kobako 0.1.0

data/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# This Cargo.toml is here to let externals tools (IDEs, etc.) know that this is
+# a Rust project. Your extensions dependencies should be added to the Cargo.toml
+# in the ext/ directory.
+
+[workspace]
+members = ["./ext/kobako"]
+# `wasm/` is a sibling workspace (kobako-wasm crate) compiled for
+# wasm32-wasip1; excluding it keeps the host (wasmtime) and guest
+# dependency graphs separate.
+exclude = ["wasm", "vendor"]
+resolver = "2"

data/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
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data/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# Kobako
+
+Kobako is a Ruby gem that embeds a Wasm-isolated mruby interpreter inside your application, so you can execute untrusted Ruby scripts (LLM-generated code, user formulas, student submissions, third-party plugins) in-process without giving them access to host memory, files, network, or credentials.
+
+The host (`wasmtime`) runs a precompiled `kobako.wasm` guest containing mruby and an RPC client. The only way a guest script can reach the outside world is through Host App-declared **Services** — named Ruby objects you explicitly inject into the sandbox.
+
+## Features
+
+- **In-process Wasm sandbox** — no subprocess, no container. Each `Sandbox#run` is a synchronous Ruby call.
+- **Capability injection via Services** — guest scripts can only call Ruby objects you explicitly `bind` under a two-level `Group::Member` namespace.
+- **Structured outcome** — `#run` returns the deserialized last expression of the guest script as a normal Ruby value.
+- **Three-class error taxonomy** — every failure is exactly one of `TrapError` (Wasm engine), `SandboxError` (script / wire fault), or `ServiceError` (Service capability fault), so you can route errors without inspecting messages.
+- **Per-run state reset** — Handles issued during one `#run` are invalidated before the next; Service bindings remain.
+- **Separated stdout / stderr capture** — guest `puts`/`warn` output is buffered (1 MiB default cap, configurable, with a `[truncated]` marker on overflow) and is independent of the RPC channel.
+- **Capability Handles** — Services may return stateful host objects; the guest receives an opaque token it can use as the target of follow-up RPC calls, with no way to dereference it.
+
+## Requirements
+
+- **Ruby ≥ 3.3.0**
+- **Rust / Cargo** at install time — the native extension compiles from source via `rb_sys`
+- **Linux** or **macOS** — Windows is not supported
+
+The precompiled `kobako.wasm` Guest Binary ships inside the gem, so end users do **not** need a WASI toolchain. (The toolchain is only required if you build the gem from a source checkout — see [Development](#development).)
+
+## Installation
+
+Add Kobako to your Gemfile:
+
+```bash
+bundle add kobako
+```
+
+Or install it directly:
+
+```bash
+gem install kobako
+```
+
+## Quick Start
+
+```ruby
+require "kobako"
+
+sandbox = Kobako::Sandbox.new
+
+result = sandbox.run(<<~RUBY)
+  1 + 2
+RUBY
+
+result        # => 3
+sandbox.stdout # => ""
+```
+
+The script executes inside the Wasm guest. It cannot read your filesystem, open sockets, or touch your `ENV`.
+
+## Injecting Services
+
+Guest scripts reach host resources only through Services. Declare a **Group**, then `bind` named **Members** on it — each member can be any Ruby object that responds to the methods the guest will call.
+
+```ruby
+sandbox = Kobako::Sandbox.new
+
+sandbox.define(:KV).bind(:Lookup, ->(key) { redis.get(key) })
+sandbox.define(:Log).bind(:Sink,   ->(msg) { logger.info(msg) })
+
+sandbox.run(<<~RUBY)
+  Log::Sink.call("starting")
+  KV::Lookup.call("user_42")
+RUBY
+# => "..." (the redis value)
+```
+
+Names must match the Ruby constant pattern `/\A[A-Z]\w*\z/`. Services declared before the first `#run` remain active across subsequent runs.
+
+### Keyword arguments
+
+Keyword keys travel as Symbols and reach the host method as keyword arguments:
+
+```ruby
+sandbox.define(:Geo).bind(:Lookup, ->(name:, region:) { "#{region}/#{name}" })
+
+sandbox.run('Geo::Lookup.call(name: "alice", region: "us")')
+# => "us/alice"
+```
+
+## Capturing stdout and stderr
+
+Guest output is captured into per-run buffers and exposed independently from the return value:
+
+```ruby
+sandbox = Kobako::Sandbox.new
+
+result = sandbox.run(<<~RUBY)
+  puts "hello"
+  warn "be careful"
+  42
+RUBY
+
+result          # => 42
+sandbox.stdout  # => "hello\n"
+sandbox.stderr  # => "be careful\n"
+```
+
+Each `#run` clears the buffers at start. Output past the per-channel cap is truncated; the buffer ends with `[truncated]` and `#run` still returns normally.
+
+```ruby
+Kobako::Sandbox.new(stdout_limit: 64 * 1024, stderr_limit: 64 * 1024)
+```
+
+## Error handling
+
+Every `#run` either returns a value or raises exactly one of three classes:
+
+```ruby
+begin
+  sandbox.run(script)
+rescue Kobako::TrapError => e
+  # Wasm engine crashed: OOM, stack overflow, corrupted guest runtime.
+  # The Sandbox is unrecoverable — discard and recreate it.
+rescue Kobako::ServiceError => e
+  # A Service call failed and the script did not rescue it.
+  # Treat like any other downstream-service failure in your app.
+rescue Kobako::SandboxError => e
+  # The script itself raised, failed to compile, or produced an
+  # unrepresentable value. A script-level fault, not infrastructure.
+end
+```
+
+`SandboxError` and `ServiceError` carry structured fields (`origin`, `klass`, `backtrace_lines`, `details`) when the guest produced a panic envelope.
+
+`Kobako::ServiceError::Disconnected` is a named subclass raised when an RPC target Handle has been invalidated. `Kobako::HandleTableExhausted` is a named `SandboxError` subclass raised when the per-run Handle counter reaches its cap (2³¹ − 1).
+
+## Capability Handles
+
+When a Service returns a stateful host object (anything beyond `nil` / Boolean / Integer / Float / String / Symbol / Array / Hash), the wire layer transparently allocates an opaque Handle. The guest receives a `Kobako::Handle` proxy it can use as the target of further RPC calls — but cannot dereference, forge from an integer, or smuggle across runs.
+
+```ruby
+class Greeter
+  def initialize(name) = @name = name
+  def greet            = "hi, #{@name}"
+end
+
+sandbox.define(:Factory).bind(:Make, ->(name) { Greeter.new(name) })
+
+sandbox.run(<<~RUBY)
+  g = Factory::Make.call("Bob")  # g is a Kobako::Handle proxy
+  g.greet                         # second RPC, routed to the Greeter
+RUBY
+# => "hi, Bob"
+```
+
+Handles are scoped to a single `#run` — a Handle obtained in run N is invalid in run N+1, even on the same Sandbox.
+
+## Setup-once, run-many
+
+A single Sandbox can serve many script executions. Service bindings persist; capability state (Handles, stdout, stderr) resets between runs.
+
+```ruby
+sandbox = Kobako::Sandbox.new
+sandbox.define(:Data).bind(:Fetch, ->(id) { records[id] })
+
+sandbox.run('Data::Fetch.call("a")')  # => "..."
+sandbox.run('Data::Fetch.call("b")')  # => "..." (same bindings, fresh state)
+```
+
+For workloads that must be isolated from each other (e.g., one Sandbox per tenant, per student submission), construct a fresh `Kobako::Sandbox` per scope. wasmtime's Engine and the compiled Module are cached at process scope, so additional Sandboxes amortize cold-start cost automatically.
+
+## Development
+
+After checking out the repo:
+
+```bash
+bin/setup                  # install dependencies
+bundle exec rake           # default: compile + test + rubocop
+```
+
+Building from source requires a WASI-capable Rust toolchain in addition to the standard host toolchain. The first compile walks the full vendor / mruby / wasm chain:
+
+```bash
+bundle exec rake compile   # build the native extension
+bundle exec rake wasm:build # rebuild data/kobako.wasm (requires vendor:setup + mruby:build)
+bundle exec rake test      # run the Ruby test suite
+```
+
+`bin/console` opens an IRB session with the gem preloaded for experimentation.
+
+To install the local checkout as a gem:
+
+```bash
+bundle exec rake install
+```
+
+## Performance
+
+Headline numbers from the current baseline (macOS arm64, Ruby 3.4.7 — full results in [`benchmark/results/`](benchmark/results)):
+
+| What | Cost |
+|---|---|
+| First `Sandbox.new` in a fresh process (Engine init + Module compile) | ~410 ms one-time |
+| Subsequent `Sandbox.new` (cache warm) | ~90 µs |
+| Reusing a Sandbox for one `#run("nil")` | ~67 µs |
+| Fresh Sandbox per request — the tenant-isolation pattern | ~175 µs (+110 µs versus reuse) |
+| Per-RPC cost amortized across many calls in one `#run` | ~5.4 µs |
+| 100 000-iteration integer XOR loop in mruby | ~44 ms |
+| One-time process memory for wasmtime Engine + Module | ~110 MB |
+| Memory per additional Sandbox after the first | ~200 KB |
+| 1 000 isolated tenants in one process (1 Sandbox each) | ~340 MB total |
+| Aggregate throughput across N Threads | GVL-bound — wasm execution is serialized, modest scaling from Ruby-side overlap |
+
+Practical implications:
+
+- **Pre-warm at boot.** The 410 ms first-Sandbox cost is paid once per process; every subsequent Sandbox amortizes to micro-, not milliseconds. Construct one Sandbox at boot before serving requests.
+- **Tenant isolation is affordable.** Per-request Sandbox construction adds ~110 µs of overhead; per-tenant RSS budget is ~200 KB plus one-time ~110 MB for the engine. 1 000 isolated tenants in a single Sidekiq / Puma worker is well within typical RSS limits.
+- **Batch RPCs inside one `#run`.** A single Service call costs ~76 µs because each `#run` carries ~67 µs of setup; 1 000 calls inside one `#run` reduce the per-call cost to ~5.4 µs.
+
+A +10% regression on any of the five SPEC-mandated benchmarks blocks release. See [`benchmark/README.md`](benchmark/README.md) for the full per-suite breakdown, rake task reference, and known measurement caveats (guest String size cap, GVL bounds, allocator retention).
+
+```bash
+bundle exec rake bench   # five gated regression benchmarks (≤ 1 MiB payloads, ~5-7 min)
+```
+
+## Contributing
+
+Bug reports and pull requests are welcome at <https://github.com/elct9620/kobako>. Please open an issue before starting on non-trivial changes so we can align on scope.
+
+## License
+
+Kobako is released under the [Apache License 2.0](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0).

data/ext/kobako/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+[package]
+name = "kobako"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+authors = ["Aotokitsuruya <contact@aotoki.me>"]
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+magnus = { version = "0.8.2" }
+# wasmtime — host-side embedder for kobako.wasm. We disable default-features
+# and opt back in only what kobako needs: a Cranelift-backed runtime that can
+# compile a pre-built wasm32-wasip1 module on the host triple, plus the `wat`
+# feature
+# so test fixtures can be expressed as text. WASI integration is layered on
+# later via `wasmtime-wasi` once stdin/stdout wiring is needed (item #16).
+# `cache` / `parallel-compilation` / `pooling` / `component-model` / `async`
+# are intentionally off — kobako runs short-lived synchronous sandboxes.
+wasmtime = { version = "44.0.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "cranelift",
+    "runtime",
+    "gc",
+    "gc-drc",
+    "addr2line",
+    "demangle",
+    "wat",
+] }
+# wasmtime-wasi provides WASI preview1 support for routing guest stdout/stderr
+# into in-memory buffers (SPEC.md §B-04). The `p1` feature enables the
+# WasiCtxBuilder + preview1 adapter which wires fd 1/2 to pipes. We omit
+# `p2` (component-model) and `p0`/`p3` (async) because kobako runs
+# synchronous sandboxes only.
+wasmtime-wasi = { version = "44.0.1", default-features = false, features = ["p1"] }

data/ext/kobako/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mkmf"
+require "rb_sys/mkmf"
+
+create_rust_makefile("kobako/kobako")

data/ext/kobako/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use magnus::{Error, Ruby};
+
+mod wasm;
+
+#[magnus::init]
+fn init(ruby: &Ruby) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let module = ruby.define_module("Kobako")?;
+    wasm::init(ruby, module)?;
+    Ok(())
+}

data/ext/kobako/src/wasm/cache.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//! Process-wide caches for the wasmtime [`Engine`] and compiled
+//! [`Module`].
+//!
+//! SPEC.md "Code Organization" pins `ext/` as private and forbids
+//! exposing wasm engine types to the Host App or downstream gems. To
+//! amortise Engine creation and Module JIT compilation across multiple
+//! `Kobako::Sandbox` constructions, the ext keeps a process-scope
+//! shared Engine and a per-path Module cache. Both are transparent to
+//! Ruby callers, who construct an `Instance` via
+//! `Kobako::Wasm::Instance.from_path(...)` and never see Engine or
+//! Module.
+//!
+//! Concurrency: under Ruby's GVL only one thread can execute Rust code
+//! at a time, so the Mutex is held briefly during HashMap insert/lookup
+//! and serves to satisfy `Sync` bounds rather than to arbitrate real
+//! contention.
+//!
+//! [`Engine`]: wasmtime::Engine
+//! [`Module`]: wasmtime::Module
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};
+
+use magnus::{Error as MagnusError, Ruby};
+use wasmtime::{Config as WtConfig, Engine as WtEngine, Module as WtModule};
+
+use super::{wasm_err, MODULE_NOT_BUILT_ERROR};
+
+static SHARED_ENGINE: OnceLock<WtEngine> = OnceLock::new();
+static MODULE_CACHE: OnceLock<Mutex<HashMap<PathBuf, WtModule>>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+/// Return the process-wide wasmtime Engine, building it on first call.
+///
+/// Enables the wasm exceptions proposal so `kobako.wasm` (which uses
+/// `try_table` / `exnref` / `tag` for mruby's setjmp-via-new-EH path)
+/// can be loaded. The mruby wasi build config uses
+/// `-mllvm -wasm-use-legacy-eh=false`, which generates new-style
+/// exception handling instructions in the wasm32 object files;
+/// wasmtime must have the proposal enabled to parse and JIT those
+/// instructions.
+pub(crate) fn shared_engine() -> Result<&'static WtEngine, MagnusError> {
+    if let Some(engine) = SHARED_ENGINE.get() {
+        return Ok(engine);
+    }
+    let mut config = WtConfig::new();
+    config.wasm_exceptions(true);
+    let engine = WtEngine::new(&config).map_err(|e| {
+        let ruby = Ruby::get().expect("Ruby thread");
+        wasm_err(&ruby, format!("engine init: {}", e))
+    })?;
+    Ok(SHARED_ENGINE.get_or_init(|| engine))
+}
+
+/// Look up `path` in the per-path Module cache, compiling and inserting
+/// the artifact on a miss. Raises `Kobako::Wasm::ModuleNotBuiltError`
+/// when the file is missing — the headline error for the common
+/// pre-build state on a fresh clone before `rake compile`.
+pub(crate) fn cached_module(path: &Path) -> Result<WtModule, MagnusError> {
+    let ruby = Ruby::get().expect("Ruby thread");
+    let cache = MODULE_CACHE.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));
+
+    if let Some(module) = cache
+        .lock()
+        .expect("module cache mutex poisoned")
+        .get(path)
+        .cloned()
+    {
+        return Ok(module);
+    }
+
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Err(MagnusError::new(
+            ruby.get_inner(&MODULE_NOT_BUILT_ERROR),
+            format!(
+                "wasm module not found at {}; run `bundle exec rake wasm:build` to build it",
+                path.display()
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let bytes =
+        fs::read(path).map_err(|e| wasm_err(&ruby, format!("read {}: {}", path.display(), e)))?;
+    let module = WtModule::new(shared_engine()?, &bytes)
+        .map_err(|e| wasm_err(&ruby, format!("compile module: {}", e)))?;
+    cache
+        .lock()
+        .expect("module cache mutex poisoned")
+        .insert(path.to_path_buf(), module.clone());
+    Ok(module)
+}