libusb 0.6.0-x86-linux

data/lib/libusb/dependencies.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module LIBUSB
+  LIBUSB_VERSION = ENV['LIBUSB_VERSION'] || '1.0.21'
+  LIBUSB_SOURCE_URI = "https://github.com/libusb/libusb/releases/download/v#{LIBUSB_VERSION}/libusb-#{LIBUSB_VERSION}.tar.bz2"
+  LIBUSB_SOURCE_SHA1 = '54d71841542eb1a6f0b0420878a4d5434efe8d28'
+
+  MINI_PORTILE_VERSION = '~> 2.1'
+end

data/lib/libusb/dev_handle.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+# This file is part of Libusb for Ruby.
+#
+# Libusb for Ruby is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# Libusb for Ruby is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with Libusb for Ruby.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+require 'libusb/call'
+
+module LIBUSB
+  # Class representing a handle on a USB device.
+  #
+  # A device handle is used to perform I/O and other operations. When finished
+  # with a device handle, you should call DevHandle#close .
+  class DevHandle
+    # @private
+    attr_reader :pHandle
+    # @return [Device] the device this handle belongs to.
+    attr_reader :device
+
+    def initialize device, pHandle
+      @device = device
+      @pHandle = pHandle
+      @bulk_transfer = @control_transfer = @interrupt_transfer = nil
+    end
+
+    # Close a device handle.
+    #
+    # Should be called on all open handles before your application exits.
+    #
+    # Internally, this function destroys the reference that was added by {Device#open}
+    # on the given device.
+    #
+    # This is a non-blocking function; no requests are sent over the bus.
+    def close
+      @bulk_transfer.free_buffer if @bulk_transfer
+      @interrupt_transfer.free_buffer if @interrupt_transfer
+      @control_transfer.free_buffer if @control_transfer
+      Call.libusb_close(@pHandle)
+    end
+
+    def string_descriptor_ascii(index)
+      pString = FFI::MemoryPointer.new 0x100
+      res = Call.libusb_get_string_descriptor_ascii(@pHandle, index, pString, pString.size)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_get_string_descriptor_ascii" unless res>=0
+      pString.read_string(res)
+    end
+
+    # Claim an interface on a given device handle.
+    #
+    # You must claim the interface you wish to use before you can perform I/O on any
+    # of its endpoints.
+    #
+    # It is legal to attempt to claim an already-claimed interface, in which case
+    # libusb just returns without doing anything.
+    #
+    # Claiming of interfaces is a purely logical operation; it does not cause any
+    # requests to be sent over the bus. Interface claiming is used to instruct the
+    # underlying operating system that your application wishes to take ownership of
+    # the interface.
+    #
+    # This is a non-blocking function.
+    #
+    # If called with a block, the device handle is passed through to the block
+    # and the interface is released when the block has finished.
+    #
+    # @param [Interface, Fixnum] interface  the interface or it's bInterfaceNumber you wish to claim
+    def claim_interface(interface)
+      interface = interface.bInterfaceNumber if interface.respond_to? :bInterfaceNumber
+      res = Call.libusb_claim_interface(@pHandle, interface)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_claim_interface" if res!=0
+      return self unless block_given?
+      begin
+        yield self
+      ensure
+        release_interface(interface)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Release an interface previously claimed with {DevHandle#claim_interface}.
+    #
+    # You should release all claimed interfaces before closing a device handle.
+    #
+    # This is a blocking function. A SET_INTERFACE control request will be sent to the
+    # device, resetting interface state to the first alternate setting.
+    #
+    # @param [Interface, Fixnum] interface  the interface or it's bInterfaceNumber you
+    #   claimed previously
+    def release_interface(interface)
+      interface = interface.bInterfaceNumber if interface.respond_to? :bInterfaceNumber
+      res = Call.libusb_release_interface(@pHandle, interface)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_release_interface" if res!=0
+    end
+
+    # Set the active configuration for a device.
+    #
+    # The operating system may or may not have already set an active configuration on
+    # the device. It is up to your application to ensure the correct configuration is
+    # selected before you attempt to claim interfaces and perform other operations.
+    #
+    # If you call this function on a device already configured with the selected
+    # configuration, then this function will act as a lightweight device reset: it
+    # will issue a SET_CONFIGURATION request using the current configuration, causing
+    # most USB-related device state to be reset (altsetting reset to zero, endpoint
+    # halts cleared, toggles reset).
+    #
+    # You cannot change/reset configuration if your application has claimed interfaces -
+    # you should free them with {DevHandle#release_interface} first. You cannot
+    # change/reset configuration if other applications or drivers have claimed
+    # interfaces.
+    #
+    # A configuration value of +nil+ will put the device in unconfigured state. The USB
+    # specifications state that a configuration value of 0 does this, however buggy
+    # devices exist which actually have a configuration 0.
+    #
+    # You should always use this function rather than formulating your own
+    # SET_CONFIGURATION control request. This is because the underlying operating
+    # system needs to know when such changes happen.
+    #
+    # This is a blocking function.
+    #
+    # @param [Configuration, Fixnum] configuration   the configuration or it's
+    #   bConfigurationValue you wish to activate, or +nil+ if you wish to put
+    #   the device in unconfigured state
+    def set_configuration(configuration)
+      configuration = configuration.bConfigurationValue if configuration.respond_to? :bConfigurationValue
+      res = Call.libusb_set_configuration(@pHandle, configuration || -1)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_set_configuration" if res!=0
+    end
+    alias configuration= set_configuration
+
+    # Activate an alternate setting for an interface.
+    #
+    # The interface must have been previously claimed with {DevHandle#claim_interface}.
+    #
+    # You should always use this function rather than formulating your own
+    # SET_INTERFACE control request. This is because the underlying operating system
+    # needs to know when such changes happen.
+    #
+    # This is a blocking function.
+    #
+    # @param [Setting, Fixnum] setting_or_interface_number  the alternate setting
+    #   to activate or the bInterfaceNumber of the previously-claimed interface
+    # @param [Fixnum, nil] alternate_setting  the bAlternateSetting of the alternate setting to activate
+    #   (only if first param is a Fixnum)
+    def set_interface_alt_setting(setting_or_interface_number, alternate_setting=nil)
+      alternate_setting ||= setting_or_interface_number.bAlternateSetting if setting_or_interface_number.respond_to? :bAlternateSetting
+      setting_or_interface_number = setting_or_interface_number.bInterfaceNumber if setting_or_interface_number.respond_to? :bInterfaceNumber
+      res = Call.libusb_set_interface_alt_setting(@pHandle, setting_or_interface_number, alternate_setting)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_set_interface_alt_setting" if res!=0
+    end
+
+    # Clear the halt/stall condition for an endpoint.
+    #
+    # Endpoints with halt status are unable to receive or transmit
+    # data until the halt condition is stalled.
+    #
+    # You should cancel all pending transfers before attempting to
+    # clear the halt condition.
+    #
+    # This is a blocking function.
+    #
+    # @param [Endpoint, Fixnum] endpoint  the endpoint in question or it's bEndpointAddress
+    def clear_halt(endpoint)
+      endpoint = endpoint.bEndpointAddress if endpoint.respond_to? :bEndpointAddress
+      res = Call.libusb_clear_halt(@pHandle, endpoint)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_clear_halt" if res!=0
+    end
+
+    # Perform a USB port reset to reinitialize a device.
+    #
+    # The system will attempt to restore the previous configuration and
+    # alternate settings after the reset has completed.
+    #
+    # If the reset fails, the descriptors change, or the previous
+    # state cannot be restored, the device will appear to be disconnected
+    # and reconnected. This means that the device handle is no longer
+    # valid (you should close it) and rediscover the device. A Exception
+    # of LIBUSB::ERROR_NOT_FOUND indicates when this is the case.
+    #
+    # This is a blocking function which usually incurs a noticeable delay.
+    def reset_device
+      res = Call.libusb_reset_device(@pHandle)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_reset_device" if res!=0
+    end
+
+    if Call.respond_to?(:libusb_alloc_streams)
+
+      # @method alloc_streams
+      #
+      # Allocate up to num_streams usb bulk streams on the specified endpoints. This
+      # function takes an array of endpoints rather then a single endpoint because
+      # some protocols require that endpoints are setup with similar stream ids.
+      # All endpoints passed in must belong to the same interface.
+      #
+      # Note this function may return less streams then requested. Also note that the
+      # same number of streams are allocated for each endpoint in the endpoint array.
+      #
+      # Stream id 0 is reserved, and should not be used to communicate with devices.
+      # If {alloc_streams} returns with a value of N, you may use stream ids
+      # 1 to N.
+      #
+      # Available since libusb-1.0.19.
+      #
+      # @param [Fixnum] num_streams  number of streams to try to allocate
+      # @param [Array<Fixnum>, Array<Endpoint>] endpoints  array of endpoints to allocate streams on
+      # @return [Fixnum] number of streams allocated
+      # @see #free_streams
+      # @see BulkStreamTransfer
+      def alloc_streams(num_streams, endpoints)
+        pEndpoints = endpoints_as_ffi_bytes(endpoints)
+        res = Call.libusb_alloc_streams(@pHandle, num_streams, pEndpoints, endpoints.length)
+        LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_alloc_streams" unless res>=0
+        res
+      end
+
+      # @method free_streams
+      #
+      # Free usb bulk streams allocated with {alloc_streams}
+      #
+      # Note streams are automatically free-ed when releasing an interface.
+      #
+      # Available since libusb-1.0.19.
+      #
+      # @param [Array<Fixnum>, Array<Endpoint>] endpoints  array of endpoints to free streams on
+      # @see #alloc_streams
+      def free_streams(endpoints)
+        pEndpoints = endpoints_as_ffi_bytes(endpoints)
+        res = Call.libusb_free_streams(@pHandle, pEndpoints, endpoints.length)
+        LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_free_streams" unless res>=0
+        nil
+      end
+
+    else
+
+      def alloc_streams(num_streams, endpoints)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "libusb-1.0.19+ is required for bulk stream transfers"
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    # Determine if a kernel driver is active on an interface.
+    #
+    # If a kernel driver is active, you cannot claim the interface,
+    # and libusb will be unable to perform I/O.
+    #
+    # @param [Interface, Fixnum] interface   the interface to check or it's bInterfaceNumber
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def kernel_driver_active?(interface)
+      interface = interface.bInterfaceNumber if interface.respond_to? :bInterfaceNumber
+      res = Call.libusb_kernel_driver_active(@pHandle, interface)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_kernel_driver_active" unless res>=0
+      return res==1
+    end
+
+    # Detach a kernel driver from an interface.
+    #
+    # If successful, you will then be able to claim the interface and perform I/O.
+    #
+    # @param [Interface, Fixnum] interface    the interface to detach the driver
+    #   from or it's bInterfaceNumber
+    def detach_kernel_driver(interface)
+      interface = interface.bInterfaceNumber if interface.respond_to? :bInterfaceNumber
+      res = Call.libusb_detach_kernel_driver(@pHandle, interface)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_detach_kernel_driver" if res!=0
+    end
+
+    # Re-attach an interface's kernel driver, which was previously detached
+    # using {DevHandle#detach_kernel_driver}.
+    #
+    # @param [Interface, Fixnum] interface    the interface to attach the driver to
+    def attach_kernel_driver(interface)
+      interface = interface.bInterfaceNumber if interface.respond_to? :bInterfaceNumber
+      res = Call.libusb_attach_kernel_driver(@pHandle, interface)
+      LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_attach_kernel_driver" if res!=0
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    if Call.respond_to?(:libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver)
+
+      # @method auto_detach_kernel_driver=
+      # Enable/disable libusb's automatic kernel driver detachment.
+      #
+      # When this is enabled libusb will automatically detach the kernel driver on an
+      # interface when claiming the interface, and attach it when releasing the
+      # interface.
+      #
+      # Automatic kernel driver detachment is disabled on newly opened device handles by
+      # default.
+      #
+      # On platforms which do not have CAP_SUPPORTS_DETACH_KERNEL_DRIVER this
+      # function will return ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, and libusb will continue as if
+      # this function was never called.
+      #
+      # Available since libusb-1.0.16.
+      #
+      # @param [Boolean] enable    whether to enable or disable auto kernel driver detachment
+      #
+      # @see LIBUSB.has_capability?
+      def auto_detach_kernel_driver=(enable)
+        res = Call.libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver(@pHandle, enable ? 1 : 0)
+        LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_set_auto_detach_kernel_driver" if res!=0
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    if Call.respond_to?(:libusb_get_bos_descriptor)
+
+      # @method bos
+      # Get a Binary Object Store (BOS) descriptor.
+      #
+      # This is a BLOCKING function, which will send requests to the device.
+      #
+      # Since libusb version 1.0.16.
+      #
+      # @return [Bos]
+      def bos
+        ctx = device.context.instance_variable_get(:@ctx)
+        pp_desc = FFI::MemoryPointer.new :pointer
+        res = Call.libusb_get_bos_descriptor(@pHandle, pp_desc)
+        LIBUSB.raise_error res, "in libusb_get_bos_descriptor" if res!=0
+        Bos.new(ctx, pp_desc.read_pointer)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Perform a USB bulk transfer.
+    #
+    # When called without a block, the transfer is done synchronously - so all events are handled
+    # internally and the sent/received data will be returned after completion or an exception will be raised.
+    #
+    # When called with a block, the method returns immediately after submitting the transfer.
+    # You then have to ensure, that {Context#handle_events} is called properly. As soon as the
+    # transfer is completed, the block is called with the sent/received data in case of success
+    # or the exception instance in case of failure.
+    #
+    # The direction of the transfer is inferred from the direction bits of the
+    # endpoint address.
+    #
+    # For bulk reads, the +:dataIn+ param indicates the maximum length of data you are
+    # expecting to receive. If less data arrives than expected, this function will
+    # return that data.
+    #
+    # You should check the returned number of bytes for bulk writes. Not all of the
+    # data may have been written.
+    #
+    # Also check {Error#transferred} when dealing with a timeout exception. libusb may have
+    # to split your transfer into a number of chunks to satisfy underlying O/S
+    # requirements, meaning that the timeout may expire after the first few chunks
+    # have completed. libusb is careful not to lose any data that may have been
+    # transferred; do not assume that timeout conditions indicate a complete lack of
+    # I/O.
+    #
+    # @param [Hash] args
+    # @option args [Endpoint, Fixnum] :endpoint  the (address of a) valid endpoint to communicate with
+    # @option args [String] :dataOut  the data to send with an outgoing transfer
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :dataIn   the number of bytes expected to receive with an ingoing transfer
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :timeout   timeout (in millseconds) that this function should wait before giving
+    #   up due to no response being received. For an unlimited timeout, use value 0. Defaults to 1000 ms.
+    #
+    # @return [Fixnum] Number of bytes sent for an outgoing transfer
+    # @return [String] Received data for an ingoing transfer
+    # @return [self]  When called with a block
+    #
+    # @yieldparam [String, Integer, LIBUSB::Error] result  result of the transfer is yielded to the block,
+    #   when the asynchronous transfer has finished
+    # @raise [ArgumentError, LIBUSB::Error] in case of failure
+    def bulk_transfer(args={}, &block)
+      timeout = args.delete(:timeout) || 1000
+      endpoint = args.delete(:endpoint) || raise(ArgumentError, "no endpoint given")
+      endpoint = endpoint.bEndpointAddress if endpoint.respond_to? :bEndpointAddress
+      if endpoint&ENDPOINT_IN != 0
+        dataIn = args.delete(:dataIn) || raise(ArgumentError, "no :dataIn given for bulk read")
+      else
+        dataOut = args.delete(:dataOut) || raise(ArgumentError, "no :dataOut given for bulk write")
+      end
+      raise ArgumentError, "invalid params #{args.inspect}" unless args.empty?
+
+      # reuse transfer struct to speed up transfer
+      @bulk_transfer ||= BulkTransfer.new dev_handle: self, allow_device_memory: true
+      tr = @bulk_transfer
+      tr.endpoint = endpoint
+      tr.timeout = timeout
+      if dataOut
+        tr.buffer = dataOut
+      else
+        tr.alloc_buffer(dataIn)
+      end
+
+      submit_transfer(tr, dataIn, 0, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Perform a USB interrupt transfer.
+    #
+    # When called without a block, the transfer is done synchronously - so all events are handled
+    # internally and the sent/received data will be returned after completion or an exception will be raised.
+    #
+    # When called with a block, the method returns immediately after submitting the transfer.
+    # You then have to ensure, that {Context#handle_events} is called properly. As soon as the
+    # transfer is completed, the block is called with the sent/received data in case of success
+    # or the exception instance in case of failure.
+    #
+    # The direction of the transfer is inferred from the direction bits of the
+    # endpoint address.
+    #
+    # For interrupt reads, the +:dataIn+ param indicates the maximum length of data you
+    # are expecting to receive. If less data arrives than expected, this function will
+    # return that data.
+    #
+    # You should check the returned number of bytes for interrupt writes. Not all of
+    # the data may have been written.
+    #
+    # Also check {Error#transferred} when dealing with a timeout exception. libusb may have
+    # to split your transfer into a number of chunks to satisfy underlying O/S
+    # requirements, meaning that the timeout may expire after the first few chunks
+    # have completed. libusb is careful not to lose any data that may have been
+    # transferred; do not assume that timeout conditions indicate a complete lack of
+    # I/O.
+    #
+    # The default endpoint bInterval value is used as the polling interval.
+    #
+    # @param [Hash] args
+    # @option args [Endpoint, Fixnum] :endpoint  the (address of a) valid endpoint to communicate with
+    # @option args [String] :dataOut  the data to send with an outgoing transfer
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :dataIn   the number of bytes expected to receive with an ingoing transfer
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :timeout   timeout (in millseconds) that this function should wait before giving
+    #   up due to no response being received. For an unlimited timeout, use value 0. Defaults to 1000 ms.
+    #
+    # @return [Fixnum] Number of bytes sent for an outgoing transfer
+    # @return [String] Received data for an ingoing transfer
+    # @return [self]  When called with a block
+    #
+    # @yieldparam [String, Integer, LIBUSB::Error] result  result of the transfer is yielded to the block,
+    #   when the asynchronous transfer has finished
+    # @raise [ArgumentError, LIBUSB::Error] in case of failure
+    def interrupt_transfer(args={}, &block)
+      timeout = args.delete(:timeout) || 1000
+      endpoint = args.delete(:endpoint) || raise(ArgumentError, "no endpoint given")
+      endpoint = endpoint.bEndpointAddress if endpoint.respond_to? :bEndpointAddress
+      if endpoint&ENDPOINT_IN != 0
+        dataIn = args.delete(:dataIn) || raise(ArgumentError, "no :dataIn given for interrupt read")
+      else
+        dataOut = args.delete(:dataOut) || raise(ArgumentError, "no :dataOut given for interrupt write")
+      end
+      raise ArgumentError, "invalid params #{args.inspect}" unless args.empty?
+
+      # reuse transfer struct to speed up transfer
+      @interrupt_transfer ||= InterruptTransfer.new dev_handle: self, allow_device_memory: true
+      tr = @interrupt_transfer
+      tr.endpoint = endpoint
+      tr.timeout = timeout
+      if dataOut
+        tr.buffer = dataOut
+      else
+        tr.alloc_buffer(dataIn)
+      end
+
+      submit_transfer(tr, dataIn, 0, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Perform a USB control transfer.
+    #
+    # When called without a block, the transfer is done synchronously - so all events are handled
+    # internally and the sent/received data will be returned after completion or an exception will be raised.
+    #
+    # When called with a block, the method returns immediately after submitting the transfer.
+    # You then have to ensure, that {Context#handle_events} is called properly. As soon as the
+    # transfer is completed, the block is called with the sent/received data in case of success
+    # or the exception instance in case of failure.
+    #
+    # The direction of the transfer is inferred from the +:bmRequestType+ field of the
+    # setup packet.
+    #
+    # @param [Hash] args
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :bmRequestType   the request type field for the setup packet
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :bRequest  the request field for the setup packet
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :wValue  the value field for the setup packet
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :wIndex  the index field for the setup packet
+    # @option args [String] :dataOut  the data to send with an outgoing transfer, it
+    #   is appended to the setup packet
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :dataIn   the number of bytes expected to receive with an ingoing transfer
+    #   (excluding setup packet)
+    # @option args [Fixnum] :timeout   timeout (in millseconds) that this function should wait before giving
+    #   up due to no response being received. For an unlimited timeout, use value 0. Defaults to 1000 ms.
+    #
+    # @return [Fixnum] Number of bytes sent (excluding setup packet) for outgoing transfer
+    # @return [String] Received data (without setup packet) for ingoing transfer
+    # @return [self]  When called with a block
+    #
+    # @yieldparam [String, Integer, LIBUSB::Error] result  result of the transfer is yielded to the block,
+    #   when the asynchronous transfer has finished
+    # @raise [ArgumentError, LIBUSB::Error] in case of failure
+    def control_transfer(args={}, &block)
+      bmRequestType = args.delete(:bmRequestType) || raise(ArgumentError, "param :bmRequestType not given")
+      bRequest = args.delete(:bRequest) || raise(ArgumentError, "param :bRequest not given")
+      wValue = args.delete(:wValue) || raise(ArgumentError, "param :wValue not given")
+      wIndex = args.delete(:wIndex) || raise(ArgumentError, "param :wIndex not given")
+      timeout = args.delete(:timeout) || 1000
+      if bmRequestType&ENDPOINT_IN != 0
+        dataIn = args.delete(:dataIn) || 0
+        dataOut = ''
+      else
+        dataOut = args.delete(:dataOut) || ''
+      end
+      raise ArgumentError, "invalid params #{args.inspect}" unless args.empty?
+
+      # reuse transfer struct to speed up transfer
+      @control_transfer ||= ControlTransfer.new dev_handle: self, allow_device_memory: true
+      tr = @control_transfer
+      tr.timeout = timeout
+      if dataIn
+        setup_data = [bmRequestType, bRequest, wValue, wIndex, dataIn].pack('CCvvv')
+        tr.alloc_buffer( dataIn + CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE, setup_data )
+      else
+        tr.buffer = [bmRequestType, bRequest, wValue, wIndex, dataOut.bytesize, dataOut].pack('CCvvva*')
+      end
+
+      submit_transfer(tr, dataIn, CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE, &block)
+    end
+
+    private
+    def submit_transfer(tr, dataIn, offset)
+      if block_given?
+        tr.submit! do
+          res = dataIn ? tr.actual_buffer(offset) : tr.actual_length
+
+          if tr.status==:TRANSFER_COMPLETED
+            yield res
+          else
+            exception = Transfer::TransferStatusToError[tr.status] || ERROR_OTHER
+
+            yield exception.new("error #{tr.status}", res)
+          end
+        end
+        self
+      else
+        tr.submit_and_wait
+
+        res = dataIn ? tr.actual_buffer(offset) : tr.actual_length
+
+        unless tr.status==:TRANSFER_COMPLETED
+          raise((Transfer::TransferStatusToError[tr.status] || ERROR_OTHER).new("error #{tr.status}", res))
+        end
+        res
+      end
+    end
+
+    def endpoints_as_ffi_bytes(endpoints)
+      pEndpoints = FFI::MemoryPointer.new :char, endpoints.length
+      endpoints.each_with_index do |ep, epi|
+        ep = ep.bEndpointAddress if ep.respond_to? :bEndpointAddress
+        pEndpoints.put_uchar(epi, ep)
+      end
+      pEndpoints
+    end
+  end
+end