not the local part as outlined in the <a
+    href="#typenmsp">Type selectors and Namespaces</a> section. CSS
+    selectors may be declared using an escaped colon "<code>\:</code>"
+    to describe the fully qualified names, e.g.
+    "<code>html\:h1</code>" will match
+    <code>&lt;html:h1&gt;</code>. Selectors using the qualified name
+    will only match XML elements that use the same prefix. Other
+    namespace prefixes used in the XML that are mapped to the same URI
+    will not match as expected unless additional CSS style rules are
+    declared for them.</li>
+    <li>Note that selectors declared in this fashion will
+    <em>only</em> match in down-level clients. A CSS namespace aware
+    client will match element type and attribute selectors based on
+    the name's local part. Selectors declared with the fully
+    qualified name will not match (unless there is no namespace prefix
+    in the fully qualified name).</li>
+   </ul>
+  </li>
+ </ol>
+<p>In other scenarios: when the namespace prefixes used in the XML are
+not known in advance by the style sheet author; or a combination of
+elements with no namespace are used in conjunction with elements using
+a default namespace; or the same namespace prefix is mapped to
+<em>different</em> namespace URIs within the same document, or in
+different documents; it is impossible to construct a CSS style sheet
+that will function properly against all elements in those documents,
+unless, the style sheet is written using a namespace URI syntax (as
+outlined in this document or similar) and the document is processed by
+a CSS and XML namespace aware client.</p>
+<h2><a name=profiling>12. Profiles</a></h2>
+<p>Each specification using Selectors must define the subset of W3C
+Selectors it allows and excludes, and describe the local meaning of
+all the components of that subset.</p>
+<p>Non normative examples:
+<div class="profile">
+<table class="tprofile">
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <th class="title" colspan=2>Selectors profile</th></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Specification</th>
+    <td>CSS level 1</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Accepts</th>
+    <td>type selectors<br>class selectors<br>ID selectors<br>:link,
+      :visited and :active pseudo-classes<br>descendant combinator
+     <br>::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Excludes</th>
+    <td>
+<p>universal selector<br>attribute selectors<br>:hover and :focus
+      pseudo-classes<br>:target pseudo-class<br>:lang() pseudo-class<br>all UI
+      element states pseudo-classes<br>all structural
+      pseudo-classes<br>negation pseudo-class<br>all
+      UI element fragments pseudo-elements<br>::before and ::after
+      pseudo-elements<br>child combinators<br>sibling combinators
+<p>namespaces</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Extra constraints</th>
+    <td>only one class selector allowed per sequence of simple
+  selectors</td></tr></tbody></table><br><br>
+<table class="tprofile">
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <th class="title" colspan=2>Selectors profile</th></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Specification</th>
+    <td>CSS level 2</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Accepts</th>
+    <td>type selectors<br>universal selector<br>attribute presence and
+      values selectors<br>class selectors<br>ID selectors<br>:link, :visited,
+      :active, :hover, :focus, :lang() and :first-child pseudo-classes
+     <br>descendant combinator<br>child combinator<br>adjacent sibling
+      combinator<br>::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements<br>::before
+      and ::after pseudo-elements</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Excludes</th>
+    <td>
+<p>content selectors<br>substring matching attribute
+      selectors<br>:target pseudo-classes<br>all UI element
+      states pseudo-classes<br>all structural pseudo-classes other
+      than :first-child<br>negation pseudo-class<br>all UI element
+      fragments pseudo-elements<br>general sibling combinators
+<p>namespaces</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Extra constraints</th>
+    <td>more than one class selector per sequence of simple selectors (CSS1
+      constraint) allowed</td></tr></tbody></table>
+<p>In CSS, selectors express pattern matching rules that determine which style
+rules apply to elements in the document tree.
+<p>The following selector (CSS level 2) will <b>match</b> all anchors <code>a</code>
+with attribute <code>name</code> set inside a section 1 header <code>h1</code>:
+<pre>h1 a[name]</pre>
+<p>All CSS declarations attached to such a selector are applied to elements
+matching it. </div>
+<div class="profile">
+<table class="tprofile">
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <th class="title" colspan=2>Selectors profile</th></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Specification</th>
+      <td>STTS 3</td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Accepts</th>
+    <td>
+<p>type selectors<br>universal selectors<br>attribute selectors<br>class
+      selectors<br>ID selectors<br>all structural pseudo-classes<br>
+          all combinators
+<p>namespaces</td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Excludes</th>
+    <td>non-accepted pseudo-classes<br>pseudo-elements<br></td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Extra constraints</th>
+    <td>some selectors and combinators are not allowed in fragment
+      descriptions on the right side of STTS declarations.</td></tr></tbody></table>
+<p>Selectors can be used in STTS 3 in two different
+    manners:
+<ol>
+  <li>a selection mechanism equivalent to CSS selection mechanism: declarations
+  attached to a given selector are applied to elements matching that selector,
+  <li>fragment descriptions that appear on the right side of declarations.
+</li></ol></div>
+<h2><a name=Conformance></a>13. Conformance and requirements</h2>
+<p>This section defines conformance with the present specification only.
+<p>The inability of a user agent to implement part of this specification due to
+the limitations of a particular device (e.g., non interactive user agents will
+probably not implement dynamic pseudo-classes because they make no sense without
+interactivity) does not imply non-conformance.
+<p>All specifications reusing Selectors must contain a <a
+href="#profiling">Profile</a> listing the
+subset of Selectors it accepts or excludes, and describing the constraints
+it adds to the current specification.
+<p>Invalidity is caused by a parsing error, e.g. an unrecognized token or a token
+which is not allowed at the current parsing point.
+<p>User agents must observe the rules for handling parsing errors:
+<ul>
+  <li>a simple selector containing an undeclared namespace prefix is invalid</li>
+  <li>a selector containing an invalid simple selector, an invalid combinator
+    or an invalid token is invalid. </li>
+  <li>a group of selectors containing an invalid selector is invalid.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Specifications reusing Selectors must define how to handle parsing
+errors. (In the case of CSS, the entire rule in which the selector is
+used is dropped.)</p>
+<!-- Apparently all these references are out of date:
+<p>Implementations of this specification must behave as
+"recipients of text data" as defined by <a href="#refsCWWW">[CWWW]</a>
+when parsing selectors and attempting matches. (In particular,
+implementations must assume the data is normalized and must not
+normalize it.) Normative rules for matching strings are defined in
+<a href="#refsCWWW">[CWWW]</a> and <a
+href="#refsUNICODE">[UNICODE]</a> and apply to implementations of this
+specification.</p>-->
+<h2><a name=Tests></a>14. Tests</h2>
+<p>This specification has <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/CSS3/Selectors/current/">a test
+suite</a> allowing user agents to verify their basic conformance to
+the specification. This test suite does not pretend to be exhaustive
+and does not cover all possible combined cases of Selectors.</p>
+<h2><a name=ACKS></a>15. Acknowledgements</h2>
+<p>The CSS working group would like to thank everyone who has sent
+comments on this specification over the years.</p>
+<p>The working group would like to extend special thanks to Donna
+McManus, Justin Baker, Joel Sklar, and Molly Ives Brower who perfermed
+the final editorial review.</p>
+<h2><a name=references>16. References</a></h2>
+<dl class="refs">
+  <dt>[CSS1]
+  <dd><a name=refsCSS1></a> Bert Bos, H&aring;kon Wium Lie; "<cite>Cascading Style Sheets, level 1</cite>", W3C Recommendation, 17 Dec 1996, revised 11 Jan 1999
+  <dd>(<code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS1">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS1</a></code>)
+  <dt>[CSS21]
+  <dd><a name=refsCSS21></a> Bert Bos, Tantek &Ccedil;elik, Ian Hickson, H&aring;kon Wium Lie, editors; "<cite>Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1</cite>", W3C Working Draft, 13 June 2005
+  <dd>(<code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21">http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21</a></code>)
+  <dt>[CWWW]
+  <dd><a name=refsCWWW></a> Martin J. D&uuml;rst, Fran&ccedil;ois Yergeau, Misha Wolf, Asmus Freytag, Tex Texin, editors; "<cite>Character Model for the World Wide Web</cite>", W3C Recommendation, 15 February 2005
+  <dd>(<code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/charmod/">http://www.w3.org/TR/charmod/</a></code>)
+  <dt>[FLEX]
+  <dd><a name="refsFLEX"></a> "<cite>Flex: The Lexical Scanner Generator</cite>", Version 2.3.7, ISBN 1882114213
+  <dt>[HTML4]
+  <dd><a name="refsHTML4"></a> Dave Ragget, Arnaud Le Hors, Ian Jacobs, editors; "<cite>HTML 4.01 Specification</cite>", W3C Recommendation, 24 December 1999
+  <dd>(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/"><code>http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/</code></a>)
+  <dt>[MATH]
+  <dd><a name="refsMATH"></a> Patrick Ion, Robert Miner, editors; "<cite>Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) 1.01</cite>", W3C Recommendation, revision of 7 July 1999
+  <dd>(<code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-MathML/">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-MathML/</a></code>)
+  <dt>[RFC3066]
+  <dd><a name="refsRFC3066"></a> H. Alvestrand; "<cite>Tags for the Identification of Languages</cite>", Request for Comments 3066, January 2001
+  <dd>(<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt"><code>http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt</code></a>)
+  <dt>[STTS]
+  <dd><a name=refsSTTS></a> Daniel Glazman; "<cite>Simple Tree Transformation Sheets 3</cite>", Electricit&eacute; de France, submission to the W3C, 11 November 1998
+  <dd>(<code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-STTS3">http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-STTS3</a></code>)
+  <dt>[SVG]
+  <dd><a name="refsSVG"></a> Jon Ferraiolo, &#34276;&#27810; &#28147;, Dean Jackson, editors; "<cite>Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 Specification</cite>", W3C Recommendation, 14 January 2003
+  <dd>(<code><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/">http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/</a></code>)
+  <dt>[UNICODE]</dt>
+  <dd><a name="refsUNICODE"></a> <cite><a
+   href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/">The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1</a></cite>, The Unicode Consortium. Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley, March 2005. ISBN 0-321-18578-1, as amended by <a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.1/">Unicode 4.0.1</a> and <a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0/">Unicode  4.1.0</a>.
+  <dd>(<code><a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/">http://www.unicode.org/versions/</a></code>)</dd>
+  <dt>[XML10]
+  <dd><a name="refsXML10"></a> Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, Fran&ccedil;ois Yergeau, editors; "<cite>Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Third Edition)</cite>", W3C Recommendation, 4 February 2004
+  <dd>(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/"><code>http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/</code></a>)
+  <dt>[XMLNAMES]
+  <dd><a name="refsXMLNAMES"></a> Tim Bray, Dave Hollander, Andrew Layman, editors; "<cite>Namespaces in XML</cite>", W3C Recommendation, 14 January 1999
+  <dd>(<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/"><code>http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/</code></a>)
+  <dt>[YACC]
+  <dd><a name="refsYACC"></a> S. C. Johnson; "<cite>YACC &mdash; Yet another compiler compiler</cite>", Technical Report, Murray Hill, 1975
+</dl>
+<div class="wrapper">
+	<a href="#" class="inner">test</a>
+</div>
+<div>
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+		<a href="#" class="inner">test</a>
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+			<a href="#" class="inner">test</a>
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+				<a href="#" class="inner">test</a>
+			</div>
+		</div>
+	</div>
+</div>
+<div>
+	<i class="nest a1">d1<b class="flatInNest a1">d1</b>
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+	</i>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>