koi-vm-ruby 0.0.4

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Files changed (111) hide show
  1. data/.gitignore +2 -0
  2. data/README.rdoc +64 -0
  3. data/Rakefile +42 -0
  4. data/VERSION +1 -0
  5. data/architecture.rdoc +112 -0
  6. data/examples/blastoff.rb +20 -0
  7. data/examples/hello_world.rb +8 -0
  8. data/koi-vm.gemspec +198 -0
  9. data/lib/.gitkeep +0 -0
  10. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby.rb +10 -0
  11. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/accessors.rb +63 -0
  12. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/core.rb +48 -0
  13. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/exceptions.rb +8 -0
  14. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/helpers.rb +5 -0
  15. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/_opcode_constants.rb +68 -0
  16. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/_value_constants.rb +11 -0
  17. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/comparative_operations/equal.rb +11 -0
  18. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/comparative_operations/greater_than.rb +14 -0
  19. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/comparative_operations/invert.rb +12 -0
  20. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/comparative_operations/less_than.rb +14 -0
  21. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/control_operations/exit.rb +10 -0
  22. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/control_operations/no_op.rb +9 -0
  23. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/flow_control_operations/jump.rb +11 -0
  24. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/flow_control_operations/jump_if.rb +16 -0
  25. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/flow_control_operations/jump_unless.rb +16 -0
  26. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/function_operations/call.rb +13 -0
  27. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/function_operations/push_function.rb +19 -0
  28. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/function_operations/return.rb +11 -0
  29. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/function_operations/tailcall.rb +12 -0
  30. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/hash_operations/get_key.rb +14 -0
  31. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/hash_operations/has_key.rb +18 -0
  32. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/hash_operations/length.rb +19 -0
  33. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/hash_operations/num_pairs.rb +12 -0
  34. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/hash_operations/pairs.rb +22 -0
  35. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/hash_operations/push_hash.rb +10 -0
  36. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/hash_operations/set_key.rb +14 -0
  37. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/io_operations/gets.rb +10 -0
  38. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/io_operations/print.rb +13 -0
  39. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/math_operations/add.rb +14 -0
  40. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/math_operations/divide.rb +14 -0
  41. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/math_operations/multiply.rb +14 -0
  42. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/math_operations/subtract.rb +14 -0
  43. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/push_operations/push_bool.rb +12 -0
  44. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/push_operations/push_float.rb +12 -0
  45. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/push_operations/push_int.rb +12 -0
  46. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/push_operations/push_nil.rb +10 -0
  47. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/push_operations/push_string.rb +12 -0
  48. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/stack_operations/dup.rb +11 -0
  49. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/stack_operations/pop.rb +11 -0
  50. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/stack_operations/stksize.rb +10 -0
  51. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/stack_operations/swap.rb +11 -0
  52. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/stack_operations/top.rb +13 -0
  53. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/stack_operations/typeof.rb +18 -0
  54. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/string_operations/concat.rb +12 -0
  55. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/string_operations/strlen.rb +12 -0
  56. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/string_operations/to_string.rb +16 -0
  57. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/variable_operations/get_global.rb +10 -0
  58. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/variable_operations/get_local.rb +10 -0
  59. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/variable_operations/set_global.rb +11 -0
  60. data/lib/koi-vm-ruby/opcodes/variable_operations/set_local.rb +11 -0
  61. data/test/.gitkeep +0 -0
  62. data/test/performance/.gitignore +1 -0
  63. data/test/performance/simple_benchmark.rb +87 -0
  64. data/test/setup/test_unit_extensions.rb +21 -0
  65. data/test/test_helper.rb +13 -0
  66. data/test/unit/opcodes/comparative_operations/equal_test.rb +116 -0
  67. data/test/unit/opcodes/comparative_operations/greater_than_test.rb +53 -0
  68. data/test/unit/opcodes/comparative_operations/invert_test.rb +44 -0
  69. data/test/unit/opcodes/comparative_operations/less_than_test.rb +53 -0
  70. data/test/unit/opcodes/control_operations/exit_test.rb +20 -0
  71. data/test/unit/opcodes/control_operations/no_op_test.rb +17 -0
  72. data/test/unit/opcodes/flow_control_operations/jump_if_test.rb +50 -0
  73. data/test/unit/opcodes/flow_control_operations/jump_test.rb +36 -0
  74. data/test/unit/opcodes/flow_control_operations/jump_unless_test.rb +50 -0
  75. data/test/unit/opcodes/function_operations/call_test.rb +39 -0
  76. data/test/unit/opcodes/function_operations/push_function_test.rb +41 -0
  77. data/test/unit/opcodes/function_operations/return_test.rb +31 -0
  78. data/test/unit/opcodes/function_operations/tailcall_test.rb +41 -0
  79. data/test/unit/opcodes/hash_operations/get_key_test.rb +56 -0
  80. data/test/unit/opcodes/hash_operations/has_key_test.rb +56 -0
  81. data/test/unit/opcodes/hash_operations/length_test.rb +46 -0
  82. data/test/unit/opcodes/hash_operations/num_pairs_test.rb +46 -0
  83. data/test/unit/opcodes/hash_operations/pairs_test.rb +67 -0
  84. data/test/unit/opcodes/hash_operations/push_hash_test.rb +16 -0
  85. data/test/unit/opcodes/hash_operations/set_key_test.rb +56 -0
  86. data/test/unit/opcodes/io_operations/gets_test.rb +38 -0
  87. data/test/unit/opcodes/io_operations/print_test.rb +42 -0
  88. data/test/unit/opcodes/math_operations/add_test.rb +62 -0
  89. data/test/unit/opcodes/math_operations/divide_test.rb +62 -0
  90. data/test/unit/opcodes/math_operations/multiply_test.rb +62 -0
  91. data/test/unit/opcodes/math_operations/subtract_test.rb +62 -0
  92. data/test/unit/opcodes/push_operations/push_bool_test.rb +36 -0
  93. data/test/unit/opcodes/push_operations/push_float_test.rb +27 -0
  94. data/test/unit/opcodes/push_operations/push_int_test.rb +27 -0
  95. data/test/unit/opcodes/push_operations/push_nil_test.rb +16 -0
  96. data/test/unit/opcodes/push_operations/push_string_test.rb +27 -0
  97. data/test/unit/opcodes/stack_operations/dup_test.rb +25 -0
  98. data/test/unit/opcodes/stack_operations/pop_test.rb +28 -0
  99. data/test/unit/opcodes/stack_operations/stksize_test.rb +20 -0
  100. data/test/unit/opcodes/stack_operations/swap_test.rb +36 -0
  101. data/test/unit/opcodes/stack_operations/top_test.rb +45 -0
  102. data/test/unit/opcodes/stack_operations/typeof_test.rb +79 -0
  103. data/test/unit/opcodes/string_operations/concat_test.rb +65 -0
  104. data/test/unit/opcodes/string_operations/strlen_test.rb +44 -0
  105. data/test/unit/opcodes/string_operations/to_string_test.rb +70 -0
  106. data/test/unit/opcodes/variable_operations/get_global_test.rb +18 -0
  107. data/test/unit/opcodes/variable_operations/get_local_test.rb +18 -0
  108. data/test/unit/opcodes/variable_operations/set_global_test.rb +27 -0
  109. data/test/unit/opcodes/variable_operations/set_local_test.rb +27 -0
  110. data/test/unit/vm_initialization_test.rb +86 -0
  111. metadata +224 -0
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class PushIntTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
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+ include KoiVMRuby
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+
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+ test "should put integer onto stack" do
8
+ vm = VM.new
9
+ vm.run [
10
+ PUSH_INT, 99
11
+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[INTEGER_, 99]], vm.data_stack
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+ assert_equal 2, vm.instruction_pointer
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+ end
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+
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+ test "should raise error if operand is not an integer" do
17
+ [false, 2.0, "string", [1], {:t=>1}].each do |x|
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+ assert_raises OperandError do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.run [
21
+ PUSH_INT, x
22
+ ]
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+ end
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+ end
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+ end
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+
27
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class PushNilTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
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+ include KoiVMRuby
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+
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+ test "should put nil onto stack" do
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+ vm = VM.new
9
+ vm.run [
10
+ PUSH_NIL
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[NIL_, nil]], vm.data_stack
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+ assert_equal 1, vm.instruction_pointer
14
+ end
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+
16
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class PushStringTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
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+ include KoiVMRuby
6
+
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+ test "should push string onto stack" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.run [
10
+ PUSH_STRING, "test"
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "test"]], vm.data_stack
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+ assert_equal 2, vm.instruction_pointer
14
+ end
15
+
16
+ test "should raise error if operand is not a string" do
17
+ [false, 2, 2.0, [1], {:t=>1}].each do |x|
18
+ assert_raises OperandError do
19
+ vm = VM.new
20
+ vm.run [
21
+ PUSH_STRING, x
22
+ ]
23
+ end
24
+ end
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+ end
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+
27
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class DupTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
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+
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+ include KoiVMRuby
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+
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+ test "should duplicate the topmost item on the data stack" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack = [2]
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+ vm.run [
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+ DUP
12
+ ]
13
+ assert_equal [2,2], vm.data_stack
14
+ end
15
+
16
+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
17
+ assert_raises StackError do
18
+ vm = VM.new
19
+ vm.run [
20
+ DUP
21
+ ]
22
+ end
23
+ end
24
+
25
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class PopTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
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+ include KoiVMRuby
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+
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+ test "should pop a single item off the data stack" do
8
+ (1..10).each do |x|
9
+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack.fill("x", 0..(x - 1))
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+ assert_equal x, vm.data_stack.length
12
+ vm.run [
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+ POP
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal x - 1, vm.data_stack.length
16
+ end
17
+ end
18
+
19
+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
20
+ assert_raises StackError do
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+ vm = VM.new
22
+ vm.run [
23
+ POP
24
+ ]
25
+ end
26
+ end
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+
28
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class StksizeTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
5
+ include KoiVMRuby
6
+
7
+ test "should push an integer onto the stack representing the number of entries on the stack before the call" do
8
+ (1..10).each do |x|
9
+ vm = VM.new
10
+ vm.data_stack.fill("x", 0..(x - 1))
11
+ assert_equal x, vm.data_stack.length
12
+ vm.data_stack.length
13
+ vm.run [
14
+ STKSIZE
15
+ ]
16
+ assert_equal [INTEGER_, vm.data_stack.length - 1], vm.data_stack.last
17
+ end
18
+ end
19
+
20
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class SwapTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
5
+ include KoiVMRuby
6
+
7
+ test "should swap the two topmost items on the data stack" do
8
+ vm = VM.new
9
+ vm.data_stack = [1,2]
10
+ vm.run [
11
+ SWAP
12
+ ]
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+ assert_equal [2,1], vm.data_stack
14
+ assert_equal 1, vm.instruction_pointer
15
+ end
16
+
17
+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
18
+ assert_raises StackError do
19
+ vm = VM.new
20
+ vm.run [
21
+ SWAP
22
+ ]
23
+ end
24
+ end
25
+
26
+ test "should raise StackError if there are less than 2 items on the stack" do
27
+ assert_raises StackError do
28
+ vm = VM.new
29
+ vm.data_stack = [1]
30
+ vm.run [
31
+ SWAP
32
+ ]
33
+ end
34
+ end
35
+
36
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
3
+ class TopTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
5
+ include KoiVMRuby
6
+
7
+ test "should duplicate the topmost n items on the data stack" do
8
+ vm = VM.new
9
+ vm.data_stack = [1,2,2]
10
+ vm.run [
11
+ TOP, 2
12
+ ]
13
+ assert_equal [1,2,2,2,2], vm.data_stack
14
+ end
15
+
16
+ test "should raise OperandError if operand is not an integer" do
17
+ assert_raises OperandError do
18
+ vm = VM.new
19
+ vm.data_stack = [1,2]
20
+ vm.run [
21
+ TOP, "a"
22
+ ]
23
+ end
24
+ end
25
+
26
+ test "should raise StackError if there are not enough items on the stack" do
27
+ assert_raises StackError do
28
+ vm = VM.new
29
+ vm.data_stack = [1]
30
+ vm.run [
31
+ TOP, 2
32
+ ]
33
+ end
34
+ end
35
+
36
+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
37
+ assert_raises StackError do
38
+ vm = VM.new
39
+ vm.run [
40
+ TOP, 2
41
+ ]
42
+ end
43
+ end
44
+
45
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
2
+
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+ class TypeofTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
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+ include KoiVMRuby
6
+
7
+ test "should push string representing type of topmost stack item onto the stack (nil)" do
8
+ vm = VM.new
9
+ vm.data_stack = [[NIL_, nil]]
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+ vm.run [
11
+ TYPEOF
12
+ ]
13
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "nil"]], vm.data_stack
14
+ end
15
+
16
+ test "should push string representing type of topmost stack item onto the stack (bool)" do
17
+ vm = VM.new
18
+ vm.data_stack = [[BOOL_, true]]
19
+ vm.run [
20
+ TYPEOF
21
+ ]
22
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "bool"]], vm.data_stack
23
+ end
24
+
25
+ test "should push string representing type of topmost stack item onto the stack (integer)" do
26
+ vm = VM.new
27
+ vm.data_stack = [[INTEGER_, 1]]
28
+ vm.run [
29
+ TYPEOF
30
+ ]
31
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "integer"]], vm.data_stack
32
+ end
33
+
34
+ test "should push string representing type of topmost stack item onto the stack (float)" do
35
+ vm = VM.new
36
+ vm.data_stack = [[FLOAT_, 1.0]]
37
+ vm.run [
38
+ TYPEOF
39
+ ]
40
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "float"]], vm.data_stack
41
+ end
42
+
43
+ test "should push string representing type of topmost stack item onto the stack (string)" do
44
+ vm = VM.new
45
+ vm.data_stack = [[STRING_, true]]
46
+ vm.run [
47
+ TYPEOF
48
+ ]
49
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "string"]], vm.data_stack
50
+ end
51
+
52
+ test "should push string representing type of topmost stack item onto the stack (hash)" do
53
+ vm = VM.new
54
+ vm.data_stack = [[HASH_, {}]]
55
+ vm.run [
56
+ TYPEOF
57
+ ]
58
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "hash"]], vm.data_stack
59
+ end
60
+
61
+ test "should push string representing type of topmost stack item onto the stack (function)" do
62
+ vm = VM.new
63
+ vm.data_stack = [[FUNCTION_, 12]]
64
+ vm.run [
65
+ TYPEOF
66
+ ]
67
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "function"]], vm.data_stack
68
+ end
69
+
70
+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
71
+ assert_raises StackError do
72
+ vm = VM.new
73
+ vm.run [
74
+ TYPEOF
75
+ ]
76
+ end
77
+ end
78
+
79
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
1
+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
2
+
3
+ class ConcatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
5
+ include KoiVMRuby
6
+
7
+ test "should add top two strings on stack" do
8
+ vm = VM.new
9
+ vm.data_stack = [[STRING_, "hi"], [STRING_, "hi"]]
10
+ vm.run [
11
+ CONCAT
12
+ ]
13
+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "hihi"]], vm.data_stack
14
+ end
15
+
16
+ test "should raise StackError if either of the top two stack items are not strings 1" do
17
+ assert_raises StackError do
18
+ vm = VM.new
19
+ vm.data_stack = [[STRING_, "hi"], [INTEGER_, 1]]
20
+ vm.run [
21
+ CONCAT
22
+ ]
23
+ end
24
+ end
25
+
26
+ test "should raise StackError if either of the top two stack items are not strings 2" do
27
+ assert_raises StackError do
28
+ vm = VM.new
29
+ vm.data_stack = [[INTEGER_, 1], [STRING_, "hi"]]
30
+ vm.run [
31
+ CONCAT
32
+ ]
33
+ end
34
+ end
35
+
36
+ test "should raise StackError if either of the top two stack items are not strings 3" do
37
+ assert_raises StackError do
38
+ vm = VM.new
39
+ vm.data_stack = [[INTEGER_, 1], [INTEGER_, 1]]
40
+ vm.run [
41
+ CONCAT
42
+ ]
43
+ end
44
+ end
45
+
46
+ test "should raise StackError if there is only one item on the stack" do
47
+ assert_raises StackError do
48
+ vm = VM.new
49
+ vm.data_stack = [1]
50
+ vm.run [
51
+ CONCAT
52
+ ]
53
+ end
54
+ end
55
+
56
+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
57
+ assert_raises StackError do
58
+ vm = VM.new
59
+ vm.run [
60
+ CONCAT
61
+ ]
62
+ end
63
+ end
64
+
65
+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
1
+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
2
+
3
+ class StrlenTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
4
+
5
+ include KoiVMRuby
6
+
7
+ test "should push length of topmost string onto stack 1" do
8
+ vm = VM.new
9
+ vm.data_stack = [[STRING_, "hi"]]
10
+ vm.run [
11
+ STRLEN
12
+ ]
13
+ assert_equal [[INTEGER_, 2]], vm.data_stack
14
+ end
15
+
16
+ test "should push length of topmost string onto stack 2" do
17
+ vm = VM.new
18
+ vm.data_stack = [[STRING_, "hihi"]]
19
+ vm.run [
20
+ STRLEN
21
+ ]
22
+ assert_equal [[INTEGER_, 4]], vm.data_stack
23
+ end
24
+
25
+ test "should raise StackError if topmost item is not a string" do
26
+ assert_raises StackError do
27
+ vm = VM.new
28
+ vm.data_stack = [[STRING_, "hi"], [INTEGER_, 1]]
29
+ vm.run [
30
+ STRLEN
31
+ ]
32
+ end
33
+ end
34
+
35
+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
36
+ assert_raises StackError do
37
+ vm = VM.new
38
+ vm.run [
39
+ STRLEN
40
+ ]
41
+ end
42
+ end
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+
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+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
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+ require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'test_helper.rb'))
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+
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+ class ToStringTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
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+
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+ include KoiVMRuby
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+
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+ test "should push string representing topmost stack item onto the stack (nil)" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack = [[NIL_, nil]]
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+ vm.run [
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+ TO_STRING
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "nil"]], vm.data_stack
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+ end
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+
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+ test "should push string representing topmost stack item onto the stack (bool true)" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack = [[BOOL_, true]]
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+ vm.run [
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+ TO_STRING
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "true"]], vm.data_stack
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+ end
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+
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+ test "should push string representing topmost stack item onto the stack (bool false)" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack = [[BOOL_, false]]
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+ vm.run [
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+ TO_STRING
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "false"]], vm.data_stack
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+ end
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+
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+ test "should push string representing topmost stack item onto the stack (integer)" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack = [[INTEGER_, 1]]
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+ vm.run [
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+ TO_STRING
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "1"]], vm.data_stack
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+ end
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+
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+ test "should push string representing topmost stack item onto the stack (float)" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack = [[FLOAT_, 1.0]]
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+ vm.run [
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+ TO_STRING
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "1.0"]], vm.data_stack
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+ end
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+
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+ test "should push string representing topmost stack item onto the stack (string)" do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.data_stack = [[STRING_, "string"]]
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+ vm.run [
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+ TO_STRING
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+ ]
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+ assert_equal [[STRING_, "string"]], vm.data_stack
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+ end
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+
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+ test "should raise StackError if there are no items on the stack" do
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+ assert_raises StackError do
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+ vm = VM.new
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+ vm.run [
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+ TO_STRING
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+ ]
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+ end
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+ end
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+
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+ end