lodash-rails 1.0.1 → 1.1.0

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/lodash.min.js

@@ -1,40 +1,42 @@
 /**
  * @license
- * Lo-Dash 1.0.1 (Custom Build) lodash.com/license
+ * Lo-Dash 1.1.0 (Custom Build) lodash.com/license
  * Build: `lodash modern -o ./dist/lodash.js`
  * Underscore.js 1.4.4 underscorejs.org/LICENSE
  */
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data/vendor/assets/javascripts/lodash.underscore.js

@@ -0,0 +1,4357 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Lo-Dash 1.1.0 (Custom Build) <http://lodash.com/>
+ * Build: `lodash underscore exports="amd,commonjs,global,node" -o ./dist/lodash.underscore.js`
+ * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.4.4 <http://underscorejs.org/>
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+ * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
+ */
+;(function(window) {
+
+  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
+  var undefined;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports` */
+  var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `module` */
+  var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module && module.exports == freeExports && module;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` and use it as `window` */
+  var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
+  if (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal) {
+    window = freeGlobal;
+  }
+
+  /** Used to generate unique IDs */
+  var idCounter = 0;
+
+  /** Used internally to indicate various things */
+  var indicatorObject = {};
+
+  /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
+  var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
+      reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
+      reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;
+
+  /** Used to match HTML entities */
+  var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39);/g;
+
+  /**
+   * Used to match ES6 template delimiters
+   * http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-7.8.6
+   */
+  var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;
+
+  /** Used to match regexp flags from their coerced string values */
+  var reFlags = /\w*$/;
+
+  /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
+  var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;
+
+  /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
+  var reNoMatch = /($^)/;
+
+  /** Used to match HTML characters */
+  var reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;
+
+  /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
+  var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;
+
+  /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
+  var templateCounter = 0;
+
+  /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
+  var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
+      arrayClass = '[object Array]',
+      boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
+      dateClass = '[object Date]',
+      funcClass = '[object Function]',
+      numberClass = '[object Number]',
+      objectClass = '[object Object]',
+      regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
+      stringClass = '[object String]';
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
+  var objectTypes = {
+    'boolean': false,
+    'function': true,
+    'object': true,
+    'number': false,
+    'string': false,
+    'undefined': false
+  };
+
+  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
+  var stringEscapes = {
+    '\\': '\\',
+    "'": "'",
+    '\n': 'n',
+    '\r': 'r',
+    '\t': 't',
+    '\u2028': 'u2028',
+    '\u2029': 'u2029'
+  };
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /** Used for `Array` and `Object` method references */
+  var arrayRef = Array(),
+      objectRef = Object();
+
+  /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
+  var oldDash = window._;
+
+  /** Used to detect if a method is native */
+  var reNative = RegExp('^' +
+    String(objectRef.valueOf)
+      .replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
+      .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
+  );
+
+  /** Native method shortcuts */
+  var ceil = Math.ceil,
+      clearTimeout = window.clearTimeout,
+      concat = arrayRef.concat,
+      floor = Math.floor,
+      hasOwnProperty = objectRef.hasOwnProperty,
+      push = arrayRef.push,
+      setTimeout = window.setTimeout,
+      slice = arrayRef.slice,
+      toString = objectRef.toString;
+
+  /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
+  var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = slice.bind) && nativeBind,
+      nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
+      nativeIsFinite = window.isFinite,
+      nativeIsNaN = window.isNaN,
+      nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
+      nativeMax = Math.max,
+      nativeMin = Math.min,
+      nativeRandom = Math.random;
+
+  /** Detect various environments */
+  var isIeOpera = reNative.test(window.attachEvent),
+      isV8 = nativeBind && !/\n|true/.test(nativeBind + isIeOpera);
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a `lodash` object, that wraps the given `value`, to enable method
+   * chaining.
+   *
+   * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
+   * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
+   * and `unshift`
+   *
+   * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `value` method is
+   * implicitly or explicitly included in the build.
+   *
+   * The chainable wrapper functions are:
+   * `after`, `assign`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`,
+   * `compose`, `concat`, `countBy`, `createCallback`, `debounce`, `defaults`,
+   * `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `filter`, `flatten`, `forEach`, `forIn`,
+   * `forOwn`, `functions`, `groupBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`,
+   * `invoke`, `keys`, `map`, `max`, `memoize`, `merge`, `min`, `object`, `omit`,
+   * `once`, `pairs`, `partial`, `partialRight`, `pick`, `pluck`, `push`, `range`,
+   * `reject`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `splice`,
+   * `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`, `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`, `values`,
+   * `where`, `without`, `wrap`, and `zip`
+   *
+   * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
+   * `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`, `has`,
+   * `identity`, `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`,
+   * `isElement`, `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`,
+   * `isNull`, `isNumber`, `isObject`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`,
+   * `isUndefined`, `join`, `lastIndexOf`, `mixin`, `noConflict`, `parseInt`,
+   * `pop`, `random`, `reduce`, `reduceRight`, `result`, `shift`, `size`, `some`,
+   * `sortedIndex`, `runInContext`, `template`, `unescape`, `uniqueId`, and `value`
+   *
+   * The wrapper functions `first` and `last` return wrapped values when `n` is
+   * passed, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
+   *
+   * @name _
+   * @constructor
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
+   */
+  function lodash(value) {
+    return (value instanceof lodash)
+      ? value
+      : new lodashWrapper(value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * An object used to flag environments features.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Object
+   */
+  var support = {};
+
+  (function() {
+    var object = { '0': 1, 'length': 1 };
+
+    /**
+     * Detect if `arguments` objects are `Object` objects (all but Opera < 10.5).
+     *
+     * @memberOf _.support
+     * @type Boolean
+     */
+    support.argsObject = arguments.constructor == Object;
+
+    /**
+     * Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8).
+     *
+     * @memberOf _.support
+     * @type Boolean
+     */
+    support.fastBind = nativeBind && !isV8;
+
+    /**
+     * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects correctly.
+     *
+     * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
+     * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
+     * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
+     * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
+     * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode in IE 9.
+     *
+     * @memberOf _.support
+     * @type Boolean
+     */
+    support.spliceObjects = (arrayRef.splice.call(object, 0, 1), !object[0]);
+  }(1));
+
+  /**
+   * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
+   * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
+   * delimiters.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Object
+   */
+  lodash.templateSettings = {
+
+    /**
+     * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
+     *
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type RegExp
+     */
+    'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+
+    /**
+     * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
+     *
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type RegExp
+     */
+    'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+
+    /**
+     * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
+     *
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type RegExp
+     */
+    'interpolate': reInterpolate,
+
+    /**
+     * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
+     *
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type String
+     */
+    'variable': ''
+  };
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.max` and `_.min` as the default `callback` when a given
+   * `collection` is a string value.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} value The character to inspect.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the code unit of given character.
+   */
+  function charAtCallback(value) {
+    return value.charCodeAt(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` values, stable sorting
+   * them in ascending order.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
+   * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
+   */
+  function compareAscending(a, b) {
+    var ai = a.index,
+        bi = b.index;
+
+    a = a.criteria;
+    b = b.criteria;
+
+    // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
+    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
+    if (a !== b) {
+      if (a > b || typeof a == 'undefined') {
+        return 1;
+      }
+      if (a < b || typeof b == 'undefined') {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    }
+    return ai < bi ? -1 : 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this` binding
+   * of `thisArg` and prepends any `partialArgs` to the arguments passed to the
+   * bound function.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Function|String} func The function to bind or the method name.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+   * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to be partially applied.
+   * @param {Object} [idicator] Used to indicate binding by key or partially
+   *  applying arguments from the right.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+   */
+  function createBound(func, thisArg, partialArgs, indicator) {
+    var isFunc = isFunction(func),
+        isPartial = !partialArgs,
+        key = thisArg;
+
+    // juggle arguments
+    if (isPartial) {
+      var rightIndicator = indicator;
+      partialArgs = thisArg;
+    }
+    else if (!isFunc) {
+      if (!indicator) {
+        throw new TypeError;
+      }
+      thisArg = func;
+    }
+
+    function bound() {
+      // `Function#bind` spec
+      // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.5
+      var args = arguments,
+          thisBinding = isPartial ? this : thisArg;
+
+      if (!isFunc) {
+        func = thisArg[key];
+      }
+      if (partialArgs.length) {
+        args = args.length
+          ? (args = slice.call(args), rightIndicator ? args.concat(partialArgs) : partialArgs.concat(args))
+          : partialArgs;
+      }
+      if (this instanceof bound) {
+        // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `func`
+        noop.prototype = func.prototype;
+        thisBinding = new noop;
+        noop.prototype = null;
+
+        // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
+        // http://es5.github.com/#x13.2.2
+        var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
+        return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
+      }
+      return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
+    }
+    return bound;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
+   * string literals.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeStringChar(match) {
+    return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
+    return htmlEscapes[match];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A fast path for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
+   */
+  function lodashWrapper(value) {
+    this.__wrapped__ = value;
+  }
+  // ensure `new lodashWrapper` is an instance of `lodash`
+  lodashWrapper.prototype = lodash.prototype;
+
+  /**
+   * A no-operation function.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+  function noop() {
+    // no operation performed
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} match The matched character to unescape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped character.
+   */
+  function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
+    return htmlUnescapes[match];
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isArguments(value) {
+    return toString.call(value) == argsClass;
+  }
+  // fallback for browsers that can't detect `arguments` objects by [[Class]]
+  if (!isArguments(arguments)) {
+    isArguments = function(value) {
+      return value ? hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') : false;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is an array.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
+    // `instanceof` may cause a memory leak in IE 7 if `value` is a host object
+    // http://ajaxian.com/archives/working-aroung-the-instanceof-memory-leak
+    return (support.argsObject && value instanceof Array) || toString.call(value) == arrayClass;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` that produces an array of the
+   * given object's own enumerable property names.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @type Function
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
+   */
+  var shimKeys = function (object) {
+    var index, iterable = object, result = [];
+    if (!iterable) return result;
+    if (!(objectTypes[typeof object])) return result;
+
+      for (index in iterable) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
+        result.push(index);    
+        }
+      }  
+    return result
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+   * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
+    if (!isObject(object)) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    return nativeKeys(object);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
+   *
+   * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
+   * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
+   * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
+   * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
+   */
+  var htmlEscapes = {
+    '&': '&amp;',
+    '<': '&lt;',
+    '>': '&gt;',
+    '"': '&quot;',
+    "'": '&#39;'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
+  var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
+   * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous
+   * sources. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed to produce
+   * the assigned values. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+   * two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Function
+   * @alias extend
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+   * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
+   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.assign({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
+   *
+   * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(a, b) {
+   *   return typeof a == 'undefined' ? b : a;
+   * });
+   *
+   * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
+   * defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
+   * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
+   */
+  function assign(object) {
+    if (!object) {
+      return object;
+    }
+    for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
+      var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
+      if (iterable) {
+        for (var key in iterable) {
+          object[key] = iterable[key];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return object;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true`, nested objects will also
+   * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a `callback`
+   * function is passed, it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If
+   * `callback` returns `undefined`, cloning will be handled by the method instead.
+   * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to clone.
+   * @param {Boolean} [deep=false] A flag to indicate a deep clone.
+   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates clones with source counterparts.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the cloned `value`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
+   * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
+   * deep[0] === stooges[0];
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.mixin({
+   *   'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
+   *     return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
+   *   })
+   * });
+   *
+   * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
+   * clone.childNodes.length;
+   * // => 0
+   */
+  function clone(value) {
+    return isObject(value)
+      ? (isArray(value) ? slice.call(value) : assign({}, value))
+      : value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
+   * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
+   * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Function
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+   * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
+   * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with `_.reduce` without using its
+   *  callback's `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
+   * _.defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
+   * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
+   */
+  function defaults(object) {
+    if (!object) {
+      return object;
+    }
+    for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
+      var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
+      if (iterable) {
+        for (var key in iterable) {
+          if (object[key] == null) {
+            object[key] = iterable[key];
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return object;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over `object`'s own and inherited enumerable properties, executing
+   * the `callback` for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
+   * invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
+   * early by explicitly returning `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Function
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * function Dog(name) {
+   *   this.name = name;
+   * }
+   *
+   * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
+   *   alert('Woof, woof!');
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
+   *   alert(key);
+   * });
+   * // => alerts 'name' and 'bark' (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  var forIn = function (collection, callback) {
+    var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
+    if (!iterable) return result;
+    if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
+    callback || (callback = identity);
+
+      for (index in iterable) {
+        if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;    
+      }  
+    return result
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over an object's own enumerable properties, executing the `callback`
+   * for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
+   * returning `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Function
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
+   *   alert(key);
+   * });
+   * // => alerts '0', '1', and 'length' (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  var forOwn = function (collection, callback) {
+    var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
+    if (!iterable) return result;
+    if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
+    callback || (callback = identity);
+
+      for (index in iterable) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
+        if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;    
+        }
+      }  
+    return result
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a sorted array of all enumerable properties, own and inherited,
+   * of `object` that have function values.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias methods
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names that have function values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.functions(_);
+   * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
+   */
+  function functions(object) {
+    var result = [];
+    forIn(object, function(value, key) {
+      if (isFunction(value)) {
+        result.push(key);
+      }
+    });
+    return result.sort();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
+   * instead of an inherited property.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to check.
+   * @param {String} property The property to check for.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function has(object, property) {
+    return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given `object`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   *  _.invert({ 'first': 'moe', 'second': 'larry' });
+   * // => { 'moe': 'first', 'larry': 'second' }
+   */
+  function invert(object) {
+    var index = -1,
+        props = keys(object),
+        length = props.length,
+        result = {};
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var key = props[index];
+      result[object[key]] = key;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isBoolean(null);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isBoolean(value) {
+    return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a date.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isDate(new Date);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isDate(value) {
+    return value instanceof Date || toString.call(value) == dateClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isElement(document.body);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isElement(value) {
+    return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
+   * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
+   * "empty".
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} value The value to inspect.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isEmpty({});
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isEmpty('');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isEmpty(value) {
+    if (!value) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (isArray(value) || isString(value)) {
+      return !value.length;
+    }
+    for (var key in value) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, key)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
+   * equivalent to each other. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed to
+   * compare values. If `callback` returns `undefined`, comparisons will be handled
+   * by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+   * two arguments; (a, b).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} a The value to compare.
+   * @param {Mixed} b The other value to compare.
+   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `a` objects.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `b` objects.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
+   * var copy = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
+   *
+   * moe == copy;
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isEqual(moe, copy);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
+   * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
+   *
+   * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
+   *   var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
+   *       aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
+   *       bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
+   *
+   *   return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
+   * });
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isEqual(a, b, stackA, stackB) {
+    if (a === b) {
+      return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
+    }
+    var type = typeof a,
+        otherType = typeof b;
+
+    if (a === a &&
+        (!a || (type != 'function' && type != 'object')) &&
+        (!b || (otherType != 'function' && otherType != 'object'))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (a == null || b == null) {
+      return a === b;
+    }
+    var className = toString.call(a),
+        otherClass = toString.call(b);
+
+    if (className != otherClass) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    switch (className) {
+      case boolClass:
+      case dateClass:
+        return +a == +b;
+
+      case numberClass:
+        return a != +a
+          ? b != +b
+          : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);
+
+      case regexpClass:
+      case stringClass:
+        return a == String(b);
+    }
+    var isArr = className == arrayClass;
+    if (!isArr) {
+      if (a instanceof lodash || b instanceof lodash) {
+        return isEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b, stackA, stackB);
+      }
+      if (className != objectClass) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var ctorA = a.constructor,
+          ctorB = b.constructor;
+
+      if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
+            isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
+            isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
+          )) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    stackA || (stackA = []);
+    stackB || (stackB = []);
+
+    var length = stackA.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      if (stackA[length] == a) {
+        return stackB[length] == b;
+      }
+    }
+    var result = true,
+        size = 0;
+
+    stackA.push(a);
+    stackB.push(b);
+
+    if (isArr) {
+      size = b.length;
+      result = size == a.length;
+
+      if (result) {
+        while (size--) {
+          if (!(result = isEqual(a[size], b[size], stackA, stackB))) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+    forIn(b, function(value, key, b) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key)) {
+        size++;
+        return !(result = hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) && isEqual(a[key], value, stackA, stackB)) && indicatorObject;
+      }
+    });
+
+    if (result) {
+      forIn(a, function(value, key, a) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
+          return !(result = --size > -1) && indicatorObject;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
+   *
+   * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite`, which will return true for
+   * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.5.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is finite, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isFinite(-101);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isFinite('10');
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isFinite(true);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isFinite('');
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isFinite(Infinity);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isFinite(value) {
+    return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isFunction(_);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isFunction(value) {
+    return typeof value == 'function';
+  }
+  // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
+  if (isFunction(/x/)) {
+    isFunction = function(value) {
+      return value instanceof Function || toString.call(value) == funcClass;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
+   * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isObject({});
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isObject(1);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isObject(value) {
+    // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
+    // http://es5.github.com/#x8
+    // and avoid a V8 bug
+    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
+    return value ? objectTypes[typeof value] : false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
+   *
+   * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN`, which will return `true` for
+   * `undefined` and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.4.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isNaN(NaN);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * isNaN(undefined);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isNaN(undefined);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isNaN(value) {
+    // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
+    // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
+    return isNumber(value) && value != +value
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is `null`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isNull(null);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isNull(undefined);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isNull(value) {
+    return value === null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a number.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isNumber(value) {
+    return typeof value == 'number' || toString.call(value) == numberClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isRegExp(value) {
+    return value instanceof RegExp || toString.call(value) == regexpClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a string.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isString('moe');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isString(value) {
+    return typeof value == 'string' || toString.call(value) == stringClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isUndefined(void 0);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isUndefined(value) {
+    return typeof value == 'undefined';
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
+   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
+   * property names. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed
+   * for each property in the `object`, omitting the properties `callback`
+   * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+   * with three arguments; (value, key, object).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The source object.
+   * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to omit
+   *  or the function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
+   *
+   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
+   *   return typeof value == 'number';
+   * });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
+   */
+  function omit(object) {
+    var props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
+        result = {};
+
+    forIn(object, function(value, key) {
+      if (indexOf(props, key, 1) < 0) {
+        result[key] = value;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a two dimensional array of the given object's key-value pairs,
+   * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 });
+   * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40]] (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  function pairs(object) {
+    var index = -1,
+        props = keys(object),
+        length = props.length,
+        result = Array(length);
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var key = props[index];
+      result[index] = [key, object[key]];
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
+   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property
+   * names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property in the
+   * `object`, picking the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback`
+   * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The source object.
+   * @param {Array|Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The function called
+   *  per iteration or properties to pick, either as individual arguments or arrays.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, 'name');
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
+   *
+   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, function(value, key) {
+   *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
+   * });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
+   */
+  function pick(object) {
+    var index = 0,
+        props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
+        length = props.length,
+        result = {};
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var prop = props[index];
+      if (prop in object) {
+        result[prop] = object[prop];
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+   * // => [1, 2, 3] (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  function values(object) {
+    var index = -1,
+        props = keys(object),
+        length = props.length,
+        result = Array(length);
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      result[index] = object[props[index]];
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if a given `target` element is present in a `collection` using strict
+   * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
+   * as the offset from the end of the collection.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias include
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Mixed} target The value to check for.
+   * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function contains(collection, target) {
+    var length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        result = false;
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      result = indexOf(collection, target) > -1;
+    } else {
+      forOwn(collection, function(value) {
+        return (result = value === target) && indicatorObject;
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
+   * `collection` through the given `callback`. The corresponding value of each key
+   * is the number of times the key was returned by the `callback`. The `callback`
+   * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+   *
+   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+   *
+   * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+   * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
+   */
+  function countBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = {};
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+      key = String(callback(value, key, collection));
+      (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **all** elements of a
+   * `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias all
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the callback check,
+   *  else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.every(stooges, 'age');
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.every(stooges, { 'age': 50 });
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = true;
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        return !(result = !!callback(value, index, collection)) && indicatorObject;
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
+   * the `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
+   * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias select
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+   * // => [2, 4, 6]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.filter(food, 'organic');
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.filter(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
+   */
+  function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = [];
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = collection[index];
+        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first that the `callback`
+   * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias detect
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.find([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true,  'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.find(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
+   * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.find(food, 'organic');
+   * // => { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true, 'type': 'fruit' }
+   */
+  function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = collection[index];
+        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+          return value;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      var result;
+      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+          result = value;
+          return indicatorObject;
+        }
+      });
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function findWhere(object, properties) {
+    return where(object, properties, true);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over a `collection`, executing the `callback` for each element in
+   * the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early
+   * by explicitly returning `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias each
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(alert).join(',');
+   * // => alerts each number and returns '1,2,3'
+   *
+   * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, alert);
+   * // => alerts each number value (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  function forEach(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (callback(collection[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      forOwn(collection, callback, thisArg);
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
+   * `collection` through the `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is
+   * an array of elements passed to `callback` that returned the key. The `callback`
+   * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+   * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+   *
+   * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+   * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+   * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
+   */
+  function groupBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = {};
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+      key = String(callback(value, key, collection));
+      (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`,
+   * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
+   * will be passed to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function, it will
+   * be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|String} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
+   *  the function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the method with.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
+   * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
+   *
+   * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
+   * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
+   */
+  function invoke(collection, methodName) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2),
+        index = -1,
+        isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
+
+    forEach(collection, function(value) {
+      result[++index] = (isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of values by running each element in the `collection`
+   * through the `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+   * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias collect
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
+   * // => [3, 6, 9]
+   *
+   * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
+   * // => [3, 6, 9] (order is not guaranteed)
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.map(stooges, 'name');
+   * // => ['moe', 'larry']
+   */
+  function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      var result = Array(length);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
+      }
+    } else {
+      result = [];
+      forOwn(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the maximum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
+   * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
+   * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to
+   * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the maximum value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+   * // => 8
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.max(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
+   * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.max(stooges, 'age');
+   * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
+   */
+  function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var computed = -Infinity,
+        result = computed;
+
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (!callback && typeof length == 'number') {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = collection[index];
+        if (value > result) {
+          result = value;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        var current = callback(value, index, collection);
+        if (current > computed) {
+          computed = current;
+          result = value;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the minimum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
+   * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
+   * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
+   * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the minimum value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.min(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.min(stooges, 'age');
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
+   */
+  function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var computed = Infinity,
+        result = computed;
+
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (!callback && typeof length == 'number') {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var value = collection[index];
+        if (value < result) {
+          result = value;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        var current = callback(value, index, collection);
+        if (current < computed) {
+          computed = current;
+          result = value;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the `collection`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Function
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {String} property The property to pluck.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.pluck(stooges, 'name');
+   * // => ['moe', 'larry']
+   */
+  function pluck(collection, property) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      var result = Array(length);
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = collection[index][property];
+      }
+    }
+    return result || map(collection, property);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reduces a `collection` to a value that is the accumulated result of running
+   * each element in the `collection` through the `callback`, where each successive
+   * `callback` execution consumes the return value of the previous execution.
+   * If `accumulator` is not passed, the first element of the `collection` will be
+   * used as the initial `accumulator` value. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
+   * and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias foldl, inject
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(sum, num) {
+   *   return sum + num;
+   * });
+   * // => 6
+   *
+   * var mapped = _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
+   *   result[key] = num * 3;
+   *   return result;
+   * }, {});
+   * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
+   */
+  function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
+    if (!collection) return accumulator;
+    var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
+
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection.length;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      if (noaccum) {
+        accumulator = collection[++index];
+      }
+      while (++index < length) {
+        accumulator = callback(accumulator, collection[index], index, collection);
+      }
+    } else {
+      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        accumulator = noaccum
+          ? (noaccum = false, value)
+          : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
+      });
+    }
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method is similar to `_.reduce`, except that it iterates over a
+   * `collection` from right to left.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias foldr
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+   * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
+   * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+   */
+  function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
+    var iterable = collection,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
+
+    if (typeof length != 'number') {
+      var props = keys(collection);
+      length = props.length;
+    }
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      index = props ? props[--length] : --length;
+      accumulator = noaccum
+        ? (noaccum = false, iterable[index])
+        : callback(accumulator, iterable[index], index, collection);
+    });
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The opposite of `_.filter`, this method returns the elements of a
+   * `collection` that `callback` does **not** return truthy for.
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that did **not** pass the
+   *  callback check.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+   * // => [1, 3, 5]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.reject(food, 'organic');
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.reject(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
+   */
+  function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    return filter(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      return !callback(value, index, collection);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of shuffled `array` values, using a version of the
+   * Fisher-Yates shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to shuffle.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+   * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
+   */
+  function shuffle(collection) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
+
+    forEach(collection, function(value) {
+      var rand = floor(nativeRandom() * (++index + 1));
+      result[index] = result[rand];
+      result[rand] = value;
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
+   * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to inspect.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.size([1, 2]);
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+   * // => 3
+   *
+   * _.size('curly');
+   * // => 5
+   */
+  function size(collection) {
+    var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+    return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **any** element of a
+   * `collection`. The function returns as soon as it finds passing value, and
+   * does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is bound to
+   * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias any
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the callback check,
+   *  else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.some(food, 'organic');
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.some(food, { 'type': 'meat' });
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result;
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if ((result = callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        return (result = callback(value, index, collection)) && indicatorObject;
+      });
+    }
+    return !!result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
+   * running each element in the `collection` through the `callback`. This method
+   * performs a stable sort, that is, it will preserve the original sort order of
+   * equal elements. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
+   * // => [3, 1, 2]
+   *
+   * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
+   * // => [3, 1, 2]
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.sortBy(['banana', 'strawberry', 'apple'], 'length');
+   * // => ['apple', 'banana', 'strawberry']
+   */
+  function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
+
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+      result[++index] = {
+        'criteria': callback(value, key, collection),
+        'index': index,
+        'value': value
+      };
+    });
+
+    length = result.length;
+    result.sort(compareAscending);
+    while (length--) {
+      result[length] = result[length].value;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts the `collection` to an array.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to convert.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
+   * // => [2, 3, 4]
+   */
+  function toArray(collection) {
+    if (isArray(collection)) {
+      return slice.call(collection);
+    }
+    if (collection && typeof collection.length == 'number') {
+      return map(collection);
+    }
+    return values(collection);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
+   * that have the given `properties`. When checking `properties`, this method
+   * performs a deep comparison between values to determine if they are equivalent
+   * to each other.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Function
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that have the given `properties`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.where(stooges, { 'age': 40 });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }]
+   */
+  function where(collection, properties, first) {
+    return (first && isEmpty(properties))
+      ? null
+      : (first ? find : filter)(collection, properties);
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array with all falsey values of `array` removed. The values
+   * `false`, `null`, `0`, `""`, `undefined` and `NaN` are all falsey.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   */
+  function compact(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (value) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of `array` elements not present in the other arrays
+   * using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to check.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of `array` elements not present in the
+   *  other arrays.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
+   * // => [1, 3, 4]
+   */
+  function difference(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array.length,
+        flattened = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (indexOf(flattened, value, length) < 0) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the first element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the first
+   * `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function is passed,
+   * elements at the beginning of the array are returned as long as the `callback`
+   * returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index, array).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias head, take
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
+   *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
+   *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+   *  style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the first element(s) of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => 1
+   *
+   * _.first([1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => [1, 2]
+   *
+   * _.first([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+   *   return num < 3;
+   * });
+   * // => [1, 2]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.first(food, 'organic');
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true }]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.first(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
+   */
+  function first(array, callback, thisArg) {
+    if (array) {
+      var n = 0,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+        var index = -1;
+        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+        while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+          n++;
+        }
+      } else {
+        n = callback;
+        if (n == null || thisArg) {
+          return array[0];
+        }
+      }
+      return slice.call(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), length));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `isShallow`
+   * is truthy, `array` will only be flattened a single level. If `callback`
+   * is passed, each element of `array` is passed through a callback` before
+   * flattening. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index, array).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
+   * @param {Boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to indicate only flattening a single level.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
+   *
+   * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'quotes': ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!'] },
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'quotes': ['Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!'] }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.flatten(stooges, 'quotes');
+   * // => ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!', 'Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!']
+   */
+  function flatten(array, isShallow) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        push.apply(result, isShallow ? value : flatten(value));
+      } else {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
+   * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already
+   * sorted, passing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {Boolean|Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true` to
+   *  perform a binary search on a sorted `array`.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => 1
+   *
+   * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
+   * // => 4
+   *
+   * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
+   * // => 2
+   */
+  function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+      index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0) - 1;
+    } else if (fromIndex) {
+      index = sortedIndex(array, value);
+      return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
+    }
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (array[index] === value) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets all but the last element of `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the
+   * last `n` elements are excluded from the result. If a `callback` function
+   * is passed, elements at the end of the array are excluded from the result
+   * as long as the `callback` returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to
+   * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
+   *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
+   *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+   *  style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => [1, 2]
+   *
+   * _.initial([1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => [1]
+   *
+   * _.initial([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+   *   return num > 1;
+   * });
+   * // => [1]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
+   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.initial(food, 'organic');
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false }]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
+   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.initial(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
+   */
+  function initial(array, callback, thisArg) {
+    if (!array) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    var n = 0,
+        length = array.length;
+
+    if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+      var index = length;
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+      while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+        n++;
+      }
+    } else {
+      n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : callback || n;
+    }
+    return slice.call(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, length - n), length));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the intersection of all the passed-in arrays using strict equality
+   * for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique elements that are present
+   *  in **all** of the arrays.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+   * // => [1, 2]
+   */
+  function intersection(array) {
+    var args = arguments,
+        argsLength = args.length,
+        index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = [];
+
+    outer:
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (indexOf(result, value) < 0) {
+        var argsIndex = argsLength;
+        while (--argsIndex) {
+          if (indexOf(args[argsIndex], value) < 0) {
+            continue outer;
+          }
+        }
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the last element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the
+   * last `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function
+   * is passed, elements at the end of the array are returned as long as the
+   * `callback` returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
+   * invoked with three arguments;(value, index, array).
+   *
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
+   *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
+   *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+   *  style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the last element(s) of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => 3
+   *
+   * _.last([1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => [2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.last([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+   *   return num > 1;
+   * });
+   * // => [2, 3]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
+   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.last(food, 'organic');
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
+   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.last(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }, { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
+   */
+  function last(array, callback, thisArg) {
+    if (array) {
+      var n = 0,
+          length = array.length;
+
+      if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+        var index = length;
+        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+        while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+          n++;
+        }
+      } else {
+        n = callback;
+        if (n == null || thisArg) {
+          return array[length - 1];
+        }
+      }
+      return slice.call(array, nativeMax(0, length - n));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using strict
+   * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
+   * as the offset from the end of the collection.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {Number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => 4
+   *
+   * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
+   * // => 1
+   */
+  function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+    var index = array ? array.length : 0;
+    if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+      index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
+    }
+    while (index--) {
+      if (array[index] === value) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
+   * `start` up to but not including `end`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+   * @param {Number} end The end of the range.
+   * @param {Number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.range(10);
+   * // => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+   *
+   * _.range(1, 11);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+   *
+   * _.range(0, 30, 5);
+   * // => [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
+   *
+   * _.range(0, -10, -1);
+   * // => [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
+   *
+   * _.range(0);
+   * // => []
+   */
+  function range(start, end, step) {
+    start = +start || 0;
+    step = +step || 1;
+
+    if (end == null) {
+      end = start;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    // use `Array(length)` so V8 will avoid the slower "dictionary" mode
+    // http://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s
+    var index = -1,
+        length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
+        result = Array(length);
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      result[index] = start;
+      start += step;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The opposite of `_.initial`, this method gets all but the first value of
+   * `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the first `n` values are excluded from
+   * the result. If a `callback` function is passed, elements at the beginning
+   * of the array are excluded from the result as long as the `callback` returns
+   * truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index, array).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias drop, tail
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
+   *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
+   *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+   *  style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => [2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.rest([1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => [3]
+   *
+   * _.rest([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+   *   return num < 3;
+   * });
+   * // => [3]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.rest(food, 'organic');
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false }]
+   *
+   * var food = [
+   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
+   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+   * _.rest(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
+   */
+  function rest(array, callback, thisArg) {
+    if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+      var n = 0,
+          index = -1,
+          length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+      while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+        n++;
+      }
+    } else {
+      n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : nativeMax(0, callback);
+    }
+    return slice.call(array, n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which the `value`
+   * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain the sort order of the
+   * sorted `array`. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for `value` and
+   * each element in `array` to compute their sort ranking. The `callback` is
+   * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to evaluate.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the index at which the value should be inserted
+   *  into `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * var dict = {
+   *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
+   *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
+   * });
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
+   *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
+   * }, dict);
+   * // => 2
+   */
+  function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
+    var low = 0,
+        high = array ? array.length : low;
+
+    // explicitly reference `identity` for better inlining in Firefox
+    callback = callback ? createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1) : identity;
+    value = callback(value);
+
+    while (low < high) {
+      var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
+      (callback(array[mid]) < value)
+        ? low = mid + 1
+        : high = mid;
+    }
+    return low;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the union of the passed-in arrays using strict equality for
+   * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique values, in order, that are
+   *  present in one or more of the arrays.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
+   */
+  function union() {
+    return uniq(concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of the `array` using strict equality
+   * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already sorted, passing `true`
+   * for `isSorted` will run a faster algorithm. If `callback` is passed, each
+   * element of `array` is passed through a callback` before uniqueness is computed.
+   * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
+   *
+   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
+   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+   *
+   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
+   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+   * else `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias unique
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+   * @param {Boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that the `array` is already sorted.
+   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
+   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
+   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   *
+   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+   * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+   * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
+   */
+  function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = [],
+        seen = result;
+
+    if (typeof isSorted != 'boolean' && isSorted != null) {
+      thisArg = callback;
+      callback = isSorted;
+      isSorted = false;
+    }
+    if (callback != null) {
+      seen = [];
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    }
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index],
+          computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;
+
+      if (isSorted
+            ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
+            : indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
+          ) {
+        if (callback) {
+          seen.push(computed);
+        }
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array with all occurrences of the passed values removed using
+   * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
+   * @param {Mixed} [value1, value2, ...] Values to remove.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
+   * // => [2, 3, 4]
+   */
+  function without(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array.length,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (indexOf(arguments, value, 1) < 0) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Groups the elements of each array at their corresponding indexes. Useful for
+   * separate data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
+   * For a matrix of nested arrays, `_.zip.apply(...)` can transpose the matrix
+   * in a similar fashion.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.zip(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
+   * // => [['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false]]
+   */
+  function zip(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? max(pluck(arguments, 'length')) : 0,
+        result = Array(length);
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      result[index] = pluck(arguments, index);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Pass either
+   * a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`, or
+   * two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias object
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
+   * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
+   *  corresponding values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.zipObject(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40]);
+   * // => { 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 }
+   */
+  function zipObject(keys, values) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
+        result = {};
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var key = keys[index];
+      if (values) {
+        result[key] = values[index];
+      } else {
+        result[key[0]] = key[1];
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * If `n` is greater than `0`, a function is created that is restricted to
+   * executing `func`, with the `this` binding and arguments of the created
+   * function, only after it is called `n` times. If `n` is less than `1`,
+   * `func` is executed immediately, without a `this` binding or additional
+   * arguments, and its result is returned.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Number} n The number of times the function must be called before
+   * it is executed.
+   * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
+   * _.forEach(notes, function(note) {
+   *   note.asyncSave({ 'success': renderNotes });
+   * });
+   * // `renderNotes` is run once, after all notes have saved
+   */
+  function after(n, func) {
+    if (n < 1) {
+      return func();
+    }
+    return function() {
+      if (--n < 1) {
+        return func.apply(this, arguments);
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
+   * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
+   * passed to the bound function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var func = function(greeting) {
+   *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
+   * };
+   *
+   * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'moe' }, 'hi');
+   * func();
+   * // => 'hi moe'
+   */
+  function bind(func, thisArg) {
+    // use `Function#bind` if it exists and is fast
+    // (in V8 `Function#bind` is slower except when partially applied)
+    return support.fastBind || (nativeBind && arguments.length > 2)
+      ? nativeBind.call.apply(nativeBind, arguments)
+      : createBound(func, thisArg, slice.call(arguments, 2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Binds methods on `object` to `object`, overwriting the existing method.
+   * Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of method
+   * names. If no method names are provided, all the function properties of `object`
+   * will be bound.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
+   * @param {String} [methodName1, methodName2, ...] Method names on the object to bind.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var view = {
+   *  'label': 'docs',
+   *  'onClick': function() { alert('clicked ' + this.label); }
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.bindAll(view);
+   * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
+   * // => alerts 'clicked docs', when the button is clicked
+   */
+  function bindAll(object) {
+    var funcs = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
+        index = funcs.length > 1 ? 0 : (funcs = functions(object), -1),
+        length = funcs.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var key = funcs[index];
+      object[key] = bind(object[key], object);
+    }
+    return object;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that is the composition of the passed functions,
+   * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
+   * For example, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
+   * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} [func1, func2, ...] Functions to compose.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var greet = function(name) { return 'hi ' + name; };
+   * var exclaim = function(statement) { return statement + '!'; };
+   * var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
+   * welcome('moe');
+   * // => 'hi moe!'
+   */
+  function compose() {
+    var funcs = arguments;
+    return function() {
+      var args = arguments,
+          length = funcs.length;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
+      }
+      return args[0];
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Produces a callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is a property
+   * name, the created callback will return the property value for a given element.
+   * If `func` is an object, the created callback will return `true` for elements
+   * that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return `false`.
+   *
+   * Note: All Lo-Dash methods, that accept a `callback` argument, use `_.createCallback`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Mixed} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
+   * @param {Number} [argCount=3] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * // wrap to create custom callback shorthands
+   * _.createCallback = _.wrap(_.createCallback, function(func, callback, thisArg) {
+   *   var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(callback);
+   *   return !match ? func(callback, thisArg) : function(object) {
+   *     return match[2] == 'gt' ? object[match[1]] > match[3] : object[match[1]] < match[3];
+   *   };
+   * });
+   *
+   * _.filter(stooges, 'age__gt45');
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }]
+   *
+   * // create mixins with support for "_.pluck" and "_.where" callback shorthands
+   * _.mixin({
+   *   'toLookup': function(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+   *     callback = _.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+   *     return _.reduce(collection, function(result, value, index, collection) {
+   *       return (result[callback(value, index, collection)] = value, result);
+   *     }, {});
+   *   }
+   * });
+   *
+   * _.toLookup(stooges, 'name');
+   * // => { 'moe': { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'larry': { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 } }
+   */
+  function createCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
+    if (func == null) {
+      return identity;
+    }
+    var type = typeof func;
+    if (type != 'function') {
+      if (type != 'object') {
+        return function(object) {
+          return object[func];
+        };
+      }
+      var props = keys(func);
+      return function(object) {
+        var length = props.length,
+            result = false;
+        while (length--) {
+          if (!(result = object[props[length]] === func[props[length]])) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }
+    if (typeof thisArg != 'undefined') {
+      if (argCount === 1) {
+        return function(value) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, value);
+        };
+      }
+      if (argCount === 2) {
+        return function(a, b) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, a, b);
+        };
+      }
+      if (argCount === 4) {
+        return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, collection);
+        };
+      }
+      return function(value, index, collection) {
+        return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
+      };
+    }
+    return func;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
+   * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. Pass
+   * `true` for `immediate` to cause debounce to invoke `func` on the leading,
+   * instead of the trailing, edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to
+   * the debounced function will return the result of the last `func` call.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
+   * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
+   * @param {Boolean} immediate A flag to indicate execution is on the leading
+   *  edge of the timeout.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
+   * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
+   */
+  function debounce(func, wait, immediate) {
+    var args,
+        result,
+        thisArg,
+        timeoutId;
+
+    function delayed() {
+      timeoutId = null;
+      if (!immediate) {
+        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+      }
+    }
+    return function() {
+      var isImmediate = immediate && !timeoutId;
+      args = arguments;
+      thisArg = this;
+
+      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+      timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
+
+      if (isImmediate) {
+        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
+   * Additional arguments will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the timer id.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.defer(function() { alert('deferred'); });
+   * // returns from the function before `alert` is called
+   */
+  function defer(func) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, 1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
+   * will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
+   * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the timer id.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
+   * _.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
+   * // => 'logged later' (Appears after one second.)
+   */
+  function delay(func, wait) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
+   * passed, it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
+   * based on the arguments passed to the memoized function. By default, the first
+   * argument passed to the memoized function is used as the cache key. The `func`
+   * is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
+   * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
+   *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
+   * });
+   */
+  function memoize(func, resolver) {
+    var cache = {};
+    return function() {
+      var key = String(resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : arguments[0]);
+      return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
+        ? cache[key]
+        : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
+   * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
+   * with the `this` binding of the created function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
+   * initialize();
+   * initialize();
+   * // `initialize` executes `createApplication` once
+   */
+  function once(func) {
+    var ran,
+        result;
+
+    return function() {
+      if (ran) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      ran = true;
+      result = func.apply(this, arguments);
+
+      // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
+      func = null;
+      return result;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
+   * `partial` arguments prepended to those passed to the new function. This
+   * method is similar to `_.bind`, except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ' ' + name; };
+   * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
+   * hi('moe');
+   * // => 'hi moe'
+   */
+  function partial(func) {
+    return createBound(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func`
+   * function at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. If the throttled
+   * function is invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout, `func` will
+   * also be called on the trailing edge of the timeout. Subsequent calls to the
+   * throttled function will return the result of the last `func` call.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
+   * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
+   * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
+   */
+  function throttle(func, wait) {
+    var args,
+        result,
+        thisArg,
+        timeoutId,
+        lastCalled = 0;
+
+    function trailingCall() {
+      lastCalled = new Date;
+      timeoutId = null;
+      result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+    }
+    return function() {
+      var now = new Date,
+          remaining = wait - (now - lastCalled);
+
+      args = arguments;
+      thisArg = this;
+
+      if (remaining <= 0) {
+        clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        timeoutId = null;
+        lastCalled = now;
+        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+      }
+      else if (!timeoutId) {
+        timeoutId = setTimeout(trailingCall, remaining);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that passes `value` to the `wrapper` function as its
+   * first argument. Additional arguments passed to the function are appended
+   * to those passed to the `wrapper` function. The `wrapper` is executed with
+   * the `this` binding of the created function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
+   * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var hello = function(name) { return 'hello ' + name; };
+   * hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
+   *   return 'before, ' + func('moe') + ', after';
+   * });
+   * hello();
+   * // => 'before, hello moe, after'
+   */
+  function wrap(value, wrapper) {
+    return function() {
+      var args = [value];
+      push.apply(args, arguments);
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
+    };
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
+   * corresponding HTML entities.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} string The string to escape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped string.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.escape('Moe, Larry & Curly');
+   * // => 'Moe, Larry &amp; Curly'
+   */
+  function escape(string) {
+    return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function returns the first argument passed to it.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Mixed} value Any value.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var moe = { 'name': 'moe' };
+   * moe === _.identity(moe);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function identity(value) {
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds functions properties of `object` to the `lodash` function and chainable
+   * wrapper.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.mixin({
+   *   'capitalize': function(string) {
+   *     return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
+   *   }
+   * });
+   *
+   * _.capitalize('moe');
+   * // => 'Moe'
+   *
+   * _('moe').capitalize();
+   * // => 'Moe'
+   */
+  function mixin(object) {
+    forEach(functions(object), function(methodName) {
+      var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];
+
+      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var args = [this.__wrapped__];
+        push.apply(args, arguments);
+
+        var result = func.apply(lodash, args);
+        if (this.__chain__) {
+          result = new lodashWrapper(result);
+          result.__chain__ = true;
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
+   * the `lodash` function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var lodash = _.noConflict();
+   */
+  function noConflict() {
+    window._ = oldDash;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
+   * argument is passed, a number between `0` and the given number will be returned.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
+   * @param {Number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns a random number.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.random(0, 5);
+   * // => a number between 0 and 5
+   *
+   * _.random(5);
+   * // => also a number between 0 and 5
+   */
+  function random(min, max) {
+    if (min == null && max == null) {
+      max = 1;
+    }
+    min = +min || 0;
+    if (max == null) {
+      max = min;
+      min = 0;
+    }
+    return min + floor(nativeRandom() * ((+max || 0) - min + 1));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves the value of `property` on `object`. If `property` is a function,
+   * it will be invoked with the `this` binding of `object` and its result returned,
+   * else the property value is returned. If `object` is falsey, then `undefined`
+   * is returned.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @param {String} property The property to get the value of.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the resolved value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var object = {
+   *   'cheese': 'crumpets',
+   *   'stuff': function() {
+   *     return 'nonsense';
+   *   }
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.result(object, 'cheese');
+   * // => 'crumpets'
+   *
+   * _.result(object, 'stuff');
+   * // => 'nonsense'
+   */
+  function result(object, property) {
+    var value = object ? object[property] : null;
+    return isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
+   * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+   *
+   * Note: In the development build, `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
+   * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
+   *
+   * Note: Lo-Dash may be used in Chrome extensions by either creating a `lodash csp`
+   * build and using precompiled templates, or loading Lo-Dash in a sandbox.
+   *
+   * For more information on precompiling templates see:
+   * http://lodash.com/#custom-builds
+   *
+   * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see:
+   * http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} text The template text.
+   * @param {Obect} data The data object used to populate the text.
+   * @param {Object} options The options object.
+   *  escape - The "escape" delimiter regexp.
+   *  evaluate - The "evaluate" delimiter regexp.
+   *  interpolate - The "interpolate" delimiter regexp.
+   *  sourceURL - The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
+   *  variable - The data object variable name.
+   * @returns {Function|String} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
+   *  is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * // using a compiled template
+   * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
+   * compiled({ 'name': 'moe' });
+   * // => 'hello moe'
+   *
+   * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%= name %></li><% }); %>';
+   * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry'] });
+   * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li>'
+   *
+   * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
+   * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
+   * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
+   *
+   * // using the ES6 delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
+   * _.template('hello ${ name }', { 'name': 'curly' });
+   * // => 'hello curly'
+   *
+   * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
+   * _.template('<% print("hello " + epithet); %>!', { 'epithet': 'stooge' });
+   * // => 'hello stooge!'
+   *
+   * // using custom template delimiters
+   * _.templateSettings = {
+   *   'interpolate': /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
+   * // => 'hello mustache!'
+   *
+   * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
+   * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
+   * compiled(data);
+   * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
+   *
+   * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
+   * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
+   * compiled.source;
+   * // => function(data) {
+   *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
+   *   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
+   *   return __p;
+   * }
+   *
+   * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
+   * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
+   * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
+   *   var JST = {\
+   *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
+   *   };\
+   * ');
+   */
+  function template(text, data, options) {
+    text || (text = '');
+    options = defaults({}, options, lodash.templateSettings);
+
+    var index = 0,
+        source = "__p += '",
+        variable = options.variable;
+
+    var reDelimiters = RegExp(
+      (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+      (options.interpolate || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+      (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
+    , 'g');
+
+    text.replace(reDelimiters, function(match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
+      source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);
+      if (escapeValue) {
+        source += "' +\n_.escape(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
+      }
+      if (evaluateValue) {
+        source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
+      }
+      if (interpolateValue) {
+        source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
+      }
+      index = offset + match.length;
+      return match;
+    });
+
+    source += "';\n";
+    if (!variable) {
+      variable = 'obj';
+      source = 'with (' + variable + ' || {}) {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
+    }
+    source = 'function(' + variable + ') {\n' +
+      "var __t, __p = '', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n" +
+      "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n" +
+      source +
+      'return __p\n}';
+
+    try {
+      var result = Function('_', 'return ' + source)(lodash);
+    } catch(e) {
+      e.source = source;
+      throw e;
+    }
+    if (data) {
+      return result(data);
+    }
+    result.source = source;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Executes the `callback` function `n` times, returning an array of the results
+   * of each `callback` execution. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+   * with one argument; (index).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6));
+   * // => [3, 6, 4]
+   *
+   * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
+   * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
+   *
+   * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
+   * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
+   */
+  function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
+    var index = -1,
+        result = Array(n > -1 ? n : 0);
+
+    while (++index < n) {
+      result[index] = callback.call(thisArg, index);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The opposite of `_.escape`, this method converts the HTML entities
+   * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#39;` in `string` to their
+   * corresponding characters.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} string The string to unescape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped string.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.unescape('Moe, Larry &amp; Curly');
+   * // => 'Moe, Larry & Curly'
+   */
+  function unescape(string) {
+    return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is passed, the ID will be appended to it.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} [prefix] The value to prefix the ID with.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the unique ID.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.uniqueId('contact_');
+   * // => 'contact_104'
+   *
+   * _.uniqueId();
+   * // => '105'
+   */
+  function uniqueId(prefix) {
+    var id = ++idCounter + '';
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a `lodash` object that wraps the given `value`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the wrapper object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
+   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
+   *     .sortBy(function(stooge) { return stooge.age; })
+   *     .map(function(stooge) { return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
+   *     .first();
+   * // => 'moe is 40'
+   */
+  function chain(value) {
+    value = new lodashWrapper(value);
+    value.__chain__ = true;
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Invokes `interceptor` with the `value` as the first argument, and then
+   * returns `value`. The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
+   * in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to pass to `interceptor`.
+   * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _([1, 2, 3, 4])
+   *  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
+   *  .tap(alert)
+   *  .map(function(num) { return num * num; })
+   *  .value();
+   * // => // [2, 4] (alerted)
+   * // => [4, 16]
+   */
+  function tap(value, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(value);
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enables method chaining on the wrapper object.
+   *
+   * @name chain
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapper object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var sum = _([1, 2, 3])
+   *     .chain()
+   *     .reduce(function(sum, num) { return sum + num; })
+   *     .value()
+   * // => 6`
+   */
+  function wrapperChain() {
+    this.__chain__ = true;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Produces the `toString` result of the wrapped value.
+   *
+   * @name toString
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @returns {String} Returns the string result.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _([1, 2, 3]).toString();
+   * // => '1,2,3'
+   */
+  function wrapperToString() {
+    return String(this.__wrapped__);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extracts the wrapped value.
+   *
+   * @name valueOf
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias value
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapped value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _([1, 2, 3]).valueOf();
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   */
+  function wrapperValueOf() {
+    return this.__wrapped__;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // add functions that return wrapped values when chaining
+  lodash.after = after;
+  lodash.bind = bind;
+  lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
+  lodash.compact = compact;
+  lodash.compose = compose;
+  lodash.countBy = countBy;
+  lodash.debounce = debounce;
+  lodash.defaults = defaults;
+  lodash.defer = defer;
+  lodash.delay = delay;
+  lodash.difference = difference;
+  lodash.filter = filter;
+  lodash.flatten = flatten;
+  lodash.forEach = forEach;
+  lodash.functions = functions;
+  lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
+  lodash.initial = initial;
+  lodash.intersection = intersection;
+  lodash.invert = invert;
+  lodash.invoke = invoke;
+  lodash.keys = keys;
+  lodash.map = map;
+  lodash.max = max;
+  lodash.memoize = memoize;
+  lodash.min = min;
+  lodash.omit = omit;
+  lodash.once = once;
+  lodash.pairs = pairs;
+  lodash.partial = partial;
+  lodash.pick = pick;
+  lodash.pluck = pluck;
+  lodash.range = range;
+  lodash.reject = reject;
+  lodash.rest = rest;
+  lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
+  lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
+  lodash.tap = tap;
+  lodash.throttle = throttle;
+  lodash.times = times;
+  lodash.toArray = toArray;
+  lodash.union = union;
+  lodash.uniq = uniq;
+  lodash.values = values;
+  lodash.where = where;
+  lodash.without = without;
+  lodash.wrap = wrap;
+  lodash.zip = zip;
+
+  // add aliases
+  lodash.collect = map;
+  lodash.drop = rest;
+  lodash.each = forEach;
+  lodash.extend = assign;
+  lodash.methods = functions;
+  lodash.object = zipObject;
+  lodash.select = filter;
+  lodash.tail = rest;
+  lodash.unique = uniq;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // add functions that return unwrapped values when chaining
+  lodash.clone = clone;
+  lodash.contains = contains;
+  lodash.escape = escape;
+  lodash.every = every;
+  lodash.find = find;
+  lodash.findWhere = findWhere;
+  lodash.has = has;
+  lodash.identity = identity;
+  lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
+  lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
+  lodash.isArray = isArray;
+  lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
+  lodash.isDate = isDate;
+  lodash.isElement = isElement;
+  lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
+  lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
+  lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
+  lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
+  lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
+  lodash.isNull = isNull;
+  lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
+  lodash.isObject = isObject;
+  lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
+  lodash.isString = isString;
+  lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
+  lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
+  lodash.mixin = mixin;
+  lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
+  lodash.random = random;
+  lodash.reduce = reduce;
+  lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
+  lodash.result = result;
+  lodash.size = size;
+  lodash.some = some;
+  lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
+  lodash.template = template;
+  lodash.unescape = unescape;
+  lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;
+
+  // add aliases
+  lodash.all = every;
+  lodash.any = some;
+  lodash.detect = find;
+  lodash.foldl = reduce;
+  lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
+  lodash.include = contains;
+  lodash.inject = reduce;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // add functions capable of returning wrapped and unwrapped values when chaining
+  lodash.first = first;
+  lodash.last = last;
+
+  // add aliases
+  lodash.take = first;
+  lodash.head = first;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  lodash.chain = chain;
+
+  /**
+   * The semantic version number.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type String
+   */
+  lodash.VERSION = '1.1.0';
+
+  // add functions to `lodash.prototype`
+  mixin(lodash);
+
+  // add "Chaining" functions to the wrapper
+  lodash.prototype.chain = wrapperChain;
+  lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValueOf;
+
+  // add `Array` mutator functions to the wrapper
+  forEach(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(methodName) {
+    var func = arrayRef[methodName];
+    lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+      var value = this.__wrapped__;
+      func.apply(value, arguments);
+
+      // avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice`
+      // in Firefox < 10 and IE < 9
+      if (!support.spliceObjects && value.length === 0) {
+        delete value[0];
+      }
+      return this;
+    };
+  });
+
+  // add `Array` accessor functions to the wrapper
+  forEach(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(methodName) {
+    var func = arrayRef[methodName];
+    lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+      var value = this.__wrapped__,
+          result = func.apply(value, arguments);
+
+      if (this.__chain__) {
+        result = new lodashWrapper(result);
+        result.__chain__ = true;
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+  });
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // expose Lo-Dash
+  // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns like the following:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
+    // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
+    // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
+    // module via its `noConflict()` method.
+    window._ = lodash;
+
+    // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
+    // referenced as the "underscore" module
+    define(function() {
+      return lodash;
+    });
+  }
+  // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
+  else if (freeExports && !freeExports.nodeType) {
+    // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
+    if (freeModule) {
+      (freeModule.exports = lodash)._ = lodash;
+    }
+    // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
+    else {
+      freeExports._ = lodash;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    // in a browser or Rhino
+    window._ = lodash;
+  }
+}(this));