kiosk-pow 0.5.20

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data/CHANGELOG.md

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+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes follow [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.1.0/) and [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/).
+
+How to write an entry, and what a release section means: `CHANGELOG-RULE.md` at
+the root of this repository —
+<https://github.com/kiosk-hq/kiosk/blob/main/CHANGELOG-RULE.md>. In short: under
+200 characters, one or two sentences, the essence rather than the content; write it
+under `## [Unreleased]`; a cut renames that heading to
+`## [MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH] — <date>` and opens a fresh empty one above it; nothing
+already written is edited.
+
+## [Unreleased]
+
+## [0.5.20] — 2026-10-20
+
+- 2026-10-20: Version 0.5.20, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.20.
+
+## [0.5.19] — 2026-10-20
+
+- 2026-10-20: Version 0.5.19, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.19.
+
+## [0.5.18] — 2026-10-18
+
+- 2026-10-18: Version 0.5.18, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.18.
+
+## [0.5.17] — 2026-10-18
+
+- 2026-10-18: Version 0.5.17, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.17.
+
+## [0.5.16] — 2026-10-18
+
+- 2026-10-18: kiosk-pow is the base of the PoW backends: `Kiosk::Pow::Blake2b`, `Kiosk::Pow.param` and a guide to add a backend. The Argon2id backend moves to kiosk-pow-argon2id.
+
+## [0.5.15] — 2026-10-18
+
+- 2026-10-18: Version 0.5.15, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.15.
+
+## [0.5.14] — 2026-10-18
+
+- 2026-10-18: Version 0.5.14, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.14; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.13] — 2026-10-11
+
+- 2026-10-11: Version 0.5.13, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.13; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.12] — 2026-10-08
+
+- 2026-10-08: Version 0.5.12, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.12; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.11] — 2026-10-08
+
+- 2026-10-08: Version 0.5.11, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.11; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.10] — 2026-10-08
+
+- 2026-10-08: Version 0.5.10, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.10; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.9] — 2026-10-08
+
+- 2026-10-08: Version 0.5.9, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.9; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.8] — 2026-10-07
+
+- 2026-10-07: Version 0.5.8, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.8; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.7] — 2026-10-07
+
+- 2026-10-07: Version 0.5.7, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.7; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.6] — 2026-10-07
+
+- 2026-10-07: Version 0.5.6, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.6; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.5] — 2026-10-07
+
+- 2026-10-07: Version 0.5.5, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.5; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.4] — 2026-10-07
+
+- 2026-10-07: Version 0.5.4, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.4; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.3] — 2026-10-06
+
+- 2026-10-06: Version 0.5.3, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.3; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.2] — 2026-10-06
+
+- 2026-10-06: Version 0.5.2, the tree cut that matches skill 0.5.2; this gem's surface is unchanged.
+
+## [0.5.0] — 2026-09-26
+
+### Changed
+
+- CI now installs argon2-cffi, so the `:parity` examples run instead of pending; the gemspec says so rather than implying nothing checks the two implementations.
+- The gemspec stops saying the `rake parity` check is «included» and «enforced»: the Rakefile is not packaged and nothing runs the task.
+- The gemspec stops claiming kiosk-reputation uses this backend; a host must register it, and nothing here does outside kiosk-server's specs.
+- README: every `gem` line in the install section now carries `github: "kiosk-hq/kiosk"`, so a copied line resolves before publication; the banner above them states what the block does rather than asking the reader to add it.
+
+### Added
+
+- `Kiosk::Pow::NAME = "argon2id"` — algorithm name for challenge wire format.
+- `Kiosk::Pow.params(d:, m: 65_536, t: 1, p: 1)` — build challenge params for a difficulty tier.
+- `Kiosk::Pow.digest(salt:, params:, nonce:)` — one raw Argon2id eval (32 bytes).  Calls `Argon2::Ext.argon2id_hash_raw` directly (bypasses the high-level `m_cost` exponent API) for exact KiB control and version-0x13 determinism.
+- `Kiosk::Pow.verify(salt:, params:, nonce:)` — one eval + leading-zero-bits check; exactly one Argon2id evaluation, no loop.
+- `Kiosk::Pow.leading_zero_bits(bytes)` — counts leading zero bits spanning bytes; a nonce is valid iff this count over its digest is >= `params[:d]`.
+- `solve.py` — Python client solver (argon2-cffi); reads challenge JSON from arg/stdin, loops nonces, prints `{"nonce": "<n>"}`.  Runnable in an assistant sandbox.
+- `requirements.txt` — `argon2-cffi` (the only Python dependency).
+- `Rakefile` `parity` task — cross-implementation parity proof: Ruby digest == Python digest (hex-equal) for fixed inputs; end-to-end: `solve.py` nonce accepted by Ruby `verify`.
+- RSpec suite: `leading_zero_bits` on known byte patterns; `params` shape; `verify` true/false for found/wrong nonce; known-answer determinism vector; `parity`-tagged specs that shell out to Python.

data/LICENSE.txt

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data/README.md

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+# kiosk-pow
+
+The base of the proof-of-work backends of the [Kiosk](https://kiosk.tech) framework.
+
+A backend verifies one proof of work for one algorithm. kiosk-pow holds the code
+that the backends share:
+
+- `Kiosk::Pow::Blake2b.digest256(input)` returns the BLAKE2b-256 digest of
+  `input` (RFC 7693, no key, 32 raw bytes). It is pure Ruby. Its spec compares it
+  with Python's `hashlib.blake2b(data, digest_size=32)`, on inputs at both sides
+  of the 128-byte block.
+- `Kiosk::Pow.param(hash, key)` reads one key of a wire object. Parsed JSON has
+  String keys and Ruby callers use Symbols; it reads both.
+
+kiosk-pow is pure Ruby. It has no runtime dependencies, and it does not need
+`kiosk-core` or Rails.
+
+## The backends
+
+| Gem | `alg` | Status |
+|-----|-------|--------|
+| `kiosk-pow-equihash` | `equihash` | The shipped default. Registers itself in a Rails app. |
+| `kiosk-pow-cuckoo` | `cuckatoo` | Opt-in. The host registers it. |
+| `kiosk-pow-argon2id` | `argon2id` | Legacy. The host registers it. |
+
+`kiosk-reputation` holds the registry. It mints and signs each challenge, and it
+checks the signature and the expiry before it calls a backend.
+
+## How to add a backend
+
+A backend is a Ruby module. It verifies one proof against one challenge.
+`kiosk-reputation` does all the other work.
+
+### 1. Make the gem
+
+Name the gem `kiosk-pow-<algorithm>`. Make it depend on `kiosk-pow`:
+
+```ruby
+spec.add_dependency 'kiosk-pow', '~> 0.5.0'
+```
+
+### 2. Define the module
+
+Require `kiosk/pow`. Define the module under `Kiosk::Pow`:
+
+```ruby
+require 'kiosk/pow'
+
+module Kiosk
+  module Pow
+    module Example
+      NAME = 'example'
+
+      def self.params(bits: 20) = { bits: }
+
+      def self.verify(salt:, params:, nonce:)
+        bits  = Integer(Pow.param(params, :bits))
+        value = Pow.param(nonce, :value)
+        return false unless value.is_a?(Integer) && value.between?(0, (1 << 64) - 1)
+
+        digest = Blake2b.digest256(salt + [value].pack('Q<'))
+        digest.unpack1('B*').start_with?('0' * bits)
+      rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+        false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### 3. Give the module these members
+
+| Member | Required | What it does |
+|--------|----------|--------------|
+| `NAME` | Yes | The `alg` string of the wire challenge. |
+| `.params(**)` | Yes | Returns the `params` Hash of a challenge. The host calls it when it writes its policy. |
+| `.verify(salt:, params:, nonce:)` | Yes | Returns `true` when `nonce` is a valid proof for `salt` and `params`. Returns `false` for all other input. |
+| `.valid_params?(params)` | No | Returns `false` when no proof can verify at `params`. `kiosk-server`'s PoW toll calls it through `Kiosk::Reputation::Backends.valid_params?` before it mints a challenge. A wrong configuration then fails at once. |
+
+### 4. Read the inputs of `.verify` correctly
+
+- `salt` is raw bytes. `kiosk-reputation` decodes the base64 of the wire.
+- `params` is the signed `params` of the challenge, with Symbol keys.
+- `nonce` is the `nonce` of the proof, as the `Kiosk-PoW` header carries it. It
+  is parsed JSON, so its keys are Strings. Read it with `Kiosk::Pow.param`.
+- Each key and each value of `params` must not contain `|`, `,` or `=`. These
+  characters separate the fields of the signed string, and `kiosk-reputation`
+  refuses such a challenge.
+
+### 5. Make a wrong proof cheap to refuse
+
+`.verify` runs before authentication on `POST /kiosk/auth/register`. Anyone can
+send it a proof. So:
+
+- Check the shape and the bounds of the proof first. Compute hashes last.
+- Return `false` at the first check that fails.
+- Do not raise an exception for any input. Return `false`.
+- Keep the memory and the time of one verify small.
+
+### 6. Hash with the shared BLAKE2b
+
+When the algorithm uses BLAKE2b-256, call `Kiosk::Pow::Blake2b.digest256`. Do not
+add a second BLAKE2b implementation.
+
+### 7. Register the backend
+
+Register the module under its `NAME`:
+
+```ruby
+Kiosk::Reputation::Backends.register(Kiosk::Pow::Example::NAME, Kiosk::Pow::Example)
+```
+
+A Rails app can do this at boot. `kiosk-pow-equihash` does it with a Railtie:
+
+```ruby
+class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
+  initializer 'kiosk_pow_example.register_backend' do
+    require 'kiosk/reputation/backends'
+    Kiosk::Reputation::Backends.register(NAME, Example)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The policy then names the algorithm in each challenge:
+`{ alg: 'example', params: Kiosk::Pow::Example.params }`.
+
+### 8. Tell the assistants how to solve it
+
+The specification lets an operator serve an `alg` that it does not define. The
+backend brings its own `nonce` encoding. The Kiosk skill teaches assistants to
+solve Equihash only. If you serve another `alg`, give the assistants a solver and
+tell them the `nonce` encoding yourself.
+
+### 9. Test the backend
+
+- Write known-answer tests at the parameters that you ship. A test at small
+  parameters only does not prove the shipped parameters.
+- Take one known answer from an independent implementation.
+- When you ship a solver, run it in a test and verify its proof in Ruby.
+- Test that each malformed proof returns `false` and does not raise.
+
+## Installation
+
+> **Not on RubyGems yet** — so every `gem` line below carries `github: "kiosk-hq/kiosk"`, which is what makes it copy-pasteable today. Publication status and the canonical install are stated once, in the monorepo README's [Install](https://github.com/kiosk-hq/kiosk#install) section.
+
+A backend gem brings `kiosk-pow` with it. Add it yourself only when you write a
+backend in your own app:
+
+```ruby
+gem "kiosk-pow", github: "kiosk-hq/kiosk"
+```
+
+## License
+
+Apache-2.0. See [LICENSE.txt](LICENSE.txt).

data/lib/kiosk/pow/blake2b.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Kiosk
+  module Pow
+    # BLAKE2b-256 (RFC 7693): unkeyed, 32-byte digest. Pure Ruby, so the gem
+    # has no dependencies. Every backend that hashes with BLAKE2b calls this one.
+    module Blake2b
+      MASK64 = (1 << 64) - 1
+      BLOCK_BYTES = 128
+
+      # Parameter block word 0: outlen=32, keylen=0, fanout=1, depth=1.
+      PARAM_BLOCK = 0x0000_0000_0101_0020
+
+      IV = [
+        0x6a09e667f3bcc908, 0xbb67ae8584caa73b,
+        0x3c6ef372fe94f82b, 0xa54ff53a5f1d36f1,
+        0x510e527fade682d1, 0x9b05688c2b3e6c1f,
+        0x1f83d9abfb41bd6b, 0x5be0cd19137e2179
+      ].freeze
+
+      SIGMA = [
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
+        [14, 10, 4, 8, 9, 15, 13, 6, 1, 12, 0, 2, 11, 7, 5, 3],
+        [11, 8, 12, 0, 5, 2, 15, 13, 10, 14, 3, 6, 7, 1, 9, 4],
+        [7, 9, 3, 1, 13, 12, 11, 14, 2, 6, 5, 10, 4, 0, 15, 8],
+        [9, 0, 5, 7, 2, 4, 10, 15, 14, 1, 11, 12, 6, 8, 3, 13],
+        [2, 12, 6, 10, 0, 11, 8, 3, 4, 13, 7, 5, 15, 14, 1, 9],
+        [12, 5, 1, 15, 14, 13, 4, 10, 0, 7, 6, 3, 9, 2, 8, 11],
+        [13, 11, 7, 14, 12, 1, 3, 9, 5, 0, 15, 4, 8, 6, 2, 10],
+        [6, 15, 14, 9, 11, 3, 0, 8, 12, 2, 13, 7, 1, 4, 10, 5],
+        [10, 2, 8, 4, 7, 6, 1, 5, 15, 11, 9, 14, 3, 12, 13, 0]
+      ].freeze
+
+      # The lanes [a, b, c, d] of the eight G calls in one round: four columns, then four diagonals.
+      ROUND_LANES = [
+        [0, 4, 8, 12], [1, 5, 9, 13], [2, 6, 10, 14], [3, 7, 11, 15],
+        [0, 5, 10, 15], [1, 6, 11, 12], [2, 7, 8, 13], [3, 4, 9, 14]
+      ].freeze
+
+      private_constant :MASK64, :BLOCK_BYTES, :PARAM_BLOCK, :IV, :SIGMA, :ROUND_LANES
+
+      def self.digest256(input)
+        data  = input.b
+        chain = IV.dup
+        chain[0] ^= PARAM_BLOCK
+        blocks(data).each { |words, counter, last| compress(chain, words, counter, last) }
+        chain[0, 4].pack('Q<4')
+      end
+
+      # Each message block as [16 words, byte counter, last?]. An empty input is one zero block.
+      def self.blocks(data)
+        return [[[0] * 16, 0, true]] if data.empty?
+
+        count = (data.bytesize + BLOCK_BYTES - 1) / BLOCK_BYTES
+        Array.new(count) do |index|
+          last    = index == count - 1
+          offset  = index * BLOCK_BYTES
+          counter = last ? data.bytesize : offset + BLOCK_BYTES
+          [data.byteslice(offset, BLOCK_BYTES).ljust(BLOCK_BYTES, "\x00").unpack('Q<16'), counter, last]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.compress(chain, words, counter, last)
+        work = chain + IV
+        work[12] ^= counter & MASK64
+        work[14] ^= MASK64 if last
+        12.times { |round| mix_round(work, words, SIGMA[round % 10]) }
+        8.times { |i| chain[i] ^= work[i] ^ work[i + 8] }
+      end
+
+      def self.mix_round(work, words, sigma)
+        ROUND_LANES.each_with_index do |lanes, i|
+          mix(work, lanes, words[sigma[2 * i]], 32, 24)
+          mix(work, lanes, words[sigma[(2 * i) + 1]], 16, 63)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # One half of the G function: add a message word, then two add-xor-rotate steps.
+      def self.mix(work, lanes, word, rotate_d, rotate_b)
+        a, b, c, d = lanes
+        add(work, a, b, word)
+        xor_rotate(work, d, a, rotate_d)
+        add(work, c, d, 0)
+        xor_rotate(work, b, c, rotate_b)
+      end
+
+      def self.add(work, dst, src, word)
+        work[dst] = (work[dst] + work[src] + word) & MASK64
+      end
+
+      def self.xor_rotate(work, dst, src, bits)
+        work[dst] = rotr64(work[dst] ^ work[src], bits)
+      end
+
+      def self.rotr64(word, bits) = ((word >> bits) | (word << (64 - bits))) & MASK64
+
+      private_class_method :blocks, :compress, :mix_round, :mix, :add, :xor_rotate, :rotr64
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/kiosk/pow/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Kiosk
+  module Pow
+    VERSION = '0.5.20'
+  end
+end

data/lib/kiosk/pow.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'pow/version'
+require_relative 'pow/blake2b'
+
+module Kiosk
+  # The base of every Kiosk proof-of-work backend. A backend is a module under
+  # Kiosk::Pow that defines NAME, .params and .verify(salt:, params:, nonce:),
+  # and can define .valid_params?. kiosk-reputation finds it by its NAME.
+  # README.md, "How to add a backend", gives the steps.
+  module Pow
+    # One key of a wire object. Parsed JSON has String keys; Ruby callers use Symbols.
+    def self.param(hash, key) = hash[key] || hash[key.to_s]
+  end
+end

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: kiosk-pow
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 0.5.20
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- Phil Pirozhkov
+bindir: bin
+cert_chain: []
+date: 1980-01-02 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies: []
+description: |
+  kiosk-pow is the base of every Kiosk proof-of-work backend:
+  kiosk-pow-equihash (the shipped default), kiosk-pow-cuckoo and
+  kiosk-pow-argon2id. It holds the one pure-Ruby BLAKE2b-256 that the
+  backends hash with, and the reader for wire parameters. Its README tells
+  how to add a backend.
+
+  Pure Ruby, no runtime dependencies. Does not depend on kiosk-core or Rails.
+email:
+- hello@fili.pp.ru
+executables: []
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+files:
+- CHANGELOG.md
+- LICENSE.txt
+- README.md
+- lib/kiosk/pow.rb
+- lib/kiosk/pow/blake2b.rb
+- lib/kiosk/pow/version.rb
+homepage: https://kiosk.tech
+licenses:
+- Apache-2.0
+metadata:
+  homepage_uri: https://kiosk.tech
+  source_code_uri: https://github.com/kiosk-hq/kiosk
+  changelog_uri: https://github.com/kiosk-hq/kiosk/blob/main/kiosk-pow/CHANGELOG.md
+  bug_tracker_uri: https://github.com/kiosk-hq/kiosk/issues
+  rubygems_mfa_required: 'true'
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '4.0'
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+requirements: []
+rubygems_version: 4.0.3
+specification_version: 4
+summary: 'The base of the Kiosk proof-of-work backends: BLAKE2b-256 and the backend
+  contract'
+test_files: []