libbin 0.9.0 → 1.0.4

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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data/ext/libbin/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+
+create_makefile("libbin_c")

data/ext/libbin/half.c

@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+// Branch-free implementation of half-precision (16 bit) floating point
+// Copyright 2006 Mike Acton <macton@gmail.com>
+// 
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a 
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+// to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+// the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, 
+// and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the 
+// Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+// 
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included 
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+// 
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE
+//
+// Half-precision floating point format
+// ------------------------------------
+//
+//   | Field    | Last | First | Note
+//   |----------|------|-------|----------
+//   | Sign     | 15   | 15    |
+//   | Exponent | 14   | 10    | Bias = 15
+//   | Mantissa | 9    | 0     |
+//
+// Compiling
+// ---------
+//
+//  Preferred compile flags for GCC: 
+//     -O3 -fstrict-aliasing -std=c99 -pedantic -Wall -Wstrict-aliasing
+//
+//     This file is a C99 source file, intended to be compiled with a C99 
+//     compliant compiler. However, for the moment it remains combatible
+//     with C++98. Therefore if you are using a compiler that poorly implements
+//     C standards (e.g. MSVC), it may be compiled as C++. This is not
+//     guaranteed for future versions. 
+//
+
+#include "half.h"
+
+// Load immediate
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_li( uint32_t a )
+{
+  return (a);
+}
+
+// Decrement
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_dec( uint32_t a )
+{
+  return (a - 1);
+}
+
+// Increment
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_inc( uint32_t a )
+{
+  return (a + 1);
+}
+
+// Complement
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_not( uint32_t a )
+{
+  return (~a);
+}
+
+// Negate
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_neg( uint32_t a )
+{
+  return (-a);
+}
+
+// Extend sign
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_ext( uint32_t a )
+{
+  return (((int32_t)a)>>31);
+}
+
+// And
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_and( uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  return (a & b);
+}
+
+// Exclusive Or
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_xor( uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  return (a ^ b);
+}
+
+// And with Complement
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_andc( uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  return (a & ~b);
+}
+
+// Or
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_or( uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  return (a | b);
+}
+
+// Shift Right Logical
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_srl( uint32_t a, int sa )
+{
+  return (a >> sa);
+}
+
+// Shift Left Logical
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_sll( uint32_t a, int sa )
+{
+  return (a << sa);
+}
+
+// Add
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_add( uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  return (a + b);
+}
+
+// Subtract
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_sub( uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  return (a - b);
+}
+
+// Multiply
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_mul( uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  return (a * b);
+}
+
+// Select on Sign bit
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_sels( uint32_t test, uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  const uint32_t mask   = _uint32_ext( test );
+  const uint32_t sel_a  = _uint32_and(  a,     mask  );
+  const uint32_t sel_b  = _uint32_andc( b,     mask  );
+  const uint32_t result = _uint32_or(   sel_a, sel_b );
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+// Select Bits on mask
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_selb( uint32_t mask, uint32_t a, uint32_t b )
+{
+  const uint32_t sel_a  = _uint32_and(  a,     mask  );
+  const uint32_t sel_b  = _uint32_andc( b,     mask  );
+  const uint32_t result = _uint32_or(   sel_a, sel_b );
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+// Load Immediate
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_li( uint16_t a )
+{
+  return (a);
+}
+
+// Extend sign
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_ext( uint16_t a )
+{
+  return (((int16_t)a)>>15);
+}
+
+// Negate
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_neg( uint16_t a )
+{
+  return (-a);
+}
+
+// Complement
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_not( uint16_t a )
+{
+  return (~a);
+}
+
+// Decrement
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_dec( uint16_t a )
+{
+  return (a - 1);
+}
+
+// Shift Left Logical
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_sll( uint16_t a, int sa )
+{
+  return (a << sa);
+}
+
+// Shift Right Logical
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_srl( uint16_t a, int sa )
+{
+  return (a >> sa);
+}
+
+// Add
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_add( uint16_t a, uint16_t b )
+{
+  return (a + b);
+}
+
+// Subtract
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_sub( uint16_t a, uint16_t b )
+{
+  return (a - b);
+}
+
+// And
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_and( uint16_t a, uint16_t b )
+{
+  return (a & b);
+}
+
+// Or
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_or( uint16_t a, uint16_t b )
+{
+  return (a | b);
+}
+
+// Exclusive Or
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_xor( uint16_t a, uint16_t b )
+{
+  return (a ^ b);
+}
+
+// And with Complement
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_andc( uint16_t a, uint16_t b )
+{
+  return (a & ~b);
+}
+
+// And then Shift Right Logical
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_andsrl( uint16_t a, uint16_t b, int sa )
+{
+  return ((a & b) >> sa);
+}
+
+// Shift Right Logical then Mask
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_srlm( uint16_t a, int sa, uint16_t mask )
+{
+  return ((a >> sa) & mask);
+}
+
+// Add then Mask
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_addm( uint16_t a, uint16_t b, uint16_t mask )
+{
+  return ((a + b) & mask);
+}
+
+
+// Select on Sign bit
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_sels( uint16_t test, uint16_t a, uint16_t b )
+{
+  const uint16_t mask   = _uint16_ext( test );
+  const uint16_t sel_a  = _uint16_and(  a,     mask  );
+  const uint16_t sel_b  = _uint16_andc( b,     mask  );
+  const uint16_t result = _uint16_or(   sel_a, sel_b );
+
+  return (result);
+}
+
+// Count Leading Zeros
+static inline uint32_t _uint32_cntlz( uint32_t x )
+{
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+  /* NOTE: __builtin_clz is undefined for x == 0 */
+  /* On PowerPC, this will map to insn: cntlzw   */
+  /* On Pentium, this will map to insn: clz      */
+  uint32_t is_x_nez_msb = _uint32_neg( x );
+  uint32_t nlz          = __builtin_clz( x );
+  uint32_t result       = _uint32_sels( is_x_nez_msb, nlz, 0x00000020 );
+  return (result);
+#else
+  const uint32_t x0  = _uint32_srl(  x,  1 );
+  const uint32_t x1  = _uint32_or(   x,  x0 );
+  const uint32_t x2  = _uint32_srl(  x1, 2 );
+  const uint32_t x3  = _uint32_or(   x1, x2 );
+  const uint32_t x4  = _uint32_srl(  x3, 4 );
+  const uint32_t x5  = _uint32_or(   x3, x4 );
+  const uint32_t x6  = _uint32_srl(  x5, 8 );
+  const uint32_t x7  = _uint32_or(   x5, x6 );
+  const uint32_t x8  = _uint32_srl(  x7, 16 );
+  const uint32_t x9  = _uint32_or(   x7, x8 );
+  const uint32_t xA  = _uint32_not(  x9 );
+  const uint32_t xB  = _uint32_srl(  xA, 1 );
+  const uint32_t xC  = _uint32_and(  xB, 0x55555555 );
+  const uint32_t xD  = _uint32_sub(  xA, xC );
+  const uint32_t xE  = _uint32_and(  xD, 0x33333333 );
+  const uint32_t xF  = _uint32_srl(  xD, 2 );
+  const uint32_t x10 = _uint32_and(  xF, 0x33333333 );
+  const uint32_t x11 = _uint32_add(  xE, x10 );
+  const uint32_t x12 = _uint32_srl(  x11, 4 );
+  const uint32_t x13 = _uint32_add(  x11, x12 );
+  const uint32_t x14 = _uint32_and(  x13, 0x0f0f0f0f );
+  const uint32_t x15 = _uint32_srl(  x14, 8 );
+  const uint32_t x16 = _uint32_add(  x14, x15 );
+  const uint32_t x17 = _uint32_srl(  x16, 16 );
+  const uint32_t x18 = _uint32_add(  x16, x17 );
+  const uint32_t x19 = _uint32_and(  x18, 0x0000003f );
+  return ( x19 );
+#endif
+}
+
+// Count Leading Zeros
+static inline uint16_t _uint16_cntlz( uint16_t x )
+{
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+  uint16_t nlz32 = (uint16_t)_uint32_cntlz( (uint32_t)x );
+  uint32_t nlz   = _uint32_sub( nlz32, 16 );
+  return (nlz);
+#else
+  const uint16_t x0  = _uint16_srl(  x,  1 );
+  const uint16_t x1  = _uint16_or(   x,  x0 );
+  const uint16_t x2  = _uint16_srl(  x1, 2 );
+  const uint16_t x3  = _uint16_or(   x1, x2 );
+  const uint16_t x4  = _uint16_srl(  x3, 4 );
+  const uint16_t x5  = _uint16_or(   x3, x4 );
+  const uint16_t x6  = _uint16_srl(  x5, 8 );
+  const uint16_t x7  = _uint16_or(   x5, x6 );
+  const uint16_t x8  = _uint16_not(  x7 );
+  const uint16_t x9  = _uint16_srlm( x8, 1, 0x5555 );
+  const uint16_t xA  = _uint16_sub(  x8, x9 );
+  const uint16_t xB  = _uint16_and(  xA, 0x3333 );
+  const uint16_t xC  = _uint16_srlm( xA, 2, 0x3333 );
+  const uint16_t xD  = _uint16_add(  xB, xC );
+  const uint16_t xE  = _uint16_srl(  xD, 4 );
+  const uint16_t xF  = _uint16_addm( xD, xE, 0x0f0f );
+  const uint16_t x10 = _uint16_srl(  xF, 8 );
+  const uint16_t x11 = _uint16_addm( xF, x10, 0x001f );
+  return ( x11 );
+#endif
+}
+
+uint16_t
+half_from_float( uint32_t f )
+{
+  const uint32_t one                        = _uint32_li( 0x00000001 );
+  const uint32_t f_s_mask                   = _uint32_li( 0x80000000 );
+  const uint32_t f_e_mask                   = _uint32_li( 0x7f800000 );
+  const uint32_t f_m_mask                   = _uint32_li( 0x007fffff );
+  const uint32_t f_m_hidden_bit             = _uint32_li( 0x00800000 );
+  const uint32_t f_m_round_bit              = _uint32_li( 0x00001000 );
+  const uint32_t f_snan_mask                = _uint32_li( 0x7fc00000 );
+  const uint32_t f_e_pos                    = _uint32_li( 0x00000017 );
+  const uint32_t h_e_pos                    = _uint32_li( 0x0000000a );
+  const uint32_t h_e_mask                   = _uint32_li( 0x00007c00 );
+  const uint32_t h_snan_mask                = _uint32_li( 0x00007e00 );
+  const uint32_t h_e_mask_value             = _uint32_li( 0x0000001f );
+  const uint32_t f_h_s_pos_offset           = _uint32_li( 0x00000010 );
+  const uint32_t f_h_bias_offset            = _uint32_li( 0x00000070 );
+  const uint32_t f_h_m_pos_offset           = _uint32_li( 0x0000000d );
+  const uint32_t h_nan_min                  = _uint32_li( 0x00007c01 );
+  const uint32_t f_h_e_biased_flag          = _uint32_li( 0x0000008f );
+  const uint32_t f_s                        = _uint32_and( f,               f_s_mask         );
+  const uint32_t f_e                        = _uint32_and( f,               f_e_mask         );
+  const uint16_t h_s                        = _uint32_srl( f_s,             f_h_s_pos_offset );
+  const uint32_t f_m                        = _uint32_and( f,               f_m_mask         );
+  const uint16_t f_e_amount                 = _uint32_srl( f_e,             f_e_pos          );
+  const uint32_t f_e_half_bias              = _uint32_sub( f_e_amount,      f_h_bias_offset  );
+  const uint32_t f_snan                     = _uint32_and( f,               f_snan_mask      );
+  const uint32_t f_m_round_mask             = _uint32_and( f_m,             f_m_round_bit    );
+  const uint32_t f_m_round_offset           = _uint32_sll( f_m_round_mask,  one              );
+  const uint32_t f_m_rounded                = _uint32_add( f_m,             f_m_round_offset );
+  const uint32_t f_m_denorm_sa              = _uint32_sub( one,             f_e_half_bias    );
+  const uint32_t f_m_with_hidden            = _uint32_or(  f_m_rounded,     f_m_hidden_bit   );
+  const uint32_t f_m_denorm                 = _uint32_srl( f_m_with_hidden, f_m_denorm_sa    );
+  const uint32_t h_m_denorm                 = _uint32_srl( f_m_denorm,      f_h_m_pos_offset );
+  const uint32_t f_m_rounded_overflow       = _uint32_and( f_m_rounded,     f_m_hidden_bit   );
+  const uint32_t m_nan                      = _uint32_srl( f_m,             f_h_m_pos_offset );
+  const uint32_t h_em_nan                   = _uint32_or(  h_e_mask,        m_nan            );
+  const uint32_t h_e_norm_overflow_offset   = _uint32_inc( f_e_half_bias );
+  const uint32_t h_e_norm_overflow          = _uint32_sll( h_e_norm_overflow_offset, h_e_pos          );
+  const uint32_t h_e_norm                   = _uint32_sll( f_e_half_bias,            h_e_pos          );
+  const uint32_t h_m_norm                   = _uint32_srl( f_m_rounded,              f_h_m_pos_offset );
+  const uint32_t h_em_norm                  = _uint32_or(  h_e_norm,                 h_m_norm         );
+  const uint32_t is_h_ndenorm_msb           = _uint32_sub( f_h_bias_offset,   f_e_amount    );
+  const uint32_t is_f_e_flagged_msb         = _uint32_sub( f_h_e_biased_flag, f_e_half_bias );
+  const uint32_t is_h_denorm_msb            = _uint32_not( is_h_ndenorm_msb );
+  const uint32_t is_f_m_eqz_msb             = _uint32_dec( f_m   );
+  const uint32_t is_h_nan_eqz_msb           = _uint32_dec( m_nan );
+  const uint32_t is_f_inf_msb               = _uint32_and( is_f_e_flagged_msb, is_f_m_eqz_msb   );
+  const uint32_t is_f_nan_underflow_msb     = _uint32_and( is_f_e_flagged_msb, is_h_nan_eqz_msb );
+  const uint32_t is_e_overflow_msb          = _uint32_sub( h_e_mask_value,     f_e_half_bias    );
+  const uint32_t is_h_inf_msb               = _uint32_or(  is_e_overflow_msb,  is_f_inf_msb     );
+  const uint32_t is_f_nsnan_msb             = _uint32_sub( f_snan,             f_snan_mask      );
+  const uint32_t is_m_norm_overflow_msb     = _uint32_neg( f_m_rounded_overflow );
+  const uint32_t is_f_snan_msb              = _uint32_not( is_f_nsnan_msb );
+  const uint32_t h_em_overflow_result       = _uint32_sels( is_m_norm_overflow_msb, h_e_norm_overflow, h_em_norm                 );
+  const uint32_t h_em_nan_result            = _uint32_sels( is_f_e_flagged_msb,     h_em_nan,          h_em_overflow_result      );
+  const uint32_t h_em_nan_underflow_result  = _uint32_sels( is_f_nan_underflow_msb, h_nan_min,         h_em_nan_result           );
+  const uint32_t h_em_inf_result            = _uint32_sels( is_h_inf_msb,           h_e_mask,          h_em_nan_underflow_result );
+  const uint32_t h_em_denorm_result         = _uint32_sels( is_h_denorm_msb,        h_m_denorm,        h_em_inf_result           );
+  const uint32_t h_em_snan_result           = _uint32_sels( is_f_snan_msb,          h_snan_mask,       h_em_denorm_result        );
+  const uint32_t h_result                   = _uint32_or( h_s, h_em_snan_result );
+
+  return (uint16_t)(h_result);
+}
+
+uint32_t 
+half_to_float( uint16_t h )
+{
+  const uint32_t h_e_mask              = _uint32_li( 0x00007c00 );
+  const uint32_t h_m_mask              = _uint32_li( 0x000003ff );
+  const uint32_t h_s_mask              = _uint32_li( 0x00008000 );
+  const uint32_t h_f_s_pos_offset      = _uint32_li( 0x00000010 );
+  const uint32_t h_f_e_pos_offset      = _uint32_li( 0x0000000d );
+  const uint32_t h_f_bias_offset       = _uint32_li( 0x0001c000 );
+  const uint32_t f_e_mask              = _uint32_li( 0x7f800000 );
+  const uint32_t f_m_mask              = _uint32_li( 0x007fffff );
+  const uint32_t h_f_e_denorm_bias     = _uint32_li( 0x0000007e );
+  const uint32_t h_f_m_denorm_sa_bias  = _uint32_li( 0x00000008 );
+  const uint32_t f_e_pos               = _uint32_li( 0x00000017 );
+  const uint32_t h_e_mask_minus_one    = _uint32_li( 0x00007bff );
+  const uint32_t h_e                   = _uint32_and( h, h_e_mask );
+  const uint32_t h_m                   = _uint32_and( h, h_m_mask );
+  const uint32_t h_s                   = _uint32_and( h, h_s_mask );
+  const uint32_t h_e_f_bias            = _uint32_add( h_e, h_f_bias_offset );
+  const uint32_t h_m_nlz               = _uint32_cntlz( h_m );
+  const uint32_t f_s                   = _uint32_sll( h_s,        h_f_s_pos_offset );
+  const uint32_t f_e                   = _uint32_sll( h_e_f_bias, h_f_e_pos_offset );
+  const uint32_t f_m                   = _uint32_sll( h_m,        h_f_e_pos_offset );
+  const uint32_t f_em                  = _uint32_or(  f_e,        f_m              );
+  const uint32_t h_f_m_sa              = _uint32_sub( h_m_nlz,             h_f_m_denorm_sa_bias );
+  const uint32_t f_e_denorm_unpacked   = _uint32_sub( h_f_e_denorm_bias,   h_f_m_sa             );
+  const uint32_t h_f_m                 = _uint32_sll( h_m,                 h_f_m_sa             );
+  const uint32_t f_m_denorm            = _uint32_and( h_f_m,               f_m_mask             );
+  const uint32_t f_e_denorm            = _uint32_sll( f_e_denorm_unpacked, f_e_pos              );
+  const uint32_t f_em_denorm           = _uint32_or(  f_e_denorm,          f_m_denorm           );
+  const uint32_t f_em_nan              = _uint32_or(  f_e_mask,            f_m                  );
+  const uint32_t is_e_eqz_msb          = _uint32_dec(  h_e );
+  const uint32_t is_m_nez_msb          = _uint32_neg(  h_m );
+  const uint32_t is_e_flagged_msb      = _uint32_sub(  h_e_mask_minus_one, h_e );
+  const uint32_t is_zero_msb           = _uint32_andc( is_e_eqz_msb,       is_m_nez_msb );
+  const uint32_t is_inf_msb            = _uint32_andc( is_e_flagged_msb,   is_m_nez_msb );
+  const uint32_t is_denorm_msb         = _uint32_and(  is_m_nez_msb,       is_e_eqz_msb );
+  const uint32_t is_nan_msb            = _uint32_and(  is_e_flagged_msb,   is_m_nez_msb ); 
+  const uint32_t is_zero               = _uint32_ext(  is_zero_msb );
+  const uint32_t f_zero_result         = _uint32_andc( f_em, is_zero );
+  const uint32_t f_denorm_result       = _uint32_sels( is_denorm_msb, f_em_denorm, f_zero_result );
+  const uint32_t f_inf_result          = _uint32_sels( is_inf_msb,    f_e_mask,    f_denorm_result );
+  const uint32_t f_nan_result          = _uint32_sels( is_nan_msb,    f_em_nan,    f_inf_result    );
+  const uint32_t f_result              = _uint32_or( f_s, f_nan_result );
+ 
+  return (f_result);
+}
+
+// half_add
+// --------
+//
+//  (SUM)        uint16_t z = half_add( x, y );
+//  (DIFFERENCE) uint16_t z = half_add( x, -y );
+//
+//  * Difference of ZEROs is always +ZERO
+//  * Sum round with guard + round + sticky bit (grs)
+//  * QNaN + <x>  = QNaN
+//  * <x>  + +INF = +INF
+//  * <x>  - -INF = -INF
+//  * INF  - INF  = SNaN
+//
+//  Will have exactly (0 ulps difference) the same result as:
+//  (Round up)
+//
+//     union FLOAT_32
+//     {
+//       float    f32;
+//       uint32_t u32;
+//     };
+//
+//     union FLOAT_32 fx = { .u32 = half_to_float( x ) };
+//     union FLOAT_32 fy = { .u32 = half_to_float( y ) };
+//     union FLOAT_32 fz = { .f32 = fx.f32 + fy.f32    };
+//     uint16_t       z  = float_to_half( fz );
+//
+uint16_t
+half_add( uint16_t x, uint16_t y )
+{
+  const uint16_t one                       = _uint16_li( 0x0001 );
+  const uint16_t msb_to_lsb_sa             = _uint16_li( 0x000f );
+  const uint16_t h_s_mask                  = _uint16_li( 0x8000 );
+  const uint16_t h_e_mask                  = _uint16_li( 0x7c00 );
+  const uint16_t h_m_mask                  = _uint16_li( 0x03ff );
+  const uint16_t h_m_msb_mask              = _uint16_li( 0x2000 );
+  const uint16_t h_m_msb_sa                = _uint16_li( 0x000d );
+  const uint16_t h_m_hidden                = _uint16_li( 0x0400 );
+  const uint16_t h_e_pos                   = _uint16_li( 0x000a );
+  const uint16_t h_e_bias_minus_one        = _uint16_li( 0x000e );
+  const uint16_t h_m_grs_carry             = _uint16_li( 0x4000 );
+  const uint16_t h_m_grs_carry_pos         = _uint16_li( 0x000e );
+  const uint16_t h_grs_size                = _uint16_li( 0x0003 );
+  const uint16_t h_snan                    = _uint16_li( 0xfe00 );
+  const uint16_t h_e_mask_minus_one        = _uint16_li( 0x7bff );
+  const uint16_t h_grs_round_carry         = _uint16_sll( one, h_grs_size );
+  const uint16_t h_grs_round_mask          = _uint16_sub( h_grs_round_carry, one );
+  const uint16_t x_e                       = _uint16_and( x, h_e_mask );
+  const uint16_t y_e                       = _uint16_and( y, h_e_mask );
+  const uint16_t is_y_e_larger_msb         = _uint16_sub( x_e, y_e );
+  const uint16_t a                         = _uint16_sels( is_y_e_larger_msb, y, x);
+  const uint16_t a_s                       = _uint16_and( a, h_s_mask );
+  const uint16_t a_e                       = _uint16_and( a, h_e_mask );
+  const uint16_t a_m_no_hidden_bit         = _uint16_and( a, h_m_mask );
+  const uint16_t a_em_no_hidden_bit        = _uint16_or( a_e, a_m_no_hidden_bit );
+  const uint16_t b                         = _uint16_sels( is_y_e_larger_msb, x, y);
+  const uint16_t b_s                       = _uint16_and( b, h_s_mask );
+  const uint16_t b_e                       = _uint16_and( b, h_e_mask );
+  const uint16_t b_m_no_hidden_bit         = _uint16_and( b, h_m_mask );
+  const uint16_t b_em_no_hidden_bit        = _uint16_or( b_e, b_m_no_hidden_bit );
+  const uint16_t is_diff_sign_msb          = _uint16_xor( a_s, b_s );
+  const uint16_t is_a_inf_msb              = _uint16_sub( h_e_mask_minus_one, a_em_no_hidden_bit );
+  const uint16_t is_b_inf_msb              = _uint16_sub( h_e_mask_minus_one, b_em_no_hidden_bit );
+  const uint16_t is_undenorm_msb           = _uint16_dec( a_e );
+  const uint16_t is_undenorm               = _uint16_ext( is_undenorm_msb );
+  const uint16_t is_both_inf_msb           = _uint16_and( is_a_inf_msb, is_b_inf_msb );
+  const uint16_t is_invalid_inf_op_msb     = _uint16_and( is_both_inf_msb, b_s );
+  const uint16_t is_a_e_nez_msb            = _uint16_neg( a_e );
+  const uint16_t is_b_e_nez_msb            = _uint16_neg( b_e );
+  const uint16_t is_a_e_nez                = _uint16_ext( is_a_e_nez_msb );
+  const uint16_t is_b_e_nez                = _uint16_ext( is_b_e_nez_msb );
+  const uint16_t a_m_hidden_bit            = _uint16_and( is_a_e_nez, h_m_hidden );
+  const uint16_t b_m_hidden_bit            = _uint16_and( is_b_e_nez, h_m_hidden );
+  const uint16_t a_m_no_grs                = _uint16_or( a_m_no_hidden_bit, a_m_hidden_bit );
+  const uint16_t b_m_no_grs                = _uint16_or( b_m_no_hidden_bit, b_m_hidden_bit );
+  const uint16_t diff_e                    = _uint16_sub( a_e,        b_e );
+  const uint16_t a_e_unbias                = _uint16_sub( a_e,        h_e_bias_minus_one );
+  const uint16_t a_m                       = _uint16_sll( a_m_no_grs, h_grs_size );
+  const uint16_t a_e_biased                = _uint16_srl( a_e,        h_e_pos );
+  const uint16_t m_sa_unbias               = _uint16_srl( a_e_unbias, h_e_pos );
+  const uint16_t m_sa_default              = _uint16_srl( diff_e,     h_e_pos );
+  const uint16_t m_sa_unbias_mask          = _uint16_andc( is_a_e_nez_msb,   is_b_e_nez_msb );
+  const uint16_t m_sa                      = _uint16_sels( m_sa_unbias_mask, m_sa_unbias, m_sa_default );
+  const uint16_t b_m_no_sticky             = _uint16_sll( b_m_no_grs,        h_grs_size );
+  const uint16_t sh_m                      = _uint16_srl( b_m_no_sticky,     m_sa );
+  const uint16_t sticky_overflow           = _uint16_sll( one,               m_sa );
+  const uint16_t sticky_mask               = _uint16_dec( sticky_overflow );
+  const uint16_t sticky_collect            = _uint16_and( b_m_no_sticky, sticky_mask );
+  const uint16_t is_sticky_set_msb         = _uint16_neg( sticky_collect );
+  const uint16_t sticky                    = _uint16_srl( is_sticky_set_msb, msb_to_lsb_sa);
+  const uint16_t b_m                       = _uint16_or( sh_m, sticky );
+  const uint16_t is_c_m_ab_pos_msb         = _uint16_sub( b_m, a_m );
+  const uint16_t c_inf                     = _uint16_or( a_s, h_e_mask );
+  const uint16_t c_m_sum                   = _uint16_add( a_m, b_m );
+  const uint16_t c_m_diff_ab               = _uint16_sub( a_m, b_m );
+  const uint16_t c_m_diff_ba               = _uint16_sub( b_m, a_m );
+  const uint16_t c_m_smag_diff             = _uint16_sels( is_c_m_ab_pos_msb, c_m_diff_ab, c_m_diff_ba );
+  const uint16_t c_s_diff                  = _uint16_sels( is_c_m_ab_pos_msb, a_s,         b_s         );
+  const uint16_t c_s                       = _uint16_sels( is_diff_sign_msb,  c_s_diff,    a_s         );
+  const uint16_t c_m_smag_diff_nlz         = _uint16_cntlz( c_m_smag_diff );
+  const uint16_t diff_norm_sa              = _uint16_sub( c_m_smag_diff_nlz, one );
+  const uint16_t is_diff_denorm_msb        = _uint16_sub( a_e_biased, diff_norm_sa );
+  const uint16_t is_diff_denorm            = _uint16_ext( is_diff_denorm_msb );
+  const uint16_t is_a_or_b_norm_msb        = _uint16_neg( a_e_biased );
+  const uint16_t diff_denorm_sa            = _uint16_dec( a_e_biased );
+  const uint16_t c_m_diff_denorm           = _uint16_sll( c_m_smag_diff, diff_denorm_sa );
+  const uint16_t c_m_diff_norm             = _uint16_sll( c_m_smag_diff, diff_norm_sa );
+  const uint16_t c_e_diff_norm             = _uint16_sub( a_e_biased,  diff_norm_sa );
+  const uint16_t c_m_diff_ab_norm          = _uint16_sels( is_diff_denorm_msb, c_m_diff_denorm, c_m_diff_norm );
+  const uint16_t c_e_diff_ab_norm          = _uint16_andc( c_e_diff_norm, is_diff_denorm );
+  const uint16_t c_m_diff                  = _uint16_sels( is_a_or_b_norm_msb, c_m_diff_ab_norm, c_m_smag_diff );
+  const uint16_t c_e_diff                  = _uint16_sels( is_a_or_b_norm_msb, c_e_diff_ab_norm, a_e_biased    );
+  const uint16_t is_diff_eqz_msb           = _uint16_dec( c_m_diff );
+  const uint16_t is_diff_exactly_zero_msb  = _uint16_and( is_diff_sign_msb, is_diff_eqz_msb );
+  const uint16_t is_diff_exactly_zero      = _uint16_ext( is_diff_exactly_zero_msb );
+  const uint16_t c_m_added                 = _uint16_sels( is_diff_sign_msb, c_m_diff, c_m_sum );
+  const uint16_t c_e_added                 = _uint16_sels( is_diff_sign_msb, c_e_diff, a_e_biased );
+  const uint16_t c_m_carry                 = _uint16_and( c_m_added, h_m_grs_carry );
+  const uint16_t is_c_m_carry_msb          = _uint16_neg( c_m_carry );
+  const uint16_t c_e_hidden_offset         = _uint16_andsrl( c_m_added, h_m_grs_carry, h_m_grs_carry_pos );
+  const uint16_t c_m_sub_hidden            = _uint16_srl( c_m_added, one );
+  const uint16_t c_m_no_hidden             = _uint16_sels( is_c_m_carry_msb, c_m_sub_hidden, c_m_added );
+  const uint16_t c_e_no_hidden             = _uint16_add( c_e_added,         c_e_hidden_offset  );
+  const uint16_t c_m_no_hidden_msb         = _uint16_and( c_m_no_hidden,     h_m_msb_mask       );
+  const uint16_t undenorm_m_msb_odd        = _uint16_srl( c_m_no_hidden_msb, h_m_msb_sa         );
+  const uint16_t undenorm_fix_e            = _uint16_and( is_undenorm,       undenorm_m_msb_odd );
+  const uint16_t c_e_fixed                 = _uint16_add( c_e_no_hidden,     undenorm_fix_e     );
+  const uint16_t c_m_round_amount          = _uint16_and( c_m_no_hidden,     h_grs_round_mask   );
+  const uint16_t c_m_rounded               = _uint16_add( c_m_no_hidden,     c_m_round_amount   );
+  const uint16_t c_m_round_overflow        = _uint16_andsrl( c_m_rounded, h_m_grs_carry, h_m_grs_carry_pos );
+  const uint16_t c_e_rounded               = _uint16_add( c_e_fixed, c_m_round_overflow );
+  const uint16_t c_m_no_grs                = _uint16_srlm( c_m_rounded, h_grs_size,  h_m_mask );
+  const uint16_t c_e                       = _uint16_sll( c_e_rounded, h_e_pos );
+  const uint16_t c_em                      = _uint16_or( c_e, c_m_no_grs );
+  const uint16_t c_normal                  = _uint16_or( c_s, c_em );
+  const uint16_t c_inf_result              = _uint16_sels( is_a_inf_msb, c_inf, c_normal );
+  const uint16_t c_zero_result             = _uint16_andc( c_inf_result, is_diff_exactly_zero );
+  const uint16_t c_result                  = _uint16_sels( is_invalid_inf_op_msb, h_snan, c_zero_result );
+
+  return (c_result);
+}
+
+// half_mul
+// --------
+//
+//  May have 0 or 1 ulp difference from the following result:
+//  (Round to nearest) 
+//  NOTE: Rounding mode differs between conversion and multiply
+//
+//     union FLOAT_32
+//     {
+//       float    f32;
+//       uint32_t u32;
+//     };
+//
+//     union FLOAT_32 fx = { .u32 = half_to_float( x ) };
+//     union FLOAT_32 fy = { .u32 = half_to_float( y ) };
+//     union FLOAT_32 fz = { .f32 = fx.f32 * fy.f32    };
+//     uint16_t       z  = float_to_half( fz );
+//
+uint16_t
+half_mul( uint16_t x, uint16_t y )
+{
+  const uint32_t one                                = _uint32_li( 0x00000001 );
+  const uint32_t h_s_mask                           = _uint32_li( 0x00008000 );
+  const uint32_t h_e_mask                           = _uint32_li( 0x00007c00 );
+  const uint32_t h_m_mask                           = _uint32_li( 0x000003ff );
+  const uint32_t h_m_hidden                         = _uint32_li( 0x00000400 );
+  const uint32_t h_e_pos                            = _uint32_li( 0x0000000a );
+  const uint32_t h_e_bias                           = _uint32_li( 0x0000000f );
+  const uint32_t h_m_bit_count                      = _uint32_li( 0x0000000a );
+  const uint32_t h_m_bit_half_count                 = _uint32_li( 0x00000005 );
+  const uint32_t h_nan_min                          = _uint32_li( 0x00007c01 );
+  const uint32_t h_e_mask_minus_one                 = _uint32_li( 0x00007bff );
+  const uint32_t h_snan                             = _uint32_li( 0x0000fe00 );
+  const uint32_t m_round_overflow_bit               = _uint32_li( 0x00000020 );
+  const uint32_t m_hidden_bit                       = _uint32_li( 0x00100000 );
+  const uint32_t a_s                                = _uint32_and(  x,   h_s_mask );
+  const uint32_t b_s                                = _uint32_and(  y,   h_s_mask );
+  const uint32_t c_s                                = _uint32_xor(  a_s, b_s      );
+  const uint32_t x_e                                = _uint32_and(  x,   h_e_mask );
+  const uint32_t x_e_eqz_msb                        = _uint32_dec(  x_e );
+  const uint32_t a                                  = _uint32_sels( x_e_eqz_msb, y, x );
+  const uint32_t b                                  = _uint32_sels( x_e_eqz_msb, x, y );
+  const uint32_t a_e                                = _uint32_and(  a,   h_e_mask );
+  const uint32_t b_e                                = _uint32_and(  b,   h_e_mask );
+  const uint32_t a_m                                = _uint32_and(  a,   h_m_mask );
+  const uint32_t b_m                                = _uint32_and(  b,   h_m_mask );
+  const uint32_t a_e_amount                         = _uint32_srl(  a_e,                 h_e_pos                 );
+  const uint32_t b_e_amount                         = _uint32_srl(  b_e,                 h_e_pos                 );
+  const uint32_t a_m_with_hidden                    = _uint32_or(   a_m,                 h_m_hidden              );
+  const uint32_t b_m_with_hidden                    = _uint32_or(   b_m,                 h_m_hidden              );
+  const uint32_t c_m_normal                         = _uint32_mul(  a_m_with_hidden,     b_m_with_hidden         );
+  const uint32_t c_m_denorm_biased                  = _uint32_mul(  a_m_with_hidden,     b_m                     );
+  const uint32_t c_e_denorm_unbias_e                = _uint32_sub(  h_e_bias,            a_e_amount              );
+  const uint32_t c_m_denorm_round_amount            = _uint32_and(  c_m_denorm_biased,   h_m_mask                );
+  const uint32_t c_m_denorm_rounded                 = _uint32_add(  c_m_denorm_biased,   c_m_denorm_round_amount );
+  const uint32_t c_m_denorm_inplace                 = _uint32_srl(  c_m_denorm_rounded,  h_m_bit_count           );
+  const uint32_t c_m_denorm_unbiased                = _uint32_srl(  c_m_denorm_inplace,  c_e_denorm_unbias_e     );
+  const uint32_t c_m_denorm                         = _uint32_and(  c_m_denorm_unbiased, h_m_mask                );
+  const uint32_t c_e_amount_biased                  = _uint32_add(  a_e_amount,          b_e_amount              );
+  const uint32_t c_e_amount_unbiased                = _uint32_sub(  c_e_amount_biased,   h_e_bias                );
+  const uint32_t is_c_e_unbiased_underflow          = _uint32_ext(  c_e_amount_unbiased );
+  const uint32_t c_e_underflow_half_sa              = _uint32_neg(  c_e_amount_unbiased );
+  const uint32_t c_e_underflow_sa                   = _uint32_sll(  c_e_underflow_half_sa,     one );
+  const uint32_t c_m_underflow                      = _uint32_srl(  c_m_normal,                c_e_underflow_sa );
+  const uint32_t c_e_underflow_added                = _uint32_andc( c_e_amount_unbiased,       is_c_e_unbiased_underflow );
+  const uint32_t c_m_underflow_added                = _uint32_selb( is_c_e_unbiased_underflow, c_m_underflow, c_m_normal );
+  const uint32_t is_mul_overflow_test               = _uint32_and(  c_e_underflow_added, m_round_overflow_bit );
+  const uint32_t is_mul_overflow_msb                = _uint32_neg(  is_mul_overflow_test );
+  const uint32_t c_e_norm_radix_corrected           = _uint32_inc(  c_e_underflow_added );
+  const uint32_t c_m_norm_radix_corrected           = _uint32_srl(  c_m_underflow_added, one );
+  const uint32_t c_m_norm_hidden_bit                = _uint32_and(  c_m_norm_radix_corrected,  m_hidden_bit );
+  const uint32_t is_c_m_norm_no_hidden_msb          = _uint32_dec(  c_m_norm_hidden_bit );
+  const uint32_t c_m_norm_lo                        = _uint32_srl(  c_m_norm_radix_corrected, h_m_bit_half_count );
+  const uint32_t c_m_norm_lo_nlz                    = _uint16_cntlz( c_m_norm_lo );
+  const uint32_t is_c_m_hidden_nunderflow_msb       = _uint32_sub(  c_m_norm_lo_nlz, c_e_norm_radix_corrected );
+  const uint32_t is_c_m_hidden_underflow_msb        = _uint32_not(  is_c_m_hidden_nunderflow_msb );
+  const uint32_t is_c_m_hidden_underflow            = _uint32_ext(  is_c_m_hidden_underflow_msb  );
+  const uint32_t c_m_hidden_underflow_normalized_sa = _uint32_srl(  c_m_norm_lo_nlz, one );
+  const uint32_t c_m_hidden_underflow_normalized    = _uint32_sll(  c_m_norm_radix_corrected, c_m_hidden_underflow_normalized_sa );
+  const uint32_t c_m_hidden_normalized              = _uint32_sll(  c_m_norm_radix_corrected, c_m_norm_lo_nlz );
+  const uint32_t c_e_hidden_normalized              = _uint32_sub(  c_e_norm_radix_corrected, c_m_norm_lo_nlz );
+  const uint32_t c_e_hidden                         = _uint32_andc( c_e_hidden_normalized, is_c_m_hidden_underflow );
+  const uint32_t c_m_hidden                         = _uint32_sels( is_c_m_hidden_underflow_msb, c_m_hidden_underflow_normalized, c_m_hidden_normalized );
+  const uint32_t c_m_normalized                     = _uint32_sels( is_c_m_norm_no_hidden_msb, c_m_hidden, c_m_norm_radix_corrected );
+  const uint32_t c_e_normalized                     = _uint32_sels( is_c_m_norm_no_hidden_msb, c_e_hidden, c_e_norm_radix_corrected );
+  const uint32_t c_m_norm_round_amount              = _uint32_and(  c_m_normalized, h_m_mask );
+  const uint32_t c_m_norm_rounded                   = _uint32_add(  c_m_normalized, c_m_norm_round_amount );
+  const uint32_t is_round_overflow_test             = _uint32_and(  c_e_normalized, m_round_overflow_bit  );
+  const uint32_t is_round_overflow_msb              = _uint32_neg(  is_round_overflow_test );
+  const uint32_t c_m_norm_inplace                   = _uint32_srl(  c_m_norm_rounded,    h_m_bit_count );
+  const uint32_t c_m                                = _uint32_and(  c_m_norm_inplace,    h_m_mask      );
+  const uint32_t c_e_norm_inplace                   = _uint32_sll(  c_e_normalized, h_e_pos       );
+  const uint32_t c_e                                = _uint32_and(  c_e_norm_inplace,    h_e_mask      );
+  const uint32_t c_em_nan                           = _uint32_or(   h_e_mask,  a_m        );
+  const uint32_t c_nan                              = _uint32_or(   a_s,       c_em_nan   );
+  const uint32_t c_denorm                           = _uint32_or(   c_s,       c_m_denorm );
+  const uint32_t c_inf                              = _uint32_or(   c_s,       h_e_mask   );
+  const uint32_t c_em_norm                          = _uint32_or(   c_e,       c_m        );
+  const uint32_t is_a_e_flagged_msb                 = _uint32_sub(  h_e_mask_minus_one, a_e );
+  const uint32_t is_b_e_flagged_msb                 = _uint32_sub(  h_e_mask_minus_one, b_e );
+  const uint32_t is_a_e_eqz_msb                     = _uint32_dec(  a_e );
+  const uint32_t is_a_m_eqz_msb                     = _uint32_dec(  a_m );
+  const uint32_t is_b_e_eqz_msb                     = _uint32_dec(  b_e );
+  const uint32_t is_b_m_eqz_msb                     = _uint32_dec(  b_m );
+  const uint32_t is_b_eqz_msb                       = _uint32_and(  is_b_e_eqz_msb,          is_b_m_eqz_msb         );
+  const uint32_t is_a_eqz_msb                       = _uint32_and(  is_a_e_eqz_msb,          is_a_m_eqz_msb         );
+  const uint32_t is_c_nan_via_a_msb                 = _uint32_andc( is_a_e_flagged_msb,      is_b_e_flagged_msb     );
+  const uint32_t is_c_nan_via_b_msb                 = _uint32_andc( is_b_e_flagged_msb,      is_b_m_eqz_msb         );
+  const uint32_t is_c_nan_msb                       = _uint32_or(   is_c_nan_via_a_msb,      is_c_nan_via_b_msb     );
+  const uint32_t is_c_denorm_msb                    = _uint32_andc( is_b_e_eqz_msb,          is_a_e_flagged_msb     );
+  const uint32_t is_a_inf_msb                       = _uint32_and(  is_a_e_flagged_msb,      is_a_m_eqz_msb         );
+  const uint32_t is_c_snan_msb                      = _uint32_and(  is_a_inf_msb,            is_b_eqz_msb           );
+  const uint32_t is_c_nan_min_via_a_msb             = _uint32_and(  is_a_e_flagged_msb,      is_b_eqz_msb           );
+  const uint32_t is_c_nan_min_via_b_msb             = _uint32_and(  is_b_e_flagged_msb,      is_a_eqz_msb           );
+  const uint32_t is_c_nan_min_msb                   = _uint32_or(   is_c_nan_min_via_a_msb,  is_c_nan_min_via_b_msb );
+  const uint32_t is_c_inf_msb                       = _uint32_or(   is_a_e_flagged_msb,      is_b_e_flagged_msb     );
+  const uint32_t is_overflow_msb                    = _uint32_or(   is_round_overflow_msb,   is_mul_overflow_msb    );
+  const uint32_t c_em_overflow_result               = _uint32_sels( is_overflow_msb, h_e_mask, c_em_norm );
+  const uint32_t c_common_result                    = _uint32_or(   c_s, c_em_overflow_result );
+  const uint32_t c_zero_result                      = _uint32_sels( is_b_eqz_msb,     c_s,       c_common_result  );
+  const uint32_t c_nan_result                       = _uint32_sels( is_c_nan_msb,     c_nan,     c_zero_result );
+  const uint32_t c_nan_min_result                   = _uint32_sels( is_c_nan_min_msb, h_nan_min, c_nan_result     );
+  const uint32_t c_inf_result                       = _uint32_sels( is_c_inf_msb,     c_inf,     c_nan_min_result   );
+  const uint32_t c_denorm_result                    = _uint32_sels( is_c_denorm_msb,  c_denorm,  c_inf_result);
+  const uint32_t c_result                           = _uint32_sels( is_c_snan_msb,    h_snan,    c_denorm_result );
+
+  return (uint16_t)(c_result);
+}