locale 0.9.0

data/test/test_detect_cgi.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+require 'cgi'
+require 'locale'
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class CGI
+  module QueryExtension
+    # Override this method to avoid to put warning messages.
+    module_function
+    def readlines=(str)
+      @@lines = [str]
+    end
+    def readlines
+      @@lines
+    end
+    def read_from_cmdline
+      require "shellwords"
+      string = readlines.join(' ').gsub(/\n/n, '').gsub(/\\=/n, '%3D').gsub(/\\&/n, '%26')
+      
+      words = Shellwords.shellwords(string)
+      
+      if words.find{|x| /=/n.match(x) }
+        words.join('&')
+      else
+        words.join('+')
+      end
+    end
+    private :read_from_cmdline
+  end
+end
+
+class TestDetectCGI < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup_cgi(str)
+    CGI::QueryExtension.readlines = str
+    Locale.init(:driver => :cgi)
+    cgi = CGI.new
+    Locale.cgi = cgi
+    Locale.clear_all
+  end
+
+  def test_query_string
+    #query string
+    setup_cgi("lang=ja_JP")
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal(Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class)
+    assert_equal("ja_JP", lang.to_s)
+
+    setup_cgi("lang=ja-jp")
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal(Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class)
+    assert_equal("ja_JP", lang.to_s)
+    assert_equal("ja-JP", lang.to_rfc.to_s)
+    setup_cgi("lang=ja-jp")
+    assert_equal("ja_JP", lang.to_s)
+    assert_equal("ja-JP", lang.to_rfc.to_s)
+
+  end
+
+  def test_cookie
+    #cockie
+    setup_cgi("Set-Cookie: lang=en-us")
+    assert_equal("en_US", Locale.current.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_accept_language
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"] = ""
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET"] = ""
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal(Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class)
+    assert_equal("en", lang.to_s)
+    assert_equal("en", lang.to_rfc.to_s)
+
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"] = "ja,en-us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3"
+    lang1, lang2, lang3 = Locale.current
+    assert_equal("ja", lang1.to_rfc.to_s)
+    assert_equal("en-US", lang2.to_rfc.to_s)
+    assert_equal("en", lang3.to_rfc.to_s)
+
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"] = "en-us,ja;q=0.7,en;q=0.3"
+    lang1, lang2, lang3 = Locale.current
+    assert_equal("en-US", lang1.to_rfc.to_s)
+    assert_equal("ja", lang2.to_rfc.to_s)
+    assert_equal("en", lang3.to_rfc.to_s)
+
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"] = "en"
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal("en", lang.to_rfc.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_accept_charset
+    #accept charset
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET"] = "Shift_JIS"
+    assert_equal("Shift_JIS", Locale.charset)
+
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET"] = "EUC-JP,*,utf-8"
+    assert_equal("EUC-JP", Locale.charset)
+
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET"] = "*"
+    assert_equal("UTF-8", Locale.charset)
+
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET"] = ""
+    assert_equal("UTF-8", Locale.charset)
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    Locale.set_default(nil)
+    Locale.set_default("ja-JP")
+    setup_cgi("")
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"] = ""
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET"] = ""
+    assert_equal("ja-JP", Locale.default.to_rfc.to_s)
+    assert_equal("ja-JP", Locale.current.to_rfc.to_s)
+    Locale.set_default(nil)
+  end
+
+  def common(*ary)
+    ary.map{|v| Locale::Tag::Common.parse(v)}
+  end
+
+  def rfc(*ary)
+    ary.map{|v| Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse(v)}
+  end
+
+  def cldr(*ary)
+    ary.map{|v| Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse(v)}
+  end
+
+  def simple(*ary)
+    ary.map{|v| Locale::Tag::Simple.parse(v)}
+  end
+
+  def test_candidates
+    setup_cgi("")
+
+    ENV["HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"] = "fr-fr,zh_CN;q=0.7,zh_TW;q=0.2,ja_JP;q=0.1"
+
+    assert_equal common("fr-FR", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "ja-JP", 
+                        "fr", "zh", "ja", "en"), Locale.candidates
+    
+    assert_equal rfc("fr-FR", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "ja-JP", "fr", 
+                     "zh", "ja", "en"), Locale.candidates(:type => :rfc)
+
+    assert_equal cldr("fr_FR", "zh_CN", "zh_TW", "ja_JP", "fr", 
+                      "zh", "ja", "en"), Locale.candidates(:type => :cldr)
+
+    assert_equal simple("fr-FR", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "ja-JP",  
+                        "fr", "zh", "ja", "en"), Locale.candidates(:type => :simple)
+
+    assert_equal common("fr_FR", "zh", "ja"), Locale.candidates(:type => :common, 
+                                                                :supported_language_tags => ["fr_FR", "ja", "zh"])
+
+    assert_equal simple("fr-FR", "zh", "ja"), Locale.candidates(:type => :simple, 
+                                                                :supported_language_tags => ["fr-FR", "ja", "zh"])
+
+    assert_equal simple("fr-FR", "zh", "ja", "no", "pt"), 
+    Locale.candidates(:type => :simple, 
+                      :supported_language_tags => ["fr-FR", "ja", "zh", "no", "pt"],
+                      :default_language_tags => ["no", "pt"])
+
+    assert_equal simple("no", "pt"), Locale.candidates(:type => :simple, 
+                                                       :supported_language_tags => ["aa"],
+                                                       :default_language_tags => ["no", "pt"])
+    assert_equal simple("en"), Locale.candidates(:type => :simple, 
+                                                 :supported_language_tags => ["aa"])
+    
+    taglist = Locale.candidates(:type => :rfc)
+    assert_equal Locale::TagList, taglist.class
+    assert_equal "fr", taglist.language
+    assert_equal "FR", taglist.region
+
+  end
+end

data/test/test_detect_general.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+require 'locale'
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestDetectGeneral < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def setup
+    Locale.clear_all
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = nil
+    ENV["LC_MESSAGES"] = nil
+    ENV["LANG"] = nil
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] = nil
+  end
+
+  def test_lc_all
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = "ja_JP.eucJP"
+    ENV["LC_MESSAGES"] = "zh_CN.UTF-8"  #Ignored.
+    ENV["LANG"] = "ko_KR.UTF-8"  #Ignored.
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] = nil
+
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "eucJP", lang.charset
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.new("ja", "JP", "eucJP"), lang
+
+    assert_equal "eucJP", Locale.charset
+  end
+
+  def test_lc_messages
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = nil
+    ENV["LC_MESSAGES"] = "ja_JP.eucJP"
+    ENV["LANG"] = "ko_KR.UTF-8"  #Ignored.
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] = nil
+
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "eucJP", lang.charset
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.new("ja", "JP", "eucJP"), lang
+
+    assert_equal "eucJP", Locale.charset
+  end
+
+  def test_lang
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = nil
+    ENV["LC_MESSAGES"] = nil
+    ENV["LANG"] = "ja_JP.eucJP"
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] = nil
+
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "eucJP", lang.charset
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.new("ja", "JP", "eucJP"), lang
+
+    assert_equal "eucJP", Locale.charset
+  end
+
+  def test_lang
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = "zh_CN.UTF-8"  # Ignored.
+    ENV["LC_MESSAGES"] = "ko_KR.UTF-8" #Ingored.
+    ENV["LANG"] = "en_US.UTF-8"  # Ignored.
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] ="ja_JP.eucJP:zh_CN.UTF-8"
+
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "eucJP", lang.charset
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.new("ja", "JP", "eucJP"), lang
+
+    # Use the LANG value (locale charmap don't use LANGUAGE) 
+    assert_equal "UTF-8", Locale.charset
+  end
+
+  def test_language
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = "ja_JP.Shift_JIS"
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] = "zh_CN.UTF-8:ja_JP"
+
+    tags = Locale.current
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, tags[0].class
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, tags[1].class
+
+    assert_equal "zh", tags.language
+    assert_equal "CN", tags.region
+    assert_equal "UTF-8", tags.charset
+
+    assert_equal "zh", tags[0].language
+    assert_equal "CN", tags[0].region
+    assert_equal "UTF-8", tags[0].charset
+
+    assert_equal "ja", tags[1].language
+    assert_equal "JP", tags[1].region
+    assert_equal nil, tags[1].charset
+
+    assert_equal Locale::TagList.new([Locale::Tag::Posix.new("zh", "CN", "UTF-8"), 
+	           Locale::Tag::Posix.new("ja", "JP")]), tags
+
+    assert_equal "Shift_JIS", Locale.charset
+  end
+
+  def test_no_charset
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = "cs_CZ"
+
+    lang = Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+
+    assert_equal "cs", lang.language
+    assert_equal "CZ", lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.charset
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.new("cs", "CZ"), lang
+
+    if /linux|bsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      assert_equal "ISO-8859-2", Locale.charset   
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    Locale.set_default("yo_NG")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("yo_NG"), Locale.default
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("yo_NG"), Locale.current[0]
+    Locale.set_default(nil)
+
+    Locale.default = "fr"
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("fr"), Locale.default
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("fr"), Locale.current[0]
+    Locale.default = nil
+  end
+
+  def test_current
+    Locale.set_current("yo_NG")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("yo_NG"), Locale.current[0]
+
+    Locale.current = "fr"
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("fr"), Locale.current[0]
+
+    Locale.set_default("yo_NG")
+    Locale.current = "fr"
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("yo_NG"), Locale.default
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("fr"), Locale.current[0]
+    Locale.set_default(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_clear
+    ENV["LC_ALL"] = "ja_JP.Shift_JIS"
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] = nil
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag.parse("ja_JP.Shift_JIS"), Locale.current[0]
+    Locale.clear
+    ENV["LANGUAGE"] = "zh_CN.UTF-8:ja_JP"
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("zh_CN.UTF-8"), Locale.current[0]
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP"), Locale.current[1]
+    
+  end
+
+end

data/test/test_info.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# encoding: UTF-8
+
+require 'locale/info'
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TestLocaleInfo < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_languages
+    langs = Locale::Info.three_languages
+    assert_equal 7600, langs.length
+    assert_equal "English", langs["eng"].name
+    assert langs["eng"].living?
+    assert langs["eng"].individual?
+
+    langs = Locale::Info.two_languages
+    assert_equal 185, langs.length
+    assert_equal "English", langs["en"].name
+    assert langs["en"].living?
+    assert langs["en"].individual?
+  end
+
+  def test_regions
+    regions = Locale::Info.regions
+    assert_equal 243, regions.length
+    assert_equal "United States", regions["US"].name
+
+    assert_equal "ÅLand Islands", regions['AX'].name
+  end
+end

data/test/test_tag.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1183 @@
+require 'locale/tag'
+require 'test/unit'
+
+class TagTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+
+  def test_simple
+    #ja-JP, ja-392
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("kok")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "kok", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("kok"),
+                 Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("kok")], lang.candidates
+ 
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("kok"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("kok"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("kok"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("kok"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("kok"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-JP")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja-JP"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja_JP")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja-JP"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_posix
+
+    # UN_M.49(Country code)
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-392")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "392", lang.region
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_392"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja-392"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-392"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-392"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja-392"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_392"), lang.to_posix
+  
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("jpn-392")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "jpn", lang.language
+    assert_equal "392", lang.region
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("jpn-392"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("jpn")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("jpn-392"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn-392"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("jpn-392"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("jpn-392"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("jpn_392"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("es-419")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "es", lang.language
+    assert_equal "419", lang.region
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es-419"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es-419"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("es-419"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("es-419"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("es_419"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_419"), lang.to_posix
+  end
+
+  def test_simple_writer
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-JP")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja_JP", lang.to_s
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja")], lang.candidates
+    lang.language = "en"
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "en_JP", lang.to_s
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en")], lang.candidates
+
+    lang.region = "US"
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal "en_US", lang.to_s
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en-US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en")], lang.candidates
+
+  end
+
+  def test_common
+    #lang, region, script, variants
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("az_Arab")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "az", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal "Arab", lang.script
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("az"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az_Arab"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("az-Arab"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az_Arab"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("az"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("en_Latn_US_NYNORSK")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal ["NYNORSK"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_Latn_US_NYNORSK"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_Latn_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_US_NYNORSK"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_Latn_NYNORSK"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_Latn"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_NYNORSK"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en")], lang.candidates
+
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en-US"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_Latn_US_NYNORSK"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-Latn-US-NYNORSK"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_Latn_US_NYNORSK"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US@NYNORSK"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("uz-Cyrl")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "uz", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal "Cyrl", lang.script
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz-Cyrl"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz-Cyrl"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz-Cyrl"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz-Cyrl"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("uz"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("uz_Cyrl"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("uz-Cyrl"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("uz_Cyrl"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("uz"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-Kana-JP")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Kana", lang.script
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_Kana_JP"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Kana_JP"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_posix
+
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("jpn-Hira-JP")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "jpn", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Hira", lang.script
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn-Hira-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn-Hira-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn-Hira"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn-Hira"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn")], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("jpn_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_Hira_JP"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("jpn-Hira-JP"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("jpn_Hira_JP"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("jpn_JP"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("jpn-Hira-392")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "jpn", lang.language
+    assert_equal "392", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Hira", lang.script
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_Hira_392"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_Hira_392"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_392"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_392"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_Hira"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_Hira"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn")], lang.candidates
+
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("jpn_392"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("jpn_Hira_392"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("jpn-Hira-392"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("jpn_Hira_392"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("jpn_392"), lang.to_posix
+
+    # Variants
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-osaka")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.script
+    assert_equal ["osaka"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja")
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-osaka"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-osaka"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_OSAKA"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja@osaka"), lang.to_posix
+
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-JP-osaka")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.script
+    assert_equal ["osaka"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP_osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP_osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja")
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP_osaka"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP-osaka"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_JP_OSAKA"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@osaka"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #5 length
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-Kana-JP-osaka")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Kana", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["osaka"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja")
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_Kana-JP_osaka"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP-osaka"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Kana_JP_OSAKA"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@osaka"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #middle length
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-Kana-JP-aomori")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Kana", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["aomori"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja")
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_Kana-JP_aomori"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP-aomori"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Kana_JP_AOMORI"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@aomori"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #8 length
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-Kana-JP-hokuriku")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Kana", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["hokuriku"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP-hokuriku"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP-hokuriku"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-hokuriku"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-hokuriku"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja")
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_Kana-JP_hokuriku"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP-hokuriku"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Kana_JP_HOKURIKU"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@hokuriku"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #1 digit and 3 alpha
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-Kana-JP-0abc")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Kana", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["0abc"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja")
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_Kana-JP_0abc"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP-0abc"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Kana_JP_0ABC"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@0abc"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #4 digits
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("de-CH-1996")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "de", lang.language
+    assert_equal "CH", lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.script
+    assert_equal ["1996"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de_CH_1996"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de_CH"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de_CH_1996"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de_CH"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de_1996"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de"),     
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de_1996"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("de-CH"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de-CH-1996"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("de-CH-1996"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de_CH_1996"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("de_CH@1996"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #Plural
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-Kana-JP-hokuriku-aomori")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Kana", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["hokuriku", "aomori"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP-hokuriku-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP-hokuriku-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-hokuriku-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-hokuriku-aomori"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja-JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP-hokuriku-aomori"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP-hokuriku-aomori"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja-Kana-JP_HOKURIKU_AOMORI"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@hokuriku-aomori"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #cases
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "mn", lang.language
+    assert_equal "MN", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Cyrl", lang.script
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn-MN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn-MN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn-Cyrl"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn-Cyrl"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("mn_MN"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn_Cyrl_MN"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("mn_MN"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("mN-cYrL-Mn")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "mn", lang.language
+    assert_equal "MN", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Cyrl", lang.script
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("mn_MN"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn_Cyrl_MN"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("mn_MN"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("MN-cYRL-mn")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "mn", lang.language
+    assert_equal "MN", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Cyrl", lang.script
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("mn_MN"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("mn_Cyrl_MN"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("mn-Cyrl-MN"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("mn_MN"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "zh", lang.language
+    assert_equal "CN", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Latn", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["variant1"], lang.variants
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-Latn-CN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-CN-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-CN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-Latn-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-Latn"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("zh_CN"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh_Latn_CN-variant1"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("zh-Latn-CN_VARIANT1"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("zh_CN@variant1"), lang.to_posix
+
+    # RFC3066 compatible
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-jp-mac")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.script
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP_mac"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP_mac"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_mac"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_mac"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+  end
+
+  def test_common_writer
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1")
+    lang.language = "ja"
+    assert_equal "ja_Latn_CN_variant1", lang.to_s
+    lang.script = "Hira"
+    assert_equal "ja_Hira_CN_variant1", lang.to_s
+    lang.region = "JP"
+    assert_equal "ja_Hira_JP_variant1", lang.to_s
+    lang.variants = ["variant1", "variant2"]
+    assert_equal "ja_Hira_JP_variant1_variant2", lang.to_s
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Hira-JP-variant1-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Hira-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP-variant1-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Hira-variant1-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Hira"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-variant1-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+  end
+
+  def test_rfc
+    # extension
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-Kana-JP-0abc-y-aa-z-bbccdd-b-nnnnnnnn")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Kana", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["0abc"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal ["y-aa", "z-bbccdd", "b-nnnnnnnn"], lang.extensions
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-Kana-JP-0abc"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Kana-JP-0abc-y-aa-z-bbccdd-b-nnnnnnnn"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Kana_JP_0abc"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@0abc"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-JP-0abc-y-aa-z-bbccdd-b-xxxnnnnn")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.script
+    assert_equal ["0abc"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal ["y-aa", "z-bbccdd", "b-xxxnnnnn"], lang.extensions
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-0abc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja-JP-0abc"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP-0abc-y-aa-z-bbccdd-b-xxxnnnnn"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_JP_0abc"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@0abc"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja-y-aa-z-bbccdd-b-xxnnnnn")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.script
+    assert_equal [], lang.variants
+    assert_equal ["y-aa", "z-bbccdd", "b-xxnnnnn"], lang.extensions
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-y-aa-z-bbccdd-b-xxnnnnn"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1-a-extend1")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc, lang.class
+    assert_equal "zh", lang.language
+    assert_equal "CN", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Latn", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["variant1"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal ["a-extend1"], lang.extensions
+    assert_equal nil, lang.privateuse
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-CN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-CN-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-CN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("zh_CN"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-Latn-CN_variant1"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1-a-extend1"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("zh_Latn_CN_VARIANT1"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("zh_CN@variant1"), lang.to_posix
+
+     #Privateuse
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1-a-extend1-x-wadegile-private1")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc, lang.class
+    assert_equal "zh", lang.language
+    assert_equal "CN", lang.region
+    assert_equal "Latn", lang.script
+    assert_equal ["variant1"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal ["a-extend1"], lang.extensions
+    assert_equal "x-wadegile-private1", lang.privateuse
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-CN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-CN-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-CN"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-variant1"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("zh_CN"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("zh-Latn-CN_variant1"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1-a-extend1-x-wadegile-private1"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("zh_Latn_CN_VARIANT1"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("zh_CN@variant1"), lang.to_posix
+
+    #Privateuse with x-ldml (CLDR conversion)
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("en-US-x-ldml-POSIX-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal ["POSIX"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal ["k-calendar-islamic", "k-collatio-traditio", "k-colStren-secondar"], lang.extensions
+    assert_equal "x-ldml-POSIX-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar", lang.privateuse
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en_US"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en-US_POSIX"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-x-ldml-POSIX-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US_POSIX@calendar=islamic;collatio=traditio;colStren=secondar"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US@POSIX"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("en-US-x-ldml-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal [], lang.variants
+    assert_equal ["k-calendar-islamic", "k-collatio-traditio", "k-colStren-secondar"], lang.extensions
+    assert_equal "x-ldml-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar", lang.privateuse
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en_US"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en-US"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-x-ldml-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US@calendar=islamic;collatio=traditio;colStren=secondar"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"), lang.to_posix
+  end
+
+  def test_rfc_writer
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("zh-Latn-CN-variant1-a-extend1-x-wadegile-private1")
+    lang.language = "ja"
+    assert_equal "ja-Latn-CN-variant1-a-extend1-x-wadegile-private1", lang.to_s
+    lang.script = "Hira"
+    assert_equal "ja-Hira-CN-variant1-a-extend1-x-wadegile-private1", lang.to_s
+    lang.region = "JP"
+    assert_equal "ja-Hira-JP-variant1-a-extend1-x-wadegile-private1", lang.to_s
+    lang.variants = ["variant2"]
+    assert_equal "ja-Hira-JP-variant2-a-extend1-x-wadegile-private1", lang.to_s
+    lang.extensions = ["b-extend2"]
+    assert_equal "ja-Hira-JP-variant2-b-extend2-x-wadegile-private1", lang.to_s
+    lang.privateuse = "x-foooo"
+    assert_equal "ja-Hira-JP-variant2-b-extend2-x-foooo", lang.to_s
+
+     assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Hira-JP-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Hira-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Hira-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-Hira"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-variant2"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+  end
+
+  def test_cldr
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("de@collation=phonebook")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr, lang.class
+    assert_equal "de", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal "phonebook", lang.extensions["collation"]
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("de"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("de-k-collatio-phoneboo"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de@collation=phonebook"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("de"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("az_Arab@collation=phonebook")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr, lang.class
+    assert_equal "az", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal "Arab", lang.script
+    assert_equal "phonebook", lang.extensions["collation"]
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az_Arab"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("az"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("az_Arab"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("az-Arab-k-collatio-phoneboo"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("az_Arab@collation=phonebook"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("az"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("de_DE@collation=phonebook;currency=DDM")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr, lang.class
+    assert_equal "de", lang.language
+    assert_equal "DE", lang.region
+    assert_equal "phonebook", lang.extensions["collation"]
+    assert_equal "DDM", lang.extensions["currency"]
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de_DE"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de_DE"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de_DE"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de_DE"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("de_DE"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("de_DE"), lang.to_common
+    if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9.0" and RUBY_PLATFORM != "java"
+      assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("de-DE-k-currency-DDM-k-collatio-phoneboo"), lang.to_rfc
+    else
+      assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("de-DE-k-collatio-phoneboo-k-currency-DDM"), lang.to_rfc
+    end
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("de_DE@collation=phonebook;currency=DDM"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("de_DE"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("en_US_POSIX@calendar=islamic;collation=traditional;colStrength=secondary")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal ["POSIX"], lang.variants
+    assert_equal "islamic", lang.extensions["calendar"]
+    assert_equal "traditional", lang.extensions["collation"]
+    assert_equal "secondary", lang.extensions["colStrength"]
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en_US"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_US_POSIX"), lang.to_common
+    if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9.0" and RUBY_PLATFORM != "java"
+      assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-POSIX-k-colStren-secondar-k-collatio-traditio-k-calendar-islamic"), lang.to_rfc
+    else
+      assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-POSIX-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar"), lang.to_rfc
+    end
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US_POSIX@calendar=islamic;collation=traditional;colStrength=secondary"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US@POSIX"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("en_US@calendar=islamic;collation=traditional;colStrength=secondary")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal [], lang.variants
+    assert_equal "islamic", lang.extensions["calendar"]
+    assert_equal "traditional", lang.extensions["collation"]
+    assert_equal "secondary", lang.extensions["colStrength"]
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en_US"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_US"), lang.to_common
+    if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9.0" and RUBY_PLATFORM != "java"
+      assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-k-colStren-secondar-k-collatio-traditio-k-calendar-islamic"), lang.to_rfc
+    else
+      assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US-k-calendar-islamic-k-collatio-traditio-k-colStren-secondar"), lang.to_rfc
+    end
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US@calendar=islamic;collation=traditional;colStrength=secondary"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"), lang.to_posix
+
+  end
+
+  def test_cldr_writer
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("en_US@calendar=islamic;colStrength=secondary")
+    lang.language = "ja"
+    assert_equal "ja_US@calendar=islamic;colStrength=secondary", lang.to_s
+    lang.script = "Hira"
+    assert_equal "ja_Hira_US@calendar=islamic;colStrength=secondary", lang.to_s
+    lang.region = "JP"
+    assert_equal "ja_Hira_JP@calendar=islamic;colStrength=secondary", lang.to_s
+    lang.variants = ["POSIX"]
+    assert_equal "ja_Hira_JP_POSIX@calendar=islamic;colStrength=secondary", lang.to_s
+    lang.extensions = {:collation => "traditional"}
+    assert_equal "ja_Hira_JP_POSIX@collation=traditional", lang.to_s
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Hira_JP_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Hira_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_JP_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Hira_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_Hira"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_POSIX"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+  end
+
+  def test_posix
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("C")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal "C", lang.tag
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en_US"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_US"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("POSIX")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal "US", lang.region
+    assert_equal "POSIX", lang.tag
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en_US"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en_US"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en-US"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en_US"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en_US"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("japanese.euc")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "japanese", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal "euc", lang.charset
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese.euc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese.euc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese.euc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese.euc"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("japanese"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("es.iso885915")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "es", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal "iso885915", lang.charset
+    assert_equal nil, lang.modifier
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("es"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("es"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("es"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("es_ES.iso885915")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "es", lang.language
+    assert_equal "ES", lang.region
+    assert_equal "iso885915", lang.charset
+    assert_equal nil, lang.modifier
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es_ES"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("es_ES"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("es-ES"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("es_ES"), lang.to_cldr
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES.iso885915"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("es@euro")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "es", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.charset
+    assert_equal "euro", lang.modifier
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    # A modifier is converted to a variant.
+    # If the modifier is less than 5 characters, it is not canonical value.
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.new("es", nil, nil, ["euro"]), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.new("es", nil, nil, ["euro"]), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.new("es", nil, nil, ["euro"]), lang.to_cldr 
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("es_ES@euro")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "es", lang.language
+    assert_equal "ES", lang.region
+    assert_equal nil, lang.charset
+    assert_equal "euro", lang.modifier
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es_ES"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.new("es", nil, "ES", ["euro"]), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.new("es", nil, "ES", ["euro"]), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.new("es", nil, "ES", ["EURO"]), lang.to_cldr 
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES@euro"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("es_ES.iso885915@euro")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "es", lang.language
+    assert_equal "ES", lang.region
+    assert_equal "iso885915", lang.charset
+    assert_equal "euro", lang.modifier
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES.iso885915@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es.iso885915"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es@euro"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("es_ES"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.new("es", nil, "ES", ["euro"]), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.new("es", nil, "ES", ["euro"]), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.new("es", nil, "ES", ["EURO"]), lang.to_cldr 
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("es_ES.iso885915@euro"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("univ.utf8")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "univ", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+    assert_equal "utf8", lang.charset
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ.utf8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ.utf8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ.utf8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ.utf8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("univ"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("ja_JP.UTF-8")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix, lang.class
+    assert_equal "ja", lang.language
+    assert_equal "JP", lang.region
+    assert_equal "UTF-8", lang.charset
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP.UTF-8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP.UTF-8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja.UTF-8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja.UTF-8"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("ja-JP"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("ja_JP"), lang.to_cldr 
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP.UTF-8"), lang.to_posix
+  end
+
+  def test_posix_writer
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("es_ES.iso885915@euro")
+    lang.language = "ja"
+    assert_equal "ja_ES.iso885915@euro", lang.to_s
+    lang.region = "JP"
+    assert_equal "ja_JP.iso885915@euro", lang.to_s
+    lang.charset = "EUC-JP"
+    assert_equal "ja_JP.EUC-JP@euro", lang.to_s
+    lang.modifier = "osaka"
+    assert_equal "ja_JP.EUC-JP@osaka", lang.to_s
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP.EUC-JP@osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP.EUC-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP@osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja_JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja.EUC-JP@osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja.EUC-JP"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja@osaka"),
+                  Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("ja"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+  end
+
+  def test_invaild
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse("")
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Illegular, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Illegular.new("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"), lang.to_cldr 
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"), lang.to_posix
+
+    lang = Locale::Tag.parse(nil)
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Illegular, lang.class
+    assert_equal "en", lang.language
+    assert_equal nil, lang.region
+
+    assert_equal [Locale::Tag::Illegular.new("en"),
+                 ], lang.candidates
+
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Simple.parse("en"), lang.to_simple
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Common.parse("en"), lang.to_common
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Rfc.parse("en"), lang.to_rfc
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Cldr.parse("en"), lang.to_cldr 
+    assert_equal Locale::Tag::Posix.parse("en"), lang.to_posix
+  end
+
+  def test_raise_error
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError){
+      Locale::Tag::Simple.new(nil)
+    }
+  end
+end