lack 2.0.0

data/test/spec_sendfile.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+require 'fileutils'
+require 'rack/lint'
+require 'rack/sendfile'
+require 'rack/mock'
+require 'tmpdir'
+
+describe Rack::File do
+  should "respond to #to_path" do
+    Rack::File.new(Dir.pwd).should.respond_to :to_path
+  end
+end
+
+describe Rack::Sendfile do
+  def sendfile_body
+    FileUtils.touch File.join(Dir.tmpdir,  "rack_sendfile")
+    res = ['Hello World']
+    def res.to_path ; File.join(Dir.tmpdir,  "rack_sendfile") ; end
+    res
+  end
+
+  def simple_app(body=sendfile_body)
+    lambda { |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, body] }
+  end
+
+  def sendfile_app(body, mappings = [])
+    Rack::Lint.new Rack::Sendfile.new(simple_app(body), nil, mappings)
+  end
+
+  def request(headers={}, body=sendfile_body, mappings=[])
+    yield Rack::MockRequest.new(sendfile_app(body, mappings)).get('/', headers)
+  end
+
+  def open_file(path)
+    Class.new(File) do
+      unless method_defined?(:to_path)
+        alias :to_path :path
+      end
+    end.open(path, 'wb+')
+  end
+
+  it "does nothing when no X-Sendfile-Type header present" do
+    request do |response|
+      response.should.be.ok
+      response.body.should.equal 'Hello World'
+      response.headers.should.not.include 'X-Sendfile'
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets X-Sendfile response header and discards body" do
+    request 'HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE' => 'X-Sendfile' do |response|
+      response.should.be.ok
+      response.body.should.be.empty
+      response.headers['Content-Length'].should.equal '0'
+      response.headers['X-Sendfile'].should.equal File.join(Dir.tmpdir,  "rack_sendfile")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets X-Lighttpd-Send-File response header and discards body" do
+    request 'HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE' => 'X-Lighttpd-Send-File' do |response|
+      response.should.be.ok
+      response.body.should.be.empty
+      response.headers['Content-Length'].should.equal '0'
+      response.headers['X-Lighttpd-Send-File'].should.equal File.join(Dir.tmpdir,  "rack_sendfile")
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets X-Accel-Redirect response header and discards body" do
+    headers = {
+      'HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE' => 'X-Accel-Redirect',
+      'HTTP_X_ACCEL_MAPPING' => "#{Dir.tmpdir}/=/foo/bar/"
+    }
+    request headers do |response|
+      response.should.be.ok
+      response.body.should.be.empty
+      response.headers['Content-Length'].should.equal '0'
+      response.headers['X-Accel-Redirect'].should.equal '/foo/bar/rack_sendfile'
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'writes to rack.error when no X-Accel-Mapping is specified' do
+    request 'HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE' => 'X-Accel-Redirect' do |response|
+      response.should.be.ok
+      response.body.should.equal 'Hello World'
+      response.headers.should.not.include 'X-Accel-Redirect'
+      response.errors.should.include 'X-Accel-Mapping'
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'does nothing when body does not respond to #to_path' do
+    request({'HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE' => 'X-Sendfile'}, ['Not a file...']) do |response|
+      response.body.should.equal 'Not a file...'
+      response.headers.should.not.include 'X-Sendfile'
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "sets X-Accel-Redirect response header and discards body when initialized with multiple mappings" do
+    begin
+      dir1 = Dir.mktmpdir
+      dir2 = Dir.mktmpdir
+
+      first_body = open_file(File.join(dir1, 'rack_sendfile'))
+      first_body.puts 'hello world'
+
+      second_body = open_file(File.join(dir2, 'rack_sendfile'))
+      second_body.puts 'goodbye world'
+
+      mappings = [
+        ["#{dir1}/", '/foo/bar/'],
+        ["#{dir2}/", '/wibble/']
+      ]
+
+      request({'HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE' => 'X-Accel-Redirect'}, first_body, mappings) do |response|
+        response.should.be.ok
+        response.body.should.be.empty
+        response.headers['Content-Length'].should.equal '0'
+        response.headers['X-Accel-Redirect'].should.equal '/foo/bar/rack_sendfile'
+      end
+
+      request({'HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE' => 'X-Accel-Redirect'}, second_body, mappings) do |response|
+        response.should.be.ok
+        response.body.should.be.empty
+        response.headers['Content-Length'].should.equal '0'
+        response.headers['X-Accel-Redirect'].should.equal '/wibble/rack_sendfile'
+      end
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.remove_entry_secure dir1
+      FileUtils.remove_entry_secure dir2
+    end
+  end
+end

data/test/spec_server.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+require 'rack'
+require 'rack/server'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'socket'
+require 'open-uri'
+
+describe Rack::Server do
+
+  def app
+    lambda { |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['success']] }
+  end
+
+  def with_stderr
+    old, $stderr = $stderr, StringIO.new
+    yield $stderr
+  ensure
+    $stderr = old
+  end
+
+  it "overrides :config if :app is passed in" do
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:app => "FOO")
+    server.app.should.equal "FOO"
+  end
+
+  should "prefer to use :builder when it is passed in" do
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:builder => "run lambda { |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['success']] }")
+    server.app.class.should.equal Proc
+    Rack::MockRequest.new(server.app).get("/").body.to_s.should.equal 'success'
+  end
+
+  should "allow subclasses to override middleware" do
+    server = Class.new(Rack::Server).class_eval { def middleware; Hash.new [] end; self }
+    server.middleware['deployment'].should.not.equal []
+    server.new(:app => 'foo').middleware['deployment'].should.equal []
+  end
+
+  should "allow subclasses to override default middleware" do
+    server = Class.new(Rack::Server).instance_eval { def default_middleware_by_environment; Hash.new [] end; self }
+    server.middleware['deployment'].should.equal []
+    server.new(:app => 'foo').middleware['deployment'].should.equal []
+  end
+
+  should "only provide default middleware for development and deployment environments" do
+    Rack::Server.default_middleware_by_environment.keys.sort.should.equal %w(deployment development)
+  end
+
+  should "always return an empty array for unknown environments" do
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:app => 'foo')
+    server.middleware['production'].should.equal []
+  end
+
+  should "not include Rack::Lint in deployment environment" do
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:app => 'foo')
+    server.middleware['deployment'].flatten.should.not.include(Rack::Lint)
+  end
+
+  should "not include Rack::ShowExceptions in deployment environment" do
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:app => 'foo')
+    server.middleware['deployment'].flatten.should.not.include(Rack::ShowExceptions)
+  end
+
+  should "include Rack::TempfileReaper in deployment environment" do
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:app => 'foo')
+    server.middleware['deployment'].flatten.should.include(Rack::TempfileReaper)
+  end
+
+  should "support CGI" do
+    begin
+      o, ENV["REQUEST_METHOD"] = ENV["REQUEST_METHOD"], 'foo'
+      server = Rack::Server.new(:app => 'foo')
+      server.server.name =~ /CGI/
+      Rack::Server.logging_middleware.call(server).should.eql(nil)
+    ensure
+      ENV['REQUEST_METHOD'] = o
+    end
+  end
+
+  should "be quiet if said so" do
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:app => "FOO", :quiet => true)
+    Rack::Server.logging_middleware.call(server).should.eql(nil)
+  end
+
+  should "use a full path to the pidfile" do
+    # avoids issues with daemonize chdir
+    opts = Rack::Server.new.send(:parse_options, %w[--pid testing.pid])
+    opts[:pid].should.eql(::File.expand_path('testing.pid'))
+  end
+
+  should "run a server" do
+    pidfile = Tempfile.open('pidfile') { |f| break f }.path
+    FileUtils.rm pidfile
+    server = Rack::Server.new(
+      :app         => app,
+      :environment => 'none',
+      :pid         => pidfile,
+      :Port        => TCPServer.open('127.0.0.1', 0){|s| s.addr[1] },
+      :Host        => '127.0.0.1',
+      :daemonize   => false,
+      :server      => 'webrick'
+    )
+    t = Thread.new { server.start { |s| Thread.current[:server] = s } }
+    t.join(0.01) until t[:server] && t[:server].status != :Stop
+    body = open("http://127.0.0.1:#{server.options[:Port]}/") { |f| f.read }
+    body.should.eql('success')
+
+    Process.kill(:INT, $$)
+    t.join
+    open(pidfile) { |f| f.read.should.eql $$.to_s }
+  end
+
+  should "check pid file presence and running process" do
+    pidfile = Tempfile.open('pidfile') { |f| f.write($$); break f }.path
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:pid => pidfile)
+    server.send(:pidfile_process_status).should.eql :running
+  end
+
+  should "check pid file presence and dead process" do
+    dead_pid = `echo $$`.to_i
+    pidfile = Tempfile.open('pidfile') { |f| f.write(dead_pid); break f }.path
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:pid => pidfile)
+    server.send(:pidfile_process_status).should.eql :dead
+  end
+
+  should "check pid file presence and exited process" do
+    pidfile = Tempfile.open('pidfile') { |f| break f }.path
+    ::File.delete(pidfile)
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:pid => pidfile)
+    server.send(:pidfile_process_status).should.eql :exited
+  end
+
+  should "check pid file presence and not owned process" do
+    pidfile = Tempfile.open('pidfile') { |f| f.write(1); break f }.path
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:pid => pidfile)
+    server.send(:pidfile_process_status).should.eql :not_owned
+  end
+
+  should "not write pid file when it is created after check" do
+    pidfile = Tempfile.open('pidfile') { |f| break f }.path
+    ::File.delete(pidfile)
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:pid => pidfile)
+    ::File.open(pidfile, 'w') { |f| f.write(1) }
+    with_stderr do |err|
+      should.raise(SystemExit) do
+        server.send(:write_pid)
+      end
+      err.rewind
+      output = err.read
+      output.should.match(/already running/)
+      output.should.include? pidfile
+    end
+  end
+
+  should "inform the user about existing pidfiles with running processes" do
+    pidfile = Tempfile.open('pidfile') { |f| f.write(1); break f }.path
+    server = Rack::Server.new(:pid => pidfile)
+    with_stderr do |err|
+      should.raise(SystemExit) do
+        server.start
+      end
+      err.rewind
+      output = err.read
+      output.should.match(/already running/)
+      output.should.include? pidfile
+    end
+  end
+
+end

data/test/spec_utils.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+require 'rack/utils'
+require 'rack/mock'
+require 'timeout'
+
+describe Rack::Utils do
+
+  # A helper method which checks
+  # if certain query parameters 
+  # are equal.
+  def equal_query_to(query)
+    parts = query.split('&')
+    lambda{|other| (parts & other.split('&')) == parts }
+  end
+
+  def kcodeu
+    one8 = RUBY_VERSION.to_f < 1.9
+    default_kcode, $KCODE = $KCODE, 'U' if one8
+    yield
+  ensure
+    $KCODE = default_kcode if one8
+  end
+
+  should "round trip binary data" do
+    r = [218, 0].pack 'CC'
+    if defined?(::Encoding)
+      z = Rack::Utils.unescape(Rack::Utils.escape(r), Encoding::BINARY)
+    else
+      z = Rack::Utils.unescape(Rack::Utils.escape(r))
+    end
+    r.should.equal z
+  end
+
+  should "escape correctly" do
+    Rack::Utils.escape("fo<o>bar").should.equal "fo%3Co%3Ebar"
+    Rack::Utils.escape("a space").should.equal "a+space"
+    Rack::Utils.escape("q1!2\"'w$5&7/z8)?\\").
+      should.equal "q1%212%22%27w%245%267%2Fz8%29%3F%5C"
+  end
+
+  should "escape correctly for multibyte characters" do
+    matz_name = "\xE3\x81\xBE\xE3\x81\xA4\xE3\x82\x82\xE3\x81\xA8".unpack("a*")[0] # Matsumoto
+    matz_name.force_encoding("UTF-8") if matz_name.respond_to? :force_encoding
+    Rack::Utils.escape(matz_name).should.equal '%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A4%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8'
+    matz_name_sep = "\xE3\x81\xBE\xE3\x81\xA4 \xE3\x82\x82\xE3\x81\xA8".unpack("a*")[0] # Matsu moto
+    matz_name_sep.force_encoding("UTF-8") if matz_name_sep.respond_to? :force_encoding
+    Rack::Utils.escape(matz_name_sep).should.equal '%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A4+%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8'
+  end
+
+  if RUBY_VERSION[/^\d+\.\d+/] == '1.8'
+    should "escape correctly for multibyte characters if $KCODE is set to 'U'" do
+      kcodeu do
+        matz_name = "\xE3\x81\xBE\xE3\x81\xA4\xE3\x82\x82\xE3\x81\xA8".unpack("a*")[0] # Matsumoto
+        matz_name.force_encoding("UTF-8") if matz_name.respond_to? :force_encoding
+        Rack::Utils.escape(matz_name).should.equal '%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A4%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8'
+        matz_name_sep = "\xE3\x81\xBE\xE3\x81\xA4 \xE3\x82\x82\xE3\x81\xA8".unpack("a*")[0] # Matsu moto
+        matz_name_sep.force_encoding("UTF-8") if matz_name_sep.respond_to? :force_encoding
+        Rack::Utils.escape(matz_name_sep).should.equal '%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A4+%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8'
+      end
+    end
+
+    should "unescape multibyte characters correctly if $KCODE is set to 'U'" do
+      kcodeu do
+        Rack::Utils.unescape('%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A4+%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8').should.equal(
+          "\xE3\x81\xBE\xE3\x81\xA4 \xE3\x82\x82\xE3\x81\xA8".unpack("a*")[0])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  should "escape objects that responds to to_s" do
+    kcodeu do
+      Rack::Utils.escape(:id).should.equal "id"
+    end
+  end
+
+  if "".respond_to?(:encode)
+    should "escape non-UTF8 strings" do
+      Rack::Utils.escape("ø".encode("ISO-8859-1")).should.equal "%F8"
+    end
+  end
+  
+  should "not hang on escaping long strings that end in % (http://redmine.ruby-lang.org/issues/5149)" do
+    lambda {
+      timeout(1) do
+        lambda {
+          URI.decode_www_form_component "A string that causes catastrophic backtracking as it gets longer %"
+        }.should.raise(ArgumentError)
+      end
+    }.should.not.raise(Timeout::Error)
+  end
+
+  should "escape path spaces with %20" do
+    Rack::Utils.escape_path("foo bar").should.equal  "foo%20bar"
+  end
+
+  should "unescape correctly" do
+    Rack::Utils.unescape("fo%3Co%3Ebar").should.equal "fo<o>bar"
+    Rack::Utils.unescape("a+space").should.equal "a space"
+    Rack::Utils.unescape("a%20space").should.equal "a space"
+    Rack::Utils.unescape("q1%212%22%27w%245%267%2Fz8%29%3F%5C").
+      should.equal "q1!2\"'w$5&7/z8)?\\"
+  end
+
+  should "parse query strings correctly" do
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("foo=bar").
+      should.equal "foo" => "bar"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("foo=\"bar\"").
+      should.equal "foo" => "\"bar\""
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("foo=bar&foo=quux").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["bar", "quux"]
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("foo=1&bar=2").
+      should.equal "foo" => "1", "bar" => "2"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("my+weird+field=q1%212%22%27w%245%267%2Fz8%29%3F").
+      should.equal "my weird field" => "q1!2\"'w$5&7/z8)?"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("foo%3Dbaz=bar").should.equal "foo=baz" => "bar"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("=").should.equal "" => ""
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("=value").should.equal "" => "value"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("key=").should.equal "key" => ""
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query("&key&").should.equal "key" => nil
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query(";key;", ";,").should.equal "key" => nil
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query(",key,", ";,").should.equal "key" => nil
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query(";foo=bar,;", ";,").should.equal "foo" => "bar"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query(",foo=bar;,", ";,").should.equal "foo" => "bar"
+  end
+
+  should "not create infinite loops with cycle structures" do
+    ex = { "foo" => nil }
+    ex["foo"] = ex
+
+    params = Rack::Utils::KeySpaceConstrainedParams.new
+    params['foo'] = params
+    lambda {
+      params.to_params_hash.to_s.should.equal ex.to_s
+    }.should.not.raise
+  end
+
+  should "parse nested query strings correctly" do
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo").
+      should.equal "foo" => nil
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo=").
+      should.equal "foo" => ""
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo=bar").
+      should.equal "foo" => "bar"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo=\"bar\"").
+      should.equal "foo" => "\"bar\""
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo=bar&foo=quux").
+      should.equal "foo" => "quux"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo&foo=").
+      should.equal "foo" => ""
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo=1&bar=2").
+      should.equal "foo" => "1", "bar" => "2"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("&foo=1&&bar=2").
+      should.equal "foo" => "1", "bar" => "2"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo&bar=").
+      should.equal "foo" => nil, "bar" => ""
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo=bar&baz=").
+      should.equal "foo" => "bar", "baz" => ""
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("my+weird+field=q1%212%22%27w%245%267%2Fz8%29%3F").
+      should.equal "my weird field" => "q1!2\"'w$5&7/z8)?"
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("a=b&pid%3D1234=1023").
+      should.equal "pid=1234" => "1023", "a" => "b"
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]").
+      should.equal "foo" => [nil]
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=").
+      should.equal "foo" => [""]
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=bar").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["bar"]
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=bar&foo").
+      should.equal "foo" => nil
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=bar&foo[").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["bar"], "foo[" => nil
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=bar&foo[=baz").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["bar"], "foo[" => "baz"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=bar&foo[]").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["bar", nil]
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=bar&foo[]=").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["bar", ""]
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=1&foo[]=2").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["1", "2"]
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo=bar&baz[]=1&baz[]=2&baz[]=3").
+      should.equal "foo" => "bar", "baz" => ["1", "2", "3"]
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo[]=bar&baz[]=1&baz[]=2&baz[]=3").
+      should.equal "foo" => ["bar"], "baz" => ["1", "2", "3"]
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][z]=1").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => {"z" => "1"}}
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][z][]=1").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => {"z" => ["1"]}}
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][z]=1&x[y][z]=2").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => {"z" => "2"}}
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][z][]=1&x[y][z][]=2").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => {"z" => ["1", "2"]}}
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][][z]=1").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1"}]}
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][][z][]=1").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => [{"z" => ["1"]}]}
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][][z]=1&x[y][][w]=2").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1", "w" => "2"}]}
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][][v][w]=1").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => [{"v" => {"w" => "1"}}]}
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][][z]=1&x[y][][v][w]=2").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1", "v" => {"w" => "2"}}]}
+
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][][z]=1&x[y][][z]=2").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1"}, {"z" => "2"}]}
+    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y][][z]=1&x[y][][w]=a&x[y][][z]=2&x[y][][w]=3").
+      should.equal "x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1", "w" => "a"}, {"z" => "2", "w" => "3"}]}
+
+    lambda { Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y]=1&x[y]z=2") }.
+      should.raise(Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError).
+      message.should.equal "expected Hash (got String) for param `y'"
+
+    lambda { Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y]=1&x[]=1") }.
+      should.raise(Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError).
+      message.should.match(/expected Array \(got [^)]*\) for param `x'/)
+
+    lambda { Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2") }.
+      should.raise(Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError).
+      message.should.equal "expected Array (got String) for param `y'"
+
+    if RUBY_VERSION.to_f > 1.9
+      lambda { Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query("foo%81E=1") }.
+        should.raise(Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError).
+        message.should.equal "invalid byte sequence in UTF-8"
+    end
+  end
+
+  should "build query strings correctly" do
+    Rack::Utils.build_query("foo" => "bar").should.be equal_query_to("foo=bar")
+    Rack::Utils.build_query("foo" => ["bar", "quux"]).
+      should.be equal_query_to("foo=bar&foo=quux")
+    Rack::Utils.build_query("foo" => "1", "bar" => "2").
+      should.be equal_query_to("foo=1&bar=2")
+    Rack::Utils.build_query("my weird field" => "q1!2\"'w$5&7/z8)?").
+      should.be equal_query_to("my+weird+field=q1%212%22%27w%245%267%2Fz8%29%3F")
+  end
+
+  should "build nested query strings correctly" do
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => nil).should.equal "foo"
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => "").should.equal "foo="
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => "bar").should.equal "foo=bar"
+
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => "1", "bar" => "2").
+      should.be equal_query_to("foo=1&bar=2")
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => 1, "bar" => 2).
+      should.be equal_query_to("foo=1&bar=2")
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("my weird field" => "q1!2\"'w$5&7/z8)?").
+      should.be equal_query_to("my+weird+field=q1%212%22%27w%245%267%2Fz8%29%3F")
+
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => [nil]).
+      should.equal "foo[]"
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => [""]).
+      should.equal "foo[]="
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo" => ["bar"]).
+      should.equal "foo[]=bar"
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query('foo' => []).
+      should.equal ''
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query('foo' => {}).
+      should.equal ''
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query('foo' => 'bar', 'baz' => []).
+      should.equal 'foo=bar'
+    Rack::Utils.build_nested_query('foo' => 'bar', 'baz' => {}).
+      should.equal 'foo=bar'
+
+    # The ordering of the output query string is unpredictable with 1.8's
+    # unordered hash. Test that build_nested_query performs the inverse
+    # function of parse_nested_query.
+    [{"foo" => nil, "bar" => ""},
+      {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => ""},
+      {"foo" => ["1", "2"]},
+      {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => ["1", "2", "3"]},
+      {"foo" => ["bar"], "baz" => ["1", "2", "3"]},
+      {"foo" => ["1", "2"]},
+      {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => ["1", "2", "3"]},
+      {"x" => {"y" => {"z" => "1"}}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => {"z" => ["1"]}}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => {"z" => ["1", "2"]}}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1"}]}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => [{"z" => ["1"]}]}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1", "w" => "2"}]}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => [{"v" => {"w" => "1"}}]}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1", "v" => {"w" => "2"}}]}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1"}, {"z" => "2"}]}},
+      {"x" => {"y" => [{"z" => "1", "w" => "a"}, {"z" => "2", "w" => "3"}]}}
+    ].each { |params|
+      qs = Rack::Utils.build_nested_query(params)
+      Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query(qs).should.equal params
+    }
+
+    lambda { Rack::Utils.build_nested_query("foo=bar") }.
+      should.raise(ArgumentError).
+      message.should.equal "value must be a Hash"
+  end
+
+  should "parse query strings that have a non-existent value" do
+    key = "post/2011/08/27/Deux-%22rat%C3%A9s%22-de-l-Universit"
+    Rack::Utils.parse_query(key).should.equal Rack::Utils.unescape(key) => nil
+  end
+
+  should "build query strings without = with non-existent values" do
+    key = "post/2011/08/27/Deux-%22rat%C3%A9s%22-de-l-Universit"
+    key = Rack::Utils.unescape(key)
+    Rack::Utils.build_query(key => nil).should.equal Rack::Utils.escape(key)
+  end
+
+  should "parse q-values" do
+    # XXX handle accept-extension
+    Rack::Utils.q_values("foo;q=0.5,bar,baz;q=0.9").should.equal [
+      [ 'foo', 0.5 ],
+      [ 'bar', 1.0 ],
+      [ 'baz', 0.9 ]
+    ]
+  end
+
+  should "select best quality match" do
+    Rack::Utils.best_q_match("text/html", %w[text/html]).should.equal "text/html"
+
+    # More specific matches are preferred
+    Rack::Utils.best_q_match("text/*;q=0.5,text/html;q=1.0", %w[text/html]).should.equal "text/html"
+
+    # Higher quality matches are preferred
+    Rack::Utils.best_q_match("text/*;q=0.5,text/plain;q=1.0", %w[text/plain text/html]).should.equal "text/plain"
+
+    # Respect requested content type
+    Rack::Utils.best_q_match("application/json", %w[application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3 application/json]).should.equal "application/json"
+
+    # All else equal, the available mimes are preferred in order
+    Rack::Utils.best_q_match("text/*", %w[text/html text/plain]).should.equal "text/html"
+    Rack::Utils.best_q_match("text/plain,text/html", %w[text/html text/plain]).should.equal "text/html"
+
+    # When there are no matches, return nil:
+    Rack::Utils.best_q_match("application/json", %w[text/html text/plain]).should.equal nil
+  end
+
+  should "escape html entities [&><'\"/]" do
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html("foo").should.equal "foo"
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html("f&o").should.equal "f&amp;o"
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html("f<o").should.equal "f&lt;o"
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html("f>o").should.equal "f&gt;o"
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html("f'o").should.equal "f&#x27;o"
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html('f"o').should.equal "f&quot;o"
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html("f/o").should.equal "f&#x2F;o"
+    Rack::Utils.escape_html("<foo></foo>").should.equal "&lt;foo&gt;&lt;&#x2F;foo&gt;"
+  end
+
+  should "escape html entities even on MRI when it's bugged" do
+    test_escape = lambda do
+      kcodeu do
+        Rack::Utils.escape_html("\300<").should.equal "\300&lt;"
+      end
+    end
+
+    if RUBY_VERSION.to_f < 1.9
+      test_escape.call
+    else
+      test_escape.should.raise(ArgumentError)
+    end
+  end
+
+  if "".respond_to?(:encode)
+    should "escape html entities in unicode strings" do
+      # the following will cause warnings if the regex is poorly encoded:
+      Rack::Utils.escape_html("☃").should.equal "☃"
+    end
+  end
+
+  should "figure out which encodings are acceptable" do
+    helper = lambda do |a, b|
+      Rack::Request.new(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("", "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => a))
+      Rack::Utils.select_best_encoding(a, b)
+    end
+
+    helper.call(%w(), [["x", 1]]).should.equal(nil)
+    helper.call(%w(identity), [["identity", 0.0]]).should.equal(nil)
+    helper.call(%w(identity), [["*", 0.0]]).should.equal(nil)
+
+    helper.call(%w(identity), [["compress", 1.0], ["gzip", 1.0]]).should.equal("identity")
+
+    helper.call(%w(compress gzip identity), [["compress", 1.0], ["gzip", 1.0]]).should.equal("compress")
+    helper.call(%w(compress gzip identity), [["compress", 0.5], ["gzip", 1.0]]).should.equal("gzip")
+
+    helper.call(%w(foo bar identity), []).should.equal("identity")
+    helper.call(%w(foo bar identity), [["*", 1.0]]).should.equal("foo")
+    helper.call(%w(foo bar identity), [["*", 1.0], ["foo", 0.9]]).should.equal("bar")
+
+    helper.call(%w(foo bar identity), [["foo", 0], ["bar", 0]]).should.equal("identity")
+    helper.call(%w(foo bar baz identity), [["*", 0], ["identity", 0.1]]).should.equal("identity")
+  end
+
+  should "return the bytesize of String" do
+    Rack::Utils.bytesize("FOO\xE2\x82\xAC").should.equal 6
+  end
+
+  should "should perform constant time string comparison" do
+    Rack::Utils.secure_compare('a', 'a').should.equal true
+    Rack::Utils.secure_compare('a', 'b').should.equal false
+  end
+
+  should "return status code for integer" do
+    Rack::Utils.status_code(200).should.equal 200
+  end
+
+  should "return status code for string" do
+    Rack::Utils.status_code("200").should.equal 200
+  end
+
+  should "return status code for symbol" do
+    Rack::Utils.status_code(:ok).should.equal 200
+  end
+
+  should "return rfc2822 format from rfc2822 helper" do
+    Rack::Utils.rfc2822(Time.at(0).gmtime).should == "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000"
+  end
+
+  should "return rfc2109 format from rfc2109 helper" do
+    Rack::Utils.rfc2109(Time.at(0).gmtime).should == "Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT"
+  end
+
+  should "clean directory traversal" do
+    Rack::Utils.clean_path_info("/cgi/../cgi/test").should.equal "/cgi/test"
+    Rack::Utils.clean_path_info(".").should.empty
+    Rack::Utils.clean_path_info("test/..").should.empty
+  end
+
+  should "clean unsafe directory traversal to safe path" do
+    Rack::Utils.clean_path_info("/../README.rdoc").should.equal "/README.rdoc"
+    Rack::Utils.clean_path_info("../test/spec_utils.rb").should.equal "test/spec_utils.rb"
+  end
+
+  should "not clean directory traversal with encoded periods" do
+    Rack::Utils.clean_path_info("/%2E%2E/README").should.equal "/%2E%2E/README"
+  end
+
+  should "clean slash only paths" do
+    Rack::Utils.clean_path_info("/").should.equal "/"
+  end
+end
+
+describe Rack::Utils, "byte_range" do
+  should "ignore missing or syntactically invalid byte ranges" do
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({},500).should.equal nil
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "foobar"},500).should.equal nil
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "furlongs=123-456"},500).should.equal nil
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes="},500).should.equal nil
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=-"},500).should.equal nil
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=123,456"},500).should.equal nil
+    # A range of non-positive length is syntactically invalid and ignored:
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=456-123"},500).should.equal nil
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=456-455"},500).should.equal nil
+  end
+
+  should "parse simple byte ranges" do
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=123-456"},500).should.equal [(123..456)]
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=123-"},500).should.equal [(123..499)]
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=-100"},500).should.equal [(400..499)]
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=0-0"},500).should.equal [(0..0)]
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=499-499"},500).should.equal [(499..499)]
+  end
+
+  should "parse several byte ranges" do
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=500-600,601-999"},1000).should.equal [(500..600),(601..999)]
+  end
+
+  should "truncate byte ranges" do
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=123-999"},500).should.equal [(123..499)]
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=600-999"},500).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=-999"},500).should.equal [(0..499)]
+  end
+
+  should "ignore unsatisfiable byte ranges" do
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=500-501"},500).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=500-"},500).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=999-"},500).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=-0"},500).should.equal []
+  end
+
+  should "handle byte ranges of empty files" do
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=123-456"},0).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=0-"},0).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=-100"},0).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=0-0"},0).should.equal []
+    Rack::Utils.byte_ranges({"HTTP_RANGE" => "bytes=-0"},0).should.equal []
+  end
+end
+
+describe Rack::Utils::HeaderHash do
+  should "retain header case" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("Content-MD5" => "d5ff4e2a0 ...")
+    h['ETag'] = 'Boo!'
+    h.to_hash.should.equal "Content-MD5" => "d5ff4e2a0 ...", "ETag" => 'Boo!'
+  end
+
+  should "check existence of keys case insensitively" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("Content-MD5" => "d5ff4e2a0 ...")
+    h.should.include 'content-md5'
+    h.should.not.include 'ETag'
+  end
+
+  should "merge case-insensitively" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("ETag" => 'HELLO', "content-length" => '123')
+    merged = h.merge("Etag" => 'WORLD', 'Content-Length' => '321', "Foo" => 'BAR')
+    merged.should.equal "Etag"=>'WORLD', "Content-Length"=>'321', "Foo"=>'BAR'
+  end
+
+  should "overwrite case insensitively and assume the new key's case" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("Foo-Bar" => "baz")
+    h["foo-bar"] = "bizzle"
+    h["FOO-BAR"].should.equal "bizzle"
+    h.length.should.equal 1
+    h.to_hash.should.equal "foo-bar" => "bizzle"
+  end
+
+  should "be converted to real Hash" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => "bar")
+    h.to_hash.should.be.instance_of Hash
+  end
+
+  should "convert Array values to Strings when converting to Hash" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => ["bar", "baz"])
+    h.to_hash.should.equal({ "foo" => "bar\nbaz" })
+  end
+
+  should "replace hashes correctly" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("Foo-Bar" => "baz")
+    j = {"foo" => "bar"}
+    h.replace(j)
+    h["foo"].should.equal "bar"
+  end
+
+  should "be able to delete the given key case-sensitively" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => "bar")
+    h.delete("foo")
+    h["foo"].should.be.nil
+    h["FOO"].should.be.nil
+  end
+
+  should "be able to delete the given key case-insensitively" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => "bar")
+    h.delete("FOO")
+    h["foo"].should.be.nil
+    h["FOO"].should.be.nil
+  end
+
+  should "return the deleted value when #delete is called on an existing key" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => "bar")
+    h.delete("Foo").should.equal("bar")
+  end
+
+  should "return nil when #delete is called on a non-existant key" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => "bar")
+    h.delete("Hello").should.be.nil
+  end
+
+  should "avoid unnecessary object creation if possible" do
+    a = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => "bar")
+    b = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new(a)
+    b.object_id.should.equal(a.object_id)
+    b.should.equal(a)
+  end
+
+  should "convert Array values to Strings when responding to #each" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new("foo" => ["bar", "baz"])
+    h.each do |k,v|
+      k.should.equal("foo")
+      v.should.equal("bar\nbaz")
+    end
+  end
+
+  should "not create headers out of thin air" do
+    h = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash.new
+    h['foo']
+    h['foo'].should.be.nil
+    h.should.not.include 'foo'
+  end
+end
+
+describe Rack::Utils::Context do
+  class ContextTest
+    attr_reader :app
+    def initialize app; @app=app; end
+    def call env; context env; end
+    def context env, app=@app; app.call(env); end
+  end
+  test_target1 = proc{|e| e.to_s+' world' }
+  test_target2 = proc{|e| e.to_i+2 }
+  test_target3 = proc{|e| nil }
+  test_target4 = proc{|e| [200,{'Content-Type'=>'text/plain', 'Content-Length'=>'0'},['']] }
+  test_app = ContextTest.new test_target4
+
+  should "set context correctly" do
+    test_app.app.should.equal test_target4
+    c1 = Rack::Utils::Context.new(test_app, test_target1)
+    c1.for.should.equal test_app
+    c1.app.should.equal test_target1
+    c2 = Rack::Utils::Context.new(test_app, test_target2)
+    c2.for.should.equal test_app
+    c2.app.should.equal test_target2
+  end
+
+  should "alter app on recontexting" do
+    c1 = Rack::Utils::Context.new(test_app, test_target1)
+    c2 = c1.recontext(test_target2)
+    c2.for.should.equal test_app
+    c2.app.should.equal test_target2
+    c3 = c2.recontext(test_target3)
+    c3.for.should.equal test_app
+    c3.app.should.equal test_target3
+  end
+
+  should "run different apps" do
+    c1 = Rack::Utils::Context.new test_app, test_target1
+    c2 = c1.recontext test_target2
+    c3 = c2.recontext test_target3
+    c4 = c3.recontext test_target4
+    a4 = Rack::Lint.new c4
+    a5 = Rack::Lint.new test_app
+    r1 = c1.call('hello')
+    r1.should.equal 'hello world'
+    r2 = c2.call(2)
+    r2.should.equal 4
+    r3 = c3.call(:misc_symbol)
+    r3.should.be.nil
+    r4 = Rack::MockRequest.new(a4).get('/')
+    r4.status.should.equal 200
+    r5 = Rack::MockRequest.new(a5).get('/')
+    r5.status.should.equal 200
+    r4.body.should.equal r5.body
+  end
+end