json 2.15.2.1 → 2.16.0

data/ext/json/ext/parser/parser.c

@@ -1,35 +1,7 @@
-#include "ruby.h"
-#include "ruby/encoding.h"
-
-/* shims */
-/* This is the fallback definition from Ruby 3.4 */
-
-#ifndef RBIMPL_STDBOOL_H
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-# if defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
-#  include <cstdbool>
-# endif
-#elif defined(HAVE_STDBOOL_H)
-# include <stdbool.h>
-#elif !defined(HAVE__BOOL)
-typedef unsigned char _Bool;
-# define bool  _Bool
-# define true  ((_Bool)+1)
-# define false ((_Bool)+0)
-# define __bool_true_false_are_defined
-#endif
-#endif
-
+#include "../json.h"
+#include "../vendor/ryu.h"
 #include "../simd/simd.h"
 
-#ifndef RB_UNLIKELY
-#define RB_UNLIKELY(expr) expr
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RB_LIKELY
-#define RB_LIKELY(expr) expr
-#endif
-
 static VALUE mJSON, eNestingError, Encoding_UTF_8;
 static VALUE CNaN, CInfinity, CMinusInfinity;
 
@@ -44,7 +16,7 @@ static int utf8_encindex;
 
 #ifndef HAVE_RB_HASH_BULK_INSERT
 // For TruffleRuby
-void
+static void
 rb_hash_bulk_insert(long count, const VALUE *pairs, VALUE hash)
 {
     long index = 0;
@@ -61,6 +33,12 @@ rb_hash_bulk_insert(long count, const VALUE *pairs, VALUE hash)
 #define rb_hash_new_capa(n) rb_hash_new()
 #endif
 
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_STR_TO_INTERNED_STR
+static VALUE rb_str_to_interned_str(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(rb_str_freeze(str), i_uminus, 0);
+}
+#endif
 
 /* name cache */
 
@@ -106,116 +84,104 @@ static void rvalue_cache_insert_at(rvalue_cache *cache, int index, VALUE rstring
     cache->entries[index] = rstring;
 }
 
-static inline int rstring_cache_cmp(const char *str, const long length, VALUE rstring)
+#define rstring_cache_memcmp memcmp
+
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+#if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap64)
+#undef rstring_cache_memcmp
+static ALWAYS_INLINE() int rstring_cache_memcmp(const char *str, const char *rptr, const long length)
 {
-    long rstring_length = RSTRING_LEN(rstring);
-    if (length == rstring_length) {
-        return memcmp(str, RSTRING_PTR(rstring), length);
-    } else {
-        return (int)(length - rstring_length);
+    // The libc memcmp has numerous complex optimizations, but in this particular case,
+    // we know the string is small (JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH), so being able to
+    // inline a simpler memcmp outperforms calling the libc version.
+    long i = 0;
+
+    for (; i + 8 <= length; i += 8) {
+        uint64_t a, b;
+        memcpy(&a, str + i, 8);
+        memcpy(&b, rptr + i, 8);
+        if (a != b) {
+            a = __builtin_bswap64(a);
+            b = __builtin_bswap64(b);
+            return (a < b) ? -1 : 1;
+        }
     }
+
+    for (; i < length; i++) {
+        if (str[i] != rptr[i]) {
+            return (str[i] < rptr[i]) ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
 }
+#endif
+#endif
 
-static VALUE rstring_cache_fetch(rvalue_cache *cache, const char *str, const long length)
+static ALWAYS_INLINE() int rstring_cache_cmp(const char *str, const long length, VALUE rstring)
 {
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(length > JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH)) {
-        // Common names aren't likely to be very long. So we just don't
-        // cache names above an arbitrary threshold.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
+    const char *rstring_ptr;
+    long rstring_length;
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!isalpha((unsigned char)str[0]))) {
-        // Simple heuristic, if the first character isn't a letter,
-        // we're much less likely to see this string again.
-        // We mostly want to cache strings that are likely to be repeated.
-        return Qfalse;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(rstring, rstring_ptr, rstring_length);
+
+    if (length == rstring_length) {
+        return rstring_cache_memcmp(str, rstring_ptr, length);
+    } else {
+        return (int)(length - rstring_length);
     }
+}
 
+static ALWAYS_INLINE() VALUE rstring_cache_fetch(rvalue_cache *cache, const char *str, const long length)
+{
     int low = 0;
     int high = cache->length - 1;
-    int mid = 0;
-    int last_cmp = 0;
 
     while (low <= high) {
-        mid = (high + low) >> 1;
+        int mid = (high + low) >> 1;
         VALUE entry = cache->entries[mid];
-        last_cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, entry);
+        int cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, entry);
 
-        if (last_cmp == 0) {
+        if (cmp == 0) {
             return entry;
-        } else if (last_cmp > 0) {
+        } else if (cmp > 0) {
             low = mid + 1;
         } else {
             high = mid - 1;
         }
     }
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(memchr(str, '\\', length))) {
-        // We assume the overwhelming majority of names don't need to be escaped.
-        // But if they do, we have to fallback to the slow path.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
     VALUE rstring = build_interned_string(str, length);
 
     if (cache->length < JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_CAPA) {
-        if (last_cmp > 0) {
-            mid += 1;
-        }
-
-        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, mid, rstring);
+        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, low, rstring);
     }
     return rstring;
 }
 
 static VALUE rsymbol_cache_fetch(rvalue_cache *cache, const char *str, const long length)
 {
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(length > JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH)) {
-        // Common names aren't likely to be very long. So we just don't
-        // cache names above an arbitrary threshold.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!isalpha((unsigned char)str[0]))) {
-        // Simple heuristic, if the first character isn't a letter,
-        // we're much less likely to see this string again.
-        // We mostly want to cache strings that are likely to be repeated.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
     int low = 0;
     int high = cache->length - 1;
-    int mid = 0;
-    int last_cmp = 0;
 
     while (low <= high) {
-        mid = (high + low) >> 1;
+        int mid = (high + low) >> 1;
         VALUE entry = cache->entries[mid];
-        last_cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, rb_sym2str(entry));
+        int cmp = rstring_cache_cmp(str, length, rb_sym2str(entry));
 
-        if (last_cmp == 0) {
+        if (cmp == 0) {
             return entry;
-        } else if (last_cmp > 0) {
+        } else if (cmp > 0) {
             low = mid + 1;
         } else {
             high = mid - 1;
         }
     }
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(memchr(str, '\\', length))) {
-        // We assume the overwhelming majority of names don't need to be escaped.
-        // But if they do, we have to fallback to the slow path.
-        return Qfalse;
-    }
-
     VALUE rsymbol = build_symbol(str, length);
 
     if (cache->length < JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_CAPA) {
-        if (last_cmp > 0) {
-            mid += 1;
-        }
-
-        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, mid, rsymbol);
+        rvalue_cache_insert_at(cache, low, rsymbol);
     }
     return rsymbol;
 }
@@ -395,6 +361,22 @@ typedef struct JSON_ParserStateStruct {
     int current_nesting;
 } JSON_ParserState;
 
+static inline size_t rest(JSON_ParserState *state) {
+    return state->end - state->cursor;
+}
+
+static inline bool eos(JSON_ParserState *state) {
+    return state->cursor >= state->end;
+}
+
+static inline char peek(JSON_ParserState *state)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(eos(state))) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return *state->cursor;
+}
+
 static void cursor_position(JSON_ParserState *state, long *line_out, long *column_out)
 {
     const char *cursor = state->cursor;
@@ -428,9 +410,14 @@ static void emit_parse_warning(const char *message, JSON_ParserState *state)
 
 #define PARSE_ERROR_FRAGMENT_LEN 32
 
-static VALUE build_parse_error_message(const char *format, JSON_ParserState *state, long line, long column)
+#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN()
+#endif
+static void raise_parse_error(const char *format, JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
     unsigned char buffer[PARSE_ERROR_FRAGMENT_LEN + 3];
+    long line, column;
+    cursor_position(state, &line, &column);
 
     const char *ptr = "EOF";
     if (state->cursor && state->cursor < state->end) {
@@ -465,23 +452,11 @@ static VALUE build_parse_error_message(const char *format, JSON_ParserState *sta
     VALUE msg = rb_sprintf(format, ptr);
     VALUE message = rb_enc_sprintf(enc_utf8, "%s at line %ld column %ld", RSTRING_PTR(msg), line, column);
     RB_GC_GUARD(msg);
-    return message;
-}
 
-static VALUE parse_error_new(VALUE message, long line, long column)
-{
     VALUE exc = rb_exc_new_str(rb_path2class("JSON::ParserError"), message);
     rb_ivar_set(exc, rb_intern("@line"), LONG2NUM(line));
     rb_ivar_set(exc, rb_intern("@column"), LONG2NUM(column));
-    return exc;
-}
-
-NORETURN(static) void raise_parse_error(const char *format, JSON_ParserState *state)
-{
-    long line, column;
-    cursor_position(state, &line, &column);
-    VALUE message = build_parse_error_message(format, state, line, column);
-    rb_exc_raise(parse_error_new(message, line, column));
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
 }
 
 #ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_NORETURN
@@ -537,61 +512,82 @@ static uint32_t unescape_unicode(JSON_ParserState *state, const unsigned char *p
 
 static const rb_data_type_t JSON_ParserConfig_type;
 
-static const bool whitespace[256] = {
-    [' '] = 1,
-    ['\t'] = 1,
-    ['\n'] = 1,
-    ['\r'] = 1,
-    ['/'] = 1,
-};
-
 static void
 json_eat_comments(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
-    if (state->cursor + 1 < state->end) {
-        switch (state->cursor[1]) {
-            case '/': {
-                state->cursor = memchr(state->cursor, '\n', state->end - state->cursor);
-                if (!state->cursor) {
-                    state->cursor = state->end;
-                } else {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-                break;
+    const char *start = state->cursor;
+    state->cursor++;
+
+    switch (peek(state)) {
+        case '/': {
+            state->cursor = memchr(state->cursor, '\n', state->end - state->cursor);
+            if (!state->cursor) {
+                state->cursor = state->end;
+            } else {
+                state->cursor++;
             }
-            case '*': {
-                state->cursor += 2;
-                while (true) {
-                    state->cursor = memchr(state->cursor, '*', state->end - state->cursor);
-                    if (!state->cursor) {
-                        raise_parse_error_at("unexpected end of input, expected closing '*/'", state, state->end);
-                    } else {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        if (state->cursor < state->end && *state->cursor == '/') {
-                            state->cursor++;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
+            break;
+        }
+        case '*': {
+            state->cursor++;
+
+            while (true) {
+                const char *next_match = memchr(state->cursor, '*', state->end - state->cursor);
+                if (!next_match) {
+                    raise_parse_error_at("unterminated comment, expected closing '*/'", state, start);
+                }
+
+                state->cursor = next_match + 1;
+                if (peek(state) == '/') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    break;
                 }
-                break;
             }
-            default:
-                raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
-                break;
+            break;
         }
-    } else {
-        raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
+        default:
+            raise_parse_error_at("unexpected token %s", state, start);
+            break;
     }
 }
 
-static inline void
+static ALWAYS_INLINE() void
 json_eat_whitespace(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
-    while (state->cursor < state->end && RB_UNLIKELY(whitespace[(unsigned char)*state->cursor])) {
-        if (RB_LIKELY(*state->cursor != '/')) {
-            state->cursor++;
-        } else {
-            json_eat_comments(state);
+    while (true) {
+        switch (peek(state)) {
+            case ' ':
+                state->cursor++;
+                break;
+            case '\n':
+                state->cursor++;
+
+                // Heuristic: if we see a newline, there is likely consecutive spaces after it.
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+                while (rest(state) > 8) {
+                    uint64_t chunk;
+                    memcpy(&chunk, state->cursor, sizeof(uint64_t));
+                    if (chunk == 0x2020202020202020) {
+                        state->cursor += 8;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    uint32_t consecutive_spaces = trailing_zeros64(chunk ^ 0x2020202020202020) / CHAR_BIT;
+                    state->cursor += consecutive_spaces;
+                    break;
+                }
+#endif
+                break;
+            case '\t':
+            case '\r':
+                state->cursor++;
+                break;
+            case '/':
+                json_eat_comments(state);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                return;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -622,11 +618,20 @@ static inline VALUE build_string(const char *start, const char *end, bool intern
     return result;
 }
 
+static inline bool json_string_cacheable_p(const char *string, size_t length)
+{
+    //  We mostly want to cache strings that are likely to be repeated.
+    // Simple heuristics:
+    //  - Common names aren't likely to be very long. So we just don't cache names above an arbitrary threshold.
+    //  - If the first character isn't a letter, we're much less likely to see this string again.
+    return length <= JSON_RVALUE_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_LENGTH && rb_isalpha(string[0]);
+}
+
 static inline VALUE json_string_fastpath(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *string, const char *stringEnd, bool is_name, bool intern, bool symbolize)
 {
     size_t bufferSize = stringEnd - string;
 
-    if (is_name && state->in_array) {
+    if (is_name && state->in_array && RB_LIKELY(json_string_cacheable_p(string, bufferSize))) {
         VALUE cached_key;
         if (RB_UNLIKELY(symbolize)) {
             cached_key = rsymbol_cache_fetch(&state->name_cache, string, bufferSize);
@@ -650,19 +655,6 @@ static VALUE json_string_unescape(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *string, c
     int unescape_len;
     char buf[4];
 
-    if (is_name && state->in_array) {
-        VALUE cached_key;
-        if (RB_UNLIKELY(symbolize)) {
-            cached_key = rsymbol_cache_fetch(&state->name_cache, string, bufferSize);
-        } else {
-            cached_key = rstring_cache_fetch(&state->name_cache, string, bufferSize);
-        }
-
-        if (RB_LIKELY(cached_key)) {
-            return cached_key;
-        }
-    }
-
     VALUE result = rb_str_buf_new(bufferSize);
     rb_enc_associate_index(result, utf8_encindex);
     buffer = RSTRING_PTR(result);
@@ -755,33 +747,13 @@ static VALUE json_string_unescape(JSON_ParserState *state, const char *string, c
     if (symbolize) {
         result = rb_str_intern(result);
     } else if (intern) {
-        result = rb_funcall(rb_str_freeze(result), i_uminus, 0);
+        result = rb_str_to_interned_str(result);
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 #define MAX_FAST_INTEGER_SIZE 18
-static inline VALUE fast_decode_integer(const char *p, const char *pe)
-{
-    bool negative = false;
-    if (*p == '-') {
-        negative = true;
-        p++;
-    }
-
-    long long memo = 0;
-    while (p < pe) {
-        memo *= 10;
-        memo += *p - '0';
-        p++;
-    }
-
-    if (negative) {
-        memo = -memo;
-    }
-    return LL2NUM(memo);
-}
 
 static VALUE json_decode_large_integer(const char *start, long len)
 {
@@ -795,17 +767,27 @@ static VALUE json_decode_large_integer(const char *start, long len)
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
-json_decode_integer(const char *start, const char *end)
+json_decode_integer(uint64_t mantissa, int mantissa_digits, bool negative, const char *start, const char *end)
 {
-        long len = end - start;
-        if (RB_LIKELY(len < MAX_FAST_INTEGER_SIZE)) {
-            return fast_decode_integer(start, end);
+    if (RB_LIKELY(mantissa_digits < MAX_FAST_INTEGER_SIZE)) {
+        if (negative) {
+            return INT64T2NUM(-((int64_t)mantissa));
         }
-        return json_decode_large_integer(start, len);
+        return UINT64T2NUM(mantissa);
+    }
+
+    return json_decode_large_integer(start, end - start);
 }
 
 static VALUE json_decode_large_float(const char *start, long len)
 {
+    if (RB_LIKELY(len < 64)) {
+        char buffer[64];
+        MEMCPY(buffer, start, char, len);
+        buffer[len] = '\0';
+        return DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(buffer, 1));
+    }
+
     VALUE buffer_v;
     char *buffer = RB_ALLOCV_N(char, buffer_v, len + 1);
     MEMCPY(buffer, start, char, len);
@@ -815,21 +797,24 @@ static VALUE json_decode_large_float(const char *start, long len)
     return number;
 }
 
-static VALUE json_decode_float(JSON_ParserConfig *config, const char *start, const char *end)
+/* Ruby JSON optimized float decoder using vendored Ryu algorithm
+ * Accepts pre-extracted mantissa and exponent from first-pass validation
+ */
+static inline VALUE json_decode_float(JSON_ParserConfig *config, uint64_t mantissa, int mantissa_digits, int32_t exponent, bool negative,
+                                          const char *start, const char *end)
 {
-    long len = end - start;
-
     if (RB_UNLIKELY(config->decimal_class)) {
-        VALUE text = rb_str_new(start, len);
+        VALUE text = rb_str_new(start, end - start);
         return rb_funcallv(config->decimal_class, config->decimal_method_id, 1, &text);
-    } else if (RB_LIKELY(len < 64)) {
-        char buffer[64];
-        MEMCPY(buffer, start, char, len);
-        buffer[len] = '\0';
-        return DBL2NUM(rb_cstr_to_dbl(buffer, 1));
-    } else {
-        return json_decode_large_float(start, len);
     }
+
+    // Fall back to rb_cstr_to_dbl for potential subnormals (rare edge case)
+    // Ryu has rounding issues with subnormals around 1e-310 (< 2.225e-308)
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(mantissa_digits > 17 || mantissa_digits + exponent < -307)) {
+        return json_decode_large_float(start, end - start);
+    }
+
+    return DBL2NUM(ryu_s2d_from_parts(mantissa, mantissa_digits, exponent, negative));
 }
 
 static inline VALUE json_decode_array(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, long count)
@@ -882,11 +867,6 @@ static void raise_duplicate_key_error(JSON_ParserState *state, VALUE duplicate_k
         rb_inspect(duplicate_key)
     );
 
-    long line, column;
-    cursor_position(state, &line, &column);
-    rb_str_concat(message, build_parse_error_message("", state, line, column)) ;
-    rb_exc_raise(parse_error_new(message, line, column));
-
     raise_parse_error(RSTRING_PTR(message), state);
     RB_GC_GUARD(message);
 }
@@ -956,17 +936,11 @@ static const bool string_scan_table[256] = {
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 };
 
-#if (defined(__GNUC__ ) || defined(__clang__))
-#define FORCE_INLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
-#else
-#define FORCE_INLINE
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SIMD
 static SIMD_Implementation simd_impl = SIMD_NONE;
 #endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
 
-static inline bool FORCE_INLINE string_scan(JSON_ParserState *state)
+static ALWAYS_INLINE() bool string_scan(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_SIMD
 #if defined(HAVE_SIMD_NEON)
@@ -988,7 +962,7 @@ static inline bool FORCE_INLINE string_scan(JSON_ParserState *state)
 #endif /* HAVE_SIMD_NEON or HAVE_SIMD_SSE2 */
 #endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
 
-    while (state->cursor < state->end) {
+    while (!eos(state)) {
         if (RB_UNLIKELY(string_scan_table[(unsigned char)*state->cursor])) {
             return 1;
         }
@@ -1030,16 +1004,160 @@ static inline VALUE json_parse_string(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+// From: https://lemire.me/blog/2022/01/21/swar-explained-parsing-eight-digits/
+// Additional References:
+// https://johnnylee-sde.github.io/Fast-numeric-string-to-int/
+// http://0x80.pl/notesen/2014-10-12-parsing-decimal-numbers-part-1-swar.html
+static inline uint64_t decode_8digits_unrolled(uint64_t val) {
+    const uint64_t mask = 0x000000FF000000FF;
+    const uint64_t mul1 = 0x000F424000000064; // 100 + (1000000ULL << 32)
+    const uint64_t mul2 = 0x0000271000000001; // 1 + (10000ULL << 32)
+    val -= 0x3030303030303030;
+    val = (val * 10) + (val >> 8); // val = (val * 2561) >> 8;
+    val = (((val & mask) * mul1) + (((val >> 16) & mask) * mul2)) >> 32;
+    return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t decode_4digits_unrolled(uint32_t val) {
+    const uint32_t mask = 0x000000FF;
+    const uint32_t mul1 = 100;
+    val -= 0x30303030;
+    val = (val * 10) + (val >> 8); // val = (val * 2561) >> 8;
+    val = ((val & mask) * mul1) + (((val >> 16) & mask));
+    return val;
+}
+#endif
+
+static inline int json_parse_digits(JSON_ParserState *state, uint64_t *accumulator)
+{
+    const char *start = state->cursor;
+
+#if JSON_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN_64BITS
+    while (rest(state) >= sizeof(uint64_t)) {
+        uint64_t next_8bytes;
+        memcpy(&next_8bytes, state->cursor, sizeof(uint64_t));
+
+        // From: https://github.com/simdjson/simdjson/blob/32b301893c13d058095a07d9868edaaa42ee07aa/include/simdjson/generic/numberparsing.h#L333
+        // Branchless version of: http://0x80.pl/articles/swar-digits-validate.html
+        uint64_t match = (next_8bytes & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0) | (((next_8bytes + 0x0606060606060606) & 0xF0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0) >> 4);
+
+        if (match == 0x3333333333333333) { // 8 consecutive digits
+            *accumulator = (*accumulator * 100000000) + decode_8digits_unrolled(next_8bytes);
+            state->cursor += 8;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t consecutive_digits = trailing_zeros64(match ^ 0x3333333333333333) / CHAR_BIT;
+
+        if (consecutive_digits >= 4) {
+            *accumulator = (*accumulator * 10000) + decode_4digits_unrolled((uint32_t)next_8bytes);
+            state->cursor += 4;
+            consecutive_digits -= 4;
+        }
+
+        while (consecutive_digits) {
+            *accumulator = *accumulator * 10 + (*state->cursor - '0');
+            consecutive_digits--;
+            state->cursor++;
+        }
+
+        return (int)(state->cursor - start);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    char next_char;
+    while (rb_isdigit(next_char = peek(state))) {
+        *accumulator = *accumulator * 10 + (next_char - '0');
+        state->cursor++;
+    }
+    return (int)(state->cursor - start);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_parse_number(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config, bool negative, const char *start)
+{
+    bool integer = true;
+    const char first_digit = *state->cursor;
+
+    // Variables for Ryu optimization - extract digits during parsing
+    int32_t exponent = 0;
+    int decimal_point_pos = -1;
+    uint64_t mantissa = 0;
+
+    // Parse integer part and extract mantissa digits
+    int mantissa_digits = json_parse_digits(state, &mantissa);
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY((first_digit == '0' && mantissa_digits > 1) || (negative && mantissa_digits == 0))) {
+        raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
+    }
+
+    // Parse fractional part
+    if (peek(state) == '.') {
+        integer = false;
+        decimal_point_pos = mantissa_digits;  // Remember position of decimal point
+        state->cursor++;
+
+        int fractional_digits = json_parse_digits(state, &mantissa);
+        mantissa_digits += fractional_digits;
+
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(!fractional_digits)) {
+            raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Parse exponent
+    if (rb_tolower(peek(state)) == 'e') {
+        integer = false;
+        state->cursor++;
+
+        bool negative_exponent = false;
+        const char next_char = peek(state);
+        if (next_char == '-' || next_char == '+') {
+            negative_exponent = next_char == '-';
+            state->cursor++;
+        }
+
+        uint64_t abs_exponent = 0;
+        int exponent_digits = json_parse_digits(state, &abs_exponent);
+
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(!exponent_digits)) {
+            raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
+        }
+
+        exponent = negative_exponent ? -((int32_t)abs_exponent) : ((int32_t)abs_exponent);
+    }
+
+    if (integer) {
+        return json_decode_integer(mantissa, mantissa_digits, negative, start, state->cursor);
+    }
+
+    // Adjust exponent based on decimal point position
+    if (decimal_point_pos >= 0) {
+        exponent -= (mantissa_digits - decimal_point_pos);
+    }
+
+    return json_decode_float(config, mantissa, mantissa_digits, exponent, negative, start, state->cursor);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_parse_positive_number(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
+{
+    return json_parse_number(state, config, false, state->cursor);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_parse_negative_number(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
+{
+    const char *start = state->cursor;
+    state->cursor++;
+    return json_parse_number(state, config, true, start);
+}
+
 static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
 {
     json_eat_whitespace(state);
-    if (state->cursor >= state->end) {
-        raise_parse_error("unexpected end of input", state);
-    }
 
-    switch (*state->cursor) {
+    switch (peek(state)) {
         case 'n':
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 4) && (memcmp(state->cursor, "null", 4) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 4 && (memcmp(state->cursor, "null", 4) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 4;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, Qnil);
             }
@@ -1047,7 +1165,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
             break;
         case 't':
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 4) && (memcmp(state->cursor, "true", 4) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 4 && (memcmp(state->cursor, "true", 4) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 4;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, Qtrue);
             }
@@ -1056,7 +1174,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             break;
         case 'f':
             // Note: memcmp with a small power of two compile to an integer comparison
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 5) && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "alse", 4) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 5 && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "alse", 4) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 5;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, Qfalse);
             }
@@ -1065,7 +1183,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             break;
         case 'N':
             // Note: memcmp with a small power of two compile to an integer comparison
-            if (config->allow_nan && (state->end - state->cursor >= 3) && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "aN", 2) == 0)) {
+            if (config->allow_nan && rest(state) >= 3 && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "aN", 2) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 3;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, CNaN);
             }
@@ -1073,16 +1191,16 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
             break;
         case 'I':
-            if (config->allow_nan && (state->end - state->cursor >= 8) && (memcmp(state->cursor, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
+            if (config->allow_nan && rest(state) >= 8 && (memcmp(state->cursor, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
                 state->cursor += 8;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, CInfinity);
             }
 
             raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
             break;
-        case '-':
+        case '-': {
             // Note: memcmp with a small power of two compile to an integer comparison
-            if ((state->end - state->cursor >= 9) && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
+            if (rest(state) >= 9 && (memcmp(state->cursor + 1, "Infinity", 8) == 0)) {
                 if (config->allow_nan) {
                     state->cursor += 9;
                     return json_push_value(state, config, CMinusInfinity);
@@ -1090,62 +1208,12 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
                     raise_parse_error("unexpected token %s", state);
                 }
             }
-            // Fallthrough
-        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': {
-            bool integer = true;
-
-            // /\A-?(0|[1-9]\d*)(\.\d+)?([Ee][-+]?\d+)?/
-            const char *start = state->cursor;
-            state->cursor++;
-
-            while ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor >= '0') && (*state->cursor <= '9')) {
-                state->cursor++;
-            }
-
-            long integer_length = state->cursor - start;
-
-            if (RB_UNLIKELY(start[0] == '0' && integer_length > 1)) {
-                raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
-            } else if (RB_UNLIKELY(integer_length > 2 && start[0] == '-' && start[1] == '0')) {
-                raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
-            } else if (RB_UNLIKELY(integer_length == 1 && start[0] == '-')) {
-                raise_parse_error_at("invalid number: %s", state, start);
-            }
-
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == '.')) {
-                integer = false;
-                state->cursor++;
-
-                if (state->cursor == state->end || *state->cursor < '0' || *state->cursor > '9') {
-                    raise_parse_error("invalid number: %s", state);
-                }
-
-                while ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor >= '0') && (*state->cursor <= '9')) {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && ((*state->cursor == 'e') || (*state->cursor == 'E'))) {
-                integer = false;
-                state->cursor++;
-                if ((state->cursor < state->end) && ((*state->cursor == '+') || (*state->cursor == '-'))) {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-
-                if (state->cursor == state->end || *state->cursor < '0' || *state->cursor > '9') {
-                    raise_parse_error("invalid number: %s", state);
-                }
-
-                while ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor >= '0') && (*state->cursor <= '9')) {
-                    state->cursor++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (integer) {
-                return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_integer(start, state->cursor));
-            }
-            return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_float(config, start, state->cursor));
+            return json_push_value(state, config, json_parse_negative_number(state, config));
+            break;
         }
+        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+            return json_push_value(state, config, json_parse_positive_number(state, config));
+            break;
         case '"': {
             // %r{\A"[^"\\\t\n\x00]*(?:\\[bfnrtu\\/"][^"\\]*)*"}
             return json_parse_string(state, config, false);
@@ -1156,7 +1224,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             json_eat_whitespace(state);
             long stack_head = state->stack->head;
 
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == ']')) {
+            if (peek(state) == ']') {
                 state->cursor++;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_array(state, config, 0));
             } else {
@@ -1171,26 +1239,26 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             while (true) {
                 json_eat_whitespace(state);
 
-                if (state->cursor < state->end) {
-                    if (*state->cursor == ']') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        long count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
-                        state->current_nesting--;
-                        state->in_array--;
-                        return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_array(state, config, count));
-                    }
+                const char next_char = peek(state);
 
-                    if (*state->cursor == ',') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
-                            json_eat_whitespace(state);
-                            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == ']')) {
-                                continue;
-                            }
+                if (RB_LIKELY(next_char == ',')) {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
+                        json_eat_whitespace(state);
+                        if (peek(state) == ']') {
+                            continue;
                         }
-                        json_parse_any(state, config);
-                        continue;
                     }
+                    json_parse_any(state, config);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (next_char == ']') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    long count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
+                    state->current_nesting--;
+                    state->in_array--;
+                    return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_array(state, config, count));
                 }
 
                 raise_parse_error("expected ',' or ']' after array value", state);
@@ -1204,7 +1272,7 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             json_eat_whitespace(state);
             long stack_head = state->stack->head;
 
-            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == '}')) {
+            if (peek(state) == '}') {
                 state->cursor++;
                 return json_push_value(state, config, json_decode_object(state, config, 0));
             } else {
@@ -1213,13 +1281,13 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
                     rb_raise(eNestingError, "nesting of %d is too deep", state->current_nesting);
                 }
 
-                if (*state->cursor != '"') {
+                if (peek(state) != '"') {
                     raise_parse_error("expected object key, got %s", state);
                 }
                 json_parse_string(state, config, true);
 
                 json_eat_whitespace(state);
-                if ((state->cursor >= state->end) || (*state->cursor != ':')) {
+                if (peek(state) != ':') {
                     raise_parse_error("expected ':' after object key", state);
                 }
                 state->cursor++;
@@ -1230,46 +1298,45 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             while (true) {
                 json_eat_whitespace(state);
 
-                if (state->cursor < state->end) {
-                    if (*state->cursor == '}') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        state->current_nesting--;
-                        size_t count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
+                const char next_char = peek(state);
+                if (next_char == '}') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    state->current_nesting--;
+                    size_t count = state->stack->head - stack_head;
 
-                        // Temporary rewind cursor in case an error is raised
-                        const char *final_cursor = state->cursor;
-                        state->cursor = object_start_cursor;
-                        VALUE object = json_decode_object(state, config, count);
-                        state->cursor = final_cursor;
+                    // Temporary rewind cursor in case an error is raised
+                    const char *final_cursor = state->cursor;
+                    state->cursor = object_start_cursor;
+                    VALUE object = json_decode_object(state, config, count);
+                    state->cursor = final_cursor;
 
-                        return json_push_value(state, config, object);
-                    }
+                    return json_push_value(state, config, object);
+                }
 
-                    if (*state->cursor == ',') {
-                        state->cursor++;
-                        json_eat_whitespace(state);
+                if (next_char == ',') {
+                    state->cursor++;
+                    json_eat_whitespace(state);
 
-                        if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
-                            if ((state->cursor < state->end) && (*state->cursor == '}')) {
-                                continue;
-                            }
+                    if (config->allow_trailing_comma) {
+                        if (peek(state) == '}') {
+                            continue;
                         }
+                    }
 
-                        if (*state->cursor != '"') {
-                            raise_parse_error("expected object key, got: %s", state);
-                        }
-                        json_parse_string(state, config, true);
+                    if (RB_UNLIKELY(peek(state) != '"')) {
+                        raise_parse_error("expected object key, got: %s", state);
+                    }
+                    json_parse_string(state, config, true);
 
-                        json_eat_whitespace(state);
-                        if ((state->cursor >= state->end) || (*state->cursor != ':')) {
-                            raise_parse_error("expected ':' after object key, got: %s", state);
-                        }
-                        state->cursor++;
+                    json_eat_whitespace(state);
+                    if (RB_UNLIKELY(peek(state) != ':')) {
+                        raise_parse_error("expected ':' after object key, got: %s", state);
+                    }
+                    state->cursor++;
 
-                        json_parse_any(state, config);
+                    json_parse_any(state, config);
 
-                        continue;
-                    }
+                    continue;
                 }
 
                 raise_parse_error("expected ',' or '}' after object value, got: %s", state);
@@ -1277,18 +1344,23 @@ static VALUE json_parse_any(JSON_ParserState *state, JSON_ParserConfig *config)
             break;
         }
 
+        case 0:
+            raise_parse_error("unexpected end of input", state);
+            break;
+
         default:
             raise_parse_error("unexpected character: %s", state);
             break;
     }
 
     raise_parse_error("unreachable: %s", state);
+    return Qundef;
 }
 
 static void json_ensure_eof(JSON_ParserState *state)
 {
     json_eat_whitespace(state);
-    if (state->cursor != state->end) {
+    if (!eos(state)) {
         raise_parse_error("unexpected token at end of stream %s", state);
     }
 }