judge 0.2.0

data/lib/generators/judge/templates/judge.js

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+/*jshint curly: true, evil: true, newcap: true, noarg: true */
+/*global _: false, JSON: false */
+
+// global namespace
+var judge = judge || {};
+
+// Watcher is a DOM element wrapper that judge uses to store validation info and instance methods
+judge.Watcher = function (element) {
+  
+  // dependency errors
+  if (!window.hasOwnProperty('_')) {
+    throw new ReferenceError('[judge] Underscore.js not found');
+  }
+  if (!window.hasOwnProperty('JSON')) {
+    throw new ReferenceError('[judge] JSON global object not found');
+  }
+
+  // constructor usage errors
+  if (_(element).isUndefined()) {
+    throw new ReferenceError('[judge] No DOM element passed to constructor');
+  }
+  if (!judge.utils.isValidatable(element)) {
+    throw new TypeError('[judge] Cannot construct new Watcher for object of this type');
+  }
+  if (element.getAttribute('data-validate') === null) {
+    throw new ReferenceError('[judge] Cannot construct new Watcher for this element, please use judge helpers in your view');
+  }
+  if (element.form.getAttribute('data-error-messages') === null) {
+    throw new ReferenceError('[judge] Element parent form was not created using judge helper, please amend');
+  }
+
+
+  // convenience accessor
+  var instance = this;
+
+  // common instance properties
+  this.element         = element;
+  this.validators      = JSON.parse(this.element.getAttribute('data-validate'));
+  this.defaultMessages = JSON.parse(this.element.form.getAttribute('data-error-messages'));
+  
+  // instance methods
+  this.validate = function() {
+    instance.errorMessages = [];
+    var validators = instance.validators,
+        validity   = true,
+        messages   = [];
+    _(validators).each(function(validator) {
+      var options = validator.options;
+      if (instance.element.value.length || options.allow_blank !== true) {
+        var result = instance.validates()[validator.kind](options);
+        if (!result.valid && result.hasOwnProperty('messages')) {
+          validity = false;
+          messages.push(result.messages);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    return {
+      valid: validity, 
+      messages: _(messages).flatten(),
+      element: instance.element
+    };
+  };
+
+};
+
+// instance methods
+judge.Watcher.prototype.validates = function() {
+  var instance        = this,
+      extendedMethods = judge.customValidators,
+      methods         = {
+        presence: function(options) {
+          if (instance.element.value.length) {
+            return { valid:true };
+          } else{
+            return { valid:false, messages:[options.message || instance.defaultMessages.blank] };
+          }
+        },
+        
+        length: function(options) {
+          var msgs = [],
+              length = instance.element.value.length,
+              types = {
+                minimum: { operator: '<',  message: 'too_short' },
+                maximum: { operator: '>',  message: 'too_long' },
+                is:      { operator: '!=', message: 'wrong_length' }
+              };
+          _(types).each(function(properties, type) {
+            if (options.hasOwnProperty(type) && judge.utils.operate(length, properties.operator, options[type])) {
+              var m = options[properties.message] || instance.defaultMessages[properties.message];
+              msgs.push(judge.utils.countMsg(m, options[type]));
+            }
+          });
+          return msgs.length ? { valid:false, messages:msgs } : { valid:true };
+        },
+
+        exclusion: function(options) {
+          var stringIn = _(options['in']).map(function(o) { return o.toString(); });
+          if (_(stringIn).include(instance.element.value)) {
+            return { valid:false, messages:[options.message || instance.defaultMessages.exclusion] };
+          } else {
+            return { valid:true };
+          }
+        },
+
+        inclusion: function(options) {
+          var stringIn = _(options['in']).map(function(o) { return o.toString(); });
+          if (!_(stringIn).include(instance.element.value)) {
+            return { valid:false, messages:[options.message || instance.defaultMessages.inclusion] };
+          } else {
+            return { valid:true };
+          }
+        },
+
+        numericality: function(options) {
+          var operators = {
+                greater_than: '>',
+                greater_than_or_equal_to: '>=',
+                equal_to: '==',
+                less_than: '<',
+                less_than_or_equal_to: '<='
+              },
+              msgs = [],
+              value = instance.element.value,
+              parsedValue = parseFloat(value); 
+
+          if (isNaN(Number(value))) {
+            msgs.push(options.message || instance.defaultMessages.not_a_number);
+          } else {
+            if (options.odd && judge.utils.isEven(parsedValue)) { msgs.push(instance.defaultMessages.odd); }
+            if (options.even && judge.utils.isOdd(parsedValue)) { msgs.push(instance.defaultMessages.even); }
+            if (options.only_integer && !judge.utils.isInt(parsedValue)) { msgs.push(instance.defaultMessages.not_an_integer); }
+            _(operators).each(function(operator, key) {
+              if (options.hasOwnProperty(key) && !judge.utils.operate(parsedValue, operators[key], parseFloat(options[key]))) {
+                var m = options.message || instance.defaultMessages[key];
+                msgs.push(judge.utils.countMsg(m, options[key]));
+              }
+            });
+          }
+          return msgs.length? { valid:false, messages:msgs } : { valid:true };
+        },
+
+        format: function(options) {
+          var msgs  = [],
+              value = instance.element.value;
+          if (options.hasOwnProperty('with')) {
+            var withReg = judge.utils.convertRegExp(options['with']);
+            if (!withReg.test(value)) { msgs.push(options.message || instance.defaultMessages.invalid); }
+          }
+          if (options.hasOwnProperty('without')) {
+            var withoutReg = judge.utils.convertRegExp(options.without);
+            if (withoutReg.test(value)) { msgs.push(options.message || instance.defaultMessages.invalid); }
+          }
+          return msgs.length ? { valid:false, messages:msgs } : { valid:true };
+        }
+      };
+  return _.extend(methods, extendedMethods);
+};
+
+// static properties
+judge.customValidators = {};
+
+// storage
+judge.store = (function() {
+  // private
+  var store   = {};
+
+  // public methods
+  return {
+
+    // store Watcher for element against user defined key
+    save: function(key, element) {
+      var elements = judge.utils.isCollection(element) ? element : [element];
+      _(elements).each(function(element) {
+        if (!store.hasOwnProperty(key)) { store[key] = []; }
+        var watchedInstance = new judge.Watcher(element),
+            currentStored   = _(store[key]).pluck('element');
+        if (!_(currentStored).include(element)) {
+          store[key].push(watchedInstance);
+        }
+      });
+      return store;
+    },
+
+    // remove individual stored Watcher
+    remove: function(key, element) {
+      if (!store.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      var elements = judge.utils.isCollection(element) ? element : [element];
+      store[key] = _(store[key]).reject(function(j) { return _(elements).include(j.element); });
+      return store;
+    },
+
+    // get entire store object, or get array of Watchers stored against key
+    get: function(key) {
+      if (_(key).isUndefined()) { return store; }
+      return store.hasOwnProperty(key) ? store[key] : null;
+    },
+
+    // get store object with watchers converted to elements, or DOM elements stored within all watchers stored against key
+    getDOM: function(key) {
+      if (_(key).isUndefined()) {
+        var convertedStore = {};
+        _(store).each(function(array, key) {
+          convertedStore[key] = _(array).pluck('element');
+        });
+        return convertedStore;
+      }
+      return store.hasOwnProperty(key) ? _(store[key]).pluck('element') : null;
+    },
+
+    // wipe entire store object, or wipe all Watchers stored against key
+    clear: function(key) {
+      if (_(key).isUndefined()) {
+        store = {};
+      } else {
+        if (!store.hasOwnProperty(key)) { return null; }
+        store[key] = [];
+      }
+      return store;
+    }
+
+  };
+}());
+
+// validate element(s) without storing
+judge.validate = function(elements) {
+  var results = [];
+  elements = judge.utils.isCollection(elements) ? elements : [elements];
+  _(elements).each(function(element) {
+    var j = new judge.Watcher(element);
+    results.push(j.validate());
+  });
+  return results;
+};
+
+// utils
+judge.utils = {
+  // determine whether object is a DOM element of the types that judge can work with
+  isValidatable: function(object) {
+    var type = judge.utils.getObjectString(object);
+    return (
+      type === "HTMLInputElement"    || 
+      type === "HTMLTextAreaElement" || 
+      type === "HTMLSelectElement"
+    );
+  },
+
+  // a way of checking isArray but including NodeList
+  isCollection: function(object) {
+    var type = judge.utils.getObjectString(object);
+    return (
+      type === "Array" || type === "NodeList"
+    );
+  },
+
+  // return object type as represented in Object.prototype.toString
+  getObjectString: function(object) {
+    var string = Object.prototype.toString.call(object);
+    return string.replace(/\[|\]/g, '').split(' ')[1];
+  },
+
+  // (3, '<', 4) => '3 < 4' => true
+  operate: function(input, operator, validInput) {
+    return eval(input+' '+operator+' '+validInput);
+  },
+
+  // sub expected value into error message
+  countMsg: function(message, count) { return message.replace(/\%\{count\}/, count); },
+
+  // numerical helpers
+  isInt: function(value) { return value === +value && value === (value|0); },
+  isFloat: function(value) { return value === +value && value !== (value|0); },
+  isEven: function(value) { return (value % 2 === 0) ? true : false; },
+  isOdd: function(value) { return !judge.utils.isEven(value); },
+
+  // convert ruby flag-first, string formatted RegExp into JS
+  convertRegExp: function(string) {
+    var p = string.slice(1, -1).split(':'),
+        o = p.shift(),
+        r = p.join(':');
+    return new RegExp(r, judge.utils.convertFlags(o));
+  },
+  convertFlags: function(string) {
+    var off = new RegExp('-'),
+        multi = new RegExp('m');
+    string = string.replace('?', '');
+    if (off.test(string) || !multi.test(string)) {
+      return '';
+    } else {
+      return 'm';
+    }
+  }
+};
+

data/lib/generators/judge/templates/underscore.js

@@ -0,0 +1,840 @@
+//     Underscore.js 1.1.7
+//     (c) 2011 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+//     Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+//     Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+
+(function() {
+
+  // Baseline setup
+  // --------------
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+  var root = this;
+
+  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
+  var previousUnderscore = root._;
+
+  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
+  var breaker = {};
+
+  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
+  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
+
+  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
+  var slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
+      unshift          = ArrayProto.unshift,
+      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
+      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
+  // are declared here.
+  var
+    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
+    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
+    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
+    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
+    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
+    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
+    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
+    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
+    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
+    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
+    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
+    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
+
+  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
+  var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };
+
+  // Export the Underscore object for **CommonJS**, with backwards-compatibility
+  // for the old `require()` API. If we're not in CommonJS, add `_` to the
+  // global object.
+  if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+    module.exports = _;
+    _._ = _;
+  } else {
+    // Exported as a string, for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
+    root['_'] = _;
+  }
+
+  // Current version.
+  _.VERSION = '1.1.7';
+
+  // Collection Functions
+  // --------------------
+
+  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
+  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
+  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return;
+    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
+        if (i in obj && iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (var key in obj) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) {
+          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
+  _.map = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
+  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = memo !== void 0;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
+    }
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!initial) {
+        memo = value;
+        initial = true;
+      } else {
+        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
+      }
+    });
+    if (!initial) throw new TypeError("Reduce of empty array with no initial value");
+    return memo;
+  };
+
+  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return memo !== void 0 ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
+    }
+    var reversed = (_.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.toArray(obj)).reverse();
+    return _.reduce(reversed, iterator, memo, context);
+  };
+
+  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result;
+    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
+        result = value;
+        return true;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
+  // Aliased as `select`.
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
+  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
+  // Aliased as `all`.
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    var result = true;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
+  // Aliased as `any`.
+  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    iterator = iterator || _.identity;
+    var result = false;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (result |= iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) return breaker;
+    });
+    return !!result;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using `===`.
+  // Aliased as `contains`.
+  _.include = _.contains = function(obj, target) {
+    var found = false;
+    if (obj == null) return found;
+    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+    any(obj, function(value) {
+      if (found = value === target) return true;
+    });
+    return found;
+  };
+
+  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
+  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
+      return (method.call ? method || value : value[method]).apply(value, args);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
+  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
+    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
+  };
+
+  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
+  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
+    var result = {computed : -Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
+  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
+    var result = {computed : Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
+    });
+    return result.value;
+  };
+
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
+  _.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      return {
+        value : value,
+        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
+      };
+    }).sort(function(left, right) {
+      var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
+      return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
+    }), 'value');
+  };
+
+  // Groups the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator
+  _.groupBy = function(obj, iterator) {
+    var result = {};
+    each(obj, function(value, index) {
+      var key = iterator(value, index);
+      (result[key] || (result[key] = [])).push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
+  // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
+  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
+    var low = 0, high = array.length;
+    while (low < high) {
+      var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+      iterator(array[mid]) < iterator(obj) ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
+    }
+    return low;
+  };
+
+  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
+  _.toArray = function(iterable) {
+    if (!iterable)                return [];
+    if (iterable.toArray)         return iterable.toArray();
+    if (_.isArray(iterable))      return slice.call(iterable);
+    if (_.isArguments(iterable))  return slice.call(iterable);
+    return _.values(iterable);
+  };
+
+  // Return the number of elements in an object.
+  _.size = function(obj) {
+    return _.toArray(obj).length;
+  };
+
+  // Array Functions
+  // ---------------
+
+  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
+  // values in the array. Aliased as `head`. The **guard** check allows it to work
+  // with `_.map`.
+  _.first = _.head = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail`.
+  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **index** will return
+  // the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The **guard**
+  // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.rest = _.tail = function(array, index, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, (index == null) || guard ? 1 : index);
+  };
+
+  // Get the last element of an array.
+  _.last = function(array) {
+    return array[array.length - 1];
+  };
+
+  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
+  _.compact = function(array) {
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
+  };
+
+  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
+  _.flatten = function(array) {
+    return _.reduce(array, function(memo, value) {
+      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(_.flatten(value));
+      memo[memo.length] = value;
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+  };
+
+  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
+  _.without = function(array) {
+    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+  };
+
+  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
+  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
+  // Aliased as `unique`.
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted) {
+    return _.reduce(array, function(memo, el, i) {
+      if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) memo[memo.length] = el;
+      return memo;
+    }, []);
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
+  // the passed-in arrays.
+  _.union = function() {
+    return _.uniq(_.flatten(arguments));
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
+  // passed-in arrays. (Aliased as "intersect" for back-compat.)
+  _.intersection = _.intersect = function(array) {
+    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
+      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
+        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Take the difference between one array and another.
+  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
+  _.difference = function(array, other) {
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(other, value); });
+  };
+
+  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
+  // an index go together.
+  _.zip = function() {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments);
+    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
+    var results = new Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
+  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
+  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
+  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
+  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
+  _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    var i, l;
+    if (isSorted) {
+      i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
+      return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
+    }
+    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
+    for (i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
+  _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
+    var i = array.length;
+    while (i--) if (array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  };
+
+  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
+  // the native Python `range()` function. See
+  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
+  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
+    if (arguments.length <= 1) {
+      stop = start || 0;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    step = arguments[2] || 1;
+
+    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
+    var idx = 0;
+    var range = new Array(len);
+
+    while(idx < len) {
+      range[idx++] = start;
+      start += step;
+    }
+
+    return range;
+  };
+
+  // Function (ahem) Functions
+  // ------------------
+
+  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
+  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as `curry`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if available.
+  // We check for `func.bind` first, to fail fast when `func` is undefined.
+  _.bind = function(func, obj) {
+    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return function() {
+      return func.apply(obj, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
+  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
+  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
+    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
+    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
+  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
+    var memo = {};
+    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
+    return function() {
+      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
+      return hasOwnProperty.call(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
+  // it with the arguments supplied.
+  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
+  };
+
+  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
+  // cleared.
+  _.defer = function(func) {
+    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
+  };
+
+  // Internal function used to implement `_.throttle` and `_.debounce`.
+  var limit = function(func, wait, debounce) {
+    var timeout;
+    return function() {
+      var context = this, args = arguments;
+      var throttler = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      };
+      if (debounce) clearTimeout(timeout);
+      if (debounce || !timeout) timeout = setTimeout(throttler, wait);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
+  // during a given window of time.
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
+    return limit(func, wait, false);
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
+  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
+  // N milliseconds.
+  _.debounce = function(func, wait) {
+    return limit(func, wait, true);
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
+  _.once = function(func) {
+    var ran = false, memo;
+    return function() {
+      if (ran) return memo;
+      ran = true;
+      return memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
+  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
+  // conditionally execute the original function.
+  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
+    return function() {
+      var args = [func].concat(slice.call(arguments));
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
+  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
+  _.compose = function() {
+    var funcs = slice.call(arguments);
+    return function() {
+      var args = slice.call(arguments);
+      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
+      }
+      return args[0];
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
+  _.after = function(times, func) {
+    return function() {
+      if (--times < 1) { return func.apply(this, arguments); }
+    };
+  };
+
+
+  // Object Functions
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
+  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+    var keys = [];
+    for (var key in obj) if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
+    return keys;
+  };
+
+  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
+  _.values = function(obj) {
+    return _.map(obj, _.identity);
+  };
+
+  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
+  // Aliased as `methods`
+  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
+    var names = [];
+    for (var key in obj) {
+      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
+    }
+    return names.sort();
+  };
+
+  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
+  _.extend = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (source[prop] !== void 0) obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
+  _.defaults = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
+  _.clone = function(obj) {
+    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
+  };
+
+  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
+  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
+  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(obj);
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
+  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
+    // Check object identity.
+    if (a === b) return true;
+    // Different types?
+    var atype = typeof(a), btype = typeof(b);
+    if (atype != btype) return false;
+    // Basic equality test (watch out for coercions).
+    if (a == b) return true;
+    // One is falsy and the other truthy.
+    if ((!a && b) || (a && !b)) return false;
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
+    if (a._chain) a = a._wrapped;
+    if (b._chain) b = b._wrapped;
+    // One of them implements an isEqual()?
+    if (a.isEqual) return a.isEqual(b);
+    if (b.isEqual) return b.isEqual(a);
+    // Check dates' integer values.
+    if (_.isDate(a) && _.isDate(b)) return a.getTime() === b.getTime();
+    // Both are NaN?
+    if (_.isNaN(a) && _.isNaN(b)) return false;
+    // Compare regular expressions.
+    if (_.isRegExp(a) && _.isRegExp(b))
+      return a.source     === b.source &&
+             a.global     === b.global &&
+             a.ignoreCase === b.ignoreCase &&
+             a.multiline  === b.multiline;
+    // If a is not an object by this point, we can't handle it.
+    if (atype !== 'object') return false;
+    // Check for different array lengths before comparing contents.
+    if (a.length && (a.length !== b.length)) return false;
+    // Nothing else worked, deep compare the contents.
+    var aKeys = _.keys(a), bKeys = _.keys(b);
+    // Different object sizes?
+    if (aKeys.length != bKeys.length) return false;
+    // Recursive comparison of contents.
+    for (var key in a) if (!(key in b) || !_.isEqual(a[key], b[key])) return false;
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given array or object empty?
+  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
+    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
+    for (var key in obj) if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) return false;
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a DOM element?
+  _.isElement = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value an array?
+  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
+  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) === '[object Array]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an object?
+  _.isObject = function(obj) {
+    return obj === Object(obj);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an arguments object?
+  _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && hasOwnProperty.call(obj, 'callee'));
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a function?
+  _.isFunction = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.constructor && obj.call && obj.apply);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a string?
+  _.isString = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj === '' || (obj && obj.charCodeAt && obj.substr));
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a number?
+  _.isNumber = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj === 0 || (obj && obj.toExponential && obj.toFixed));
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value `NaN`? `NaN` happens to be the only value in JavaScript
+  // that does not equal itself.
+  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
+    return obj !== obj;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a boolean?
+  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
+    return obj === true || obj === false;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a date?
+  _.isDate = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.getTimezoneOffset && obj.setUTCFullYear);
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value a regular expression?
+  _.isRegExp = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.test && obj.exec && (obj.ignoreCase || obj.ignoreCase === false));
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value equal to null?
+  _.isNull = function(obj) {
+    return obj === null;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable undefined?
+  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
+    return obj === void 0;
+  };
+
+  // Utility Functions
+  // -----------------
+
+  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
+  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
+  _.noConflict = function() {
+    root._ = previousUnderscore;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
+  _.identity = function(value) {
+    return value;
+  };
+
+  // Run a function **n** times.
+  _.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
+  };
+
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
+  // they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
+    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
+      addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
+  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
+  var idCounter = 0;
+  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
+    var id = idCounter++;
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  };
+
+  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
+  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
+  _.templateSettings = {
+    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g
+  };
+
+  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
+  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
+  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+  _.template = function(str, data) {
+    var c  = _.templateSettings;
+    var tmpl = 'var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};' +
+      'with(obj||{}){__p.push(\'' +
+      str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
+         .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+         .replace(c.interpolate, function(match, code) {
+           return "'," + code.replace(/\\'/g, "'") + ",'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.evaluate || null, function(match, code) {
+           return "');" + code.replace(/\\'/g, "'")
+                              .replace(/[\r\n\t]/g, ' ') + "__p.push('";
+         })
+         .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
+         .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
+         .replace(/\t/g, '\\t')
+         + "');}return __p.join('');";
+    var func = new Function('obj', tmpl);
+    return data ? func(data) : func;
+  };
+
+  // The OOP Wrapper
+  // ---------------
+
+  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
+  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
+  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
+  var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };
+
+  // Expose `wrapper.prototype` as `_.prototype`
+  _.prototype = wrapper.prototype;
+
+  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
+  var result = function(obj, chain) {
+    return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
+  };
+
+  // A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
+  var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var args = slice.call(arguments);
+      unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
+      return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
+  _.mixin(_);
+
+  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments);
+      return result(this._wrapped, this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
+  wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
+    this._chain = true;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
+  wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
+    return this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+})();
+