kobako 0.27.0 → 0.29.0

data/crates/kobako-runtime/src/filesystem/directory.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1082 @@
+//! `Directory`: a Filesystem over a host directory, from which nothing
+//! outside it is reachable.
+//!
+//! Every path resolves through `cap_std::fs::Dir`, which refuses a `..`
+//! or a symbolic link that would lead out of the directory, so the
+//! confinement holds whatever path a caller hands over.
+
+mod spelling;
+
+use std::io::{self, Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+use std::path::{Component, Path};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use cap_fs_ext::{DirExt, FollowSymlinks, OpenOptionsFollowExt};
+use cap_std::ambient_authority;
+use cap_std::fs::{Dir, OpenOptions as CapOpenOptions};
+
+use super::path::{components, name, parent};
+use super::{
+    DirEntry, File, FileType, Filesystem, FilesystemError, Hold, Metadata, OpenOptions, Rename,
+};
+
+/// A host directory and everything beneath it. What a guest writes lands
+/// on the host and lasts as long as the directory does.
+pub struct Directory {
+    dir: Arc<Dir>,
+    /// Whether a path may pass through a link, which a Directory for a
+    /// Policy follows nowhere on it.
+    follows_links: bool,
+}
+
+impl Directory {
+    /// Open the host directory at `path`, the one place this Filesystem
+    /// reaches outside itself.
+    pub fn new(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            dir: Arc::new(Dir::open_ambient_dir(path, ambient_authority())?),
+            follows_links: true,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Answer `call` with the directory holding `path`'s last name and
+    /// that name. A Directory for a Policy reaches that directory one name
+    /// at a time from the one it already holds, following no link, so a
+    /// link swapped in on the way is a loop rather than a path elsewhere.
+    fn at<T>(
+        &self,
+        path: &str,
+        call: impl FnOnce(&Dir, &str) -> Result<T, FilesystemError>,
+    ) -> Result<T, FilesystemError> {
+        if self.follows_links {
+            return call(&self.dir, to_host_path(path)?);
+        }
+        let mut held: Option<Dir> = None;
+        for component in components(parent(path)) {
+            let from = held.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.dir);
+            held = Some(open_dir_nofollow(from, to_host_path(component)?)?);
+        }
+        call(
+            held.as_ref().unwrap_or(&self.dir),
+            to_host_path(name(path))?,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// The directory `name` in `dir`, a link there followed only where
+    /// this Directory follows links.
+    fn open_dir_in(&self, dir: &Dir, name: &str) -> Result<Dir, FilesystemError> {
+        if self.follows_links {
+            dir.open_dir(name).map_err(to_error)
+        } else {
+            open_dir_nofollow(dir, name)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The directory `name` in `dir`, a link there refused as a loop, as
+/// Linux's `RESOLVE_NO_SYMLINKS` refuses one, where the host names it no
+/// directory.
+fn open_dir_nofollow(dir: &Dir, name: &str) -> Result<Dir, FilesystemError> {
+    dir.open_dir_nofollow(name)
+        .map_err(|err| match dir.symlink_metadata(name) {
+            Ok(metadata) if metadata.file_type().is_symlink() => FilesystemError::FilesystemLoop,
+            _ => to_error(err),
+        })
+}
+
+/// `path` as `cap_std` takes it, the root being `.`. Windows reads `\` as
+/// a separator too, so there a name holding one is refused rather than
+/// reached as names a Mount's Policy never saw.
+fn to_host_path(path: &str) -> Result<&str, FilesystemError> {
+    if cfg!(windows) && path.contains('\\') {
+        return Err(FilesystemError::InvalidInput);
+    }
+    Ok(if path.is_empty() { "." } else { path })
+}
+
+/// The FilesystemError a host failure names. cap-std's own refusal of a
+/// path leading out of the directory carries no OS code, and answers as
+/// not permitted, as wasmtime-wasi reads it. A link loop stays unnamed
+/// until std's `FilesystemLoop` is stable.
+fn to_error(err: io::Error) -> FilesystemError {
+    match err.kind() {
+        io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied if err.raw_os_error().is_none() => {
+            FilesystemError::NotPermitted
+        }
+        io::ErrorKind::NotFound => FilesystemError::NotFound,
+        io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => FilesystemError::AlreadyExists,
+        io::ErrorKind::NotADirectory => FilesystemError::NotADirectory,
+        io::ErrorKind::IsADirectory => FilesystemError::IsADirectory,
+        io::ErrorKind::DirectoryNotEmpty => FilesystemError::DirectoryNotEmpty,
+        io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => FilesystemError::PermissionDenied,
+        io::ErrorKind::ReadOnlyFilesystem => FilesystemError::ReadOnlyFilesystem,
+        io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput => FilesystemError::InvalidInput,
+        io::ErrorKind::Unsupported => FilesystemError::Unsupported,
+        io::ErrorKind::StorageFull => FilesystemError::StorageFull,
+        io::ErrorKind::FileTooLarge => FilesystemError::FileTooLarge,
+        io::ErrorKind::CrossesDevices => FilesystemError::CrossesDevices,
+        io::ErrorKind::Deadlock => FilesystemError::Deadlock,
+        io::ErrorKind::ResourceBusy => FilesystemError::ResourceBusy,
+        io::ErrorKind::InvalidFilename => FilesystemError::InvalidFilename,
+        io::ErrorKind::NotSeekable => FilesystemError::NotSeekable,
+        io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => FilesystemError::Interrupted,
+        io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory => FilesystemError::OutOfMemory,
+        _ => FilesystemError::Other(err.to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_file_type(host: cap_std::fs::FileType) -> FileType {
+    if host.is_symlink() {
+        FileType::Symlink
+    } else if host.is_dir() {
+        FileType::Directory
+    } else if host.is_file() {
+        FileType::File
+    } else {
+        FileType::Unknown
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a host entry is, a file's size alone counted: a link reports no
+/// size, so nothing of where it points reaches the guest. The host names
+/// its identity on unix; elsewhere a Directory reports none.
+fn to_metadata(metadata: cap_std::fs::Metadata) -> Metadata {
+    let file_type = to_file_type(metadata.file_type());
+    let len = if file_type == FileType::File {
+        metadata.len()
+    } else {
+        0
+    };
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use cap_std::fs::MetadataExt;
+        Metadata::new(file_type, len).with_identity(metadata.dev(), metadata.ino())
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    Metadata::new(file_type, len)
+}
+
+/// Open `name` in `dir` as `options` asks.
+fn open_in(dir: &Dir, name: &str, options: &OpenOptions) -> Result<Box<dyn File>, FilesystemError> {
+    // The host creates only for a writer, so a file already there is
+    // opened as asked rather than for writing it was never given.
+    if options.create && !(options.create_new || options.write || options.truncate) {
+        let existing = OpenOptions {
+            create: false,
+            ..*options
+        };
+        match open_in(dir, name, &existing) {
+            Err(FilesystemError::NotFound) => {}
+            opened => return opened,
+        }
+    }
+    let creates = options.create || options.create_new || options.truncate;
+    let writes = options.write || creates;
+    let mut open = CapOpenOptions::new();
+    // The host refuses an open for neither reading nor writing, and one
+    // that creates or truncates without writing; the runtime decides
+    // what is read and written, so such opens read or write here.
+    open.read(options.read || !writes)
+        .write(writes)
+        .create(options.create)
+        .create_new(options.create_new)
+        .truncate(options.truncate);
+    // Only a file or a directory opens: a FIFO would wait for a peer
+    // and a device would act on being opened. The host could swap an
+    // entry in between, so what opened is checked again before its
+    // first use, the open itself never waiting for a peer, nor following
+    // a link swapped in where none was asked to be followed.
+    let found = if options.nofollow {
+        open.follow(FollowSymlinks::No);
+        dir.symlink_metadata(name)
+    } else {
+        dir.metadata(name)
+    };
+    match found.map(|metadata| to_file_type(metadata.file_type())) {
+        Ok(FileType::Symlink) => return Err(FilesystemError::FilesystemLoop),
+        Ok(FileType::Unknown) => return Err(FilesystemError::PermissionDenied),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use cap_std::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+        use rustix::fs::OFlags;
+        open.custom_flags((OFlags::NONBLOCK | OFlags::NOCTTY).bits() as i32);
+    }
+    let file = dir.open_with(name, &open).map_err(to_error)?;
+    match to_file_type(file.metadata().map_err(to_error)?.file_type()) {
+        FileType::File => {}
+        FileType::Directory => return Err(FilesystemError::IsADirectory),
+        _ => return Err(FilesystemError::PermissionDenied),
+    }
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use rustix::fs::{fcntl_getfl, fcntl_setfl, OFlags};
+        let flags = fcntl_getfl(&file)
+            .map_err(io::Error::from)
+            .map_err(to_error)?;
+        fcntl_setfl(&file, flags - OFlags::NONBLOCK)
+            .map_err(io::Error::from)
+            .map_err(to_error)?;
+    }
+    Ok(Box::new(DirectoryFile {
+        file: file.into_std(),
+    }))
+}
+
+impl Filesystem for Directory {
+    /// A Directory for a Policy follows no link at the end either.
+    fn open(&self, path: &str, options: &OpenOptions) -> Result<Box<dyn File>, FilesystemError> {
+        let options = OpenOptions {
+            nofollow: options.nofollow || !self.follows_links,
+            ..*options
+        };
+        self.at(path, |dir, name| open_in(dir, name, &options))
+    }
+
+    /// A Directory for a Policy answers a link at the end as a loop rather
+    /// than follow it.
+    fn metadata(&self, path: &str) -> Result<Metadata, FilesystemError> {
+        if !self.follows_links {
+            let metadata = self.symlink_metadata(path)?;
+            if metadata.file_type == FileType::Symlink {
+                return Err(FilesystemError::FilesystemLoop);
+            }
+            return Ok(metadata);
+        }
+        self.at(path, |dir, name| {
+            Ok(to_metadata(dir.metadata(name).map_err(to_error)?))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn symlink_metadata(&self, path: &str) -> Result<Metadata, FilesystemError> {
+        self.at(path, |dir, name| {
+            Ok(to_metadata(dir.symlink_metadata(name).map_err(to_error)?))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The host directory's own descriptor, so its inode stays taken.
+    /// Elsewhere a Directory reports no identity, so it holds nothing.
+    fn hold_directory(&self, path: &str) -> Result<Option<Hold>, FilesystemError> {
+        if cfg!(not(unix)) {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let dir = self.at(path, |dir, name| self.open_dir_in(dir, name))?;
+        Ok(Some(Hold::new(dir)))
+    }
+
+    fn stored_path(&self, path: &str) -> Result<String, FilesystemError> {
+        let mut parent = Some(self.dir.try_clone().map_err(to_error)?);
+        let mut stored = Vec::new();
+        let mut names = components(path).peekable();
+        while let Some(name) = names.next() {
+            let found = match &parent {
+                Some(dir) => spelling::stored_name(dir, to_host_path(name)?).map_err(to_error)?,
+                None => None,
+            };
+            // The last name is spelled from its parent alone, so a link
+            // standing there is never followed to spell it.
+            parent = match (&parent, &found) {
+                (Some(dir), Some(found)) if names.peek().is_some() => {
+                    match self.open_dir_in(dir, found) {
+                        Ok(next) => Some(next),
+                        Err(FilesystemError::NotFound | FilesystemError::NotADirectory) => None,
+                        Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            };
+            stored.push(found.unwrap_or_else(|| name.to_string()));
+        }
+        Ok(stored.join("/"))
+    }
+
+    /// A Directory for a Policy follows no link, so a path resolves as
+    /// given.
+    fn canonicalize_beneath(&self, base: &str, path: &str) -> Result<String, FilesystemError> {
+        if !self.follows_links {
+            return Ok(path.to_string());
+        }
+        let beneath = self.dir.open_dir(to_host_path(base)?).map_err(to_error)?;
+        let found = beneath
+            .canonicalize(to_host_path(path)?)
+            .map_err(to_error)?;
+        found
+            .components()
+            .filter_map(|component| match component {
+                Component::Normal(name) => Some(
+                    name.to_str()
+                        .map(str::to_string)
+                        .ok_or(FilesystemError::IllegalSequence),
+                ),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+            .map(|names| names.join("/"))
+    }
+
+    fn read_dir(&self, path: &str) -> Result<Vec<DirEntry>, FilesystemError> {
+        self.at(path, |dir, name| self.open_dir_in(dir, name))?
+            .entries()
+            .map_err(to_error)?
+            .map(|entry| {
+                let entry = entry.map_err(to_error)?;
+                let name = entry
+                    .file_name()
+                    .into_string()
+                    .map_err(|_| FilesystemError::IllegalSequence)?;
+                Ok(DirEntry {
+                    name,
+                    file_type: to_file_type(entry.file_type().map_err(to_error)?),
+                })
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn create_dir(&self, path: &str) -> Result<(), FilesystemError> {
+        self.at(path, |dir, name| dir.create_dir(name).map_err(to_error))
+    }
+
+    fn remove_dir(&self, path: &str) -> Result<(), FilesystemError> {
+        self.at(path, |dir, name| dir.remove_dir(name).map_err(to_error))
+    }
+
+    /// A directory is refused as one on every host, where the host itself
+    /// answers EISDIR on Linux but EPERM on macOS.
+    fn remove_file(&self, path: &str) -> Result<(), FilesystemError> {
+        self.at(path, |dir, name| {
+            if dir.symlink_metadata(name).is_ok_and(|m| m.is_dir()) {
+                return Err(FilesystemError::IsADirectory);
+            }
+            dir.remove_file(name).map_err(to_error)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// A host directory takes no lock a Filesystem could check the source
+    /// under, so another process of the host's changing it in between is
+    /// the host's to rule out. A link moves as itself, as `rename(2)`
+    /// moves one.
+    fn rename(&self, from: &str, to: &str, rename: Rename) -> Result<(), FilesystemError> {
+        if from != to {
+            rename.check(self.symlink_metadata(from)?.file_type)?;
+        }
+        self.at(from, |from_dir, from_name| {
+            self.at(to, |to_dir, to_name| {
+                from_dir
+                    .rename(from_name, to_dir, to_name)
+                    .map_err(to_error)
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Every Invocation shares the host directory.
+    fn for_invocation(&self) -> Option<Arc<dyn Filesystem>> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// The same host directory, reached one name at a time.
+    fn for_policy(&self) -> Option<Arc<dyn Filesystem>> {
+        Some(Arc::new(Self {
+            dir: self.dir.clone(),
+            follows_links: false,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+/// An open host file. The runtime names every offset, so each access seeks
+/// first.
+struct DirectoryFile {
+    file: std::fs::File,
+}
+
+impl File for DirectoryFile {
+    fn read_at(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8], offset: u64) -> Result<usize, FilesystemError> {
+        self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset)).map_err(to_error)?;
+        self.file.read(buf).map_err(to_error)
+    }
+
+    fn write_at(&mut self, buf: &[u8], offset: u64) -> Result<usize, FilesystemError> {
+        self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset)).map_err(to_error)?;
+        self.file.write(buf).map_err(to_error)
+    }
+
+    /// Windows has no append to switch one handle to for a single write,
+    /// so an append that could land over another writer's is refused.
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    fn append(&mut self, _buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(u64, usize), FilesystemError> {
+        Err(FilesystemError::Unsupported)
+    }
+
+    /// The host places the write at the file's end as `O_APPEND` does, so
+    /// another writer's append lands before or after it, never over it.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    fn append(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(u64, usize), FilesystemError> {
+        use rustix::fs::{fcntl_getfl, fcntl_setfl, OFlags};
+
+        let flags = fcntl_getfl(&self.file)
+            .map_err(io::Error::from)
+            .map_err(to_error)?;
+        fcntl_setfl(&self.file, flags | OFlags::APPEND)
+            .map_err(io::Error::from)
+            .map_err(to_error)?;
+        let written = self.file.write(buf);
+        let end = self.file.stream_position();
+        fcntl_setfl(&self.file, flags)
+            .map_err(io::Error::from)
+            .map_err(to_error)?;
+        let written = written.map_err(to_error)?;
+        Ok((end.map_err(to_error)? - written as u64, written))
+    }
+
+    fn metadata(&self) -> Result<Metadata, FilesystemError> {
+        let metadata = self.file.metadata().map_err(to_error)?;
+        Ok(Metadata::new(FileType::File, metadata.len()))
+    }
+
+    fn set_len(&mut self, len: u64) -> Result<(), FilesystemError> {
+        self.file.set_len(len).map_err(to_error)
+    }
+
+    fn sync(&mut self) -> Result<(), FilesystemError> {
+        self.file.sync_all().map_err(to_error)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::fs;
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A fresh host directory of the test's own, removed when it drops.
+    struct HostDir(PathBuf);
+
+    impl HostDir {
+        fn new(name: &str) -> Self {
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir()
+                .join(format!("kobako-directory-{name}-{}", std::process::id()));
+            let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&path);
+            fs::create_dir_all(&path).expect("the host directory must be created");
+            Self(path)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for HostDir {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A host directory of the test's own holding the FIFO `pipe`.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    fn make_fifo_host(name: &str) -> HostDir {
+        let host = HostDir::new(name);
+        let made = std::process::Command::new("mkfifo")
+            .arg(host.0.join("pipe"))
+            .status()
+            .expect("mkfifo must run");
+        assert!(made.success(), "the FIFO must be made");
+        host
+    }
+
+    // Opening the FIFO with no writer would wait for one, so only an open
+    // refused before it waits answers within the deadline; `/dev/null`
+    // is a device every unix host holds.
+    // @behavior FS-090
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_opens_only_a_file_or_a_directory() {
+        let host = make_fifo_host("fifo-open");
+        let fifo = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let devices = Directory::new("/dev").expect("the device directory must open");
+        let (sender, answered) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            let read = OpenOptions {
+                read: true,
+                ..OpenOptions::default()
+            };
+            let _ = sender.send([
+                fifo.open("pipe", &read).err(),
+                devices.open("null", &read).err(),
+            ]);
+        });
+        assert_eq!(
+            answered.recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5)),
+            Ok([
+                Some(FilesystemError::PermissionDenied),
+                Some(FilesystemError::PermissionDenied)
+            ]),
+            "a FIFO and a device opened through Directory::open must be refused as permission \
+             denied without waiting"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // @behavior FS-091
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_reports_a_fifo_as_of_an_unknown_type() {
+        let host = make_fifo_host("fifo-type");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let listed: Vec<_> = directory
+            .read_dir("")
+            .expect("the directory must list")
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|entry| entry.file_type)
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                directory
+                    .metadata("pipe")
+                    .map(|metadata| metadata.file_type),
+                directory
+                    .symlink_metadata("pipe")
+                    .map(|metadata| metadata.file_type),
+                listed
+            ),
+            (
+                Ok(FileType::Unknown),
+                Ok(FileType::Unknown),
+                vec![FileType::Unknown]
+            ),
+            "a FIFO looked up through Directory::metadata and symlink_metadata, and listed \
+             through read_dir, must answer an unknown type"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // @behavior FS-005
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_serves_the_files_of_its_host_directory() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("serves");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("data.csv"), "a,b").expect("the host file must be written");
+
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let mut file = directory
+            .open(
+                "data.csv",
+                &OpenOptions {
+                    read: true,
+                    ..OpenOptions::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("the host file must open");
+        let mut buf = [0; 16];
+        let read = file.read_at(&mut buf, 0).expect("the host file must read");
+        assert_eq!(
+            &buf[..read],
+            b"a,b",
+            "a host file read through a Directory's open must read back its content"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_open_for_neither_reading_nor_writing_still_opens() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("lookup");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("seen"), "x").expect("the host file must be written");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert!(directory.open("seen", &OpenOptions::default()).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    // @behavior FS-006
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_writes_into_its_host_directory() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("writes");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        directory
+            .open(
+                "out.txt",
+                &OpenOptions {
+                    write: true,
+                    create: true,
+                    ..OpenOptions::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("a new file must be created")
+            .write_at(b"written", 0)
+            .expect("the write must land");
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs::read(host.0.join("out.txt")).expect("the host file must exist"),
+            b"written",
+            "a file created through a Directory's open must land in the host directory"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The file is opened to write, so only the refusal keeps the append
+    // from taking the two steps another writer could land between.
+    // @behavior FS-093
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_on_windows_refuses_to_append() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("append");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("f"), "x").expect("the host file must be written");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let mut file = directory
+            .open(
+                "f",
+                &OpenOptions {
+                    write: true,
+                    ..OpenOptions::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("the host file must open");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                file.append(b"y").err(),
+                fs::read(host.0.join("f")).expect("the host file must read")
+            ),
+            (Some(FilesystemError::Unsupported), b"x".to_vec()),
+            "an append through a Directory file on Windows must be refused as unsupported and \
+             leave the file as it was"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The host file exists beneath `d`, so only the refusal can keep the
+    // open from reaching it.
+    // @behavior FS-029
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_on_windows_refuses_a_name_holding_a_backslash() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("backslash");
+        fs::create_dir_all(host.0.join("d")).expect("the host directory must be created");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("d").join("f"), "x").expect("the host file must be written");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(
+                directory.open(r"d\f", &OpenOptions::default()),
+                Err(FilesystemError::InvalidInput)
+            ),
+            "a path holding a backslash opened through a Directory on Windows must be refused as \
+             invalid input"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The host answers ENAMETOOLONG, which only a mapping naming it keeps
+    // from reaching the guest as an EIO.
+    // @behavior FS-065
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_answers_a_host_failure_as_the_error_naming_it() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("names");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let created = directory.open(
+            &"x".repeat(300),
+            &OpenOptions {
+                write: true,
+                create: true,
+                ..OpenOptions::default()
+            },
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            created.map(drop),
+            Err(FilesystemError::InvalidFilename),
+            "a name past the host's limit created through Directory::open must fail as \
+             InvalidFilename, not as an unnamed failure"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Which offset a host refuses depends on its filesystem: tmpfs, XFS and
+    // overlay keep files up to `i64::MAX`. The host's own EFBIG, 27 on Linux
+    // and macOS alike, is what the Directory must name.
+    // @behavior FS-068
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_answers_a_host_file_too_large_as_too_large() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            to_error(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(27)),
+            FilesystemError::FileTooLarge,
+            "a host EFBIG through Directory's error mapping must fail as FileTooLarge, \
+             not as an unnamed failure"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Only Linux keeps a name that is not UTF-8; macOS refuses to make one.
+    // @behavior FS-066
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_refuses_to_list_a_host_name_that_is_not_utf8() {
+        use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+
+        let host = HostDir::new("ilseq");
+        fs::write(host.0.join(std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(b"\xff")), "")
+            .expect("the host file must be written");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert_eq!(
+            directory.read_dir("").map(drop),
+            Err(FilesystemError::IllegalSequence),
+            "a host name that is not UTF-8 listed through Directory::read_dir must fail as \
+             IllegalSequence, not as an unnamed failure"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The host file only reads, so a host open asking to write, as one that
+    // creates must, would be refused where nothing is to be created.
+    // @behavior FS-064
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_opens_a_file_already_there_without_writing_to_create_it() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+        let host = HostDir::new("create-existing");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("note"), "x").expect("the host file must be written");
+        fs::set_permissions(host.0.join("note"), fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o444))
+            .expect("the host file must become read-only");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let creates = OpenOptions {
+            read: true,
+            create: true,
+            ..OpenOptions::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                directory.open("note", &creates).map(drop),
+                directory.open("new", &creates).map(drop),
+                host.0.join("new").exists()
+            ),
+            (Ok(()), Ok(()), true),
+            "a Directory::open that may create, of a read-only host file already there, must open \
+             it, and of a missing one must create it"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The link's target is a readable file, so only the refusal of the
+    // link itself keeps the open from reaching it.
+    // @behavior FS-047
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_opens_no_link_an_open_asks_not_to_follow() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("nofollow");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("target"), "x").expect("the host file must be written");
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("target", host.0.join("link")).expect("the link must be made");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let open = |nofollow| {
+            directory
+                .open(
+                    "link",
+                    &OpenOptions {
+                        read: true,
+                        nofollow,
+                        ..OpenOptions::default()
+                    },
+                )
+                .map(drop)
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            (open(true), open(false)),
+            (Err(FilesystemError::FilesystemLoop), Ok(())),
+            "a host link opened through a Directory must be refused when the open asks to follow \
+             none, and reached when it does not"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The target's five bytes would show as the link's size if a lookup
+    // that follows none still followed it.
+    // @behavior FS-048
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_reports_a_link_a_lookup_does_not_follow_as_a_link() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("lstat");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("target"), "hello").expect("the host file must be written");
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("target", host.0.join("link")).expect("the link must be made");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let listed = directory
+            .read_dir("")
+            .expect("the host directory must list")
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|entry| entry.name == "link")
+            .map(|entry| entry.file_type);
+        let shape = |metadata: Metadata| (metadata.file_type, metadata.len);
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                directory.symlink_metadata("link").map(shape),
+                listed,
+                directory.metadata("link").map(shape)
+            ),
+            (
+                Ok((FileType::Symlink, 0)),
+                Some(FileType::Symlink),
+                Ok((FileType::File, 5))
+            ),
+            "a host link looked up through Directory::symlink_metadata and listed through \
+             Directory::read_dir must report a link with no size, and Directory::metadata must \
+             report the file it points to"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // @behavior FS-028
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_refuses_to_remove_a_directory_as_a_file() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("unlink-dir");
+        fs::create_dir(host.0.join("sub")).expect("the host directory must be created");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert_eq!(
+            directory.remove_file("sub"),
+            Err(FilesystemError::IsADirectory),
+            "a host directory removed through Directory::remove_file must answer IsADirectory"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Both links stay inside the host directory, so only resolving beneath
+    // `dir` rather than beneath the root can refuse the outer one.
+    // @behavior FS-097
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_follows_a_link_only_within_the_directory_it_resolves_beneath() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("beneath");
+        fs::create_dir_all(host.0.join("dir/sub")).expect("the host directory must be created");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("dir/sub/y"), "inner").expect("the inner file must be written");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("secret"), "outer").expect("the outer file must be written");
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("sub", host.0.join("dir/in")).expect("the link must be made");
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("../secret", host.0.join("dir/up"))
+            .expect("the link must be made");
+
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                directory.canonicalize_beneath("dir", "in/y"),
+                directory.canonicalize_beneath("dir", "up"),
+            ),
+            (Ok("sub/y".to_string()), Err(FilesystemError::NotPermitted)),
+            "a link staying within `dir`, resolved through Directory::canonicalize_beneath, must \
+             resolve to where it leads, and one leading out of `dir` must not be permitted"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The link leads to a directory inside the host directory, so only a
+    // Directory following no link refuses what a plain one reaches.
+    // @behavior FS-099
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_for_a_policy_follows_no_link_on_a_path() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("for-policy");
+        fs::create_dir_all(host.0.join("target")).expect("the host directory must be created");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("target/x"), "inner").expect("the inner file must be written");
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("target", host.0.join("link")).expect("the link must be made");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let reading = OpenOptions {
+            read: true,
+            ..OpenOptions::default()
+        };
+        let answers = |filesystem: &dyn Filesystem| {
+            (
+                filesystem.open("link/x", &reading).map(drop),
+                filesystem.read_dir("link").map(drop),
+            )
+        };
+        let for_policy = directory
+            .for_policy()
+            .expect("a Directory has a Filesystem for a Policy");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (answers(&directory), answers(for_policy.as_ref())),
+            (
+                (Ok(()), Ok(())),
+                (
+                    Err(FilesystemError::FilesystemLoop),
+                    Err(FilesystemError::FilesystemLoop)
+                ),
+            ),
+            "a path through a link opened, and the link listed, through a Directory's \
+             for_policy must each be a link loop, where the Directory itself reaches them"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // @behavior FS-007
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_reaches_nothing_outside_its_host_directory() {
+        let outside = HostDir::new("outside");
+        fs::write(outside.0.join("secret"), "host").expect("the outside file must be written");
+        let host = HostDir::new("confined");
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink(outside.0.join("secret"), host.0.join("escape"))
+            .expect("the link must be created");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("inside"), "guest").expect("the inside file must be written");
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("inside", host.0.join("alias"))
+            .expect("the inside link must be created");
+
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert!(
+            directory
+                .open(
+                    "alias",
+                    &OpenOptions {
+                        read: true,
+                        ..OpenOptions::default()
+                    }
+                )
+                .is_ok(),
+            "a link that stays inside the host directory must still open through a Directory's open"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            directory
+                .open(
+                    "escape",
+                    &OpenOptions {
+                        read: true,
+                        ..OpenOptions::default()
+                    }
+                )
+                .is_err(),
+            "a link out of the host directory opened through a Directory's open must be refused"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // @behavior FS-071
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_reports_the_identity_its_host_gives_a_path() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+
+        let host = HostDir::new("identity");
+        fs::create_dir(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host directory must be made");
+        let expected = fs::metadata(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host must stat it");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let reported = directory.metadata("dir").expect("the directory must stand");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (reported.dev, reported.ino),
+            (expected.dev(), expected.ino()),
+            "a host directory's metadata through Directory::metadata must carry the device and \
+             inode numbers the host reports"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Two handles racing one-byte appends: a two-step append (read the
+    // length, then write there) loses about half the bytes to the other
+    // handle's writes, so only an append the host places keeps them all.
+    // @behavior FS-069
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_appends_at_its_host_files_end_in_one_step() {
+        use std::sync::Arc;
+
+        let host = HostDir::new("append");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("log.txt"), "").expect("the host file must be written");
+        let directory = Arc::new(Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open"));
+
+        let writers: Vec<_> = [b"a", b"b"]
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|byte| {
+                let directory = Arc::clone(&directory);
+                std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                    let options = OpenOptions {
+                        write: true,
+                        ..OpenOptions::default()
+                    };
+                    let mut file = directory
+                        .open("log.txt", &options)
+                        .expect("the host file must open to write");
+                    for _ in 0..10_000 {
+                        file.append(byte).expect("the append must succeed");
+                    }
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for writer in writers {
+            writer.join().expect("the writer must finish");
+        }
+
+        let written = fs::read(host.0.join("log.txt")).expect("the host file must be read");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                written.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'a').count(),
+                written.iter().filter(|&&b| b == b'b').count()
+            ),
+            (10_000, 10_000),
+            "two handles appending to one host file through a Directory's File::append must each \
+             keep every byte"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ext4 hands a removed directory's inode number to the next one made,
+    // so the number staying unused while held is what the Hold keeps. A
+    // host that never reuses numbers cannot show that, but every Linux
+    // host lists the removed directory among the process's descriptors
+    // while it is held.
+    // @behavior FS-086
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_held_keeps_its_inode_number_from_the_next_one_made() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+
+        let host = HostDir::new("held");
+        let ino = |path: &str| {
+            fs::metadata(host.0.join(path))
+                .expect("it must stand")
+                .ino()
+        };
+        fs::create_dir(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host directory must be made");
+        let first = ino("dir");
+        fs::remove_dir(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host directory must go");
+        fs::create_dir(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host directory must be made");
+        let reuses = ino("dir") == first;
+        let first = ino("dir");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        let hold = directory
+            .hold_directory("dir")
+            .expect("the directory must be held");
+        fs::remove_dir(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host directory must go");
+        let removed = format!("{} (deleted)", host.0.join("dir").display());
+        let held_open = fs::read_dir("/proc/self/fd")
+            .expect("the process's descriptors must list")
+            .filter_map(|entry| fs::read_link(entry.ok()?.path()).ok())
+            .any(|target| target.to_string_lossy() == removed);
+        fs::create_dir(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host directory must be made");
+        let made = ino("dir");
+        drop(hold);
+        assert!(
+            held_open,
+            "a directory Directory::hold_directory holds must stay open once removed"
+        );
+        if !reuses {
+            eprintln!("the host does not reuse inode numbers; nothing more to witness");
+            return;
+        }
+        assert_ne!(
+            made, first,
+            "a directory made where Directory::hold_directory holds a removed one must take \
+             another inode number on a host reusing them"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // @behavior FS-081
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_spells_names_it_matches_exactly_as_given() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("spelled");
+        fs::create_dir(host.0.join("dir")).expect("the host directory must be made");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("dir/file"), "x").expect("the host file must be written");
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                directory.stored_path("dir/file"),
+                directory.stored_path("dir/new/name")
+            ),
+            (Ok("dir/file".to_string()), Ok("dir/new/name".to_string())),
+            "a path asked of Directory::stored_path in the spelling its host stores, and one \
+             whose tail is missing, must come back as given"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // macOS volumes fold case and Unicode form unless formatted
+    // case-sensitive, where every spelling is already the stored one.
+    // @behavior FS-082
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_directory_spells_a_path_as_a_folding_host_stores_it() {
+        let host = HostDir::new("folded");
+        fs::create_dir(host.0.join("private")).expect("the host directory must be made");
+        fs::write(host.0.join("private/caf\u{e9}"), "x").expect("the host file must be written");
+        if !host.0.join("PRIVATE").exists() {
+            eprintln!("the host volume matches names exactly; nothing folds to witness");
+            return;
+        }
+        let directory = Directory::new(&host.0).expect("the host directory must open");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (
+                directory.stored_path("PRIVATE/CAFE\u{301}"),
+                directory.stored_path("Private/missing")
+            ),
+            (
+                Ok("private/caf\u{e9}".to_string()),
+                Ok("private/missing".to_string())
+            ),
+            "a path asked of Directory::stored_path in another case and Unicode form on a host \
+             folding both must come back as the host stores each name it holds"
+        );
+    }
+}