kbs 0.0.1 → 0.2.0

data/docs/guides/blackboard-memory.md

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+# Blackboard Memory
+
+The blackboard pattern enables multiple agents to collaborate through a shared persistent workspace. This guide covers using KBS's blackboard memory for multi-agent systems, audit trails, and persistent knowledge bases.
+
+## What is Blackboard Memory?
+
+The blackboard architecture consists of three components:
+
+1. **Blackboard** (`KBS::Blackboard::Memory`) - Central shared workspace
+2. **Knowledge Sources** (Agents) - Independent specialists that read/write facts
+3. **Control** (Rules + Priority) - Determines which agent acts when
+
+![Blackboard Architecture](../assets/images/blackboard-architecture.svg)
+
+*KBS uses the blackboard pattern for persistent, multi-agent reasoning with complete audit trails.*
+
+## Basic Usage
+
+### Creating a Blackboard Engine
+
+```ruby
+require 'kbs'
+
+# With SQLite (default)
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+kb = KBS.knowledge_base(engine: engine) do
+  # Facts persist across restarts
+  fact :sensor, id: "bedroom", temp: 28
+end
+
+kb.close
+
+# Next run
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+kb = KBS.knowledge_base(engine: engine)
+puts kb.engine.facts.size  # => 1
+```
+
+### Blackboard vs Regular Engine
+
+```ruby
+# Regular engine (transient)
+kb_regular = KBS.knowledge_base do
+  fact :foo, bar: 1
+end
+# Lost on exit
+
+# Blackboard engine (persistent)
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+kb_blackboard = KBS.knowledge_base(engine: engine) do
+  fact :foo, bar: 1
+end
+kb_blackboard.close
+# Persisted to database
+```
+
+## Persistent Facts
+
+### Fact Lifecycle
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+# Create fact
+fact = engine.add_fact(:sensor, id: "bedroom", temp: 28)
+
+# Fact has UUID
+puts fact.id  # => "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
+
+# Update fact
+engine.update_fact(fact.id, temp: 30)
+
+# Query fact history
+history = engine.fact_history(fact.id)
+history.each do |entry|
+  puts "#{entry[:timestamp]}: #{entry[:operation]} - #{entry[:attributes]}"
+end
+
+# Delete fact
+engine.delete_fact(fact.id)
+```
+
+### Fact Attributes
+
+Blackboard facts support the same interface as regular facts:
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+fact = engine.add_fact(:stock, symbol: "AAPL", price: 150)
+
+# Access
+fact.type           # => :stock
+fact[:symbol]       # => "AAPL"
+fact.attributes     # => { symbol: "AAPL", price: 150 }
+fact.id             # => UUID string
+
+# Metadata
+fact.created_at     # => Time object
+fact.updated_at     # => Time object
+```
+
+## Message Queue
+
+The blackboard includes a priority-based message queue for agent communication:
+
+### Sending Messages
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+# Add message to queue
+engine.send_message(:alerts, "High temperature detected", priority: 10)
+engine.send_message(:alerts, "Critical failure", priority: 100)  # Higher priority
+```
+
+### Receiving Messages
+
+```ruby
+# Pop highest priority message
+msg = engine.pop_message(:alerts)
+puts msg[:content]   # => "Critical failure"
+puts msg[:priority]  # => 100
+
+# Process all messages
+while (msg = engine.pop_message(:alerts))
+  process_alert(msg[:content])
+end
+```
+
+### Message Topics
+
+Organize messages by topic:
+
+```ruby
+# Different topics for different concerns
+engine.send_message(:sensor_alerts, "Temp spike", priority: 50)
+engine.send_message(:system_events, "Startup complete", priority: 10)
+engine.send_message(:user_notifications, "Welcome!", priority: 1)
+
+# Agents process their own topics
+sensor_agent_msg = engine.pop_message(:sensor_alerts)
+system_msg = engine.pop_message(:system_events)
+user_msg = engine.pop_message(:user_notifications)
+```
+
+## Audit Trail
+
+Blackboard automatically logs all changes:
+
+### Fact Audit Log
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+# Add fact
+fact = engine.add_fact(:order, id: 1, status: "pending")
+
+# Update fact
+engine.update_fact(fact.id, status: "processing")
+
+# Delete fact
+engine.delete_fact(fact.id)
+
+# Query audit trail
+history = engine.fact_history(fact.id)
+history.each do |entry|
+  puts "#{entry[:timestamp]}: #{entry[:operation]}"
+  puts "  Attributes: #{entry[:attributes]}"
+end
+
+# Output:
+# 2025-01-15 10:00:00: add
+#   Attributes: {id: 1, status: "pending"}
+# 2025-01-15 10:01:00: update
+#   Attributes: {id: 1, status: "processing"}
+# 2025-01-15 10:02:00: delete
+#   Attributes: {id: 1, status: "processing"}
+```
+
+### Rule Firing Log
+
+```ruby
+# Enable rule firing audit
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(
+  db_path: 'kb.db',
+  audit_rules: true
+)
+
+kb = KBS.knowledge_base(engine: engine) do
+  rule "my_rule" do
+    on :trigger, {}
+    perform { }
+  end
+
+  fact :trigger, {}
+  run
+end
+
+# Query rule firings
+firings = engine.rule_firings(rule_name: "my_rule")
+firings.each do |firing|
+  puts "Rule '#{firing[:rule_name]}' fired at #{firing[:timestamp]}"
+  puts "  Facts: #{firing[:fact_ids]}"
+  puts "  Bindings: #{firing[:bindings]}"
+end
+```
+
+## Multi-Agent Systems
+
+### Agent Pattern
+
+```ruby
+class Agent
+  def initialize(name, engine)
+    @name = name
+    @engine = engine
+  end
+
+  def observe
+    # Read facts from blackboard
+    @engine.facts.select { |f| relevant?(f) }
+  end
+
+  def decide(observations)
+    # Apply agent's expertise
+    # Return action or nil
+  end
+
+  def act(action)
+    # Write facts to blackboard
+    # Send messages to other agents
+  end
+
+  def run
+    observations = observe
+    action = decide(observations)
+    act(action) if action
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Example: Trading System
+
+```ruby
+class MarketDataAgent < Agent
+  def run
+    # Fetch market data
+    data = fetch_market_data()
+
+    # Post to blackboard
+    @engine.add_fact(:market_data, {
+      symbol: data[:symbol],
+      price: data[:price],
+      volume: data[:volume],
+      timestamp: Time.now
+    })
+  end
+end
+
+class TradingAgent < Agent
+  def run
+    # Observe market data
+    market_facts = @engine.facts.select { |f| f.type == :market_data }
+
+    market_facts.each do |fact|
+      # Apply trading strategy
+      if buy_signal?(fact)
+        @engine.add_fact(:order, {
+          symbol: fact[:symbol],
+          type: "buy",
+          quantity: calculate_quantity(fact),
+          price: fact[:price]
+        })
+
+        @engine.send_message(:execution, "New buy order", priority: 50)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def buy_signal?(fact)
+    # Agent's expertise
+    fact[:price] < moving_average(fact[:symbol]) * 0.95
+  end
+end
+
+class ExecutionAgent < Agent
+  def run
+    # Check for execution messages
+    while (msg = @engine.pop_message(:execution))
+      # Find pending orders
+      orders = @engine.facts.select { |f|
+        f.type == :order && !f[:executed]
+      }
+
+      orders.each do |order|
+        execute_order(order)
+
+        # Update fact
+        @engine.update_fact(order.id, executed: true)
+
+        # Notify
+        @engine.send_message(:notifications, "Order executed", priority: 10)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Run agents in loop
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'trading.db')
+
+market_agent = MarketDataAgent.new("Market", engine)
+trading_agent = TradingAgent.new("Trading", engine)
+execution_agent = ExecutionAgent.new("Execution", engine)
+
+loop do
+  market_agent.run      # Fetch data → blackboard
+  trading_agent.run     # Analyze → create orders
+  execution_agent.run   # Execute orders
+  sleep 1
+end
+```
+
+## Transactions
+
+Blackboard supports ACID transactions (SQLite backend):
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+# Transaction succeeds
+engine.transaction do
+  engine.add_fact(:account, id: 1, balance: 1000)
+  engine.add_fact(:account, id: 2, balance: 500)
+end
+# Both facts committed
+
+# Transaction fails
+begin
+  engine.transaction do
+    engine.add_fact(:account, id: 3, balance: 100)
+    raise "Error!"
+    engine.add_fact(:account, id: 4, balance: 200)  # Never reached
+  end
+rescue => e
+  puts "Transaction rolled back"
+end
+# No facts committed
+```
+
+## Observers
+
+Monitor blackboard changes in real-time:
+
+```ruby
+class FactObserver
+  def update(operation, fact)
+    case operation
+    when :add
+      puts "Fact added: #{fact.type} - #{fact.attributes}"
+    when :remove
+      puts "Fact removed: #{fact.type} - #{fact.attributes}"
+    when :update
+      puts "Fact updated: #{fact.type} - #{fact.attributes}"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+observer = FactObserver.new
+engine.memory.add_observer(observer)
+
+engine.add_fact(:sensor, temp: 28)
+# Output: Fact added: sensor - {:temp=>28}
+```
+
+## Performance Tuning
+
+### SQLite Optimization
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(
+  db_path: 'kb.db',
+  journal_mode: 'WAL',       # Write-Ahead Logging
+  synchronous: 'NORMAL',     # Balance durability/speed
+  cache_size: -64000,        # 64MB cache
+  busy_timeout: 5000         # Wait 5s for locks
+)
+```
+
+### Redis for Speed
+
+```ruby
+require 'kbs/blackboard/persistence/redis_store'
+
+store = KBS::Blackboard::Persistence::RedisStore.new(
+  url: 'redis://localhost:6379/0'
+)
+
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(store: store)
+
+# 10-100x faster than SQLite
+# Perfect for high-frequency updates
+```
+
+### Hybrid for Production
+
+```ruby
+require 'kbs/blackboard/persistence/hybrid_store'
+
+store = KBS::Blackboard::Persistence::HybridStore.new(
+  redis_url: 'redis://localhost:6379/0',
+  db_path: 'audit.db'
+)
+
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(store: store)
+
+# Fast access (Redis) + durable audit (SQLite)
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### 1. Use UUIDs for Fact References
+
+```ruby
+# Good: Store fact UUID
+order_id = engine.add_fact(:order, { ... }).id
+engine.add_fact(:payment, order_id: order_id)
+
+# Bad: Use attribute as reference
+engine.add_fact(:order, id: 1)
+engine.add_fact(:payment, order_id: 1)  # Fragile
+```
+
+### 2. Namespace Facts by Agent
+
+```ruby
+# Good: Clear ownership
+engine.add_fact(:market_agent_data, { ... })
+engine.add_fact(:trading_agent_signal, { ... })
+
+# Bad: Generic names
+engine.add_fact(:data, { ... })
+engine.add_fact(:signal, { ... })
+```
+
+### 3. Use Messages for Coordination
+
+```ruby
+# Good: Explicit coordination
+engine.send_message(:execution_queue, "Process order #123", priority: 50)
+
+# Bad: Polling facts
+loop do
+  orders = engine.facts.select { |f| f.type == :pending_order }
+  # Inefficient
+end
+```
+
+### 4. Clean Up Old Facts
+
+```ruby
+# Remove stale data
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+kb = KBS.knowledge_base(engine: engine) do
+  rule "cleanup_old_facts", priority: 1 do
+    on :market_data,
+      timestamp: :time?,
+      predicate: lambda { |f|
+        (Time.now - f[:timestamp]) > 3600  # 1 hour old
+      }
+
+    perform do |facts, bindings|
+      engine.remove_fact(facts[0])
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### 5. Use Transactions for Multi-Fact Updates
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+# Good: Atomic updates
+engine.transaction do
+  engine.update_fact(account1_id, balance: new_balance1)
+  engine.update_fact(account2_id, balance: new_balance2)
+end
+
+# Bad: Separate updates (not atomic)
+engine.update_fact(account1_id, balance: new_balance1)
+engine.update_fact(account2_id, balance: new_balance2)
+```
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Leader Election
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+kb = KBS.knowledge_base(engine: engine) do
+  # Agent attempts to become leader
+  rule "become_leader" do
+    on :agent, name: :name?
+    without :leader, {}
+
+    perform do |facts, bindings|
+      fact :leader, name: bindings[:name?]
+      puts "#{bindings[:name?]} is now leader"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Distributed Locking
+
+```ruby
+# Acquire lock
+def acquire_lock(engine, resource_id, agent_id)
+  engine.transaction do
+    lock = engine.facts.find { |f|
+      f.type == :lock && f[:resource_id] == resource_id
+    }
+
+    if lock.nil?
+      engine.add_fact(:lock, {
+        resource_id: resource_id,
+        owner: agent_id,
+        acquired_at: Time.now
+      })
+      true
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Release lock
+def release_lock(engine, resource_id, agent_id)
+  lock = engine.facts.find { |f|
+    f.type == :lock &&
+    f[:resource_id] == resource_id &&
+    f[:owner] == agent_id
+  }
+
+  engine.remove_fact(lock) if lock
+end
+```
+
+### Event Sourcing
+
+```ruby
+engine = KBS::Blackboard::Engine.new(db_path: 'kb.db')
+
+# Store events as facts
+engine.add_fact(:event, {
+  type: "order_created",
+  aggregate_id: "order-123",
+  data: { item: "Widget", quantity: 5 },
+  timestamp: Time.now
+})
+
+# Reconstruct state from events
+def rebuild_order(engine, order_id)
+  events = engine.facts
+    .select { |f| f.type == :event && f[:aggregate_id] == order_id }
+    .sort_by { |f| f[:timestamp] }
+
+  state = {}
+  events.each do |event|
+    apply_event(state, event)
+  end
+  state
+end
+```
+
+## Next Steps
+
+- **[Persistence](persistence.md)** - Storage backend options
+- **[Architecture](../architecture/blackboard.md)** - Blackboard implementation details
+- **[Blackboard Examples](../examples/index.md#advanced-features)** - Complete multi-agent and blackboard systems
+- **[API Reference](../api/blackboard.md)** - Complete blackboard API
+
+---
+
+*The blackboard pattern enables emergent intelligence through agent collaboration. Each agent contributes expertise to solve problems no single agent could solve alone.*