jwt 1.5.6 → 2.7.0

data/README.md

@@ -1,24 +1,33 @@
 # JWT
 
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/jwt/ruby-jwt.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/jwt/ruby-jwt)
+[![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/jwt.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/rb/jwt)
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwt/workflows/test/badge.svg?branch=main)](https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwt/actions)
 [![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/jwt/ruby-jwt/badges/gpa.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/jwt/ruby-jwt)
 [![Test Coverage](https://codeclimate.com/github/jwt/ruby-jwt/badges/coverage.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/jwt/ruby-jwt/coverage)
 [![Issue Count](https://codeclimate.com/github/jwt/ruby-jwt/badges/issue_count.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/jwt/ruby-jwt)
 
-A pure ruby implementation of the [RFC 7519 OAuth JSON Web Token (JWT)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519) standard.
+A ruby implementation of the [RFC 7519 OAuth JSON Web Token (JWT)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519) standard.
 
-If you have further questions releated to development or usage, join us: [ruby-jwt google group](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/ruby-jwt).
+If you have further questions related to development or usage, join us: [ruby-jwt google group](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/ruby-jwt).
 
 ## Announcements
-
-* Ruby 1.9.3 support will be dropped by December 31st, 2016.
+* Ruby 2.4 support was dropped in version 2.4.0
+* Ruby 1.9.3 support was dropped at December 31st, 2016.
 * Version 1.5.3 yanked. See: [#132](https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwt/issues/132) and [#133](https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwt/issues/133)
 
+See [CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md) for a complete set of changes.
+
+## Sponsors
+
+|Logo|Message|
+|-|-|
+|![auth0 logo](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/83319/31722733-de95bbde-b3ea-11e7-96bf-4f4e8f915588.png)|If you want to quickly add secure token-based authentication to Ruby projects, feel free to check Auth0's Ruby SDK and free plan at [auth0.com/developers](https://auth0.com/developers?utm_source=GHsponsor&utm_medium=GHsponsor&utm_campaign=rubyjwt&utm_content=auth)|
+
 ## Installing
 
 ### Using Rubygems:
 ```bash
-sudo gem install jwt
+gem install jwt
 ```
 
 ### Using Bundler:
@@ -30,23 +39,23 @@ And run `bundle install`
 
 ## Algorithms and Usage
 
-The JWT spec supports NONE, HMAC, RSASSA, ECDSA and RSASSA-PSS algorithms for cryptographic signing. Currently the jwt gem supports NONE, HMAC, RSASSA and ECDSA. If you are using cryptographic signing, you need to specify the algorithm in the options hash whenever you call JWT.decode to ensure that an attacker [cannot bypass the algorithm verification step](https://auth0.com/blog/2015/03/31/critical-vulnerabilities-in-json-web-token-libraries/).
+The JWT spec supports NONE, HMAC, RSASSA, ECDSA and RSASSA-PSS algorithms for cryptographic signing. Currently the jwt gem supports NONE, HMAC, RSASSA and ECDSA. If you are using cryptographic signing, you need to specify the algorithm in the options hash whenever you call JWT.decode to ensure that an attacker [cannot bypass the algorithm verification step](https://auth0.com/blog/critical-vulnerabilities-in-json-web-token-libraries/). **It is strongly recommended that you hard code the algorithm, as you may leave yourself vulnerable by dynamically picking the algorithm**
 
 See: [ JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) 3.1. "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter Values for JWS](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7518#section-3.1)
 
-**NONE**
+### **NONE**
 
 * none - unsigned token
 
 ```ruby
 require 'jwt'
 
-payload = {:data => 'test'}
+payload = { data: 'test' }
 
 # IMPORTANT: set nil as password parameter
 token = JWT.encode payload, nil, 'none'
 
-# eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.
+# eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.
 puts token
 
 # Set password to nil and validation to false otherwise this won't work
@@ -55,36 +64,44 @@ decoded_token = JWT.decode token, nil, false
 # Array
 # [
 #   {"data"=>"test"}, # payload
-#   {"typ"=>"JWT", "alg"=>"none"} # header
+#   {"alg"=>"none"} # header
 # ]
 puts decoded_token
 ```
 
-**HMAC** (default: HS256)
+### **HMAC**
 
-* HS256 - HMAC using SHA-256 hash algorithm (default)
+* HS256 - HMAC using SHA-256 hash algorithm
+* HS512256 - HMAC using SHA-512-256 hash algorithm (only available with RbNaCl; see note below)
 * HS384 - HMAC using SHA-384 hash algorithm
 * HS512 - HMAC using SHA-512 hash algorithm
 
 ```ruby
+# The secret must be a string. With OpenSSL 3.0/openssl gem `<3.0.1`, JWT::DecodeError will be raised if it isn't provided.
 hmac_secret = 'my$ecretK3y'
 
 token = JWT.encode payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
-# eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.ZxW8go9hz3ETCSfxFxpwSkYg_602gOPKearsf6DsxgY
+# eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.pNIWIL34Jo13LViZAJACzK6Yf0qnvT_BuwOxiMCPE-Y
 puts token
 
-decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { algorithm: 'HS256' }
 
 # Array
 # [
 #   {"data"=>"test"}, # payload
-#   {"typ"=>"JWT", "alg"=>"HS256"} # header
+#   {"alg"=>"HS256"} # header
 # ]
 puts decoded_token
 ```
 
-**RSA**
+Note: If [RbNaCl](https://github.com/RubyCrypto/rbnacl) is loadable, ruby-jwt will use it for HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA512-256, and HMAC-SHA512. RbNaCl prior to 6.0.0 only support a maximum key size of 32 bytes for these algorithms.
+
+[RbNaCl](https://github.com/RubyCrypto/rbnacl) requires
+[libsodium](https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium), it can be installed
+on MacOS with `brew install libsodium`.
+
+### **RSA**
 
 * RS256 - RSA using SHA-256 hash algorithm
 * RS384 - RSA using SHA-384 hash algorithm
@@ -96,49 +113,130 @@ rsa_public = rsa_private.public_key
 
 token = JWT.encode payload, rsa_private, 'RS256'
 
-# eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJ0ZXN0IjoiZGF0YSJ9.c2FynXNyi6_PeKxrDGxfS3OLwQ8lTDbWBWdq7oMviCy2ZfFpzvW2E_odCWJrbLof-eplHCsKzW7MGAntHMALXgclm_Cs9i2Exi6BZHzpr9suYkrhIjwqV1tCgMBCQpdeMwIq6SyKVjgH3L51ivIt0-GDDPDH1Rcut3jRQzp3Q35bg3tcI2iVg7t3Msvl9QrxXAdYNFiS5KXH22aJZ8X_O2HgqVYBXfSB1ygTYUmKTIIyLbntPQ7R22rFko1knGWOgQCoYXwbtpuKRZVFrxX958L2gUWgb4jEQNf3fhOtkBm1mJpj-7BGst00o8g_3P2zHy-3aKgpPo1XlKQGjRrrxA
+# eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.GplO4w1spRgvEJQ3-FOtZr-uC8L45Jt7SN0J4woBnEXG_OZBSNcZjAJWpjadVYEe2ev3oUBFDYM1N_-0BTVeFGGYvMewu8E6aMjSZvOpf1cZBew-Vt4poSq7goG2YRI_zNPt3af2lkPqXD796IKC5URrEvcgF5xFQ-6h07XRDpSRx1ECrNsUOt7UM3l1IB4doY11GzwQA5sHDTmUZ0-kBT76ZMf12Srg_N3hZwphxBtudYtN5VGZn420sVrQMdPE_7Ni3EiWT88j7WCr1xrF60l8sZT3yKCVleG7D2BEXacTntB7GktBv4Xo8OKnpwpqTpIlC05dMowMkz3rEAAYbQ
 puts token
 
-decoded_token = JWT.decode token, rsa_public, true, { :algorithm => 'RS256' }
+decoded_token = JWT.decode token, rsa_public, true, { algorithm: 'RS256' }
 
 # Array
 # [
 #   {"data"=>"test"}, # payload
-#   {"typ"=>"JWT", "alg"=>"RS256"} # header
+#   {"alg"=>"RS256"} # header
 # ]
 puts decoded_token
 ```
 
-**ECDSA**
+### **ECDSA**
 
 * ES256 - ECDSA using P-256 and SHA-256
 * ES384 - ECDSA using P-384 and SHA-384
 * ES512 - ECDSA using P-521 and SHA-512
+* ES256K - ECDSA using P-256K and SHA-256
 
 ```ruby
-ecdsa_key = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new 'prime256v1'
-ecdsa_key.generate_key
-ecdsa_public = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.new ecdsa_key
-ecdsa_public.private_key = nil
+ecdsa_key = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.generate('prime256v1')
 
 token = JWT.encode payload, ecdsa_key, 'ES256'
 
-# eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJ0ZXN0IjoiZGF0YSJ9.MEQCIAtShrxRwP1L9SapqaT4f7hajDJH4t_rfm-YlZcNDsBNAiB64M4-JRfyS8nRMlywtQ9lHbvvec9U54KznzOe1YxTyA
+# eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.AlLW--kaF7EX1NMX9WJRuIW8NeRJbn2BLXHns7Q5TZr7Hy3lF6MOpMlp7GoxBFRLISQ6KrD0CJOrR8aogEsPeg
 puts token
 
-decoded_token = JWT.decode token, ecdsa_public, true, { :algorithm => 'ES256' }
+decoded_token = JWT.decode token, ecdsa_key, true, { algorithm: 'ES256' }
 
 # Array
 # [
 #    {"test"=>"data"}, # payload
-#    {"typ"=>"JWT", "alg"=>"ES256"} # header
+#    {"alg"=>"ES256"} # header
 # ]
 puts decoded_token
 ```
 
-**RSASSA-PSS**
+### **EDDSA**
+
+In order to use this algorithm you need to add the `RbNaCl` gem to you `Gemfile`.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rbnacl'
+```
 
-Not implemented.
+For more detailed installation instruction check the official [repository](https://github.com/RubyCrypto/rbnacl) on GitHub.
+
+* ED25519
+
+```ruby
+private_key = RbNaCl::Signatures::Ed25519::SigningKey.new('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEF')
+public_key = private_key.verify_key
+token = JWT.encode payload, private_key, 'ED25519'
+
+# eyJhbGciOiJFRDI1NTE5In0.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.6xIztXyOupskddGA_RvKU76V9b2dCQUYhoZEVFnRimJoPYIzZ2Fm47CWw8k2NTCNpgfAuxg9OXjaiVK7MvrbCQ
+puts token
+
+decoded_token = JWT.decode token, public_key, true, { algorithm: 'ED25519' }
+# Array
+# [
+#  {"test"=>"data"}, # payload
+#  {"alg"=>"ED25519"} # header
+# ]
+
+```
+
+### **RSASSA-PSS**
+
+In order to use this algorithm you need to add the `openssl` gem to your `Gemfile` with a version greater or equal to `2.1`.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'openssl', '~> 2.1'
+```
+
+* PS256 - RSASSA-PSS using SHA-256 hash algorithm
+* PS384 - RSASSA-PSS using SHA-384 hash algorithm
+* PS512 - RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 hash algorithm
+
+```ruby
+rsa_private = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.generate 2048
+rsa_public = rsa_private.public_key
+
+token = JWT.encode payload, rsa_private, 'PS256'
+
+# eyJhbGciOiJQUzI1NiJ9.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.KEmqagMUHM-NcmXo6818ZazVTIAkn9qU9KQFT1c5Iq91n0KRpAI84jj4ZCdkysDlWokFs3Dmn4MhcXP03oJKLFgnoPL40_Wgg9iFr0jnIVvnMUp1kp2RFUbL0jqExGTRA3LdAhuvw6ZByGD1bkcWjDXygjQw-hxILrT1bENjdr0JhFd-cB0-ps5SB0mwhFNcUw-OM3Uu30B1-mlFaelUY8jHJYKwLTZPNxHzndt8RGXF8iZLp7dGb06HSCKMcVzhASGMH4ZdFystRe2hh31cwcvnl-Eo_D4cdwmpN3Abhk_8rkxawQJR3duh8HNKc4AyFPo7SabEaSu2gLnLfN3yfg
+puts token
+
+decoded_token = JWT.decode token, rsa_public, true, { algorithm: 'PS256' }
+
+# Array
+# [
+#   {"data"=>"test"}, # payload
+#   {"alg"=>"PS256"} # header
+# ]
+puts decoded_token
+```
+
+### **Custom algorithms**
+
+An object implementing custom signing or verification behaviour can be passed in the `algorithm` option when encoding and decoding. The given object needs to implement the method `valid_alg?` and `verify` and/or `alg` and `sign`, depending if object is used for encoding or decoding.
+
+```ruby
+module CustomHS512Algorithm
+  def self.alg
+    'HS512'
+  end
+
+  def self.valid_alg?(alg_to_validate)
+    alg_to_validate == alg
+  end
+
+  def self.sign(data:, signing_key:)
+    OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(OpenSSL::Digest.new('sha512'), data, signing_key)
+  end
+
+  def self.verify(data:, signature:, verification_key:)
+    ::OpenSSL.secure_compare(sign(data: data, signing_key: verification_key), signature)
+  end
+end
+
+token = ::JWT.encode({'pay' => 'load'}, 'secret', CustomHS512Algorithm)
+payload, header = ::JWT.decode(token, 'secret', true, algorithm: CustomHS512Algorithm)
+```
 
 ## Support for reserved claim names
 JSON Web Token defines some reserved claim names and defines how they should be
@@ -152,6 +250,38 @@ used. JWT supports these reserved claim names:
  - 'iat' (Issued At) Claim
  - 'sub' (Subject) Claim
 
+## Add custom header fields
+Ruby-jwt gem supports custom [header fields](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-5)
+To add custom header fields you need to pass `header_fields` parameter
+
+```ruby
+token = JWT.encode payload, key, algorithm='HS256', header_fields={}
+```
+
+**Example:**
+
+```ruby
+require 'jwt'
+
+payload = { data: 'test' }
+
+# IMPORTANT: set nil as password parameter
+token = JWT.encode payload, nil, 'none', { typ: 'JWT' }
+
+# eyJhbGciOiJub25lIiwidHlwIjoiSldUIn0.eyJkYXRhIjoidGVzdCJ9.
+puts token
+
+# Set password to nil and validation to false otherwise this won't work
+decoded_token = JWT.decode token, nil, false
+
+# Array
+# [
+#   {"data"=>"test"}, # payload
+#   {"typ"=>"JWT", "alg"=>"none"} # header
+# ]
+puts decoded_token
+```
+
 ### Expiration Time Claim
 
 From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.4. "exp" (Expiration Time) Claim](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4.1.4):
@@ -162,31 +292,37 @@ From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.4. "exp" (Expiration Time) Claim](https://tools.i
 
 ```ruby
 exp = Time.now.to_i + 4 * 3600
-exp_payload = { :data => 'data', :exp => exp }
+exp_payload = { data: 'data', exp: exp }
 
 token = JWT.encode exp_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::ExpiredSignature
   # Handle expired token, e.g. logout user or deny access
 end
 ```
 
+The Expiration Claim verification can be disabled.
+```ruby
+# Decode token without raising JWT::ExpiredSignature error
+JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { verify_expiration: false, algorithm: 'HS256' }
+```
+
 **Adding Leeway**
 
 ```ruby
 exp = Time.now.to_i - 10
 leeway = 30 # seconds
 
-exp_payload = { :data => 'data', :exp => exp }
+exp_payload = { data: 'data', exp: exp }
 
 # build expired token
 token = JWT.encode exp_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
   # add leeway to ensure the token is still accepted
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :leeway => leeway, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { exp_leeway: leeway, algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::ExpiredSignature
   # Handle expired token, e.g. logout user or deny access
 end
@@ -202,31 +338,37 @@ From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.5. "nbf" (Not Before) Claim](https://tools.ietf.o
 
 ```ruby
 nbf = Time.now.to_i - 3600
-nbf_payload = { :data => 'data', :nbf => nbf }
+nbf_payload = { data: 'data', nbf: nbf }
 
 token = JWT.encode nbf_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::ImmatureSignature
   # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
 end
 ```
 
+The Not Before Claim verification can be disabled.
+```ruby
+# Decode token without raising JWT::ImmatureSignature error
+JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { verify_not_before: false, algorithm: 'HS256' }
+```
+
 **Adding Leeway**
 
 ```ruby
 nbf = Time.now.to_i + 10
 leeway = 30
 
-nbf_payload = { :data => 'data', :nbf => nbf }
+nbf_payload = { data: 'data', nbf: nbf }
 
 # build expired token
 token = JWT.encode nbf_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
   # add leeway to ensure the token is valid
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :leeway => leeway, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { nbf_leeway: leeway, algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::ImmatureSignature
   # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
 end
@@ -238,20 +380,52 @@ From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.1. "iss" (Issuer) Claim](https://tools.ietf.org/h
 
 > The `iss` (issuer) claim identifies the principal that issued the JWT. The processing of this claim is generally application specific. The `iss` value is a case-sensitive string containing a ***StringOrURI*** value. Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.
 
+You can pass multiple allowed issuers as an Array, verification will pass if one of them matches the `iss` value in the payload.
+
 ```ruby
 iss = 'My Awesome Company Inc. or https://my.awesome.website/'
-iss_payload = { :data => 'data', :iss => iss }
+iss_payload = { data: 'data', iss: iss }
 
 token = JWT.encode iss_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
   # Add iss to the validation to check if the token has been manipulated
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :iss => iss, :verify_iss => true, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { iss: iss, verify_iss: true, algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::InvalidIssuerError
   # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
 end
 ```
 
+You can also pass a Regexp or Proc (with arity 1), verification will pass if the regexp matches or the proc returns truthy.
+On supported ruby versions (>= 2.5) you can also delegate to methods, on older versions you will have
+to convert them to proc (using `to_proc`)
+
+```ruby
+JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true,
+           iss: %r'https://my.awesome.website/',
+           verify_iss: true,
+           algorithm: 'HS256'
+```
+
+```ruby
+JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true,
+           iss: ->(issuer) { issuer.start_with?('My Awesome Company Inc') },
+           verify_iss: true,
+           algorithm: 'HS256'
+```
+
+```ruby
+JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true,
+           iss: method(:valid_issuer?),
+           verify_iss: true,
+           algorithm: 'HS256'
+
+# somewhere in the same class:
+def valid_issuer?(issuer)
+  # custom validation
+end
+```
+
 ### Audience Claim
 
 From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.3. "aud" (Audience) Claim](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4.1.3):
@@ -260,13 +434,13 @@ From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.3. "aud" (Audience) Claim](https://tools.ietf.org
 
 ```ruby
 aud = ['Young', 'Old']
-aud_payload = { :data => 'data', :aud => aud }
+aud_payload = { data: 'data', aud: aud }
 
 token = JWT.encode aud_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
   # Add aud to the validation to check if the token has been manipulated
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :aud => aud, :verify_aud => true, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { aud: aud, verify_aud: true, algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::InvalidAudError
   # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
   puts 'Audience Error'
@@ -283,37 +457,40 @@ From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.7. "jti" (JWT ID) Claim](https://tools.ietf.org/h
 # Use the secret and iat to create a unique key per request to prevent replay attacks
 jti_raw = [hmac_secret, iat].join(':').to_s
 jti = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(jti_raw)
-jti_payload = { :data => 'data', :iat => iat, :jti => jti }
+jti_payload = { data: 'data', iat: iat, jti: jti }
 
 token = JWT.encode jti_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
   # If :verify_jti is true, validation will pass if a JTI is present
-  #decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :verify_jti => true, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  #decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { verify_jti: true, algorithm: 'HS256' }
   # Alternatively, pass a proc with your own code to check if the JTI has already been used
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :verify_jti => proc { |jti| my_validation_method(jti) }, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { verify_jti: proc { |jti| my_validation_method(jti) }, algorithm: 'HS256' }
+  # or
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { verify_jti: proc { |jti, payload| my_validation_method(jti, payload) }, algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::InvalidJtiError
   # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
   puts 'Error'
 end
-
 ```
 
 ### Issued At Claim
 
 From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.6. "iat" (Issued At) Claim](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4.1.6):
 
-> The `iat` (issued at) claim identifies the time at which the JWT was issued. This claim can be used to determine the age of the JWT. Its value MUST be a number containing a ***NumericDate*** value. Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.
+> The `iat` (issued at) claim identifies the time at which the JWT was issued. This claim can be used to determine the age of the JWT. The `leeway` option is not taken into account when verifying this claim. The `iat_leeway` option was removed in version 2.2.0. Its value MUST be a number containing a ***NumericDate*** value. Use of this claim is OPTIONAL.
+
+**Handle Issued At Claim**
 
 ```ruby
 iat = Time.now.to_i
-iat_payload = { :data => 'data', :iat => iat }
+iat_payload = { data: 'data', iat: iat }
 
 token = JWT.encode iat_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
   # Add iat to the validation to check if the token has been manipulated
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { :verify_iat => true, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { verify_iat: true, algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::InvalidIatError
   # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
 end
@@ -327,18 +504,182 @@ From [Oauth JSON Web Token 4.1.2. "sub" (Subject) Claim](https://tools.ietf.org/
 
 ```ruby
 sub = 'Subject'
-sub_payload = { :data => 'data', :sub => sub }
+sub_payload = { data: 'data', sub: sub }
 
 token = JWT.encode sub_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
 
 begin
   # Add sub to the validation to check if the token has been manipulated
-  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { 'sub' => sub, :verify_sub => true, :algorithm => 'HS256' }
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { sub: sub, verify_sub: true, algorithm: 'HS256' }
 rescue JWT::InvalidSubError
   # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
 end
 ```
 
+### Finding a Key
+
+To dynamically find the key for verifying the JWT signature, pass a block to the decode block. The block receives headers and the original payload as parameters. It should return with the key to verify the signature that was used to sign the JWT.
+
+```ruby
+issuers = %w[My_Awesome_Company1 My_Awesome_Company2]
+iss_payload = { data: 'data', iss: issuers.first }
+
+secrets = { issuers.first => hmac_secret, issuers.last => 'hmac_secret2' }
+
+token = JWT.encode iss_payload, hmac_secret, 'HS256'
+
+begin
+  # Add iss to the validation to check if the token has been manipulated
+  decoded_token = JWT.decode(token, nil, true, { iss: issuers, verify_iss: true, algorithm: 'HS256' }) do |_headers, payload|
+    secrets[payload['iss']]
+  end
+rescue JWT::InvalidIssuerError
+  # Handle invalid token, e.g. logout user or deny access
+end
+```
+
+### Required Claims
+
+You can specify claims that must be present for decoding to be successful. JWT::MissingRequiredClaim will be raised if any are missing
+```ruby
+# Will raise a JWT::MissingRequiredClaim error if the 'exp' claim is absent
+JWT.decode token, hmac_secret, true, { required_claims: ['exp'], algorithm: 'HS256' }
+```
+
+### X.509 certificates in x5c header
+
+A JWT signature can be verified using certificate(s) given in the `x5c` header. Before doing that, the trustworthiness of these certificate(s) must be established. This is done in accordance with RFC 5280 which (among other things) verifies the certificate(s) are issued by a trusted root certificate, the timestamps are valid, and none of the certificate(s) are revoked (i.e. being present in the root certificate's Certificate Revocation List).
+
+```ruby
+root_certificates = [] # trusted `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate` objects
+crl_uris = root_certificates.map(&:crl_uris)
+crls = crl_uris.map do |uri|
+  # look up cached CRL by `uri` and return it if found, otherwise continue
+  crl = Net::HTTP.get(uri)
+  crl = OpenSSL::X509::CRL.new(crl)
+  # cache `crl` using `uri` as the key, expiry set to `crl.next_update` timestamp
+end
+
+begin
+  JWT.decode(token, nil, true, { x5c: { root_certificates: root_certificates, crls: crls })
+rescue JWT::DecodeError
+  # Handle error, e.g. x5c header certificate revoked or expired
+end
+```
+
+### JSON Web Key (JWK)
+
+JWK is a JSON structure representing a cryptographic key. This gem currently supports RSA, EC, OKP and HMAC keys. OKP support requires [RbNaCl](https://github.com/RubyCrypto/rbnacl) and currently only supports the Ed25519 curve.
+
+To encode a JWT using your JWK:
+
+```ruby
+optional_parameters = { kid: 'my-kid', use: 'sig', alg: 'RS512' }
+jwk = JWT::JWK.new(OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048), optional_parameters)
+
+# Encoding
+payload = { data: 'data' }
+token = JWT.encode(payload, jwk.signing_key, jwk[:alg], kid: jwk[:kid])
+
+# JSON Web Key Set for advertising your signing keys
+jwks_hash = JWT::JWK::Set.new(jwk).export
+```
+
+To decode a JWT using a trusted entity's JSON Web Key Set (JWKS):
+
+```ruby
+jwks = JWT::JWK::Set.new(jwks_hash)
+jwks.filter! {|key| key[:use] == 'sig' } # Signing keys only!
+algorithms = jwks.map { |key| key[:alg] }.compact.uniq
+JWT.decode(token, nil, true, algorithms: algorithms, jwks: jwks)
+```
+
+
+The `jwks` option can also be given as a lambda that evaluates every time a kid is resolved.
+This can be used to implement caching of remotely fetched JWK Sets.
+
+If the requested `kid` is not found from the given set the loader will be called a second time with the `kid_not_found` option set to `true`.
+The application can choose to implement some kind of JWK cache invalidation or other mechanism to handle such cases.
+
+Tokens without a specified `kid` are rejected by default.
+This behaviour may be overwritten by setting the `allow_nil_jwks` option for `decode` to `true`.
+
+```ruby
+jwks_loader = ->(options) do
+  # The jwk loader would fetch the set of JWKs from a trusted source.
+  # To avoid malicious requests triggering cache invalidations there needs to be
+  # some kind of grace time or other logic for determining the validity of the invalidation.
+  # This example only allows cache invalidations every 5 minutes.
+  if options[:kid_not_found] && @cache_last_update < Time.now.to_i - 300
+    logger.info("Invalidating JWK cache. #{options[:kid]} not found from previous cache")
+    @cached_keys = nil
+  end
+  @cached_keys ||= begin
+    @cache_last_update = Time.now.to_i
+    # Replace with your own JWKS fetching routine
+    jwks = JWT::JWK::Set.new(jwks_hash)
+    jwks.select! { |key| key[:use] == 'sig' } # Signing Keys only
+    jwks
+  end
+end
+
+begin
+  JWT.decode(token, nil, true, { algorithms: ['RS512'], jwks: jwks_loader })
+rescue JWT::JWKError
+  # Handle problems with the provided JWKs
+rescue JWT::DecodeError
+  # Handle other decode related issues e.g. no kid in header, no matching public key found etc.
+end
+```
+
+### Importing and exporting JSON Web Keys
+
+The ::JWT::JWK class can be used to import both JSON Web Keys and OpenSSL keys
+and export to either format with and without the private key included.
+
+To include the private key in the export pass the `include_private` parameter to the export method.
+
+```ruby
+# Import a JWK Hash (showing an HMAC example)
+jwk = JWT::JWK.new({ kty: 'oct', k: 'my-secret', kid: 'my-kid' })
+
+# Import an OpenSSL key
+# You can optionally add descriptive parameters to the JWK
+desc_params = { kid: 'my-kid', use: 'sig' }
+jwk = JWT::JWK.new(OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048), desc_params)
+
+# Export as JWK Hash (public key only by default)
+jwk_hash = jwk.export
+jwk_hash_with_private_key = jwk.export(include_private: true)
+
+# Export as OpenSSL key
+public_key = jwk.verify_key
+private_key = jwk.signing_key if jwk.private?
+
+# You can also import and export entire JSON Web Key Sets
+jwks_hash = { keys: [{ kty: 'oct', k: 'my-secret', kid: 'my-kid' }] }
+jwks = JWT::JWK::Set.new(jwks_hash)
+jwks_hash = jwks.export
+```
+
+### Key ID (kid) and JWKs
+
+The key id (kid) generation in the gem is a custom algorithm and not based on any standards.
+To use a standardized JWK thumbprint (RFC 7638) as the kid for JWKs a generator type can be specified in the global configuration
+or can be given to the JWK instance on initialization.
+
+```ruby
+JWT.configuration.jwk.kid_generator_type = :rfc7638_thumbprint
+# OR
+JWT.configuration.jwk.kid_generator = ::JWT::JWK::Thumbprint
+# OR
+jwk = JWT::JWK.new(OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(2048), nil, kid_generator: ::JWT::JWK::Thumbprint)
+
+jwk_hash = jwk.export
+
+thumbprint_as_the_kid = jwk_hash[:kid]
+```
+
 # Development and Tests
 
 We depend on [Bundler](http://rubygems.org/gems/bundler) for defining gemspec and performing releases to rubygems.org, which can be done with
@@ -347,40 +688,20 @@ We depend on [Bundler](http://rubygems.org/gems/bundler) for defining gemspec an
 rake release
 ```
 
-The tests are written with rspec. Given you have installed the dependencies via bundler, you can run tests with
+The tests are written with rspec. [Appraisal](https://github.com/thoughtbot/appraisal) is used to ensure compatibility with 3rd party dependencies providing cryptographic features.
 
 ```bash
-bundle exec rspec
+bundle install
+bundle exec appraisal rake test
 ```
 
-**If you want a release cut with your PR, please include a version bump according to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/)**
+## How to contribute
+See [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
 ## Contributors
 
- * Jordan Brough <github.jordanb@xoxy.net>
- * Ilya Zhitomirskiy <ilya@joindiaspora.com>
- * Daniel Grippi <daniel@joindiaspora.com>
- * Jeff Lindsay <progrium@gmail.com>
- * Bob Aman <bob@sporkmonger.com>
- * Micah Gates <github@mgates.com>
- * Rob Wygand <rob@wygand.com>
- * Ariel Salomon (Oscil8)
- * Paul Battley <pbattley@gmail.com>
- * Zane Shannon [@zshannon](https://github.com/zshannon)
- * Brian Fletcher [@punkle](https://github.com/punkle)
- * Alex [@ZhangHanDong](https://github.com/ZhangHanDong)
- * John Downey [@jtdowney](https://github.com/jtdowney)
- * Adam Greene [@skippy](https://github.com/skippy)
- * Tim Rudat [@excpt](https://github.com/excpt) <timrudat@gmail.com> - Maintainer
+See [AUTHORS](AUTHORS).
 
 ## License
 
-MIT
-
-Copyright (c) 2011 Jeff Lindsay
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+See [LICENSE](LICENSE).