json 1.2.0 → 2.19.8

data/ext/json/ext/generator/generator.c

@@ -1,49 +1,19 @@
-#include <string.h>
-#include "ruby.h"
-#if HAVE_RUBY_ST_H
-#include "ruby/st.h"
-#endif
-#if HAVE_ST_H
-#include "st.h"
-#endif
-#include "unicode.h"
-#include <math.h>
-
-#ifndef RHASH_TBL
-#define RHASH_TBL(hsh) (RHASH(hsh)->tbl)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RHASH_SIZE
-#define RHASH_SIZE(hsh) (RHASH(hsh)->tbl->num_entries)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RFLOAT_VALUE
-#define RFLOAT_VALUE(val) (RFLOAT(val)->value)
-#endif
+#include "../json.h"
+#include "../fbuffer/fbuffer.h"
+#include "../vendor/fpconv.c"
 
-#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H
-#include "ruby/encoding.h"
-#define FORCE_UTF8(obj) rb_enc_associate((obj), rb_utf8_encoding())
-static VALUE mEncoding_UTF_8;
-static ID i_encoding, i_encode;
-#else
-#define FORCE_UTF8(obj)
-#endif
+#include <math.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
 
-#define check_max_nesting(state, depth) do {                                   \
-    long current_nesting = 1 + depth;                                          \
-    if (state->max_nesting != 0 && current_nesting > state->max_nesting)       \
-        rb_raise(eNestingError, "nesting of %ld is too deep", current_nesting); \
-} while (0);
+#include "../simd/simd.h"
 
-static VALUE mJSON, mExt, mGenerator, cState, mGeneratorMethods, mObject,
-             mHash, mArray, mInteger, mFloat, mString, mString_Extend,
-             mTrueClass, mFalseClass, mNilClass, eGeneratorError,
-             eCircularDatastructure, eNestingError;
+/* ruby api and some helpers */
 
-static ID i_to_s, i_to_json, i_new, i_indent, i_space, i_space_before,
-          i_object_nl, i_array_nl, i_check_circular, i_max_nesting,
-          i_allow_nan, i_pack, i_unpack, i_create_id, i_extend;
+enum duplicate_key_action {
+    JSON_DEPRECATED = 0,
+    JSON_IGNORE,
+    JSON_RAISE,
+};
 
 typedef struct JSON_Generator_StateStruct {
     VALUE indent;
@@ -51,584 +21,1363 @@ typedef struct JSON_Generator_StateStruct {
     VALUE space_before;
     VALUE object_nl;
     VALUE array_nl;
-    int check_circular;
-    VALUE seen;
-    VALUE memo;
-    VALUE depth;
+    VALUE as_json;
+
     long max_nesting;
-    int flag;
-    int allow_nan;
+    long depth;
+    long buffer_initial_length;
+
+    enum duplicate_key_action on_duplicate_key;
+
+    bool as_json_single_arg;
+    bool allow_nan;
+    bool ascii_only;
+    bool script_safe;
+    bool strict;
 } JSON_Generator_State;
 
+static VALUE mJSON, cState, cFragment, eGeneratorError, eNestingError, Encoding_UTF_8;
+
+static ID i_to_s, i_to_json, i_new, i_encode;
+static VALUE sym_indent, sym_space, sym_space_before, sym_object_nl, sym_array_nl, sym_max_nesting, sym_allow_nan, sym_allow_duplicate_key,
+             sym_ascii_only, sym_depth, sym_buffer_initial_length, sym_script_safe, sym_escape_slash, sym_strict, sym_as_json;
+
+
+#define GET_STATE_TO(self, state) \
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, JSON_Generator_State, &JSON_Generator_State_type, state)
+
 #define GET_STATE(self)                       \
     JSON_Generator_State *state;              \
-    Data_Get_Struct(self, JSON_Generator_State, state);
+    GET_STATE_TO(self, state)
+
+struct generate_json_data;
+
+typedef void (*generator_func)(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+
+struct generate_json_data {
+    FBuffer *buffer;
+    VALUE vstate;
+    JSON_Generator_State *state;
+    VALUE obj;
+    generator_func func;
+    long depth;
+};
+
+static SIMD_Implementation simd_impl;
+
+static VALUE cState_from_state_s(VALUE self, VALUE opts);
+static VALUE cState_partial_generate(VALUE self, VALUE obj, generator_func, VALUE io);
+static void generate_json(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_object(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_array(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_string(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_null(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_false(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_true(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_fixnum(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_bignum(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_float(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+static void generate_json_fragment(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj);
+
+static int usascii_encindex, utf8_encindex, binary_encindex;
+
+NORETURN(static void) raise_generator_error_str(VALUE invalid_object, VALUE str)
+{
+    rb_enc_associate_index(str, utf8_encindex);
+    VALUE exc = rb_exc_new_str(eGeneratorError, str);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, rb_intern("@invalid_object"), invalid_object);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT
+RBIMPL_ATTR_FORMAT(RBIMPL_PRINTF_FORMAT, 2, 3)
+#endif
+NORETURN(static void) raise_generator_error(VALUE invalid_object, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    VALUE str = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    raise_generator_error_str(invalid_object, str);
+}
+
+// 0 - single byte char that don't need to be escaped.
+// (x | 8) - char that needs to be escaped.
+static const unsigned char CHAR_LENGTH_MASK = 7;
+static const unsigned char ESCAPE_MASK = 8;
+
+typedef struct _search_state {
+    const char *ptr;
+    const char *end;
+    const char *cursor;
+    FBuffer *buffer;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+    const char *chunk_base;
+    const char *chunk_end;
+    bool has_matches;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_SIMD_NEON)
+    uint64_t matches_mask;
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIMD_SSE2)
+    int matches_mask;
+#else
+#error "Unknown SIMD Implementation."
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD_NEON */
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
+} search_state;
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) void search_flush(search_state *search)
+{
+    // Do not remove this conditional without profiling, specifically escape-heavy text.
+    // escape_UTF8_char_basic will advance search->ptr and search->cursor (effectively a search_flush).
+    // For back-to-back characters that need to be escaped, specifically for the SIMD code paths, this method
+    // will be called just before calling escape_UTF8_char_basic. There will be no characters to append for the
+    // consecutive characters that need to be escaped. While the fbuffer_append is a no-op if
+    // nothing needs to be flushed, we can save a few memory references with this conditional.
+    if (search->ptr > search->cursor) {
+        fbuffer_append(search->buffer, search->cursor, search->ptr - search->cursor);
+        search->cursor = search->ptr;
+    }
+}
+
+static const unsigned char escape_table_basic[256] = {
+    // ASCII Control Characters
+     9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+     9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+    // ASCII Characters
+     0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // '"'
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, // '\\'
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+};
+
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic(search_state *search)
+{
+    while (search->ptr < search->end) {
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(escape_table_basic[(const unsigned char)*search->ptr])) {
+            search_flush(search);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            search->ptr++;
+        }
+    }
+    search_flush(search);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) void escape_UTF8_char_basic(search_state *search)
+{
+    const unsigned char ch = (unsigned char)*search->ptr;
+    switch (ch) {
+        case '"':  fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\\"", 2); break;
+        case '\\': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\\\", 2); break;
+        case '/':  fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\/", 2);  break;
+        case '\b': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\b", 2);  break;
+        case '\f': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\f", 2);  break;
+        case '\n': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\n", 2);  break;
+        case '\r': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\r", 2);  break;
+        case '\t': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\t", 2);  break;
+        default: {
+            const char *hexdig = "0123456789abcdef";
+            char scratch[6] = { '\\', 'u', '0', '0', 0, 0 };
+            scratch[4] = hexdig[(ch >> 4) & 0xf];
+            scratch[5] = hexdig[ch & 0xf];
+            fbuffer_append(search->buffer, scratch, 6);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    search->ptr++;
+    search->cursor = search->ptr;
+}
 
-/* 
- * Document-module: JSON::Ext::Generator
+/* Converts in_string to a JSON string (without the wrapping '"'
+ * characters) in FBuffer out_buffer.
  *
- * This is the JSON generator implemented as a C extension. It can be
- * configured to be used by setting
+ * Character are JSON-escaped according to:
  *
- *  JSON.generator = JSON::Ext::Generator
+ * - Always: ASCII control characters (0x00-0x1F), dquote, and
+ *   backslash.
  *
- * with the method generator= in JSON.
+ * - If out_ascii_only: non-ASCII characters (>0x7F)
  *
+ * - If script_safe: forwardslash (/), line separator (U+2028), and
+ *   paragraph separator (U+2029)
+ *
+ * Everything else (should be UTF-8) is just passed through and
+ * appended to the result.
  */
 
-static int hash_to_json_state_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE Vstate)
-{
-    VALUE json, buf, Vdepth;
-    GET_STATE(Vstate);
-    buf = state->memo;
-    Vdepth = state->depth;
-
-    if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
-    if (state->flag) {
-        state->flag = 0;
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(buf, ",");
-        if (RSTRING_LEN(state->object_nl)) rb_str_buf_append(buf, state->object_nl);
-    }
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(state->object_nl)) {
-        rb_str_buf_append(buf, rb_str_times(state->indent, Vdepth));
-    }
-    json = rb_funcall(rb_funcall(key, i_to_s, 0), i_to_json, 2, Vstate, Vdepth);
-    Check_Type(json, T_STRING);
-    rb_str_buf_append(buf, json);
-    OBJ_INFECT(buf, json);
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(state->space_before)) {
-        rb_str_buf_append(buf, state->space_before);
-    }
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(buf, ":");
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(state->space)) rb_str_buf_append(buf, state->space);
-    json = rb_funcall(value, i_to_json, 2, Vstate, Vdepth);
-    Check_Type(json, T_STRING);
-    state->flag = 1;
-    rb_str_buf_append(buf, json);
-    OBJ_INFECT(buf, json);
-    state->depth = Vdepth;
-    state->memo = buf;
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_SIMD_NEON)
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_neon(search_state *search);
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIMD_SSE2)
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_sse2(search_state *search);
+#endif
+
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic(search_state *search);
+
+static inline void convert_UTF8_to_JSON(search_state *search)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+#if defined(HAVE_SIMD_NEON)
+    while (search_escape_basic_neon(search)) {
+        escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
+    }
+#elif defined(HAVE_SIMD_SSE2)
+    if (simd_impl == SIMD_SSE2) {
+        while (search_escape_basic_sse2(search)) {
+            escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    while (search_escape_basic(search)) {
+        escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
+    }
+#endif
+#else
+    while (search_escape_basic(search)) {
+        escape_UTF8_char_basic(search);
+    }
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
 }
 
-inline static VALUE mHash_json_transfrom(VALUE self, VALUE Vstate, VALUE Vdepth) {
-    long depth, len = RHASH_SIZE(self);
-    VALUE result;
-    GET_STATE(Vstate);
+static inline void escape_UTF8_char(search_state *search, unsigned char ch_len)
+{
+    const unsigned char ch = (unsigned char)*search->ptr;
+    switch (ch_len) {
+        case 1: {
+            switch (ch) {
+                case '"':  fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\\"", 2); break;
+                case '\\': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\\\", 2); break;
+                case '/':  fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\/", 2);  break;
+                case '\b': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\b", 2);  break;
+                case '\f': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\f", 2);  break;
+                case '\n': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\n", 2);  break;
+                case '\r': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\r", 2);  break;
+                case '\t': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\t", 2);  break;
+                default: {
+                    const char *hexdig = "0123456789abcdef";
+                    char scratch[6] = { '\\', 'u', '0', '0', 0, 0 };
+                    scratch[4] = hexdig[(ch >> 4) & 0xf];
+                    scratch[5] = hexdig[ch & 0xf];
+                    fbuffer_append(search->buffer, scratch, 6);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        case 3: {
+            if (search->ptr[2] & 1) {
+                fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\u2029", 6);
+            } else {
+                fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\u2028", 6);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    search->cursor = (search->ptr += ch_len);
+}
 
-    depth = 1 + FIX2LONG(Vdepth);
-    result = rb_str_buf_new(len);
-    state->memo = result;
-    state->depth = LONG2FIX(depth);
-    state->flag = 0;
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "{");
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(state->object_nl)) rb_str_buf_append(result, state->object_nl);
-    rb_hash_foreach(self, hash_to_json_state_i, Vstate);
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(state->object_nl)) rb_str_buf_append(result, state->object_nl);
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(state->object_nl)) {
-        rb_str_buf_append(result, rb_str_times(state->indent, Vdepth));
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) char *copy_remaining_bytes(search_state *search, unsigned long vec_len, unsigned long len)
+{
+    RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(len < vec_len);
+
+    // Flush the buffer so everything up until the last 'len' characters are unflushed.
+    search_flush(search);
+
+    FBuffer *buf = search->buffer;
+    fbuffer_inc_capa(buf, vec_len);
+
+    char *s = (buf->ptr + buf->len);
+
+    // Pad the buffer with dummy characters that won't need escaping.
+    // This seem wasteful at first sight, but memset of vector length is very fast.
+    // This is a space as it can be directly represented as an immediate on AArch64.
+    memset(s, ' ', vec_len);
+
+    // Optimistically copy the remaining 'len' characters to the output FBuffer. If there are no characters
+    // to escape, then everything ends up in the correct spot. Otherwise it was convenient temporary storage.
+    if (vec_len == 16) {
+        RBIMPL_ASSERT_OR_ASSUME(len >= SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD);
+        json_fast_memcpy16(s, search->ptr, len);
+    } else {
+        MEMCPY(s, search->ptr, char, len);
     }
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "}");
-    return result;
+
+    return s;
 }
 
-static int hash_to_json_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE buf)
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD_NEON
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) unsigned char neon_next_match(search_state *search)
 {
-    VALUE tmp;
+    uint64_t mask = search->matches_mask;
+    uint32_t index = trailing_zeros64(mask) >> 2;
+
+    // It is assumed escape_UTF8_char_basic will only ever increase search->ptr by at most one character.
+    // If we want to use a similar approach for full escaping we'll need to ensure:
+    //     search->chunk_base + index >= search->ptr
+    // However, since we know escape_UTF8_char_basic only increases search->ptr by one, if the next match
+    // is one byte after the previous match then:
+    //     search->chunk_base + index == search->ptr
+    search->ptr = search->chunk_base + index;
+    mask &= mask - 1;
+    search->matches_mask = mask;
+    search_flush(search);
+    return 1;
+}
 
-    if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
-    if (RSTRING_LEN(buf) > 1) rb_str_buf_cat2(buf, ",");
-    tmp = rb_funcall(rb_funcall(key, i_to_s, 0), i_to_json, 0);
-    Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
-    rb_str_buf_append(buf, tmp);
-    OBJ_INFECT(buf, tmp);
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(buf, ":");
-    tmp = rb_funcall(value, i_to_json, 0);
-    Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
-    rb_str_buf_append(buf, tmp);
-    OBJ_INFECT(buf, tmp);
+static inline unsigned char search_escape_basic_neon(search_state *search)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(search->has_matches)) {
+        // There are more matches if search->matches_mask > 0.
+        if (search->matches_mask > 0) {
+            return neon_next_match(search);
+        } else {
+            // neon_next_match will only advance search->ptr up to the last matching character.
+            // Skip over any characters in the last chunk that occur after the last match.
+            search->has_matches = false;
+            search->ptr = search->chunk_end;
+        }
+    }
 
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
+    /*
+    * The code below implements an SIMD-based algorithm to determine if N bytes at a time
+    * need to be escaped.
+    *
+    * Assume the ptr = "Te\sting!" (the double quotes are included in the string)
+    *
+    * The explanation will be limited to the first 8 bytes of the string for simplicity. However
+    * the vector insructions may work on larger vectors.
+    *
+    * First, we load three constants 'lower_bound', 'backslash' and 'dblquote" in vector registers.
+    *
+    * lower_bound: [20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20]
+    * backslash:   [5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C 5C]
+    * dblquote:    [22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22]
+    *
+    * Next we load the first chunk of the ptr:
+    * [22 54 65 5C 73 74 69 6E] ("  T  e  \  s  t  i  n)
+    *
+    * First we check if any byte in chunk is less than 32 (0x20). This returns the following vector
+    * as no bytes are less than 32 (0x20):
+    * [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+    *
+    * Next, we check if any byte in chunk is equal to a backslash:
+    * [0 0 0 FF 0 0 0 0]
+    *
+    * Finally we check if any byte in chunk is equal to a double quote:
+    * [FF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
+    *
+    * Now we have three vectors where each byte indicates if the corresponding byte in chunk
+    * needs to be escaped. We combine these vectors with a series of logical OR instructions.
+    * This is the needs_escape vector and it is equal to:
+    * [FF 0 0 FF 0 0 0 0]
+    *
+    * Next we compute the bitwise AND between each byte and 0x1 and compute the horizontal sum of
+    * the values in the vector. This computes how many bytes need to be escaped within this chunk.
+    *
+    * Finally we compute a mask that indicates which bytes need to be escaped. If the mask is 0 then,
+    * no bytes need to be escaped and we can continue to the next chunk. If the mask is not 0 then we
+    * have at least one byte that needs to be escaped.
+    */
+
+    if (string_scan_simd_neon(&search->ptr, search->end, &search->matches_mask)) {
+        search->has_matches = true;
+        search->chunk_base = search->ptr;
+        search->chunk_end = search->ptr + sizeof(uint8x16_t);
+        return neon_next_match(search);
+    }
+
+    // There are fewer than 16 bytes left.
+    unsigned long remaining = (search->end - search->ptr);
+    if (remaining >= SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD) {
+        char *s = copy_remaining_bytes(search, sizeof(uint8x16_t), remaining);
+
+        uint64_t mask = compute_chunk_mask_neon(s);
+
+        if (!mask) {
+            // Nothing to escape, ensure search_flush doesn't do anything by setting
+            // search->cursor to search->ptr.
+            fbuffer_consumed(search->buffer, remaining);
+            search->ptr = search->end;
+            search->cursor = search->end;
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        search->matches_mask = mask;
+        search->has_matches = true;
+        search->chunk_end = search->end;
+        search->chunk_base = search->ptr;
+        return neon_next_match(search);
+    }
+
+    if (search->ptr < search->end) {
+        return search_escape_basic(search);
+    }
+
+    search_flush(search);
+    return 0;
 }
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD_NEON */
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(state = nil, depth = 0)
- *
- * Returns a JSON string containing a JSON object, that is unparsed from
- * this Hash instance.
- * _state_ is a JSON::State object, that can also be used to configure the
- * produced JSON string output further.
- * _depth_ is used to find out nesting depth, to indent accordingly.
- */
-static VALUE mHash_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD_SSE2
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) unsigned char sse2_next_match(search_state *search)
 {
-    VALUE Vstate, Vdepth, result;
-    long depth;
+    int mask = search->matches_mask;
+    int index = trailing_zeros(mask);
+
+    // It is assumed escape_UTF8_char_basic will only ever increase search->ptr by at most one character.
+    // If we want to use a similar approach for full escaping we'll need to ensure:
+    //     search->chunk_base + index >= search->ptr
+    // However, since we know escape_UTF8_char_basic only increases search->ptr by one, if the next match
+    // is one byte after the previous match then:
+    //     search->chunk_base + index == search->ptr
+    search->ptr = search->chunk_base + index;
+    mask &= mask - 1;
+    search->matches_mask = mask;
+    search_flush(search);
+    return 1;
+}
 
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &Vstate, &Vdepth);
-    depth = NIL_P(Vdepth) ? 0 : FIX2LONG(Vdepth);
-    if (NIL_P(Vstate)) {
-        long len = RHASH_SIZE(self);
-        result = rb_str_buf_new(len);
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "{");
-        rb_hash_foreach(self, hash_to_json_i, result);
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "}");
-    } else {
-        GET_STATE(Vstate);
-        check_max_nesting(state, depth);
-        if (state->check_circular) {
-            VALUE self_id = rb_obj_id(self);
-            if (RTEST(rb_hash_aref(state->seen, self_id))) {
-                rb_raise(eCircularDatastructure,
-                        "circular data structures not supported!");
-            }
-            rb_hash_aset(state->seen, self_id, Qtrue);
-            result = mHash_json_transfrom(self, Vstate, LONG2FIX(depth));
-            rb_hash_delete(state->seen, self_id);
+#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)
+#define TARGET_SSE2 __attribute__((target("sse2")))
+#else
+#define TARGET_SSE2
+#endif
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) TARGET_SSE2 unsigned char search_escape_basic_sse2(search_state *search)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(search->has_matches)) {
+        // There are more matches if search->matches_mask > 0.
+        if (search->matches_mask > 0) {
+            return sse2_next_match(search);
         } else {
-            result = mHash_json_transfrom(self, Vstate, LONG2FIX(depth));
+            // sse2_next_match will only advance search->ptr up to the last matching character.
+            // Skip over any characters in the last chunk that occur after the last match.
+            search->has_matches = false;
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(search->chunk_base + sizeof(__m128i) >= search->end)) {
+                search->ptr = search->end;
+            } else {
+                search->ptr = search->chunk_base + sizeof(__m128i);
+            }
         }
     }
-    OBJ_INFECT(result, self);
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
-}
-
-inline static VALUE mArray_json_transfrom(VALUE self, VALUE Vstate, VALUE Vdepth) {
-    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(self);
-    VALUE shift, result;
-    long depth = NIL_P(Vdepth) ? 0 : FIX2LONG(Vdepth);
-    VALUE delim = rb_str_new2(",");
-    GET_STATE(Vstate);
-
-    check_max_nesting(state, depth);
-    if (state->check_circular) {
-        VALUE self_id = rb_obj_id(self);
-        rb_hash_aset(state->seen, self_id, Qtrue);
-        result = rb_str_buf_new(len);
-        if (RSTRING_LEN(state->array_nl)) rb_str_append(delim, state->array_nl);
-        shift = rb_str_times(state->indent, LONG2FIX(depth + 1));
-
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "[");
-        OBJ_INFECT(result, self);
-        rb_str_buf_append(result, state->array_nl);
-        for (i = 0;  i < len; i++) {
-            VALUE element = RARRAY_PTR(self)[i];
-            if (RTEST(rb_hash_aref(state->seen, rb_obj_id(element)))) {
-                rb_raise(eCircularDatastructure,
-                        "circular data structures not supported!");
+
+    if (string_scan_simd_sse2(&search->ptr, search->end, &search->matches_mask)) {
+        search->has_matches = true;
+        search->chunk_base = search->ptr;
+        search->chunk_end = search->ptr + sizeof(__m128i);
+        return sse2_next_match(search);
+    }
+
+    // There are fewer than 16 bytes left.
+    unsigned long remaining = (search->end - search->ptr);
+    if (remaining >= SIMD_MINIMUM_THRESHOLD) {
+        char *s = copy_remaining_bytes(search, sizeof(__m128i), remaining);
+
+        int needs_escape_mask = compute_chunk_mask_sse2(s);
+
+        if (needs_escape_mask == 0) {
+            // Nothing to escape, ensure search_flush doesn't do anything by setting
+            // search->cursor to search->ptr.
+            fbuffer_consumed(search->buffer, remaining);
+            search->ptr = search->end;
+            search->cursor = search->end;
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        search->has_matches = true;
+        search->matches_mask = needs_escape_mask;
+        search->chunk_base = search->ptr;
+        return sse2_next_match(search);
+    }
+
+    if (search->ptr < search->end) {
+        return search_escape_basic(search);
+    }
+
+    search_flush(search);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD_SSE2 */
+
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
+
+static const unsigned char script_safe_escape_table[256] = {
+    // ASCII Control Characters
+     9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+     9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+    // ASCII Characters
+     0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, // '"' and '/'
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, // '\\'
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    // Continuation byte
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    // First byte of a 2-byte code point
+     2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+     2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    // First byte of a 3-byte code point
+     3, 3,11, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, // 0xE2 is the start of \u2028 and \u2029
+    //First byte of a 4+ byte code point
+     4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 9, 9,
+};
+
+static inline unsigned char search_script_safe_escape(search_state *search)
+{
+    while (search->ptr < search->end) {
+        unsigned char ch = (unsigned char)*search->ptr;
+        unsigned char ch_len = script_safe_escape_table[ch];
+
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(ch_len)) {
+            if (ch_len & ESCAPE_MASK) {
+                if (RB_UNLIKELY(ch_len == 11)) {
+                    const unsigned char *uptr = (const unsigned char *)search->ptr;
+                    if (!(uptr[1] == 0x80 && (uptr[2] >> 1) == 0x54)) {
+                        search->ptr += 3;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                search_flush(search);
+                return ch_len & CHAR_LENGTH_MASK;
+            } else {
+                search->ptr += ch_len;
             }
-            OBJ_INFECT(result, element);
-            if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_append(result, delim);
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, shift);
-            element = rb_funcall(element, i_to_json, 2, Vstate, LONG2FIX(depth + 1));
-            Check_Type(element, T_STRING);
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, element);
+        } else {
+            search->ptr++;
         }
-        if (RSTRING_LEN(state->array_nl)) {
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, state->array_nl);
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, rb_str_times(state->indent, LONG2FIX(depth)));
+    }
+    search_flush(search);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void convert_UTF8_to_script_safe_JSON(search_state *search)
+{
+    unsigned char ch_len;
+    while ((ch_len = search_script_safe_escape(search))) {
+        escape_UTF8_char(search, ch_len);
+    }
+}
+
+static const unsigned char ascii_only_escape_table[256] = {
+    // ASCII Control Characters
+     9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+     9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
+    // ASCII Characters
+     0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // '"'
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, // '\\'
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+     0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    // Continuation byte
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+     1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    // First byte of a  2-byte code point
+     2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+     2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    // First byte of a 3-byte code point
+     3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
+    //First byte of a 4+ byte code point
+     4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 9, 9,
+};
+
+static inline unsigned char search_ascii_only_escape(search_state *search, const unsigned char escape_table[256])
+{
+    while (search->ptr < search->end) {
+        unsigned char ch = (unsigned char)*search->ptr;
+        unsigned char ch_len = escape_table[ch];
+
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(ch_len)) {
+            search_flush(search);
+            return ch_len & CHAR_LENGTH_MASK;
+        } else {
+            search->ptr++;
         }
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "]");
-        rb_hash_delete(state->seen, self_id);
-    } else {
-        result = rb_str_buf_new(len);
-        OBJ_INFECT(result, self);
-        if (RSTRING_LEN(state->array_nl)) rb_str_append(delim, state->array_nl);
-        shift = rb_str_times(state->indent, LONG2FIX(depth + 1));
-
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "[");
-        rb_str_buf_append(result, state->array_nl);
-        for (i = 0;  i < len; i++) {
-            VALUE element = RARRAY_PTR(self)[i];
-            OBJ_INFECT(result, element);
-            if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_append(result, delim);
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, shift);
-            element = rb_funcall(element, i_to_json, 2, Vstate, LONG2FIX(depth + 1));
-            Check_Type(element, T_STRING);
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, element);
+    }
+    search_flush(search);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void full_escape_UTF8_char(search_state *search, unsigned char ch_len)
+{
+    const unsigned char ch = (unsigned char)*search->ptr;
+    switch (ch_len) {
+        case 1: {
+            switch (ch) {
+                case '"':  fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\\"", 2); break;
+                case '\\': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\\\", 2); break;
+                case '/':  fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\/", 2);  break;
+                case '\b': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\b", 2);  break;
+                case '\f': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\f", 2);  break;
+                case '\n': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\n", 2);  break;
+                case '\r': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\r", 2);  break;
+                case '\t': fbuffer_append(search->buffer, "\\t", 2);  break;
+                default: {
+                    const char *hexdig = "0123456789abcdef";
+                    char scratch[6] = { '\\', 'u', '0', '0', 0, 0 };
+                    scratch[4] = hexdig[(ch >> 4) & 0xf];
+                    scratch[5] = hexdig[ch & 0xf];
+                    fbuffer_append(search->buffer, scratch, 6);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
         }
-        rb_str_buf_append(result, state->array_nl);
-        if (RSTRING_LEN(state->array_nl)) {
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, rb_str_times(state->indent, LONG2FIX(depth)));
+        default: {
+            const char *hexdig = "0123456789abcdef";
+            char scratch[12] = { '\\', 'u', 0, 0, 0, 0, '\\', 'u' };
+
+            uint32_t wchar = 0;
+
+            switch (ch_len) {
+                case 2:
+                    wchar = ch & 0x1F;
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    wchar = ch & 0x0F;
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    wchar = ch & 0x07;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            for (short i = 1; i < ch_len; i++) {
+                wchar = (wchar << 6) | (search->ptr[i] & 0x3F);
+            }
+
+            if (wchar <= 0xFFFF) {
+                scratch[2] = hexdig[wchar >> 12];
+                scratch[3] = hexdig[(wchar >> 8) & 0xf];
+                scratch[4] = hexdig[(wchar >> 4) & 0xf];
+                scratch[5] = hexdig[wchar & 0xf];
+                fbuffer_append(search->buffer, scratch, 6);
+            } else {
+                uint16_t hi, lo;
+                wchar -= 0x10000;
+                hi = 0xD800 + (uint16_t)(wchar >> 10);
+                lo = 0xDC00 + (uint16_t)(wchar & 0x3FF);
+
+                scratch[2] = hexdig[hi >> 12];
+                scratch[3] = hexdig[(hi >> 8) & 0xf];
+                scratch[4] = hexdig[(hi >> 4) & 0xf];
+                scratch[5] = hexdig[hi & 0xf];
+
+                scratch[8] = hexdig[lo >> 12];
+                scratch[9] = hexdig[(lo >> 8) & 0xf];
+                scratch[10] = hexdig[(lo >> 4) & 0xf];
+                scratch[11] = hexdig[lo & 0xf];
+
+                fbuffer_append(search->buffer, scratch, 12);
+            }
+
+            break;
         }
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "]");
     }
-    return result;
+    search->cursor = (search->ptr += ch_len);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(state = nil, depth = 0)
- *
- * Returns a JSON string containing a JSON array, that is unparsed from
- * this Array instance.
- * _state_ is a JSON::State object, that can also be used to configure the
- * produced JSON string output further.
- * _depth_ is used to find out nesting depth, to indent accordingly.
- */
-static VALUE mArray_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    VALUE Vstate, Vdepth, result;
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &Vstate, &Vdepth);
-    if (NIL_P(Vstate)) {
-        long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(self);
-        result = rb_str_buf_new(2 + 2 * len);
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "[");
-        OBJ_INFECT(result, self);
-        for (i = 0;  i < len; i++) {
-            VALUE element = RARRAY_PTR(self)[i];
-            OBJ_INFECT(result, element);
-            if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_cat2(result, ",");
-            element = rb_funcall(element, i_to_json, 0);
-            Check_Type(element, T_STRING);
-            rb_str_buf_append(result, element);
+static void convert_UTF8_to_ASCII_only_JSON(search_state *search, const unsigned char escape_table[256])
+{
+    unsigned char ch_len;
+    while ((ch_len = search_ascii_only_escape(search, escape_table))) {
+        full_escape_UTF8_char(search, ch_len);
+    }
+}
+
+static void State_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = ptr;
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(state->indent);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(state->space);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(state->space_before);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(state->object_nl);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(state->array_nl);
+    rb_gc_mark_movable(state->as_json);
+}
+
+static void State_compact(void *ptr)
+{
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = ptr;
+    state->indent = rb_gc_location(state->indent);
+    state->space = rb_gc_location(state->space);
+    state->space_before = rb_gc_location(state->space_before);
+    state->object_nl = rb_gc_location(state->object_nl);
+    state->array_nl = rb_gc_location(state->array_nl);
+    state->as_json = rb_gc_location(state->as_json);
+}
+
+static size_t State_memsize(const void *ptr)
+{
+    return sizeof(JSON_Generator_State);
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t JSON_Generator_State_type = {
+    .wrap_struct_name = "JSON/Generator/State",
+    .function = {
+        .dmark = State_mark,
+        .dfree = RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE,
+        .dsize = State_memsize,
+        .dcompact = State_compact,
+    },
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY | RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE | RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE,
+};
+
+static void state_init(JSON_Generator_State *state)
+{
+    state->max_nesting = 100;
+    state->buffer_initial_length = FBUFFER_INITIAL_LENGTH_DEFAULT;
+}
+
+static VALUE cState_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
+{
+    JSON_Generator_State *state;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, JSON_Generator_State, &JSON_Generator_State_type, state);
+    state_init(state);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static void vstate_spill(struct generate_json_data *data)
+{
+    VALUE vstate = cState_s_allocate(cState);
+    GET_STATE(vstate);
+    MEMCPY(state, data->state, JSON_Generator_State, 1);
+    data->state = state;
+    data->vstate = vstate;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(vstate, Qundef, state->indent);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(vstate, Qundef, state->space);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(vstate, Qundef, state->space_before);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(vstate, Qundef, state->object_nl);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(vstate, Qundef, state->array_nl);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(vstate, Qundef, state->as_json);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE json_call_to_json(struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!data->vstate)) {
+        vstate_spill(data);
+    }
+    GET_STATE(data->vstate);
+    state->depth = data->depth;
+    VALUE tmp = rb_funcall(obj, i_to_json, 1, data->vstate);
+    // no need to restore state->depth, vstate is just a temporary State
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+json_call_as_json(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE object, VALUE is_key)
+{
+    VALUE proc_args[2] = {object, is_key};
+    return rb_proc_call_with_block(state->as_json, 2, proc_args, Qnil);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+convert_string_subclass(VALUE key)
+{
+    VALUE key_to_s = rb_funcall(key, i_to_s, 0);
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(key_to_s, T_STRING))) {
+        VALUE cname = rb_obj_class(key);
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+                 "can't convert %"PRIsVALUE" to %s (%"PRIsVALUE"#%s gives %"PRIsVALUE")",
+                 cname, "String", cname, "to_s", rb_obj_class(key_to_s));
+    }
+
+    return key_to_s;
+}
+
+static bool enc_utf8_compatible_p(int enc_idx)
+{
+    if (enc_idx == usascii_encindex) return true;
+    if (enc_idx == utf8_encindex) return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
+static VALUE encode_json_string_try(VALUE str)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(str, i_encode, 1, Encoding_UTF_8);
+}
+
+static VALUE encode_json_string_rescue(VALUE str, VALUE exception)
+{
+    raise_generator_error_str(str, rb_funcall(exception, rb_intern("message"), 0));
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+static inline int json_str_coderange(VALUE str) {
+    int coderange = RB_ENC_CODERANGE(str);
+    if (coderange == RUBY_ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN) {
+        coderange = rb_enc_str_coderange(str);
+    }
+    return coderange;
+}
+
+static inline bool valid_json_string_p(VALUE str)
+{
+    int coderange = json_str_coderange(str);
+
+    if (RB_LIKELY(coderange == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (RB_LIKELY(coderange == ENC_CODERANGE_VALID)) {
+        return enc_utf8_compatible_p(RB_ENCODING_GET_INLINED(str));
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+NOINLINE(static) VALUE convert_invalid_encoding(struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE str, bool as_json_called, bool is_key)
+{
+    if (!as_json_called && data->state->strict && RTEST(data->state->as_json)) {
+        VALUE coerced_str = json_call_as_json(data->state, str, Qfalse);
+        if (coerced_str != str) {
+            if (RB_TYPE_P(coerced_str, T_STRING)) {
+                if (!valid_json_string_p(coerced_str)) {
+                    raise_generator_error(str, "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+                }
+            } else {
+                // as_json could return another type than T_STRING
+                if (is_key) {
+                    raise_generator_error(coerced_str, "%"PRIsVALUE" not allowed as object key in JSON", CLASS_OF(coerced_str));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return coerced_str;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (RB_ENCODING_GET_INLINED(str) == binary_encindex) {
+        VALUE utf8_string = rb_enc_associate_index(rb_str_dup(str), utf8_encindex);
+        switch (rb_enc_str_coderange(utf8_string)) {
+            case ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT:
+                return utf8_string;
+            case ENC_CODERANGE_VALID:
+                // For historical reason, we silently reinterpret binary strings as UTF-8 if it would work.
+                // TODO: Raise in 3.0.0
+                rb_warn("JSON.generate: UTF-8 string passed as BINARY, this will raise an encoding error in json 3.0");
+                return utf8_string;
+                break;
         }
-        rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "]");
+    }
+
+    return rb_rescue(encode_json_string_try, str, encode_json_string_rescue, str);
+}
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE(static) VALUE ensure_valid_encoding(struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE str, bool as_json_called, bool is_key)
+{
+    if (RB_LIKELY(valid_json_string_p(str))) {
+        return str;
+    }
+    else {
+        return convert_invalid_encoding(data, str, as_json_called, is_key);
+    }
+}
+
+static void raw_generate_json_string(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
+
+    long len;
+    search_state search;
+    search.buffer = buffer;
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(obj, search.ptr, len);
+    search.cursor = search.ptr;
+    search.end = search.ptr + len;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SIMD
+    search.matches_mask = 0;
+    search.has_matches = false;
+    search.chunk_base = NULL;
+    search.chunk_end = NULL;
+#endif /* HAVE_SIMD */
+
+    switch (json_str_coderange(obj)) {
+        case ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT:
+        case ENC_CODERANGE_VALID:
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->ascii_only)) {
+                convert_UTF8_to_ASCII_only_JSON(&search, data->state->script_safe ? script_safe_escape_table : ascii_only_escape_table);
+            } else if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->script_safe)) {
+                convert_UTF8_to_script_safe_JSON(&search);
+            } else {
+                convert_UTF8_to_JSON(&search);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            raise_generator_error(obj, "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+            break;
+    }
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '"');
+}
+
+static void generate_json_string(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    obj = ensure_valid_encoding(data, obj, false, false);
+    raw_generate_json_string(buffer, data, obj);
+}
+
+struct hash_foreach_arg {
+    VALUE hash;
+    struct generate_json_data *data;
+    int first_key_type;
+    bool first;
+    bool mixed_keys_encountered;
+};
+
+NOINLINE(static) void
+json_inspect_hash_with_mixed_keys(struct hash_foreach_arg *arg)
+{
+    if (arg->mixed_keys_encountered) {
+        return;
+    }
+    arg->mixed_keys_encountered = true;
+
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = arg->data->state;
+    if (state->on_duplicate_key != JSON_IGNORE) {
+        VALUE do_raise = state->on_duplicate_key == JSON_RAISE ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+        rb_funcall(mJSON, rb_intern("on_mixed_keys_hash"), 2, arg->hash, do_raise);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+json_object_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
+{
+    struct hash_foreach_arg *arg = (struct hash_foreach_arg *)_arg;
+    struct generate_json_data *data = arg->data;
+
+    FBuffer *buffer = data->buffer;
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = data->state;
+
+    long depth = data->depth;
+    int key_type = rb_type(key);
+
+    if (arg->first) {
+        arg->first = false;
+        arg->first_key_type = key_type;
+    }
+    else {
+        fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ',');
+    }
+
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->object_nl)) {
+        fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->object_nl);
+    }
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
+        fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
+    }
+
+    VALUE key_to_s;
+    bool as_json_called = false;
+
+  start:
+    switch (key_type) {
+        case T_STRING:
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(arg->first_key_type != T_STRING)) {
+                json_inspect_hash_with_mixed_keys(arg);
+            }
+
+            if (RB_LIKELY(RBASIC_CLASS(key) == rb_cString)) {
+                key_to_s = key;
+            } else {
+                key_to_s = convert_string_subclass(key);
+            }
+            break;
+        case T_SYMBOL:
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(arg->first_key_type != T_SYMBOL)) {
+                json_inspect_hash_with_mixed_keys(arg);
+            }
+
+            key_to_s = rb_sym2str(key);
+            break;
+        default:
+            if (data->state->strict) {
+                if (RTEST(data->state->as_json) && !as_json_called) {
+                    key = json_call_as_json(data->state, key, Qtrue);
+                    key_type = rb_type(key);
+                    as_json_called = true;
+                    goto start;
+                } else {
+                    raise_generator_error(key, "%"PRIsVALUE" not allowed as object key in JSON", CLASS_OF(key));
+                }
+            }
+            key_to_s = rb_convert_type(key, T_STRING, "String", "to_s");
+            break;
+    }
+
+    key_to_s = ensure_valid_encoding(data, key_to_s, as_json_called, true);
+
+    if (RB_LIKELY(RBASIC_CLASS(key_to_s) == rb_cString)) {
+        raw_generate_json_string(buffer, data, key_to_s);
     } else {
-        result = mArray_json_transfrom(self, Vstate, Vdepth);
+        generate_json(buffer, data, key_to_s);
     }
-    OBJ_INFECT(result, self);
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(state->space_before)) fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->space_before);
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ':');
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(state->space)) fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->space);
+    generate_json(buffer, data, val);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(*)
- *
- * Returns a JSON string representation for this Integer number.
- */
-static VALUE mInteger_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static inline long increase_depth(struct generate_json_data *data)
+{
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = data->state;
+    long depth = ++data->depth;
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(depth > state->max_nesting && state->max_nesting)) {
+        rb_raise(eNestingError, "nesting of %ld is too deep. Did you try to serialize objects with circular references?", --data->depth);
+    }
+    return depth;
+}
+
+static void generate_json_object(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_funcall(self, i_to_s, 0);
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+    long depth = increase_depth(data);
+
+    if (RHASH_SIZE(obj) == 0) {
+        fbuffer_append(buffer, "{}", 2);
+        --data->depth;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '{');
+
+    struct hash_foreach_arg arg = {
+        .hash = obj,
+        .data = data,
+        .first = true,
+    };
+    rb_hash_foreach(obj, json_object_i, (VALUE)&arg);
+
+    depth = --data->depth;
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->object_nl)) {
+        fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->object_nl);
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
+            fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
+        }
+    }
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '}');
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(*)
- *
- * Returns a JSON string representation for this Float number.
- */
-static VALUE mFloat_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
-{
-    JSON_Generator_State *state = NULL;
-    VALUE Vstate, rest, tmp, result;
-    double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(self);
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01*", &Vstate, &rest);
-    if (!NIL_P(Vstate)) Data_Get_Struct(Vstate, JSON_Generator_State, state);
-    if (isinf(value)) {
-        if (state && state->allow_nan) {
-            result = rb_funcall(self, i_to_s, 0);
-        } else {
-            tmp = rb_funcall(self, i_to_s, 0);
-            rb_raise(eGeneratorError, "%u: %s not allowed in JSON", __LINE__, StringValueCStr(tmp));
+static void generate_json_array(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    long depth = increase_depth(data);
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) == 0) {
+        fbuffer_append(buffer, "[]", 2);
+        --data->depth;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, '[');
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->array_nl)) fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->array_nl);
+    for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(obj); i++) {
+        if (i > 0) {
+            fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ',');
+            if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->array_nl)) fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->array_nl);
         }
-    } else if (isnan(value)) {
-        if (state && state->allow_nan) {
-            result = rb_funcall(self, i_to_s, 0);
-        } else {
-            tmp = rb_funcall(self, i_to_s, 0);
-            rb_raise(eGeneratorError, "%u: %s not allowed in JSON", __LINE__, StringValueCStr(tmp));
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
+            fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
+        }
+        generate_json(buffer, data, RARRAY_AREF(obj, i));
+    }
+    data->depth = --depth;
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->array_nl)) {
+        fbuffer_append_str(buffer, data->state->array_nl);
+        if (RB_UNLIKELY(data->state->indent)) {
+            fbuffer_append_str_repeat(buffer, data->state->indent, depth);
         }
-    } else {
-        result = rb_funcall(self, i_to_s, 0);
     }
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+    fbuffer_append_char(buffer, ']');
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: String.included(modul)
- *
- * Extends _modul_ with the String::Extend module.
- */
-static VALUE mString_included_s(VALUE self, VALUE modul) {
-    VALUE result = rb_funcall(modul, i_extend, 1, mString_Extend);
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+static void generate_json_fallback(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE tmp;
+    if (rb_respond_to(obj, i_to_json)) {
+        tmp = json_call_to_json(data, obj);
+        Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
+        fbuffer_append_str(buffer, tmp);
+    } else {
+        tmp = rb_funcall(obj, i_to_s, 0);
+        Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
+        generate_json_string(buffer, data, tmp);
+    }
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(*)
- *
- * This string should be encoded with UTF-8 A call to this method
- * returns a JSON string encoded with UTF16 big endian characters as
- * \u????.
- */
-static VALUE mString_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static inline void generate_json_symbol(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_str_buf_new(RSTRING_LEN(self));
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "\"");
-#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H
-    if (rb_funcall(self, i_encoding, 0) == mEncoding_UTF_8) {
-        JSON_convert_UTF8_to_JSON(result, self, strictConversion);
+    if (data->state->strict) {
+        generate_json_string(buffer, data, rb_sym2str(obj));
     } else {
-        VALUE string = rb_funcall(self, i_encode, 1, mEncoding_UTF_8);
-        JSON_convert_UTF8_to_JSON(result, string, strictConversion);
+        generate_json_fallback(buffer, data, obj);
     }
-#else
-    JSON_convert_UTF8_to_JSON(result, self, strictConversion);
-#endif
-    rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "\"");
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json_raw_object()
- *
- * This method creates a raw object hash, that can be nested into
- * other data structures and will be unparsed as a raw string. This
- * method should be used, if you want to convert raw strings to JSON
- * instead of UTF-8 strings, e. g. binary data.
- */
-static VALUE mString_to_json_raw_object(VALUE self) {
-    VALUE ary;
-    VALUE result = rb_hash_new();
-    rb_hash_aset(result, rb_funcall(mJSON, i_create_id, 0), rb_class_name(rb_obj_class(self)));
-    ary = rb_funcall(self, i_unpack, 1, rb_str_new2("C*"));
-    rb_hash_aset(result, rb_str_new2("raw"), ary);
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+static void generate_json_null(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    fbuffer_append(buffer, "null", 4);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json_raw(*args)
- *
- * This method creates a JSON text from the result of a call to
- * to_json_raw_object of this String.
- */
-static VALUE mString_to_json_raw(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
-    VALUE result, obj = mString_to_json_raw_object(self);
-    Check_Type(obj, T_HASH);
-    result = mHash_to_json(argc, argv, obj);
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+static void generate_json_false(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    fbuffer_append(buffer, "false", 5);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: json_create(o)
- *
- * Raw Strings are JSON Objects (the raw bytes are stored in an array for the
- * key "raw"). The Ruby String can be created by this module method.
- */
-static VALUE mString_Extend_json_create(VALUE self, VALUE o) {
-    VALUE ary;
-    Check_Type(o, T_HASH);
-    ary = rb_hash_aref(o, rb_str_new2("raw"));
-    return rb_funcall(ary, i_pack, 1, rb_str_new2("C*"));
+static void generate_json_true(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
+{
+    fbuffer_append(buffer, "true", 4);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(*)
- *
- * Returns a JSON string for true: 'true'.
- */
-static VALUE mTrueClass_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static void generate_json_fixnum(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_str_new2("true");
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+    fbuffer_append_long(buffer, FIX2LONG(obj));
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(*)
- *
- * Returns a JSON string for false: 'false'.
- */
-static VALUE mFalseClass_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static void generate_json_bignum(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_str_new2("false");
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+    VALUE tmp = rb_funcall(obj, i_to_s, 0);
+    fbuffer_append_str(buffer, StringValue(tmp));
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(*)
- *
- */
-static VALUE mNilClass_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static void generate_json_float(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_str_new2("null");
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+    double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(obj);
+    char allow_nan = data->state->allow_nan;
+    if (isinf(value) || isnan(value)) {
+        /* for NaN and Infinity values we either raise an error or rely on Float#to_s. */
+        if (!allow_nan) {
+            if (data->state->strict && data->state->as_json) {
+                VALUE casted_obj = json_call_as_json(data->state, obj, Qfalse);
+                if (casted_obj != obj) {
+                    increase_depth(data);
+                    generate_json(buffer, data, casted_obj);
+                    data->depth--;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            raise_generator_error(obj, "%"PRIsVALUE" not allowed in JSON", rb_funcall(obj, i_to_s, 0));
+        }
+
+        VALUE tmp = rb_funcall(obj, i_to_s, 0);
+        fbuffer_append_str(buffer, tmp);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* This implementation writes directly into the buffer. We reserve
+     * the 32 characters that fpconv_dtoa states as its maximum.
+     */
+    fbuffer_inc_capa(buffer, 32);
+    char* d = buffer->ptr + buffer->len;
+    int len = fpconv_dtoa(value, d);
+    /* fpconv_dtoa converts a float to its shortest string representation,
+     * but it adds a ".0" if this is a plain integer.
+     */
+    fbuffer_consumed(buffer, len);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_json(*)
- *
- * Converts this object to a string (calling #to_s), converts
- * it to a JSON string, and returns the result. This is a fallback, if no
- * special method #to_json was defined for some object.
- */
-static VALUE mObject_to_json(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static void generate_json_fragment(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    VALUE result, string = rb_funcall(self, i_to_s, 0);
-    Check_Type(string, T_STRING);
-    result = mString_to_json(argc, argv, string);
-    FORCE_UTF8(result);
-    return result;
+    VALUE fragment = RSTRUCT_GET(obj, 0);
+    Check_Type(fragment, T_STRING);
+    fbuffer_append_str(buffer, fragment);
 }
 
-/* 
- * Document-class: JSON::Ext::Generator::State
- *
- * This class is used to create State instances, that are use to hold data
- * while generating a JSON text from a a Ruby data structure.
- */
+static inline void generate_json_general(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj, bool fallback)
+{
+    bool as_json_called = false;
+start:
+    if (obj == Qnil) {
+        generate_json_null(buffer, data, obj);
+    } else if (obj == Qfalse) {
+        generate_json_false(buffer, data, obj);
+    } else if (obj == Qtrue) {
+        generate_json_true(buffer, data, obj);
+    } else if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+        if (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
+            generate_json_fixnum(buffer, data, obj);
+        } else if (RB_FLONUM_P(obj)) {
+            generate_json_float(buffer, data, obj);
+        } else if (RB_STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
+            generate_json_symbol(buffer, data, obj);
+        } else {
+            goto general;
+        }
+    } else {
+        VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
+        switch (RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
+            case T_BIGNUM:
+                generate_json_bignum(buffer, data, obj);
+                break;
+            case T_HASH:
+                if (fallback && klass != rb_cHash) goto general;
+                generate_json_object(buffer, data, obj);
+                break;
+            case T_ARRAY:
+                if (fallback && klass != rb_cArray) goto general;
+                generate_json_array(buffer, data, obj);
+                break;
+            case T_STRING:
+                if (fallback && klass != rb_cString) goto general;
+
+                if (RB_LIKELY(valid_json_string_p(obj))) {
+                    raw_generate_json_string(buffer, data, obj);
+                } else if (as_json_called) {
+                    raise_generator_error(obj, "source sequence is illegal/malformed utf-8");
+                } else {
+                    obj = ensure_valid_encoding(data, obj, false, false);
+                    as_json_called = true;
+                    goto start;
+                }
+                break;
+            case T_SYMBOL:
+                generate_json_symbol(buffer, data, obj);
+                break;
+            case T_FLOAT:
+                if (fallback && klass != rb_cFloat) goto general;
+                generate_json_float(buffer, data, obj);
+                break;
+            case T_STRUCT:
+                if (klass != cFragment) goto general;
+                generate_json_fragment(buffer, data, obj);
+                break;
+            default:
+            general:
+                if (data->state->strict) {
+                    if (RTEST(data->state->as_json) && !as_json_called) {
+                        obj = json_call_as_json(data->state, obj, Qfalse);
+                        as_json_called = true;
+                        goto start;
+                    } else {
+                        raise_generator_error(obj, "%"PRIsVALUE" not allowed in JSON", CLASS_OF(obj));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    generate_json_fallback(buffer, data, obj);
+                }
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-static void State_mark(JSON_Generator_State *state)
+static void generate_json(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->indent);
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->space);
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->space_before);
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->object_nl);
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->array_nl);
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->seen);
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->memo);
-    rb_gc_mark_maybe(state->depth);
+    generate_json_general(buffer, data, obj, true);
 }
 
-static JSON_Generator_State *State_allocate()
+static void generate_json_no_fallback(FBuffer *buffer, struct generate_json_data *data, VALUE obj)
 {
-    JSON_Generator_State *state = ALLOC(JSON_Generator_State);
-    return state;
+    generate_json_general(buffer, data, obj, false);
 }
 
-static VALUE cState_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
+static VALUE generate_json_try(VALUE d)
 {
-    JSON_Generator_State *state = State_allocate();
-    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, State_mark, -1, state);
+    struct generate_json_data *data = (struct generate_json_data *)d;
+
+    data->func(data->buffer, data, data->obj);
+
+    return fbuffer_finalize(data->buffer);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: configure(opts)
- *
- * Configure this State instance with the Hash _opts_, and return
- * itself.
- */
-static VALUE cState_configure(VALUE self, VALUE opts)
+static VALUE generate_json_ensure(VALUE d)
+{
+    struct generate_json_data *data = (struct generate_json_data *)d;
+    fbuffer_free(data->buffer);
+
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE cState_partial_generate(VALUE self, VALUE obj, generator_func func, VALUE io)
 {
-    VALUE tmp;
     GET_STATE(self);
-    tmp = rb_convert_type(opts, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
-    if (NIL_P(tmp)) tmp = rb_convert_type(opts, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_h");
-    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "opts has to be hash like or convertable into a hash");
-    }
-    opts = tmp;
-    tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_indent));
-    if (RTEST(tmp)) {
-        Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
-        state->indent = tmp;
-    }
-    tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_space));
-    if (RTEST(tmp)) {
-        Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
-        state->space = tmp;
-    }
-    tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_space_before));
-    if (RTEST(tmp)) {
-        Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
-        state->space_before = tmp;
-    }
-    tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_array_nl));
-    if (RTEST(tmp)) {
-        Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
-        state->array_nl = tmp;
-    }
-    tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_object_nl));
-    if (RTEST(tmp)) {
-        Check_Type(tmp, T_STRING);
-        state->object_nl = tmp;
-    }
-    tmp = ID2SYM(i_check_circular);
-    if (st_lookup(RHASH_TBL(opts), tmp, 0)) {
-        tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_check_circular));
-        state->check_circular = RTEST(tmp);
-    } else {
-        state->check_circular = 1;
-    }
-    tmp = ID2SYM(i_max_nesting);
-    state->max_nesting = 19;
-    if (st_lookup(RHASH_TBL(opts), tmp, 0)) {
-        VALUE max_nesting = rb_hash_aref(opts, tmp);
-        if (RTEST(max_nesting)) {
-            Check_Type(max_nesting, T_FIXNUM);
-            state->max_nesting = FIX2LONG(max_nesting);
-        } else {
-            state->max_nesting = 0;
-        }
-    }
-    tmp = rb_hash_aref(opts, ID2SYM(i_allow_nan));
-    state->allow_nan = RTEST(tmp);
-    return self;
+
+    char stack_buffer[FBUFFER_STACK_SIZE];
+    FBuffer buffer = {
+        .io = RTEST(io) ? io : Qfalse,
+    };
+    fbuffer_stack_init(&buffer, state->buffer_initial_length, stack_buffer, FBUFFER_STACK_SIZE);
+
+    struct generate_json_data data = {
+        .buffer = &buffer,
+        .vstate = Qfalse, // don't use self as it may be frozen and its depth is mutated when calling to_json
+        .state = state,
+        .depth = state->depth,
+        .obj = obj,
+        .func = func
+    };
+    return rb_ensure(generate_json_try, (VALUE)&data, generate_json_ensure, (VALUE)&data);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq: to_h
+/* call-seq:
+ *   generate(obj) -> String
+ *   generate(obj, anIO) -> anIO
  *
- * Returns the configuration instance variables as a hash, that can be
- * passed to the configure method.
+ * Generates a valid JSON document from object +obj+ and returns the
+ * result. If no valid JSON document can be created this method raises a
+ * GeneratorError exception.
  */
-static VALUE cState_to_h(VALUE self)
+static VALUE cState_generate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE result = rb_hash_new();
-    GET_STATE(self);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_indent), state->indent);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_space), state->space);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_space_before), state->space_before);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_object_nl), state->object_nl);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_array_nl), state->array_nl);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_check_circular), state->check_circular ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_allow_nan), state->allow_nan ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
-    rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(i_max_nesting), LONG2FIX(state->max_nesting));
-    return result;
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    VALUE obj = argv[0];
+    VALUE io = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : Qnil;
+    return cState_partial_generate(self, obj, generate_json, io);
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE cState_generate_no_fallback(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
+    VALUE obj = argv[0];
+    VALUE io = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : Qnil;
+    return cState_partial_generate(self, obj, generate_json_no_fallback, io);
+}
 
-/*
- * call-seq: new(opts = {})
- *
- * Instantiates a new State object, configured by _opts_.
- *
- * _opts_ can have the following keys:
- *
- * * *indent*: a string used to indent levels (default: ''),
- * * *space*: a string that is put after, a : or , delimiter (default: ''),
- * * *space_before*: a string that is put before a : pair delimiter (default: ''),
- * * *object_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON object (default: ''), 
- * * *array_nl*: a string that is put at the end of a JSON array (default: ''),
- * * *check_circular*: true if checking for circular data structures
- *   should be done, false (the default) otherwise.
- * * *allow_nan*: true if NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity should be
- *   generated, otherwise an exception is thrown, if these values are
- *   encountered. This options defaults to false.
- */
 static VALUE cState_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE opts;
-    GET_STATE(self);
-
-    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &opts);
-    state->indent = rb_str_new2("");
-    state->space = rb_str_new2("");
-    state->space_before = rb_str_new2("");
-    state->array_nl = rb_str_new2("");
-    state->object_nl = rb_str_new2("");
-    if (NIL_P(opts)) {
-        state->check_circular = 1;
-        state->allow_nan = 0;
-        state->max_nesting = 19;
-    } else {
-        cState_configure(self, opts);
-    }
-    state->seen = rb_hash_new();
-    state->memo = Qnil;
-    state->depth = INT2FIX(0);
+    rb_warn("The json gem extension was loaded with the stdlib ruby code. You should upgrade rubygems with `gem update --system`");
     return self;
 }
 
+/*
+ * call-seq: initialize_copy(orig)
+ *
+ * Initializes this object from orig if it can be duplicated/cloned and returns
+ * it.
+*/
+static VALUE cState_init_copy(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
+{
+    JSON_Generator_State *objState, *origState;
+
+    if (obj == orig) return obj;
+    GET_STATE_TO(obj, objState);
+    GET_STATE_TO(orig, origState);
+    if (!objState) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unallocated JSON::State");
+
+    MEMCPY(objState, origState, JSON_Generator_State, 1);
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, objState->indent);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, objState->space);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, objState->space_before);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, objState->object_nl);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, objState->array_nl);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, Qundef, objState->as_json);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq: from_state(opts)
  *
@@ -643,79 +1392,93 @@ static VALUE cState_from_state_s(VALUE self, VALUE opts)
     } else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(opts, rb_cHash)) {
         return rb_funcall(self, i_new, 1, opts);
     } else {
-        return rb_funcall(self, i_new, 0);
+        return rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, cState);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq: indent()
  *
- * This string is used to indent levels in the JSON text.
+ * Returns the string that is used to indent levels in the JSON text.
  */
 static VALUE cState_indent(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return state->indent;
+    return state->indent ? state->indent : rb_str_freeze(rb_utf8_str_new("", 0));
+}
+
+static VALUE string_config(VALUE config)
+{
+    if (RTEST(config)) {
+        Check_Type(config, T_STRING);
+        if (RSTRING_LEN(config)) {
+            return rb_str_new_frozen(config);
+        }
+    }
+    return Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq: indent=(indent)
  *
- * This string is used to indent levels in the JSON text.
+ * Sets the string that is used to indent levels in the JSON text.
  */
 static VALUE cState_indent_set(VALUE self, VALUE indent)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
-    Check_Type(indent, T_STRING);
-    return state->indent = indent;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->indent, string_config(indent));
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq: space()
  *
- * This string is used to insert a space between the tokens in a JSON
+ * Returns the string that is used to insert a space between the tokens in a JSON
  * string.
  */
 static VALUE cState_space(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return state->space;
+    return state->space ? state->space : rb_str_freeze(rb_utf8_str_new("", 0));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq: space=(space)
  *
- * This string is used to insert a space between the tokens in a JSON
+ * Sets _space_ to the string that is used to insert a space between the tokens in a JSON
  * string.
  */
 static VALUE cState_space_set(VALUE self, VALUE space)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
-    Check_Type(space, T_STRING);
-    return state->space = space;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->space, string_config(space));
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq: space_before()
  *
- * This string is used to insert a space before the ':' in JSON objects.
+ * Returns the string that is used to insert a space before the ':' in JSON objects.
  */
 static VALUE cState_space_before(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return state->space_before;
+    return state->space_before ? state->space_before : rb_str_freeze(rb_utf8_str_new("", 0));
 }
 
 /*
  * call-seq: space_before=(space_before)
  *
- * This string is used to insert a space before the ':' in JSON objects.
+ * Sets the string that is used to insert a space before the ':' in JSON objects.
  */
 static VALUE cState_space_before_set(VALUE self, VALUE space_before)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
-    Check_Type(space_before, T_STRING);
-    return state->space_before = space_before;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->space_before, string_config(space_before));
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -727,7 +1490,7 @@ static VALUE cState_space_before_set(VALUE self, VALUE space_before)
 static VALUE cState_object_nl(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return state->object_nl;
+    return state->object_nl ? state->object_nl : rb_str_freeze(rb_utf8_str_new("", 0));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -738,9 +1501,10 @@ static VALUE cState_object_nl(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE cState_object_nl_set(VALUE self, VALUE object_nl)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
-    Check_Type(object_nl, T_STRING);
-    return state->object_nl = object_nl;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->object_nl, string_config(object_nl));
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -751,7 +1515,7 @@ static VALUE cState_object_nl_set(VALUE self, VALUE object_nl)
 static VALUE cState_array_nl(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return state->array_nl;
+    return state->array_nl ? state->array_nl : rb_str_freeze(rb_utf8_str_new("", 0));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -760,22 +1524,47 @@ static VALUE cState_array_nl(VALUE self)
  * This string is put at the end of a line that holds a JSON array.
  */
 static VALUE cState_array_nl_set(VALUE self, VALUE array_nl)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->array_nl, string_config(array_nl));
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: as_json()
+ *
+ * This string is put at the end of a line that holds a JSON array.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_as_json(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    Check_Type(array_nl, T_STRING);
-    return state->array_nl = array_nl;
+    return state->as_json;
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: check_circular?
+ * call-seq: as_json=(as_json)
  *
- * Returns true, if circular data structures should be checked,
- * otherwise returns false.
+ * This string is put at the end of a line that holds a JSON array.
  */
+static VALUE cState_as_json_set(VALUE self, VALUE as_json)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &state->as_json, rb_convert_type(as_json, T_DATA, "Proc", "to_proc"));
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+* call-seq: check_circular?
+*
+* Returns true, if circular data structures should be checked,
+* otherwise returns false.
+*/
 static VALUE cState_check_circular_p(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return state->check_circular ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return state->max_nesting ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -790,6 +1579,25 @@ static VALUE cState_max_nesting(VALUE self)
     return LONG2FIX(state->max_nesting);
 }
 
+static long long_config(VALUE num)
+{
+    return RTEST(num) ? NUM2LONG(num) : 0;
+}
+
+// depth must never be negative; reject early with a clear error.
+static long depth_config(VALUE num)
+{
+    if (!RTEST(num)) return 0;
+    long d = NUM2LONG(num);
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(d < 0)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "depth must be >= 0 (got %ld)", d);
+    }
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(d > INT_MAX)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "depth is too large (got %ld)", d);
+    }
+    return d;
+}
+
 /*
  * call-seq: max_nesting=(depth)
  *
@@ -797,10 +1605,68 @@ static VALUE cState_max_nesting(VALUE self)
  * to the integer depth, max_nesting = 0 if no maximum should be checked.
  */
 static VALUE cState_max_nesting_set(VALUE self, VALUE depth)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    state->max_nesting = long_config(depth);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: script_safe
+ *
+ * If this boolean is true, the forward slashes will be escaped in
+ * the json output.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_script_safe(VALUE self)
+{
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    return state->script_safe ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: script_safe=(enable)
+ *
+ * This sets whether or not the forward slashes will be escaped in
+ * the json output.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_script_safe_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    state->script_safe = RTEST(enable);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: strict
+ *
+ * If this boolean is false, types unsupported by the JSON format will
+ * be serialized as strings.
+ * If this boolean is true, types unsupported by the JSON format will
+ * raise a JSON::GeneratorError.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_strict(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    Check_Type(depth, T_FIXNUM);
-    state->max_nesting = FIX2LONG(depth);
+    return state->strict ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: strict=(enable)
+ *
+ * This sets whether or not to serialize types unsupported by the
+ * JSON format as strings.
+ * If this boolean is false, types unsupported by the JSON format will
+ * be serialized as strings.
+ * If this boolean is true, types unsupported by the JSON format will
+ * raise a JSON::GeneratorError.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_strict_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    state->strict = RTEST(enable);
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -817,56 +1683,246 @@ static VALUE cState_allow_nan_p(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: seen?(object)
+ * call-seq: allow_nan=(enable)
+ *
+ * This sets whether or not to serialize NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity
+ */
+static VALUE cState_allow_nan_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    state->allow_nan = RTEST(enable);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: ascii_only?
+ *
+ * Returns true, if only ASCII characters should be generated. Otherwise
+ * returns false.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_ascii_only_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    return state->ascii_only ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: ascii_only=(enable)
+ *
+ * This sets whether only ASCII characters should be generated.
+ */
+static VALUE cState_ascii_only_set(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    state->ascii_only = RTEST(enable);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE cState_allow_duplicate_key_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    switch (state->on_duplicate_key) {
+        case JSON_IGNORE:
+            return Qtrue;
+        case JSON_DEPRECATED:
+            return Qnil;
+        default:
+            return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: depth
  *
- * Returns _true_, if _object_ was already seen during this generating run. 
+ * This integer returns the current depth of data structure nesting.
  */
-static VALUE cState_seen_p(VALUE self, VALUE object)
+static VALUE cState_depth(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return rb_hash_aref(state->seen, rb_obj_id(object));
+    return LONG2FIX(state->depth);
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: remember(object)
+ * call-seq: depth=(depth)
  *
- * Remember _object_, to find out if it was already encountered (if a cyclic
- * data structure is rendered). 
+ * This sets the maximum level of data structure nesting in the generated JSON
+ * to the integer depth, max_nesting = 0 if no maximum should be checked.
  */
-static VALUE cState_remember(VALUE self, VALUE object)
+static VALUE cState_depth_set(VALUE self, VALUE depth)
 {
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return rb_hash_aset(state->seen, rb_obj_id(object), Qtrue);
+    state->depth = depth_config(depth);
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: forget(object)
+ * call-seq: buffer_initial_length
  *
- * Forget _object_ for this generating run.
+ * This integer returns the current initial length of the buffer.
  */
-static VALUE cState_forget(VALUE self, VALUE object)
+static VALUE cState_buffer_initial_length(VALUE self)
 {
     GET_STATE(self);
-    return rb_hash_delete(state->seen, rb_obj_id(object));
+    return LONG2FIX(state->buffer_initial_length);
+}
+
+static void buffer_initial_length_set(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE buffer_initial_length)
+{
+    Check_Type(buffer_initial_length, T_FIXNUM);
+    long initial_length = FIX2LONG(buffer_initial_length);
+    if (initial_length > 0) {
+        state->buffer_initial_length = initial_length;
+    }
 }
 
 /*
+ * call-seq: buffer_initial_length=(length)
  *
+ * This sets the initial length of the buffer to +length+, if +length+ > 0,
+ * otherwise its value isn't changed.
  */
-void Init_generator()
+static VALUE cState_buffer_initial_length_set(VALUE self, VALUE buffer_initial_length)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    buffer_initial_length_set(state, buffer_initial_length);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+struct configure_state_data {
+    JSON_Generator_State *state;
+    VALUE vstate;  // Ruby object that owns the state, or Qfalse if stack-allocated
+};
+
+static inline void state_write_value(struct configure_state_data *data, VALUE *field, VALUE value)
+{
+    if (RTEST(data->vstate)) {
+        RB_OBJ_WRITE(data->vstate, field, value);
+    } else {
+        *field = value;
+    }
+}
+
+static int configure_state_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE _arg)
+{
+    struct configure_state_data *data = (struct configure_state_data *)_arg;
+    JSON_Generator_State *state = data->state;
+
+         if (key == sym_indent)                { state_write_value(data, &state->indent, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_space)                 { state_write_value(data, &state->space, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_space_before)          { state_write_value(data, &state->space_before, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_object_nl)             { state_write_value(data, &state->object_nl, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_array_nl)              { state_write_value(data, &state->array_nl, string_config(val)); }
+    else if (key == sym_max_nesting)           { state->max_nesting = long_config(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_allow_nan)             { state->allow_nan = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_ascii_only)            { state->ascii_only = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_depth)                 { state->depth = depth_config(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_buffer_initial_length) { buffer_initial_length_set(state, val); }
+    else if (key == sym_script_safe)           { state->script_safe = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_escape_slash)          { state->script_safe = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_strict)                { state->strict = RTEST(val); }
+    else if (key == sym_allow_duplicate_key)   { state->on_duplicate_key = RTEST(val) ? JSON_IGNORE : JSON_RAISE; }
+    else if (key == sym_as_json)               {
+        VALUE proc = RTEST(val) ? rb_convert_type(val, T_DATA, "Proc", "to_proc") : Qfalse;
+        state->as_json_single_arg = proc && rb_proc_arity(proc) == 1;
+        state_write_value(data, &state->as_json, proc);
+    }
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void configure_state(JSON_Generator_State *state, VALUE vstate, VALUE config)
+{
+    if (!RTEST(config)) return;
+
+    Check_Type(config, T_HASH);
+
+    if (!RHASH_SIZE(config)) return;
+
+    struct configure_state_data data = {
+        .state = state,
+        .vstate = vstate
+    };
+
+    // We assume in most cases few keys are set so it's faster to go over
+    // the provided keys than to check all possible keys.
+    rb_hash_foreach(config, configure_state_i, (VALUE)&data);
+}
+
+static VALUE cState_configure(VALUE self, VALUE opts)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen(self);
+    GET_STATE(self);
+    configure_state(state, self, opts);
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE cState_m_do_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, VALUE opts, VALUE io, generator_func func)
+{
+    JSON_Generator_State state = {0};
+    state_init(&state);
+    configure_state(&state, Qfalse, opts);
+
+    char stack_buffer[FBUFFER_STACK_SIZE];
+    FBuffer buffer = {
+        .io = RTEST(io) ? io : Qfalse,
+    };
+    fbuffer_stack_init(&buffer, state.buffer_initial_length, stack_buffer, FBUFFER_STACK_SIZE);
+
+    struct generate_json_data data = {
+        .buffer = &buffer,
+        .vstate = Qfalse,
+        .state = &state,
+        .depth = state.depth,
+        .obj = obj,
+        .func = func,
+    };
+    return rb_ensure(generate_json_try, (VALUE)&data, generate_json_ensure, (VALUE)&data);
+}
+
+static VALUE cState_m_generate(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, VALUE opts, VALUE io)
+{
+    return cState_m_do_generate(klass, obj, opts, io, generate_json);
+}
+
+static VALUE cState_m_generate_no_fallback(VALUE klass, VALUE obj, VALUE opts, VALUE io)
+{
+    return cState_m_do_generate(klass, obj, opts, io, generate_json_no_fallback);
+}
+
+void Init_generator(void)
 {
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXT_RACTOR_SAFE
+    rb_ext_ractor_safe(true);
+#endif
+
+#undef rb_intern
     rb_require("json/common");
+
     mJSON = rb_define_module("JSON");
-    mExt = rb_define_module_under(mJSON, "Ext");
-    mGenerator = rb_define_module_under(mExt, "Generator");
+
+    rb_global_variable(&cFragment);
+    cFragment = rb_const_get(mJSON, rb_intern("Fragment"));
+
+    VALUE mExt = rb_define_module_under(mJSON, "Ext");
+    VALUE mGenerator = rb_define_module_under(mExt, "Generator");
+
+    rb_global_variable(&eGeneratorError);
     eGeneratorError = rb_path2class("JSON::GeneratorError");
-    eCircularDatastructure = rb_path2class("JSON::CircularDatastructure");
+
+    rb_global_variable(&eNestingError);
     eNestingError = rb_path2class("JSON::NestingError");
+
     cState = rb_define_class_under(mGenerator, "State", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cState, cState_s_allocate);
     rb_define_singleton_method(cState, "from_state", cState_from_state_s, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "initialize", cState_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(cState, "initialize", "initialize"); // avoid method redefinition warnings
+    rb_define_private_method(cState, "_configure", cState_configure, 1);
 
+    rb_define_method(cState, "initialize_copy", cState_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "indent", cState_indent, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "indent=", cState_indent_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "space", cState_space, 0);
@@ -877,59 +1933,65 @@ void Init_generator()
     rb_define_method(cState, "object_nl=", cState_object_nl_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "array_nl", cState_array_nl, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "array_nl=", cState_array_nl_set, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cState, "check_circular?", cState_check_circular_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "as_json", cState_as_json, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "as_json=", cState_as_json_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(cState, "max_nesting", cState_max_nesting, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "max_nesting=", cState_max_nesting_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "script_safe", cState_script_safe, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "script_safe?", cState_script_safe, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "script_safe=", cState_script_safe_set, 1);
+    rb_define_alias(cState, "escape_slash", "script_safe");
+    rb_define_alias(cState, "escape_slash?", "script_safe?");
+    rb_define_alias(cState, "escape_slash=", "script_safe=");
+    rb_define_method(cState, "strict", cState_strict, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "strict?", cState_strict, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "strict=", cState_strict_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "check_circular?", cState_check_circular_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(cState, "allow_nan?", cState_allow_nan_p, 0);
-    rb_define_method(cState, "seen?", cState_seen_p, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cState, "remember", cState_remember, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cState, "forget", cState_forget, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cState, "configure", cState_configure, 1);
-    rb_define_method(cState, "to_h", cState_to_h, 0);
-
-    mGeneratorMethods = rb_define_module_under(mGenerator, "GeneratorMethods");
-    mObject = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "Object");
-    rb_define_method(mObject, "to_json", mObject_to_json, -1);
-    mHash = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "Hash");
-    rb_define_method(mHash, "to_json", mHash_to_json, -1);
-    mArray = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "Array");
-    rb_define_method(mArray, "to_json", mArray_to_json, -1);
-    mInteger = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "Integer");
-    rb_define_method(mInteger, "to_json", mInteger_to_json, -1);
-    mFloat = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "Float");
-    rb_define_method(mFloat, "to_json", mFloat_to_json, -1);
-    mString = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "String");
-    rb_define_singleton_method(mString, "included", mString_included_s, 1);
-    rb_define_method(mString, "to_json", mString_to_json, -1);
-    rb_define_method(mString, "to_json_raw", mString_to_json_raw, -1);
-    rb_define_method(mString, "to_json_raw_object", mString_to_json_raw_object, 0);
-    mString_Extend = rb_define_module_under(mString, "Extend");
-    rb_define_method(mString_Extend, "json_create", mString_Extend_json_create, 1);
-    mTrueClass = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "TrueClass");
-    rb_define_method(mTrueClass, "to_json", mTrueClass_to_json, -1);
-    mFalseClass = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "FalseClass");
-    rb_define_method(mFalseClass, "to_json", mFalseClass_to_json, -1);
-    mNilClass = rb_define_module_under(mGeneratorMethods, "NilClass");
-    rb_define_method(mNilClass, "to_json", mNilClass_to_json, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "allow_nan=", cState_allow_nan_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "ascii_only?", cState_ascii_only_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "ascii_only=", cState_ascii_only_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "depth", cState_depth, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "depth=", cState_depth_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "buffer_initial_length", cState_buffer_initial_length, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "buffer_initial_length=", cState_buffer_initial_length_set, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "generate", cState_generate, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cState, "_generate_no_fallback", cState_generate_no_fallback, -1);
+
+    rb_define_private_method(cState, "allow_duplicate_key?", cState_allow_duplicate_key_p, 0);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cState, "generate", cState_m_generate, 3);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(cState, "_generate_no_fallback", cState_m_generate_no_fallback, 3);
+
+    rb_global_variable(&Encoding_UTF_8);
+    Encoding_UTF_8 = rb_const_get(rb_path2class("Encoding"), rb_intern("UTF_8"));
 
     i_to_s = rb_intern("to_s");
     i_to_json = rb_intern("to_json");
     i_new = rb_intern("new");
-    i_indent = rb_intern("indent");
-    i_space = rb_intern("space");
-    i_space_before = rb_intern("space_before");
-    i_object_nl = rb_intern("object_nl");
-    i_array_nl = rb_intern("array_nl");
-    i_check_circular = rb_intern("check_circular");
-    i_max_nesting = rb_intern("max_nesting");
-    i_allow_nan = rb_intern("allow_nan");
-    i_pack = rb_intern("pack");
-    i_unpack = rb_intern("unpack");
-    i_create_id = rb_intern("create_id");
-    i_extend = rb_intern("extend");
-#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H
-    mEncoding_UTF_8 = rb_funcall(rb_path2class("Encoding"), rb_intern("find"), 1, rb_str_new2("utf-8"));
-    i_encoding = rb_intern("encoding");
     i_encode = rb_intern("encode");
-#endif
+
+    sym_indent = ID2SYM(rb_intern("indent"));
+    sym_space = ID2SYM(rb_intern("space"));
+    sym_space_before = ID2SYM(rb_intern("space_before"));
+    sym_object_nl = ID2SYM(rb_intern("object_nl"));
+    sym_array_nl = ID2SYM(rb_intern("array_nl"));
+    sym_max_nesting = ID2SYM(rb_intern("max_nesting"));
+    sym_allow_nan = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_nan"));
+    sym_ascii_only = ID2SYM(rb_intern("ascii_only"));
+    sym_depth = ID2SYM(rb_intern("depth"));
+    sym_buffer_initial_length = ID2SYM(rb_intern("buffer_initial_length"));
+    sym_script_safe = ID2SYM(rb_intern("script_safe"));
+    sym_escape_slash = ID2SYM(rb_intern("escape_slash"));
+    sym_strict = ID2SYM(rb_intern("strict"));
+    sym_as_json = ID2SYM(rb_intern("as_json"));
+    sym_allow_duplicate_key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("allow_duplicate_key"));
+
+    usascii_encindex = rb_usascii_encindex();
+    utf8_encindex = rb_utf8_encindex();
+    binary_encindex = rb_ascii8bit_encindex();
+
+    rb_require("json/ext/generator/state");
+
+    simd_impl = find_simd_implementation();
 }