json 2.7.3 → 2.12.0

checksums.yaml

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data/CHANGES.md

@@ -1,5 +1,119 @@
 # Changes
 
+### Unreleased
+
+### 2025-05-12 (2.12.0)
+
+* Improve floating point generation to not use scientific notation as much.
+* Include line and column in parser errors. Both in the message and as exception attributes.
+* Handle non-string hash keys with broken `to_s` implementations.
+* `JSON.generate` now uses SSE2 (x86) or NEON (arm64) instructions when available to escape strings.
+
+### 2025-04-25 (2.11.3)
+
+* Fix a regression in `JSON.pretty_generate` that could cause indentation to be off once some `#to_json` has been called.
+
+### 2025-04-24 (2.11.2)
+
+* Add back `JSON::PRETTY_STATE_PROTOTYPE`. This constant was private API but is used by popular gems like `multi_json`.
+  It now emits a deprecation warning.
+
+### 2025-04-24 (2.11.1)
+
+* Add back `JSON.restore`, `JSON.unparse`, `JSON.fast_unparse` and `JSON.pretty_unparse`.
+  These were deprecated 16 years ago, but never emited warnings, only undocumented, so are
+  still used by a few gems.
+
+### 2025-04-24 (2.11.0)
+
+* Optimize Integer generation to be ~1.8x faster.
+* Optimize Float generation to be ~10x faster.
+* Fix `JSON.load` proc argument to substitute the parsed object with the return value.
+  This better match `Marshal.load` behavior.
+* Deprecate `JSON.fast_generate` (it's not any faster, so pointless).
+* Deprecate `JSON.load_default_options`.
+* Deprecate `JSON.unsafe_load_default_options`.
+* Deprecate `JSON.dump_default_options`.
+* Deprecate `Kernel#j`
+* Deprecate `Kernel#jj`
+* Remove outdated `JSON.iconv`.
+* Remove `Class#json_creatable?` monkey patch.
+* Remove deprecated `JSON.restore` method.
+* Remove deprecated `JSON.unparse` method.
+* Remove deprecated `JSON.fast_unparse` method.
+* Remove deprecated `JSON.pretty_unparse` method.
+* Remove deprecated `JSON::UnparserError` constant.
+* Remove outdated `JSON::MissingUnicodeSupport` constant.
+
+### 2025-03-12 (2.10.2)
+
+* Fix a potential crash in the C extension parser.
+* Raise a ParserError on all incomplete unicode escape sequence. This was the behavior until `2.10.0` unadvertently changed it.
+* Ensure document snippets that are included in parser errors don't include truncated multibyte characters.
+* Ensure parser error snippets are valid UTF-8.
+* Fix `JSON::GeneratorError#detailed_message` on Ruby < 3.2
+
+### 2025-02-10 (2.10.1)
+
+* Fix a compatibility issue with `MultiJson.dump(obj, pretty: true)`: `no implicit conversion of false into Proc (TypeError)`.
+
+### 2025-02-10 (2.10.0)
+
+* `strict: true` now accept symbols as values. Previously they'd only be accepted as hash keys.
+* The C extension Parser has been entirely reimplemented from scratch.
+* Introduced `JSON::Coder` as a new API allowing to customize how non native types are serialized in a non-global way.
+* Introduced `JSON::Fragment` to allow assembling cached fragments in a safe way.
+* The Java implementation of the generator received many optimizations.
+
+### 2024-12-18 (2.9.1)
+
+* Fix support for Solaris 10.
+
+### 2024-12-03 (2.9.0)
+
+* Fix C implementation of `script_safe` escaping to not confuse some other 3 wide characters with `\u2028` and `\u2029`.
+  e.g. `JSON.generate(["倩", "瀨"], script_safe: true)` would generate the wrong JSON.
+* `JSON.dump(object, some_io)` now write into the IO in chunks while previously it would buffer the entire JSON before writing.
+* `JSON::GeneratorError` now has a `#invalid_object` attribute, making it easier to understand why an object tree cannot be serialized.
+* Numerous improvements to the JRuby extension.
+
+### 2024-11-14 (2.8.2)
+
+* `JSON.load_file` explictly read the file as UTF-8.
+
+### 2024-11-06 (2.8.1)
+
+* Fix the java packages to include the extension.
+
+### 2024-11-06 (2.8.0)
+
+* Emit a deprecation warning when `JSON.load` create custom types without the `create_additions` option being explictly enabled.
+  * Prefer to use `JSON.unsafe_load(string)` or `JSON.load(string, create_additions: true)`.
+* Emit a deprecation warning when serializing valid UTF-8 strings encoded in `ASCII_8BIT` aka `BINARY`.
+* Bump required Ruby version to 2.7.
+* Add support for optionally parsing trailing commas, via `allow_trailing_comma: true`, which in cunjunction with the
+  pre-existing support for comments, make it suitable to parse `jsonc` documents.
+* Many performance improvements to `JSON.parse` and `JSON.load`, up to `1.7x` faster on real world documents.
+* Some minor performance improvements to `JSON.dump` and `JSON.generate`.
+* `JSON.pretty_generate` no longer include newline inside empty object and arrays. 
+
+### 2024-11-04 (2.7.6)
+
+* Fix a regression in JSON.generate when dealing with Hash keys that are string subclasses, call `to_json` on them.
+
+### 2024-10-25 (2.7.5)
+
+* Fix a memory leak when `#to_json` methods raise an exception.
+* Gracefully handle formatting configs being set to `nil` instead of `""`.
+* Workaround another issue caused by conflicting versions of both `json_pure` and `json` being loaded.
+
+### 2024-10-25 (2.7.4)
+
+* Workaround a bug in 3.4.8 and older https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/6490.
+  This bug would cause some gems with native extension to fail during compilation.
+* Workaround different versions of `json` and `json_pure` being loaded (not officially supported).
+* Make `json_pure` Ractor compatible. 
+
 ### 2024-10-24 (2.7.3)
 
 * Numerous performance optimizations in `JSON.generate` and `JSON.dump` (up to 2 times faster).

data/LEGAL

@@ -6,55 +6,3 @@
 All the files in this distribution are covered under either the Ruby's
 license (see the file COPYING) or public-domain except some files
 mentioned below.
-
-== MIT License
->>>
-      Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-      a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-      "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-      without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-      distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-      permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-      the following conditions:
-
-      The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-      included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-      THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-      EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-      MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-      NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-      LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-      OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-      WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-== Old-style BSD license
->>>
-      Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-      modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-      are met:
-      1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-      2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-         documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-      3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-         may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-         without specific prior written permission.
-
-      THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-      ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-      IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-      ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-      FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-      DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-      OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-      HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-      LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-      OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-      SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-      IMPORTANT NOTE::
-
-      From ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
-      paragraph 3 above is now null and void.

data/README.md

@@ -5,16 +5,10 @@
 ## Description
 
 This is an implementation of the JSON specification according to RFC 7159
-http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt . There is two variants available:
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt .
 
-* A pure ruby variant, that relies on the `strscan` extensions, which is
-  part of the ruby standard library.
-* The quite a bit faster native extension variant, which is in parts
-  implemented in C or Java and comes with a parser generated by the [Ragel]
-  state machine compiler.
-
-Both variants of the JSON generator generate UTF-8 character sequences by
-default. If an :ascii\_only option with a true value is given, they escape all
+The JSON generator generate UTF-8 character sequences by default.
+If an :ascii\_only option with a true value is given, they escape all
 non-ASCII and control characters with \uXXXX escape sequences, and support
 UTF-16 surrogate pairs in order to be able to generate the whole range of
 unicode code points.
@@ -27,10 +21,6 @@ endpoint.
 
 ## Installation
 
-It's recommended to use the extension variant of JSON, because it's faster than
-the pure ruby variant. If you cannot build it on your system, you can settle
-for the latter.
-
 Install the gem and add to the application's Gemfile by executing:
 
     $ bundle add json
@@ -39,13 +29,7 @@ If bundler is not being used to manage dependencies, install the gem by executin
 
     $ gem install json
 
-
-There is also a pure ruby json only variant of the gem, that can be installed
-with:
-
-    $ gem install json_pure
-
-## Usage
+## Basic Usage
 
 To use JSON you can
 
@@ -53,20 +37,6 @@ To use JSON you can
 require 'json'
 ```
 
-to load the installed variant (either the extension `'json'` or the pure
-variant `'json_pure'`). If you have installed the extension variant, you can
-pick either the extension variant or the pure variant by typing
-
-```ruby
-require 'json/ext'
-```
-
-or
-
-```ruby
-require 'json/pure'
-```
-
 Now you can parse a JSON document into a ruby data structure by calling
 
 ```ruby
@@ -82,50 +52,84 @@ You can also use the `pretty_generate` method (which formats the output more
 verbosely and nicely) or `fast_generate` (which doesn't do any of the security
 checks generate performs, e. g. nesting deepness checks).
 
-There are also the JSON and JSON[] methods which use parse on a String or
-generate a JSON document from an array or hash:
+## Casting non native types
+
+JSON documents can only support Hashes, Arrays, Strings, Integers and Floats.
+
+By default if you attempt to serialize something else, `JSON.generate` will
+search for a `#to_json` method on that object:
 
 ```ruby
-document = JSON 'test'  => 23 # => "{\"test\":23}"
-document = JSON['test' => 23] # => "{\"test\":23}"
+Position = Struct.new(:latitude, :longitude) do
+  def to_json(state = nil, *)
+    JSON::State.from_state(state).generate({
+      latitude: latitude,
+      longitude: longitude,
+    })
+  end
+end
+
+JSON.generate([
+  Position.new(12323.234, 435345.233),
+  Position.new(23434.676, 159435.324),
+]) # => [{"latitude":12323.234,"longitude":435345.233},{"latitude":23434.676,"longitude":159435.324}]
 ```
 
-and
+If a `#to_json` method isn't defined on the object, `JSON.generate` will fallback to call `#to_s`:
 
 ```ruby
-data = JSON '{"test":23}'  # => {"test"=>23}
-data = JSON['{"test":23}'] # => {"test"=>23}
+JSON.generate(Object.new) # => "#<Object:0x000000011e768b98>"
 ```
 
-You can choose to load a set of common additions to ruby core's objects if
-you
+Both of these behavior can be disabled using the `strict: true` option:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'json/add/core'
+JSON.generate(Object.new, strict: true) # => Object not allowed in JSON (JSON::GeneratorError)
+JSON.generate(Position.new(1, 2)) # => Position not allowed in JSON (JSON::GeneratorError)
 ```
 
-After requiring this you can, e. g., serialise/deserialise Ruby ranges:
+## JSON::Coder
+
+Since `#to_json` methods are global, it can sometimes be problematic if you need a given type to be
+serialized in different ways in different locations.
+
+Instead it is recommended to use the newer `JSON::Coder` API:
 
 ```ruby
-JSON JSON(1..10) # => 1..10
-```
+module MyApp
+  API_JSON_CODER = JSON::Coder.new do |object|
+    case object
+    when Time
+      object.iso8601(3)
+    else
+      object
+    end
+  end
+end
 
-To find out how to add JSON support to other or your own classes, read the
-section "More Examples" below.
+puts MyApp::API_JSON_CODER.dump(Time.now.utc) # => "2025-01-21T08:41:44.286Z"
+```
 
-## Serializing exceptions
+The provided block is called for all objects that don't have a native JSON equivalent, and
+must return a Ruby object that has a native JSON equivalent.
 
-The JSON module doesn't extend `Exception` by default. If you convert an `Exception`
-object to JSON, it will by default only include the exception message.
+## Combining JSON fragments
 
-To include the full details, you must either load the `json/add/core` mentioned
-above, or specifically load the exception addition:
+To combine JSON fragments into a bigger JSON document, you can use `JSON::Fragment`:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'json/add/exception'
+posts_json = cache.fetch_multi(post_ids) do |post_id|
+  JSON.generate(Post.find(post_id))
+end
+posts_json.map! { |post_json| JSON::Fragment.new(post_json) }
+JSON.generate({ posts: posts_json, count: posts_json.count })
 ```
 
-## More Examples
+## Round-tripping arbitrary types
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> You should never use `JSON.unsafe_load` nor `JSON.parse(str, create_additions: true)` to parse untrusted user input,
+> as it can lead to remote code execution vulnerabilities.
 
 To create a JSON document from a ruby data structure, you can call
 `JSON.generate` like that:
@@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ JSON.parse json
 # => [1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, 4..10]
 json = JSON.generate [1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, 4..10]
 # => "[1,2,{\"a\":3.141},false,true,null,{\"json_class\":\"Range\",\"data\":[4,10,false]}]"
-JSON.parse json, :create_additions => true
+JSON.unsafe_load json
 # => [1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, 4..10]
 ```
 

data/ext/json/ext/fbuffer/fbuffer.h

@@ -3,79 +3,143 @@
 
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#include "../vendor/jeaiii-ltoa.h"
+
+/* shims */
+/* This is the fallback definition from Ruby 3.4 */
+
+#ifndef RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+# if defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
+#  include <cstdbool>
+# endif
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H)
+# include <stdbool.h>
+#elif !defined(HAVE__BOOL)
+typedef unsigned char _Bool;
+# define bool  _Bool
+# define true  ((_Bool)+1)
+# define false ((_Bool)+0)
+# define __bool_true_false_are_defined
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RB_UNLIKELY
+#define RB_UNLIKELY(expr) expr
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RB_LIKELY
+#define RB_LIKELY(expr) expr
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MAYBE_UNUSED
+# define MAYBE_UNUSED(x) x
+#endif
+
+enum fbuffer_type {
+    FBUFFER_HEAP_ALLOCATED = 0,
+    FBUFFER_STACK_ALLOCATED = 1,
+};
 
 typedef struct FBufferStruct {
+    enum fbuffer_type type;
     unsigned long initial_length;
-    char *ptr;
     unsigned long len;
     unsigned long capa;
+    char *ptr;
+    VALUE io;
 } FBuffer;
 
+#define FBUFFER_STACK_SIZE 512
+#define FBUFFER_IO_BUFFER_SIZE (16384 - 1)
 #define FBUFFER_INITIAL_LENGTH_DEFAULT 1024
 
-#define FBUFFER_PTR(fb) (fb->ptr)
-#define FBUFFER_LEN(fb) (fb->len)
-#define FBUFFER_CAPA(fb) (fb->capa)
+#define FBUFFER_PTR(fb) ((fb)->ptr)
+#define FBUFFER_LEN(fb) ((fb)->len)
+#define FBUFFER_CAPA(fb) ((fb)->capa)
 #define FBUFFER_PAIR(fb) FBUFFER_PTR(fb), FBUFFER_LEN(fb)
 
-static FBuffer *fbuffer_alloc(unsigned long initial_length);
 static void fbuffer_free(FBuffer *fb);
-#ifndef JSON_GENERATOR
 static void fbuffer_clear(FBuffer *fb);
-#endif
 static void fbuffer_append(FBuffer *fb, const char *newstr, unsigned long len);
-#ifdef JSON_GENERATOR
 static void fbuffer_append_long(FBuffer *fb, long number);
-#endif
-static void fbuffer_append_char(FBuffer *fb, char newchr);
-#ifdef JSON_GENERATOR
-static VALUE fbuffer_to_s(FBuffer *fb);
-#endif
+static inline void fbuffer_append_char(FBuffer *fb, char newchr);
+static VALUE fbuffer_finalize(FBuffer *fb);
 
-#ifndef RB_UNLIKELY
-#define RB_UNLIKELY(expr) expr
-#endif
-
-static FBuffer *fbuffer_alloc(unsigned long initial_length)
+static void fbuffer_stack_init(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long initial_length, char *stack_buffer, long stack_buffer_size)
 {
-    FBuffer *fb;
-    if (initial_length <= 0) initial_length = FBUFFER_INITIAL_LENGTH_DEFAULT;
-    fb = ALLOC(FBuffer);
-    memset((void *) fb, 0, sizeof(FBuffer));
-    fb->initial_length = initial_length;
-    return fb;
+    fb->initial_length = (initial_length > 0) ? initial_length : FBUFFER_INITIAL_LENGTH_DEFAULT;
+    if (stack_buffer) {
+        fb->type = FBUFFER_STACK_ALLOCATED;
+        fb->ptr = stack_buffer;
+        fb->capa = stack_buffer_size;
+    }
 }
 
 static void fbuffer_free(FBuffer *fb)
 {
-    if (fb->ptr) ruby_xfree(fb->ptr);
-    ruby_xfree(fb);
+    if (fb->ptr && fb->type == FBUFFER_HEAP_ALLOCATED) {
+        ruby_xfree(fb->ptr);
+    }
 }
 
-#ifndef JSON_GENERATOR
 static void fbuffer_clear(FBuffer *fb)
 {
     fb->len = 0;
 }
-#endif
 
-static inline void fbuffer_inc_capa(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long requested)
+static void fbuffer_flush(FBuffer *fb)
 {
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(requested > fb->capa - fb->len)) {
-        unsigned long required;
+    rb_io_write(fb->io, rb_utf8_str_new(fb->ptr, fb->len));
+    fbuffer_clear(fb);
+}
 
-        if (RB_UNLIKELY(!fb->ptr)) {
-            fb->ptr = ALLOC_N(char, fb->initial_length);
-            fb->capa = fb->initial_length;
+static void fbuffer_realloc(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long required)
+{
+    if (required > fb->capa) {
+        if (fb->type == FBUFFER_STACK_ALLOCATED) {
+            const char *old_buffer = fb->ptr;
+            fb->ptr = ALLOC_N(char, required);
+            fb->type = FBUFFER_HEAP_ALLOCATED;
+            MEMCPY(fb->ptr, old_buffer, char, fb->len);
+        } else {
+            REALLOC_N(fb->ptr, char, required);
         }
+        fb->capa = required;
+    }
+}
 
-        for (required = fb->capa; requested > required - fb->len; required <<= 1);
+static void fbuffer_do_inc_capa(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long requested)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(fb->io)) {
+        if (fb->capa < FBUFFER_IO_BUFFER_SIZE) {
+            fbuffer_realloc(fb, FBUFFER_IO_BUFFER_SIZE);
+        } else {
+            fbuffer_flush(fb);
+        }
 
-        if (required > fb->capa) {
-            REALLOC_N(fb->ptr, char, required);
-            fb->capa = required;
+        if (RB_LIKELY(requested < fb->capa)) {
+            return;
         }
     }
+
+    unsigned long required;
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!fb->ptr)) {
+        fb->ptr = ALLOC_N(char, fb->initial_length);
+        fb->capa = fb->initial_length;
+    }
+
+    for (required = fb->capa; requested > required - fb->len; required <<= 1);
+
+    fbuffer_realloc(fb, required);
+}
+
+static inline void fbuffer_inc_capa(FBuffer *fb, unsigned long requested)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(requested > fb->capa - fb->len)) {
+        fbuffer_do_inc_capa(fb, requested);
+    }
 }
 
 static void fbuffer_append(FBuffer *fb, const char *newstr, unsigned long len)
@@ -87,7 +151,13 @@ static void fbuffer_append(FBuffer *fb, const char *newstr, unsigned long len)
     }
 }
 
-#ifdef JSON_GENERATOR
+/* Appends a character into a buffer. The buffer needs to have sufficient capacity, via fbuffer_inc_capa(...). */
+static inline void fbuffer_append_reserved_char(FBuffer *fb, char chr)
+{
+    fb->ptr[fb->len] = chr;
+    fb->len += 1;
+}
+
 static void fbuffer_append_str(FBuffer *fb, VALUE str)
 {
     const char *newstr = StringValuePtr(str);
@@ -97,50 +167,70 @@ static void fbuffer_append_str(FBuffer *fb, VALUE str)
 
     fbuffer_append(fb, newstr, len);
 }
-#endif
 
-static void fbuffer_append_char(FBuffer *fb, char newchr)
+static inline void fbuffer_append_char(FBuffer *fb, char newchr)
 {
     fbuffer_inc_capa(fb, 1);
     *(fb->ptr + fb->len) = newchr;
     fb->len++;
 }
 
-#ifdef JSON_GENERATOR
-static void freverse(char *start, char *end)
+static inline char *fbuffer_cursor(FBuffer *fb)
 {
-    char c;
-
-    while (end > start) {
-        c = *end, *end-- = *start, *start++ = c;
-    }
+    return fb->ptr + fb->len;
 }
 
-static long fltoa(long number, char *buf)
+static inline void fbuffer_advance_to(FBuffer *fb, char *end)
 {
-    static char digits[] = "0123456789";
-    long sign = number;
-    char* tmp = buf;
-
-    if (sign < 0) number = -number;
-    do *tmp++ = digits[number % 10]; while (number /= 10);
-    if (sign < 0) *tmp++ = '-';
-    freverse(buf, tmp - 1);
-    return tmp - buf;
+    fb->len = end - fb->ptr;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Appends the decimal string representation of \a number into the buffer.
+ */
 static void fbuffer_append_long(FBuffer *fb, long number)
 {
-    char buf[20];
-    unsigned long len = fltoa(number, buf);
-    fbuffer_append(fb, buf, len);
+    /*
+     * The jeaiii_ultoa() function produces digits left-to-right,
+     * allowing us to write directly into the buffer, but we don't know
+     * the number of resulting characters.
+     *
+     * We do know, however, that the `number` argument is always in the
+     * range 0xc000000000000000 to 0x3fffffffffffffff, or, in decimal,
+     * -4611686018427387904 to 4611686018427387903. The max number of chars
+     * generated is therefore 20 (including a potential sign character).
+     */
+
+    static const int MAX_CHARS_FOR_LONG = 20;
+
+    fbuffer_inc_capa(fb, MAX_CHARS_FOR_LONG);
+
+    if (number < 0) {
+        fbuffer_append_reserved_char(fb, '-');
+
+        /*
+         * Since number is always > LONG_MIN, `-number` will not overflow
+         * and is always the positive abs() value.
+         */
+        number = -number;
+    }
+
+    char *end = jeaiii_ultoa(fbuffer_cursor(fb), number);
+    fbuffer_advance_to(fb, end);
 }
 
-static VALUE fbuffer_to_s(FBuffer *fb)
+static VALUE fbuffer_finalize(FBuffer *fb)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_utf8_str_new(FBUFFER_PTR(fb), FBUFFER_LEN(fb));
-    fbuffer_free(fb);
-    return result;
+    if (fb->io) {
+        fbuffer_flush(fb);
+        fbuffer_free(fb);
+        rb_io_flush(fb->io);
+        return fb->io;
+    } else {
+        VALUE result = rb_utf8_str_new(FBUFFER_PTR(fb), FBUFFER_LEN(fb));
+        fbuffer_free(fb);
+        return result;
+    }
 }
-#endif
+
 #endif