jugend-httparty 0.5.2.1

data/examples/google.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+dir = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'lib'))
+require File.join(dir, 'httparty')
+require 'pp'
+
+class Google
+  include HTTParty
+  format :html
+end
+
+# google.com redirects to www.google.com so this is live test for redirection
+pp Google.get('http://google.com')
+
+puts '', '*'*70, ''
+
+# check that ssl is requesting right
+pp Google.get('https://www.google.com')

data/examples/rubyurl.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+dir = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'lib'))
+require File.join(dir, 'httparty')
+require 'pp'
+
+class Rubyurl
+  include HTTParty
+  base_uri 'rubyurl.com'
+
+  def self.shorten( website_url )
+    post( '/api/links.json', :query => { :link => { :website_url => website_url } } )
+  end
+end
+
+pp Rubyurl.shorten( 'http://istwitterdown.com/')

data/examples/twitter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+dir = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'lib'))
+require File.join(dir, 'httparty')
+require 'pp'
+config = YAML::load(File.read(File.join(ENV['HOME'], '.twitter')))
+
+class Twitter
+  include HTTParty
+  base_uri 'twitter.com'
+  
+  def initialize(u, p)
+    @auth = {:username => u, :password => p}
+  end
+  
+  # which can be :friends, :user or :public
+  # options[:query] can be things like since, since_id, count, etc.
+  def timeline(which=:friends, options={})
+    options.merge!({:basic_auth => @auth})
+    self.class.get("/statuses/#{which}_timeline.json", options)
+  end
+  
+  def post(text)
+    options = { :query => {:status => text}, :basic_auth => @auth }
+    self.class.post('/statuses/update.json', options)
+  end
+end
+
+twitter = Twitter.new(config['email'], config['password'])
+pp twitter.timeline
+# pp twitter.timeline(:friends, :query => {:since_id => 868482746})
+# pp twitter.timeline(:friends, :query => 'since_id=868482746')
+# pp twitter.post('this is a test of 0.2.0')

data/examples/whoismyrep.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+dir = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'lib'))
+require File.join(dir, 'httparty')
+require 'pp'
+
+class Rep
+  include HTTParty
+end
+
+pp Rep.get('http://whoismyrepresentative.com/whoismyrep.php?zip=46544')
+pp Rep.get('http://whoismyrepresentative.com/whoismyrep.php', :query => {:zip => 46544})

data/features/basic_authentication.feature

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Feature:  Basic Authentication
+
+  As a developer
+  I want to be able to use a service that requires Basic Authentication
+  Because that is not an uncommon requirement
+
+  Scenario: Passing no credentials to a page requiring Basic Authentication
+    Given a restricted page at '/protected.html'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/protected.html'
+    Then it should return a response with a 401 response code
+
+  Scenario: Passing proper credentials to a page requiring Basic Authentication
+    Given a remote service that returns 'Authenticated Page'
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/protected.html'
+    And that service is protected by Basic Authentication
+    And that service requires the username 'jcash' with the password 'maninblack'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/protected.html' and a basic_auth hash:
+       | username | password   |
+       | jcash    | maninblack |
+    Then the return value should match 'Authenticated Page'

data/features/command_line.feature

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Feature: Command Line
+
+  As a developer
+  I want to be able to harness the power of HTTParty from the command line
+  Because that would make quick testing and debugging easy
+  And 'easy' is my middle name
+  And I'm kidding it's actually 'Danger'!

data/features/deals_with_http_error_codes.feature

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Feature: Deals with HTTP error codes
+
+  As a developer
+  I want to be informed of non-successful responses
+  Because sometimes thing explode
+  And I should probably know what happened
+
+  Scenario: A response of '404 - Not Found'
+    Given a remote service that returns a 404 status code
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.html'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/service.html'
+    Then it should return a response with a 404 response code
+
+  Scenario: A response of '500 - Internal Server Error'
+    Given a remote service that returns a 500 status code
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.html'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/service.html'
+    Then it should return a response with a 500 response code
+
+  Scenario: A non-successful response where I need the body
+    Given a remote service that returns a 400 status code
+    And the response from the service has a body of 'Bad response'
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.html'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/service.html'
+    Then it should return a response with a 400 response code
+    And the return value should match 'Bad response'

data/features/handles_multiple_formats.feature

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Feature: Handles Multiple Formats
+
+  As a developer
+  I want to be able to consume remote services of many different formats
+  And I want those formats to be automatically detected and handled
+  Because web services take many forms
+  And I don't want to have to do any extra work
+
+  Scenario: An HTML service
+    Given a remote service that returns '<h1>Some HTML</h1>'
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.html'
+    And the response from the service has a Content-Type of 'text/html'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/service.html'
+    Then it should return a String
+    And the return value should match '<h1>Some HTML</h1>'
+
+  Scenario: A JSON service
+    Given a remote service that returns '{ "jennings": "waylon", "cash": "johnny" }'
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.json'
+    And the response from the service has a Content-Type of 'application/json'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/service.json'
+    Then it should return a Hash equaling:
+       | key      | value  |
+       | jennings | waylon |
+       | cash     | johnny |
+
+  Scenario: An XML Service
+    Given a remote service that returns '<singer>waylon jennings</singer>'
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.xml'
+    And the response from the service has a Content-Type of 'text/xml'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/service.xml'
+    Then it should return a Hash equaling:
+       | key    | value           |
+       | singer | waylon jennings |

data/features/steps/env.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'mongrel'
+require 'activesupport'
+require 'lib/httparty'
+require 'spec/expectations'
+
+Before do
+  def new_port
+    server = TCPServer.new('0.0.0.0', nil)
+    port = server.addr[1]
+  ensure
+    server.close
+  end
+
+  port = ENV["HTTPARTY_PORT"] || new_port
+  @host_and_port = "0.0.0.0:#{port}"
+  @server = Mongrel::HttpServer.new("0.0.0.0", port)
+  @server.run
+  @request_options = {}
+end
+
+After do
+  @server.stop
+end

data/features/steps/httparty_response_steps.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Then /it should return an? (\w+)$/ do |class_string|
+  @response_from_httparty.should be_an_instance_of(class_string.constantize)
+end
+
+Then /the return value should match '(.*)'/ do |expected_text|
+  @response_from_httparty.should eql(expected_text)
+end
+
+Then /it should return a Hash equaling:/ do |hash_table|
+  @response_from_httparty.should be_an_instance_of(Hash)
+  @response_from_httparty.keys.length.should eql(hash_table.rows.length)
+  hash_table.hashes.each do |pair|
+    key, value = pair["key"], pair["value"]
+    @response_from_httparty.keys.should include(key)
+    @response_from_httparty[key].should eql(value)
+  end
+end
+
+Then /it should return a response with a (\d+) response code/ do |code|
+  @response_from_httparty.code.should eql(code.to_i)
+end
+
+Then /it should raise (?:an|a) ([\w:]+) exception/ do |exception|
+  @exception_from_httparty.should_not be_nil
+  @exception_from_httparty.class.name.should eql(exception)
+end

data/features/steps/httparty_steps.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+When /^I set my HTTParty timeout option to (\d+)$/ do |timeout|
+  @request_options[:timeout] = timeout.to_i
+end
+
+When /I call HTTParty#get with '(.*)'$/ do |url|
+  begin
+    @response_from_httparty = HTTParty.get("http://#{@host_and_port}#{url}", @request_options)
+  rescue HTTParty::RedirectionTooDeep, Timeout::Error => e
+    @exception_from_httparty = e
+  end
+end
+
+When /I call HTTParty#get with '(.*)' and a basic_auth hash:/ do |url, auth_table|
+  h = auth_table.hashes.first
+  @response_from_httparty = HTTParty.get(
+    "http://#{@host_and_port}#{url}",
+    :basic_auth => { :username => h["username"], :password => h["password"] }
+  )
+end
+
+When /I call HTTParty#get with '(.*)' and a digest_auth hash:/ do |url, auth_table|
+  h = auth_table.hashes.first
+  @response_from_httparty = HTTParty.get(
+    "http://#{@host_and_port}#{url}",
+    :digest_auth => { :username => h["username"], :password => h["password"] }
+  )
+end

data/features/steps/mongrel_helper.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+def basic_mongrel_handler
+  Class.new(Mongrel::HttpHandler) do
+    attr_writer :content_type, :response_body, :response_code, :preprocessor
+
+    def initialize
+      @content_type = "text/html"
+      @response_body = ""
+      @response_code = 200
+      @custom_headers = {}
+    end
+
+    def process(request, response)
+      instance_eval &@preprocessor if @preprocessor
+      reply_with(response, @response_code, @response_body)
+    end
+
+    def reply_with(response, code, response_body)
+      response.start(code) do |head, body|
+        head["Content-Type"] = @content_type
+        @custom_headers.each { |k,v| head[k] = v }
+        body.write(response_body)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def new_mongrel_handler
+  basic_mongrel_handler.new
+end
+
+def add_basic_authentication_to(handler)
+  m = Module.new do
+    attr_writer :username, :password
+
+    def self.extended(base)
+      base.instance_eval { @custom_headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = 'Basic Realm="Super Secret Page"' }
+      base.class_eval { alias_method_chain :process, :basic_authentication }
+    end
+
+    def process_with_basic_authentication(request, response)
+      if authorized?(request) then process_without_basic_authentication(request, response)
+      else reply_with(response, 401, "Incorrect.  You have 20 seconds to comply.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def authorized?(request)
+      request.params["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"] == "Basic " + Base64.encode64("#{@username}:#{@password}").strip
+    end
+  end
+  handler.extend(m)
+end
+
+def add_digest_authentication_to(handler)
+  m = Module.new do
+    attr_writer :username, :password
+
+    def self.extended(base)
+      base.instance_eval { @custom_headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = 'Digest realm="testrealm@host.com",qop="auth,auth-int",nonce="nonce",opaque="opaque"' }
+      base.class_eval { alias_method_chain :process, :digest_authentication }
+    end
+
+    def process_with_digest_authentication(request, response)
+      if authorized?(request) then process_without_digest_authentication(request, response)
+      else reply_with(response, 401, "Incorrect.  You have 20 seconds to comply.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def authorized?(request)
+      request.params["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"] =~ /Digest.*uri=/
+    end
+  end
+  handler.extend(m)
+end
+
+def new_mongrel_redirector(target_url, relative_path = false)
+  target_url = "http://#{@host_and_port}#{target_url}" unless relative_path
+  Mongrel::RedirectHandler.new(target_url)
+end

data/features/steps/remote_service_steps.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+Given /a remote service that returns '(.*)'/ do |response_body|
+  @handler = new_mongrel_handler
+  Given "the response from the service has a body of '#{response_body}'"
+end
+
+Given /a remote service that returns a (\d+) status code/ do |code|
+  @handler = new_mongrel_handler
+  @handler.response_code = code
+end
+
+Given /that service is accessed at the path '(.*)'/ do |path|
+  @server.register(path, @handler)
+end
+
+Given /^that service takes (\d+) seconds to generate a response$/ do |time|
+  @server_response_time = time.to_i
+  @handler.preprocessor = lambda { sleep time.to_i }
+end
+
+Given /the response from the service has a Content-Type of '(.*)'/ do |content_type|
+  @handler.content_type = content_type
+end
+
+Given /the response from the service has a body of '(.*)'/ do |response_body|
+  @handler.response_body = response_body
+end
+
+Given /the url '(.*)' redirects to '(.*)'/ do |redirection_url, target_url|
+  @server.register redirection_url, new_mongrel_redirector(target_url)
+end
+
+Given /that service is protected by Basic Authentication/ do
+  add_basic_authentication_to @handler
+end
+
+Given /that service is protected by Digest Authentication/ do
+  add_digest_authentication_to @handler
+end
+
+Given /that service requires the username '(.*)' with the password '(.*)'/ do |username, password|
+  @handler.username = username
+  @handler.password = password
+end
+
+Given /a restricted page at '(.*)'/ do |url|
+  Given "a remote service that returns 'A response I will never see'"
+  And "that service is accessed at the path '#{url}'"
+  And "that service is protected by Basic Authentication"
+  And "that service requires the username 'something' with the password 'secret'"
+end
+
+# This joins the server thread, and halts cucumber, so you can actually hit the
+# server with a browser.  Runs until you kill it with Ctrl-c
+Given /I want to hit this in a browser/ do
+  @server.acceptor.join
+end
+
+Then /I wait for the server to recover/ do
+  timeout = @request_options[:timeout] || 0
+  sleep @server_response_time - timeout
+end

data/features/supports_redirection.feature

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Feature: Supports Redirection
+
+  As a developer
+  I want to work with services that may redirect me
+  And I want it to follow a reasonable number of redirects
+  Because sometimes web services do that
+
+  Scenario: A service that redirects once
+    Given a remote service that returns 'Service Response'
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.html'
+    And the url '/redirector.html' redirects to '/service.html'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/redirector.html'
+    Then the return value should match 'Service Response'
+
+  # TODO: Look in to why this actually fails...
+  Scenario: A service that redirects to a relative URL
+
+  Scenario: A service that redirects infinitely
+    Given the url '/first.html' redirects to '/second.html'
+    And the url '/second.html' redirects to '/first.html'
+    When I call HTTParty#get with '/first.html'
+    Then it should raise an HTTParty::RedirectionTooDeep exception

data/features/supports_timeout_option.feature

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Feature: Supports the timeout option
+  In order to handle inappropriately slow response times
+  As a developer
+  I want my request to raise an exception after my specified timeout as elapsed
+
+  Scenario: A long running response
+    Given a remote service that returns '<h1>Some HTML</h1>'
+    And that service is accessed at the path '/service.html'
+    And that service takes 2 seconds to generate a response
+    When I set my HTTParty timeout option to 1
+    And I call HTTParty#get with '/service.html'
+    Then it should raise a Timeout::Error exception
+    And I wait for the server to recover

data/jugend-httparty.gemspec

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# Generated by jeweler
+# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY
+# Instead, edit Jeweler::Tasks in Rakefile, and run the gemspec command
+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name = %q{jugend-httparty}
+  s.version = "0.5.2.1"
+
+  s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 0") if s.respond_to? :required_rubygems_version=
+  s.authors = ["John Nunemaker", "Sandro Turriate"]
+  s.date = %q{2010-05-26}
+  s.default_executable = %q{httparty}
+  s.description = %q{Makes http fun! Also, makes consuming restful web services dead easy.}
+  s.email = %q{nunemaker@gmail.com}
+  s.executables = ["httparty"]
+  s.extra_rdoc_files = [
+    "README.rdoc"
+  ]
+  s.files = [
+    ".gitignore",
+     "History",
+     "MIT-LICENSE",
+     "Manifest",
+     "README.rdoc",
+     "Rakefile",
+     "VERSION",
+     "bin/httparty",
+     "cucumber.yml",
+     "examples/aaws.rb",
+     "examples/basic.rb",
+     "examples/custom_parsers.rb",
+     "examples/delicious.rb",
+     "examples/google.rb",
+     "examples/rubyurl.rb",
+     "examples/twitter.rb",
+     "examples/whoismyrep.rb",
+     "features/basic_authentication.feature",
+     "features/command_line.feature",
+     "features/deals_with_http_error_codes.feature",
+     "features/handles_multiple_formats.feature",
+     "features/steps/env.rb",
+     "features/steps/httparty_response_steps.rb",
+     "features/steps/httparty_steps.rb",
+     "features/steps/mongrel_helper.rb",
+     "features/steps/remote_service_steps.rb",
+     "features/supports_redirection.feature",
+     "features/supports_timeout_option.feature",
+     "jugend-httparty.gemspec",
+     "lib/httparty.rb",
+     "lib/httparty/cookie_hash.rb",
+     "lib/httparty/core_extensions.rb",
+     "lib/httparty/exceptions.rb",
+     "lib/httparty/module_inheritable_attributes.rb",
+     "lib/httparty/parser.rb",
+     "lib/httparty/request.rb",
+     "lib/httparty/response.rb",
+     "spec/fixtures/delicious.xml",
+     "spec/fixtures/empty.xml",
+     "spec/fixtures/google.html",
+     "spec/fixtures/twitter.json",
+     "spec/fixtures/twitter.xml",
+     "spec/fixtures/undefined_method_add_node_for_nil.xml",
+     "spec/httparty/cookie_hash_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty/parser_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty/request_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty/response_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty_spec.rb",
+     "spec/spec.opts",
+     "spec/spec_helper.rb",
+     "spec/support/stub_response.rb",
+     "website/css/common.css",
+     "website/index.html"
+  ]
+  s.homepage = %q{http://httparty.rubyforge.org}
+  s.post_install_message = %q{When you HTTParty, you must party hard!}
+  s.rdoc_options = ["--charset=UTF-8"]
+  s.require_paths = ["lib"]
+  s.rubygems_version = %q{1.3.6}
+  s.summary = %q{Makes http fun! Also, makes consuming restful web services dead easy.}
+  s.test_files = [
+    "spec/httparty/cookie_hash_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty/parser_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty/request_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty/response_spec.rb",
+     "spec/httparty_spec.rb",
+     "spec/spec_helper.rb",
+     "spec/support/stub_response.rb",
+     "examples/aaws.rb",
+     "examples/basic.rb",
+     "examples/custom_parsers.rb",
+     "examples/delicious.rb",
+     "examples/google.rb",
+     "examples/rubyurl.rb",
+     "examples/twitter.rb",
+     "examples/whoismyrep.rb"
+  ]
+
+  if s.respond_to? :specification_version then
+    current_version = Gem::Specification::CURRENT_SPECIFICATION_VERSION
+    s.specification_version = 3
+
+    if Gem::Version.new(Gem::RubyGemsVersion) >= Gem::Version.new('1.2.0') then
+      s.add_runtime_dependency(%q<crack>, ["= 0.1.6"])
+      s.add_development_dependency(%q<activesupport>, ["~> 2.3"])
+      s.add_development_dependency(%q<cucumber>, ["~> 0.4"])
+      s.add_development_dependency(%q<fakeweb>, ["~> 1.2"])
+      s.add_development_dependency(%q<mongrel>, ["~> 1.1"])
+      s.add_development_dependency(%q<rspec>, ["= 1.2.9"])
+    else
+      s.add_dependency(%q<crack>, ["= 0.1.6"])
+      s.add_dependency(%q<activesupport>, ["~> 2.3"])
+      s.add_dependency(%q<cucumber>, ["~> 0.4"])
+      s.add_dependency(%q<fakeweb>, ["~> 1.2"])
+      s.add_dependency(%q<mongrel>, ["~> 1.1"])
+      s.add_dependency(%q<rspec>, ["= 1.2.9"])
+    end
+  else
+    s.add_dependency(%q<crack>, ["= 0.1.6"])
+    s.add_dependency(%q<activesupport>, ["~> 2.3"])
+    s.add_dependency(%q<cucumber>, ["~> 0.4"])
+    s.add_dependency(%q<fakeweb>, ["~> 1.2"])
+    s.add_dependency(%q<mongrel>, ["~> 1.1"])
+    s.add_dependency(%q<rspec>, ["= 1.2.9"])
+  end
+end
+

data/lib/httparty/cookie_hash.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+class HTTParty::CookieHash < Hash #:nodoc:
+  
+  CLIENT_COOKIES = %w{path expires domain path secure HTTPOnly}
+  
+  def add_cookies(value)
+    case value
+    when Hash
+      merge!(value)
+    when String
+      value.split('; ').each do |cookie|
+        array = cookie.split('=')
+        self[array[0].to_sym] = array[1]
+      end
+    else
+      raise "add_cookies only takes a Hash or a String"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def to_cookie_string
+    delete_if { |k, v| CLIENT_COOKIES.include?(k.to_s) }.collect { |k, v| "#{k}=#{v}" }.join("; ")
+  end
+end

data/lib/httparty/core_extensions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+module HTTParty
+  if defined?(::BasicObject)
+    BasicObject = ::BasicObject #:nodoc:
+  else
+    class BasicObject #:nodoc:
+      instance_methods.each { |m| undef_method m unless m =~ /^__|instance_eval/ }
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# 1.8.6 has mistyping of transitive in if statement
+require "rexml/document"
+module REXML #:nodoc:
+  class Document < Element #:nodoc:
+    def write( output=$stdout, indent=-1, transitive=false, ie_hack=false )
+      if xml_decl.encoding != "UTF-8" && !output.kind_of?(Output)
+        output = Output.new( output, xml_decl.encoding )
+      end
+      formatter = if indent > -1
+          if transitive
+            REXML::Formatters::Transitive.new( indent, ie_hack )
+          else
+            REXML::Formatters::Pretty.new( indent, ie_hack )
+          end
+        else
+          REXML::Formatters::Default.new( ie_hack )
+        end
+      formatter.write( self, output )
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/httparty/exceptions.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+module HTTParty
+  # Exception raised when you attempt to set a non-existant format
+  class UnsupportedFormat < StandardError; end
+
+  # Exception raised when using a URI scheme other than HTTP or HTTPS
+  class UnsupportedURIScheme < StandardError; end
+
+  # @abstract Exceptions which inherit from ResponseError contain the Net::HTTP
+  # response object accessible via the {#response} method.
+  class ResponseError < StandardError
+    # Returns the response of the last request
+    # @return [Net::HTTPResponse] A subclass of Net::HTTPResponse, e.g.
+    # Net::HTTPOK
+    attr_reader :response
+
+    # Instantiate an instance of ResponseError with a Net::HTTPResponse object
+    # @param [Net::HTTPResponse]
+    def initialize(response)
+      @response = response
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Exception that is raised when request has redirected too many times.
+  # Calling {#response} returns the Net:HTTP response object.
+  class RedirectionTooDeep < ResponseError; end
+end

data/lib/httparty/module_inheritable_attributes.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+module HTTParty
+  module ModuleInheritableAttributes #:nodoc:
+    def self.included(base)
+      base.extend(ClassMethods)
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
+      def mattr_inheritable(*args)
+        @mattr_inheritable_attrs ||= [:mattr_inheritable_attrs]
+        @mattr_inheritable_attrs += args
+        args.each do |arg|
+          module_eval %(class << self; attr_accessor :#{arg} end)
+        end
+        @mattr_inheritable_attrs
+      end
+
+      def inherited(subclass)
+        @mattr_inheritable_attrs.each do |inheritable_attribute|
+          instance_var = "@#{inheritable_attribute}"
+          subclass.instance_variable_set(instance_var, instance_variable_get(instance_var).clone)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end