js_stack 0.2.0 → 0.3.0

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/js_stack/marionette/marionette-1.5.1.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2508 @@
+// MarionetteJS (Backbone.Marionette)
+// ----------------------------------
+// v1.5.1
+//
+// Copyright (c)2014 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
+// Distributed under MIT license
+//
+// http://marionettejs.com
+
+
+
+/*!
+ * Includes BabySitter
+ * https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.babysitter/
+ *
+ * Includes Wreqr
+ * https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.wreqr/
+ */
+
+// Backbone.BabySitter
+// -------------------
+// v0.0.6
+//
+// Copyright (c)2013 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
+// Distributed under MIT license
+//
+// http://github.com/babysitterjs/backbone.babysitter
+
+// Backbone.ChildViewContainer
+// ---------------------------
+//
+// Provide a container to store, retrieve and
+// shut down child views.
+
+Backbone.ChildViewContainer = (function(Backbone, _){
+
+  // Container Constructor
+  // ---------------------
+
+  var Container = function(views){
+    this._views = {};
+    this._indexByModel = {};
+    this._indexByCustom = {};
+    this._updateLength();
+
+    _.each(views, this.add, this);
+  };
+
+  // Container Methods
+  // -----------------
+
+  _.extend(Container.prototype, {
+
+    // Add a view to this container. Stores the view
+    // by `cid` and makes it searchable by the model
+    // cid (and model itself). Optionally specify
+    // a custom key to store an retrieve the view.
+    add: function(view, customIndex){
+      var viewCid = view.cid;
+
+      // store the view
+      this._views[viewCid] = view;
+
+      // index it by model
+      if (view.model){
+        this._indexByModel[view.model.cid] = viewCid;
+      }
+
+      // index by custom
+      if (customIndex){
+        this._indexByCustom[customIndex] = viewCid;
+      }
+
+      this._updateLength();
+    },
+
+    // Find a view by the model that was attached to
+    // it. Uses the model's `cid` to find it.
+    findByModel: function(model){
+      return this.findByModelCid(model.cid);
+    },
+
+    // Find a view by the `cid` of the model that was attached to
+    // it. Uses the model's `cid` to find the view `cid` and
+    // retrieve the view using it.
+    findByModelCid: function(modelCid){
+      var viewCid = this._indexByModel[modelCid];
+      return this.findByCid(viewCid);
+    },
+
+    // Find a view by a custom indexer.
+    findByCustom: function(index){
+      var viewCid = this._indexByCustom[index];
+      return this.findByCid(viewCid);
+    },
+
+    // Find by index. This is not guaranteed to be a
+    // stable index.
+    findByIndex: function(index){
+      return _.values(this._views)[index];
+    },
+
+    // retrieve a view by it's `cid` directly
+    findByCid: function(cid){
+      return this._views[cid];
+    },
+
+    // Remove a view
+    remove: function(view){
+      var viewCid = view.cid;
+
+      // delete model index
+      if (view.model){
+        delete this._indexByModel[view.model.cid];
+      }
+
+      // delete custom index
+      _.any(this._indexByCustom, function(cid, key) {
+        if (cid === viewCid) {
+          delete this._indexByCustom[key];
+          return true;
+        }
+      }, this);
+
+      // remove the view from the container
+      delete this._views[viewCid];
+
+      // update the length
+      this._updateLength();
+    },
+
+    // Call a method on every view in the container,
+    // passing parameters to the call method one at a
+    // time, like `function.call`.
+    call: function(method){
+      this.apply(method, _.tail(arguments));
+    },
+
+    // Apply a method on every view in the container,
+    // passing parameters to the call method one at a
+    // time, like `function.apply`.
+    apply: function(method, args){
+      _.each(this._views, function(view){
+        if (_.isFunction(view[method])){
+          view[method].apply(view, args || []);
+        }
+      });
+    },
+
+    // Update the `.length` attribute on this container
+    _updateLength: function(){
+      this.length = _.size(this._views);
+    }
+  });
+
+  // Borrowing this code from Backbone.Collection:
+  // http://backbonejs.org/docs/backbone.html#section-106
+  //
+  // Mix in methods from Underscore, for iteration, and other
+  // collection related features.
+  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'find', 'detect', 'filter',
+    'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include',
+    'contains', 'invoke', 'toArray', 'first', 'initial', 'rest',
+    'last', 'without', 'isEmpty', 'pluck'];
+
+  _.each(methods, function(method) {
+    Container.prototype[method] = function() {
+      var views = _.values(this._views);
+      var args = [views].concat(_.toArray(arguments));
+      return _[method].apply(_, args);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // return the public API
+  return Container;
+})(Backbone, _);
+
+// Backbone.Wreqr (Backbone.Marionette)
+// ----------------------------------
+// v0.2.0
+//
+// Copyright (c)2013 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
+// Distributed under MIT license
+//
+// http://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.wreqr
+
+
+Backbone.Wreqr = (function(Backbone, Marionette, _){
+  "use strict";
+  var Wreqr = {};
+
+  // Handlers
+// --------
+// A registry of functions to call, given a name
+
+Wreqr.Handlers = (function(Backbone, _){
+  "use strict";
+
+  // Constructor
+  // -----------
+
+  var Handlers = function(options){
+    this.options = options;
+    this._wreqrHandlers = {};
+
+    if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)){
+      this.initialize(options);
+    }
+  };
+
+  Handlers.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;
+
+  // Instance Members
+  // ----------------
+
+  _.extend(Handlers.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+    // Add multiple handlers using an object literal configuration
+    setHandlers: function(handlers){
+      _.each(handlers, function(handler, name){
+        var context = null;
+
+        if (_.isObject(handler) && !_.isFunction(handler)){
+          context = handler.context;
+          handler = handler.callback;
+        }
+
+        this.setHandler(name, handler, context);
+      }, this);
+    },
+
+    // Add a handler for the given name, with an
+    // optional context to run the handler within
+    setHandler: function(name, handler, context){
+      var config = {
+        callback: handler,
+        context: context
+      };
+
+      this._wreqrHandlers[name] = config;
+
+      this.trigger("handler:add", name, handler, context);
+    },
+
+    // Determine whether or not a handler is registered
+    hasHandler: function(name){
+      return !! this._wreqrHandlers[name];
+    },
+
+    // Get the currently registered handler for
+    // the specified name. Throws an exception if
+    // no handler is found.
+    getHandler: function(name){
+      var config = this._wreqrHandlers[name];
+
+      if (!config){
+        throw new Error("Handler not found for '" + name + "'");
+      }
+
+      return function(){
+        var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
+        return config.callback.apply(config.context, args);
+      };
+    },
+
+    // Remove a handler for the specified name
+    removeHandler: function(name){
+      delete this._wreqrHandlers[name];
+    },
+
+    // Remove all handlers from this registry
+    removeAllHandlers: function(){
+      this._wreqrHandlers = {};
+    }
+  });
+
+  return Handlers;
+})(Backbone, _);
+
+  // Wreqr.CommandStorage
+// --------------------
+//
+// Store and retrieve commands for execution.
+Wreqr.CommandStorage = (function(){
+  "use strict";
+
+  // Constructor function
+  var CommandStorage = function(options){
+    this.options = options;
+    this._commands = {};
+
+    if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)){
+      this.initialize(options);
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Instance methods
+  _.extend(CommandStorage.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+    // Get an object literal by command name, that contains
+    // the `commandName` and the `instances` of all commands
+    // represented as an array of arguments to process
+    getCommands: function(commandName){
+      var commands = this._commands[commandName];
+
+      // we don't have it, so add it
+      if (!commands){
+
+        // build the configuration
+        commands = {
+          command: commandName,
+          instances: []
+        };
+
+        // store it
+        this._commands[commandName] = commands;
+      }
+
+      return commands;
+    },
+
+    // Add a command by name, to the storage and store the
+    // args for the command
+    addCommand: function(commandName, args){
+      var command = this.getCommands(commandName);
+      command.instances.push(args);
+    },
+
+    // Clear all commands for the given `commandName`
+    clearCommands: function(commandName){
+      var command = this.getCommands(commandName);
+      command.instances = [];
+    }
+  });
+
+  return CommandStorage;
+})();
+
+  // Wreqr.Commands
+// --------------
+//
+// A simple command pattern implementation. Register a command
+// handler and execute it.
+Wreqr.Commands = (function(Wreqr){
+  "use strict";
+
+  return Wreqr.Handlers.extend({
+    // default storage type
+    storageType: Wreqr.CommandStorage,
+
+    constructor: function(options){
+      this.options = options || {};
+
+      this._initializeStorage(this.options);
+      this.on("handler:add", this._executeCommands, this);
+
+      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
+      Wreqr.Handlers.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);
+    },
+
+    // Execute a named command with the supplied args
+    execute: function(name, args){
+      name = arguments[0];
+      args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
+
+      if (this.hasHandler(name)){
+        this.getHandler(name).apply(this, args);
+      } else {
+        this.storage.addCommand(name, args);
+      }
+
+    },
+
+    // Internal method to handle bulk execution of stored commands
+    _executeCommands: function(name, handler, context){
+      var command = this.storage.getCommands(name);
+
+      // loop through and execute all the stored command instances
+      _.each(command.instances, function(args){
+        handler.apply(context, args);
+      });
+
+      this.storage.clearCommands(name);
+    },
+
+    // Internal method to initialize storage either from the type's
+    // `storageType` or the instance `options.storageType`.
+    _initializeStorage: function(options){
+      var storage;
+
+      var StorageType = options.storageType || this.storageType;
+      if (_.isFunction(StorageType)){
+        storage = new StorageType();
+      } else {
+        storage = StorageType;
+      }
+
+      this.storage = storage;
+    }
+  });
+
+})(Wreqr);
+
+  // Wreqr.RequestResponse
+// ---------------------
+//
+// A simple request/response implementation. Register a
+// request handler, and return a response from it
+Wreqr.RequestResponse = (function(Wreqr){
+  "use strict";
+
+  return Wreqr.Handlers.extend({
+    request: function(){
+      var name = arguments[0];
+      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
+
+      return this.getHandler(name).apply(this, args);
+    }
+  });
+
+})(Wreqr);
+
+  // Event Aggregator
+// ----------------
+// A pub-sub object that can be used to decouple various parts
+// of an application through event-driven architecture.
+
+Wreqr.EventAggregator = (function(Backbone, _){
+  "use strict";
+  var EA = function(){};
+
+  // Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
+  EA.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;
+
+  // Copy the basic Backbone.Events on to the event aggregator
+  _.extend(EA.prototype, Backbone.Events);
+
+  return EA;
+})(Backbone, _);
+
+
+  return Wreqr;
+})(Backbone, Backbone.Marionette, _);
+
+var Marionette = (function(global, Backbone, _){
+  "use strict";
+
+  // Define and export the Marionette namespace
+  var Marionette = {};
+  Backbone.Marionette = Marionette;
+
+  // Get the DOM manipulator for later use
+  Marionette.$ = Backbone.$;
+
+// Helpers
+// -------
+
+// For slicing `arguments` in functions
+var protoSlice = Array.prototype.slice;
+function slice(args) {
+  return protoSlice.call(args);
+}
+
+function throwError(message, name) {
+  var error = new Error(message);
+  error.name = name || 'Error';
+  throw error;
+}
+
+// Marionette.extend
+// -----------------
+
+// Borrow the Backbone `extend` method so we can use it as needed
+Marionette.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;
+
+// Marionette.getOption
+// --------------------
+
+// Retrieve an object, function or other value from a target
+// object or its `options`, with `options` taking precedence.
+Marionette.getOption = function(target, optionName){
+  if (!target || !optionName){ return; }
+  var value;
+
+  if (target.options && (optionName in target.options) && (target.options[optionName] !== undefined)){
+    value = target.options[optionName];
+  } else {
+    value = target[optionName];
+  }
+
+  return value;
+};
+
+// Trigger an event and/or a corresponding method name. Examples:
+//
+// `this.triggerMethod("foo")` will trigger the "foo" event and
+// call the "onFoo" method.
+//
+// `this.triggerMethod("foo:bar")` will trigger the "foo:bar" event and
+// call the "onFooBar" method.
+Marionette.triggerMethod = (function(){
+
+  // split the event name on the ":"
+  var splitter = /(^|:)(\w)/gi;
+
+  // take the event section ("section1:section2:section3")
+  // and turn it in to uppercase name
+  function getEventName(match, prefix, eventName) {
+    return eventName.toUpperCase();
+  }
+
+  // actual triggerMethod implementation
+  var triggerMethod = function(event) {
+    // get the method name from the event name
+    var methodName = 'on' + event.replace(splitter, getEventName);
+    var method = this[methodName];
+
+    // trigger the event, if a trigger method exists
+    if(_.isFunction(this.trigger)) {
+      this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+
+    // call the onMethodName if it exists
+    if (_.isFunction(method)) {
+      // pass all arguments, except the event name
+      return method.apply(this, _.tail(arguments));
+    }
+  };
+
+  return triggerMethod;
+})();
+
+// DOMRefresh
+// ----------
+//
+// Monitor a view's state, and after it has been rendered and shown
+// in the DOM, trigger a "dom:refresh" event every time it is
+// re-rendered.
+
+Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh = (function(documentElement){
+  // track when the view has been shown in the DOM,
+  // using a Marionette.Region (or by other means of triggering "show")
+  function handleShow(view){
+    view._isShown = true;
+    triggerDOMRefresh(view);
+  }
+
+  // track when the view has been rendered
+  function handleRender(view){
+    view._isRendered = true;
+    triggerDOMRefresh(view);
+  }
+
+  // Trigger the "dom:refresh" event and corresponding "onDomRefresh" method
+  function triggerDOMRefresh(view){
+    if (view._isShown && view._isRendered && isInDOM(view)){
+      if (_.isFunction(view.triggerMethod)){
+        view.triggerMethod("dom:refresh");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function isInDOM(view) {
+    return documentElement.contains(view.el);
+  }
+
+  // Export public API
+  return function(view){
+    view.listenTo(view, "show", function(){
+      handleShow(view);
+    });
+
+    view.listenTo(view, "render", function(){
+      handleRender(view);
+    });
+  };
+})(document.documentElement);
+
+
+// Marionette.bindEntityEvents & unbindEntityEvents
+// ---------------------------
+//
+// These methods are used to bind/unbind a backbone "entity" (collection/model)
+// to methods on a target object.
+//
+// The first parameter, `target`, must have a `listenTo` method from the
+// EventBinder object.
+//
+// The second parameter is the entity (Backbone.Model or Backbone.Collection)
+// to bind the events from.
+//
+// The third parameter is a hash of { "event:name": "eventHandler" }
+// configuration. Multiple handlers can be separated by a space. A
+// function can be supplied instead of a string handler name.
+
+(function(Marionette){
+  "use strict";
+
+  // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
+  // handler names on the target object
+  function bindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods){
+    var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);
+
+    _.each(methodNames,function(methodName) {
+
+      var method = target[methodName];
+      if(!method) {
+        throwError("Method '"+ methodName +"' was configured as an event handler, but does not exist.");
+      }
+
+      target.listenTo(entity, evt, method, target);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
+  function bindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method){
+      target.listenTo(entity, evt, method, target);
+  }
+
+  // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
+  // handler names on the target object
+  function unbindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods){
+    var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);
+
+    _.each(methodNames,function(methodName) {
+      var method = target[methodName];
+      target.stopListening(entity, evt, method, target);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
+  function unbindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method){
+      target.stopListening(entity, evt, method, target);
+  }
+
+
+  // generic looping function
+  function iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, functionCallback, stringCallback){
+    if (!entity || !bindings) { return; }
+
+    // allow the bindings to be a function
+    if (_.isFunction(bindings)){
+      bindings = bindings.call(target);
+    }
+
+    // iterate the bindings and bind them
+    _.each(bindings, function(methods, evt){
+
+      // allow for a function as the handler,
+      // or a list of event names as a string
+      if (_.isFunction(methods)){
+        functionCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
+      } else {
+        stringCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
+      }
+
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Export Public API
+  Marionette.bindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings){
+    iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, bindToFunction, bindFromStrings);
+  };
+
+  Marionette.unbindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings){
+    iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, unbindToFunction, unbindFromStrings);
+  };
+
+})(Marionette);
+
+
+// Callbacks
+// ---------
+
+// A simple way of managing a collection of callbacks
+// and executing them at a later point in time, using jQuery's
+// `Deferred` object.
+Marionette.Callbacks = function(){
+  this._deferred = Marionette.$.Deferred();
+  this._callbacks = [];
+};
+
+_.extend(Marionette.Callbacks.prototype, {
+
+  // Add a callback to be executed. Callbacks added here are
+  // guaranteed to execute, even if they are added after the
+  // `run` method is called.
+  add: function(callback, contextOverride){
+    this._callbacks.push({cb: callback, ctx: contextOverride});
+
+    this._deferred.done(function(context, options){
+      if (contextOverride){ context = contextOverride; }
+      callback.call(context, options);
+    });
+  },
+
+  // Run all registered callbacks with the context specified.
+  // Additional callbacks can be added after this has been run
+  // and they will still be executed.
+  run: function(options, context){
+    this._deferred.resolve(context, options);
+  },
+
+  // Resets the list of callbacks to be run, allowing the same list
+  // to be run multiple times - whenever the `run` method is called.
+  reset: function(){
+    var callbacks = this._callbacks;
+    this._deferred = Marionette.$.Deferred();
+    this._callbacks = [];
+
+    _.each(callbacks, function(cb){
+      this.add(cb.cb, cb.ctx);
+    }, this);
+  }
+});
+
+
+// Marionette Controller
+// ---------------------
+//
+// A multi-purpose object to use as a controller for
+// modules and routers, and as a mediator for workflow
+// and coordination of other objects, views, and more.
+Marionette.Controller = function(options){
+  this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
+  this.options = options || {};
+
+  if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)){
+    this.initialize(this.options);
+  }
+};
+
+Marionette.Controller.extend = Marionette.extend;
+
+// Controller Methods
+// --------------
+
+// Ensure it can trigger events with Backbone.Events
+_.extend(Marionette.Controller.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+  close: function(){
+    this.stopListening();
+    this.triggerMethod("close");
+    this.unbind();
+  }
+});
+
+// Region
+// ------
+//
+// Manage the visual regions of your composite application. See
+// http://lostechies.com/derickbailey/2011/12/12/composite-js-apps-regions-and-region-managers/
+
+Marionette.Region = function(options){
+  this.options = options || {};
+
+  this.el = Marionette.getOption(this, "el");
+
+  if (!this.el){
+    var err = new Error("An 'el' must be specified for a region.");
+    err.name = "NoElError";
+    throw err;
+  }
+
+  if (this.initialize){
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
+    this.initialize.apply(this, args);
+  }
+};
+
+
+// Region Type methods
+// -------------------
+
+_.extend(Marionette.Region, {
+
+  // Build an instance of a region by passing in a configuration object
+  // and a default region type to use if none is specified in the config.
+  //
+  // The config object should either be a string as a jQuery DOM selector,
+  // a Region type directly, or an object literal that specifies both
+  // a selector and regionType:
+  //
+  // ```js
+  // {
+  //   selector: "#foo",
+  //   regionType: MyCustomRegion
+  // }
+  // ```
+  //
+  buildRegion: function(regionConfig, defaultRegionType){
+
+    var regionIsString = (typeof regionConfig === "string");
+    var regionSelectorIsString = (typeof regionConfig.selector === "string");
+    var regionTypeIsUndefined = (typeof regionConfig.regionType === "undefined");
+    var regionIsType = (typeof regionConfig === "function");
+
+    if (!regionIsType && !regionIsString && !regionSelectorIsString) {
+      throw new Error("Region must be specified as a Region type, a selector string or an object with selector property");
+    }
+
+    var selector, RegionType;
+
+    // get the selector for the region
+
+    if (regionIsString) {
+      selector = regionConfig;
+    }
+
+    if (regionConfig.selector) {
+      selector = regionConfig.selector;
+      delete regionConfig.selector;
+    }
+
+    // get the type for the region
+
+    if (regionIsType){
+      RegionType = regionConfig;
+    }
+
+    if (!regionIsType && regionTypeIsUndefined) {
+      RegionType = defaultRegionType;
+    }
+
+    if (regionConfig.regionType) {
+      RegionType = regionConfig.regionType;
+      delete regionConfig.regionType;
+    }
+
+    if (regionIsString || regionIsType) {
+      regionConfig = {};
+    }
+
+    regionConfig.el = selector;
+
+    // build the region instance
+    var region = new RegionType(regionConfig);
+
+    // override the `getEl` function if we have a parentEl
+    // this must be overridden to ensure the selector is found
+    // on the first use of the region. if we try to assign the
+    // region's `el` to `parentEl.find(selector)` in the object
+    // literal to build the region, the element will not be
+    // guaranteed to be in the DOM already, and will cause problems
+    if (regionConfig.parentEl){
+
+      region.getEl = function(selector) {
+        var parentEl = regionConfig.parentEl;
+        if (_.isFunction(parentEl)){
+          parentEl = parentEl();
+        }
+        return parentEl.find(selector);
+      };
+    }
+
+    return region;
+  }
+
+});
+
+// Region Instance Methods
+// -----------------------
+
+_.extend(Marionette.Region.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+  // Displays a backbone view instance inside of the region.
+  // Handles calling the `render` method for you. Reads content
+  // directly from the `el` attribute. Also calls an optional
+  // `onShow` and `close` method on your view, just after showing
+  // or just before closing the view, respectively.
+  show: function(view){
+
+    this.ensureEl();
+
+    var isViewClosed = view.isClosed || _.isUndefined(view.$el);
+
+    var isDifferentView = view !== this.currentView;
+
+    if (isDifferentView) {
+      this.close();
+    }
+
+    view.render();
+
+    if (isDifferentView || isViewClosed) {
+      this.open(view);
+    }
+
+    this.currentView = view;
+
+    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "show", view);
+    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "show");
+  },
+
+  ensureEl: function(){
+    if (!this.$el || this.$el.length === 0){
+      this.$el = this.getEl(this.el);
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Override this method to change how the region finds the
+  // DOM element that it manages. Return a jQuery selector object.
+  getEl: function(selector){
+    return Marionette.$(selector);
+  },
+
+  // Override this method to change how the new view is
+  // appended to the `$el` that the region is managing
+  open: function(view){
+    this.$el.empty().append(view.el);
+  },
+
+  // Close the current view, if there is one. If there is no
+  // current view, it does nothing and returns immediately.
+  close: function(){
+    var view = this.currentView;
+    if (!view || view.isClosed){ return; }
+
+    // call 'close' or 'remove', depending on which is found
+    if (view.close) { view.close(); }
+    else if (view.remove) { view.remove(); }
+
+    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "close", view);
+
+    delete this.currentView;
+  },
+
+  // Attach an existing view to the region. This
+  // will not call `render` or `onShow` for the new view,
+  // and will not replace the current HTML for the `el`
+  // of the region.
+  attachView: function(view){
+    this.currentView = view;
+  },
+
+  // Reset the region by closing any existing view and
+  // clearing out the cached `$el`. The next time a view
+  // is shown via this region, the region will re-query the
+  // DOM for the region's `el`.
+  reset: function(){
+    this.close();
+    delete this.$el;
+  }
+});
+
+// Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
+Marionette.Region.extend = Marionette.extend;
+
+// Marionette.RegionManager
+// ------------------------
+//
+// Manage one or more related `Marionette.Region` objects.
+Marionette.RegionManager = (function(Marionette){
+
+  var RegionManager = Marionette.Controller.extend({
+    constructor: function(options){
+      this._regions = {};
+      Marionette.Controller.prototype.constructor.call(this, options);
+    },
+
+    // Add multiple regions using an object literal, where
+    // each key becomes the region name, and each value is
+    // the region definition.
+    addRegions: function(regionDefinitions, defaults){
+      var regions = {};
+
+      _.each(regionDefinitions, function(definition, name){
+        if (typeof definition === "string"){
+          definition = { selector: definition };
+        }
+
+        if (definition.selector){
+          definition = _.defaults({}, definition, defaults);
+        }
+
+        var region = this.addRegion(name, definition);
+        regions[name] = region;
+      }, this);
+
+      return regions;
+    },
+
+    // Add an individual region to the region manager,
+    // and return the region instance
+    addRegion: function(name, definition){
+      var region;
+
+      var isObject = _.isObject(definition);
+      var isString = _.isString(definition);
+      var hasSelector = !!definition.selector;
+
+      if (isString || (isObject && hasSelector)){
+        region = Marionette.Region.buildRegion(definition, Marionette.Region);
+      } else if (_.isFunction(definition)){
+        region = Marionette.Region.buildRegion(definition, Marionette.Region);
+      } else {
+        region = definition;
+      }
+
+      this._store(name, region);
+      this.triggerMethod("region:add", name, region);
+      return region;
+    },
+
+    // Get a region by name
+    get: function(name){
+      return this._regions[name];
+    },
+
+    // Remove a region by name
+    removeRegion: function(name){
+      var region = this._regions[name];
+      this._remove(name, region);
+    },
+
+    // Close all regions in the region manager, and
+    // remove them
+    removeRegions: function(){
+      _.each(this._regions, function(region, name){
+        this._remove(name, region);
+      }, this);
+    },
+
+    // Close all regions in the region manager, but
+    // leave them attached
+    closeRegions: function(){
+      _.each(this._regions, function(region, name){
+        region.close();
+      }, this);
+    },
+
+    // Close all regions and shut down the region
+    // manager entirely
+    close: function(){
+      this.removeRegions();
+      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
+      Marionette.Controller.prototype.close.apply(this, args);
+    },
+
+    // internal method to store regions
+    _store: function(name, region){
+      this._regions[name] = region;
+      this._setLength();
+    },
+
+    // internal method to remove a region
+    _remove: function(name, region){
+      region.close();
+      delete this._regions[name];
+      this._setLength();
+      this.triggerMethod("region:remove", name, region);
+    },
+
+    // set the number of regions current held
+    _setLength: function(){
+      this.length = _.size(this._regions);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Borrowing this code from Backbone.Collection:
+  // http://backbonejs.org/docs/backbone.html#section-106
+  //
+  // Mix in methods from Underscore, for iteration, and other
+  // collection related features.
+  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'find', 'detect', 'filter',
+    'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include',
+    'contains', 'invoke', 'toArray', 'first', 'initial', 'rest',
+    'last', 'without', 'isEmpty', 'pluck'];
+
+  _.each(methods, function(method) {
+    RegionManager.prototype[method] = function() {
+      var regions = _.values(this._regions);
+      var args = [regions].concat(_.toArray(arguments));
+      return _[method].apply(_, args);
+    };
+  });
+
+  return RegionManager;
+})(Marionette);
+
+
+// Template Cache
+// --------------
+
+// Manage templates stored in `<script>` blocks,
+// caching them for faster access.
+Marionette.TemplateCache = function(templateId){
+  this.templateId = templateId;
+};
+
+// TemplateCache object-level methods. Manage the template
+// caches from these method calls instead of creating
+// your own TemplateCache instances
+_.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache, {
+  templateCaches: {},
+
+  // Get the specified template by id. Either
+  // retrieves the cached version, or loads it
+  // from the DOM.
+  get: function(templateId){
+    var cachedTemplate = this.templateCaches[templateId];
+
+    if (!cachedTemplate){
+      cachedTemplate = new Marionette.TemplateCache(templateId);
+      this.templateCaches[templateId] = cachedTemplate;
+    }
+
+    return cachedTemplate.load();
+  },
+
+  // Clear templates from the cache. If no arguments
+  // are specified, clears all templates:
+  // `clear()`
+  //
+  // If arguments are specified, clears each of the
+  // specified templates from the cache:
+  // `clear("#t1", "#t2", "...")`
+  clear: function(){
+    var i;
+    var args = slice(arguments);
+    var length = args.length;
+
+    if (length > 0){
+      for(i=0; i<length; i++){
+        delete this.templateCaches[args[i]];
+      }
+    } else {
+      this.templateCaches = {};
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+// TemplateCache instance methods, allowing each
+// template cache object to manage its own state
+// and know whether or not it has been loaded
+_.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache.prototype, {
+
+  // Internal method to load the template
+  load: function(){
+    // Guard clause to prevent loading this template more than once
+    if (this.compiledTemplate){
+      return this.compiledTemplate;
+    }
+
+    // Load the template and compile it
+    var template = this.loadTemplate(this.templateId);
+    this.compiledTemplate = this.compileTemplate(template);
+
+    return this.compiledTemplate;
+  },
+
+  // Load a template from the DOM, by default. Override
+  // this method to provide your own template retrieval
+  // For asynchronous loading with AMD/RequireJS, consider
+  // using a template-loader plugin as described here:
+  // https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.marionette/wiki/Using-marionette-with-requirejs
+  loadTemplate: function(templateId){
+    var template = Marionette.$(templateId).html();
+
+    if (!template || template.length === 0){
+      throwError("Could not find template: '" + templateId + "'", "NoTemplateError");
+    }
+
+    return template;
+  },
+
+  // Pre-compile the template before caching it. Override
+  // this method if you do not need to pre-compile a template
+  // (JST / RequireJS for example) or if you want to change
+  // the template engine used (Handebars, etc).
+  compileTemplate: function(rawTemplate){
+    return _.template(rawTemplate);
+  }
+});
+
+
+// Renderer
+// --------
+
+// Render a template with data by passing in the template
+// selector and the data to render.
+Marionette.Renderer = {
+
+  // Render a template with data. The `template` parameter is
+  // passed to the `TemplateCache` object to retrieve the
+  // template function. Override this method to provide your own
+  // custom rendering and template handling for all of Marionette.
+  render: function(template, data){
+
+    if (!template) {
+      var error = new Error("Cannot render the template since it's false, null or undefined.");
+      error.name = "TemplateNotFoundError";
+      throw error;
+    }
+
+    var templateFunc;
+    if (typeof template === "function"){
+      templateFunc = template;
+    } else {
+      templateFunc = Marionette.TemplateCache.get(template);
+    }
+
+    return templateFunc(data);
+  }
+};
+
+
+
+// Marionette.View
+// ---------------
+
+// The core view type that other Marionette views extend from.
+Marionette.View = Backbone.View.extend({
+
+  constructor: function(options){
+    _.bindAll(this, "render");
+
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
+
+    // this exposes view options to the view initializer
+    // this is a backfill since backbone removed the assignment
+    // of this.options
+    // at some point however this may be removed
+    this.options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), _.isFunction(options) ? options.call(this) : options);
+
+    // parses out the @ui DSL for events
+    this.events = this.normalizeUIKeys(_.result(this, 'events'));
+    Backbone.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);
+
+    Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh(this);
+    this.listenTo(this, "show", this.onShowCalled, this);
+  },
+
+  // import the "triggerMethod" to trigger events with corresponding
+  // methods if the method exists
+  triggerMethod: Marionette.triggerMethod,
+
+  // Get the template for this view
+  // instance. You can set a `template` attribute in the view
+  // definition or pass a `template: "whatever"` parameter in
+  // to the constructor options.
+  getTemplate: function(){
+    return Marionette.getOption(this, "template");
+  },
+
+  // Mix in template helper methods. Looks for a
+  // `templateHelpers` attribute, which can either be an
+  // object literal, or a function that returns an object
+  // literal. All methods and attributes from this object
+  // are copies to the object passed in.
+  mixinTemplateHelpers: function(target){
+    target = target || {};
+    var templateHelpers = Marionette.getOption(this, "templateHelpers");
+    if (_.isFunction(templateHelpers)){
+      templateHelpers = templateHelpers.call(this);
+    }
+    return _.extend(target, templateHelpers);
+  },
+
+  // allows for the use of the @ui. syntax within
+  // a given key for triggers and events
+  // swaps the @ui with the associated selector
+  normalizeUIKeys: function(hash) {
+    if (typeof(hash) === "undefined") {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    _.each(_.keys(hash), function(v) {
+      var split = v.split("@ui.");
+      if (split.length === 2) {
+        hash[split[0]+this.ui[split[1]]] = hash[v];
+        delete hash[v];
+      }
+    }, this);
+
+    return hash;
+  },
+
+  // Configure `triggers` to forward DOM events to view
+  // events. `triggers: {"click .foo": "do:foo"}`
+  configureTriggers: function(){
+    if (!this.triggers) { return; }
+
+    var triggerEvents = {};
+
+    // Allow `triggers` to be configured as a function
+    var triggers = this.normalizeUIKeys(_.result(this, "triggers"));
+
+    // Configure the triggers, prevent default
+    // action and stop propagation of DOM events
+    _.each(triggers, function(value, key){
+
+      var hasOptions = _.isObject(value);
+      var eventName = hasOptions ? value.event : value;
+
+      // build the event handler function for the DOM event
+      triggerEvents[key] = function(e){
+
+        // stop the event in its tracks
+        if (e) {
+          var prevent = e.preventDefault;
+          var stop = e.stopPropagation;
+
+          var shouldPrevent = hasOptions ? value.preventDefault : prevent;
+          var shouldStop = hasOptions ? value.stopPropagation : stop;
+
+          if (shouldPrevent && prevent) { prevent.apply(e); }
+          if (shouldStop && stop) { stop.apply(e); }
+        }
+
+        // build the args for the event
+        var args = {
+          view: this,
+          model: this.model,
+          collection: this.collection
+        };
+
+        // trigger the event
+        this.triggerMethod(eventName, args);
+      };
+
+    }, this);
+
+    return triggerEvents;
+  },
+
+  // Overriding Backbone.View's delegateEvents to handle
+  // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` configuration
+  delegateEvents: function(events){
+    this._delegateDOMEvents(events);
+    Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
+    Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
+  },
+
+  // internal method to delegate DOM events and triggers
+  _delegateDOMEvents: function(events){
+    events = events || this.events;
+    if (_.isFunction(events)){ events = events.call(this); }
+
+    var combinedEvents = {};
+    var triggers = this.configureTriggers();
+    _.extend(combinedEvents, events, triggers);
+
+    Backbone.View.prototype.delegateEvents.call(this, combinedEvents);
+  },
+
+  // Overriding Backbone.View's undelegateEvents to handle unbinding
+  // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` config
+  undelegateEvents: function(){
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
+    Backbone.View.prototype.undelegateEvents.apply(this, args);
+
+    Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
+    Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
+  },
+
+  // Internal method, handles the `show` event.
+  onShowCalled: function(){},
+
+  // Default `close` implementation, for removing a view from the
+  // DOM and unbinding it. Regions will call this method
+  // for you. You can specify an `onClose` method in your view to
+  // add custom code that is called after the view is closed.
+  close: function(){
+    if (this.isClosed) { return; }
+
+    // allow the close to be stopped by returning `false`
+    // from the `onBeforeClose` method
+    var shouldClose = this.triggerMethod("before:close");
+    if (shouldClose === false){
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // mark as closed before doing the actual close, to
+    // prevent infinite loops within "close" event handlers
+    // that are trying to close other views
+    this.isClosed = true;
+    this.triggerMethod("close");
+
+    // unbind UI elements
+    this.unbindUIElements();
+
+    // remove the view from the DOM
+    this.remove();
+  },
+
+  // This method binds the elements specified in the "ui" hash inside the view's code with
+  // the associated jQuery selectors.
+  bindUIElements: function(){
+    if (!this.ui) { return; }
+
+    // store the ui hash in _uiBindings so they can be reset later
+    // and so re-rendering the view will be able to find the bindings
+    if (!this._uiBindings){
+      this._uiBindings = this.ui;
+    }
+
+    // get the bindings result, as a function or otherwise
+    var bindings = _.result(this, "_uiBindings");
+
+    // empty the ui so we don't have anything to start with
+    this.ui = {};
+
+    // bind each of the selectors
+    _.each(_.keys(bindings), function(key) {
+      var selector = bindings[key];
+      this.ui[key] = this.$(selector);
+    }, this);
+  },
+
+  // This method unbinds the elements specified in the "ui" hash
+  unbindUIElements: function(){
+    if (!this.ui || !this._uiBindings){ return; }
+
+    // delete all of the existing ui bindings
+    _.each(this.ui, function($el, name){
+      delete this.ui[name];
+    }, this);
+
+    // reset the ui element to the original bindings configuration
+    this.ui = this._uiBindings;
+    delete this._uiBindings;
+  }
+});
+
+// Item View
+// ---------
+
+// A single item view implementation that contains code for rendering
+// with underscore.js templates, serializing the view's model or collection,
+// and calling several methods on extended views, such as `onRender`.
+Marionette.ItemView = Marionette.View.extend({
+
+  // Setting up the inheritance chain which allows changes to
+  // Marionette.View.prototype.constructor which allows overriding
+  constructor: function(){
+    Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));
+  },
+
+  // Serialize the model or collection for the view. If a model is
+  // found, `.toJSON()` is called. If a collection is found, `.toJSON()`
+  // is also called, but is used to populate an `items` array in the
+  // resulting data. If both are found, defaults to the model.
+  // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
+  // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
+  serializeData: function(){
+    var data = {};
+
+    if (this.model) {
+      data = this.model.toJSON();
+    }
+    else if (this.collection) {
+      data = { items: this.collection.toJSON() };
+    }
+
+    return data;
+  },
+
+  // Render the view, defaulting to underscore.js templates.
+  // You can override this in your view definition to provide
+  // a very specific rendering for your view. In general, though,
+  // you should override the `Marionette.Renderer` object to
+  // change how Marionette renders views.
+  render: function(){
+    this.isClosed = false;
+
+    this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
+    this.triggerMethod("item:before:render", this);
+
+    var data = this.serializeData();
+    data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);
+
+    var template = this.getTemplate();
+    var html = Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
+
+    this.$el.html(html);
+    this.bindUIElements();
+
+    this.triggerMethod("render", this);
+    this.triggerMethod("item:rendered", this);
+
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  // Override the default close event to add a few
+  // more events that are triggered.
+  close: function(){
+    if (this.isClosed){ return; }
+
+    this.triggerMethod('item:before:close');
+
+    Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, slice(arguments));
+
+    this.triggerMethod('item:closed');
+  }
+});
+
+// Collection View
+// ---------------
+
+// A view that iterates over a Backbone.Collection
+// and renders an individual ItemView for each model.
+Marionette.CollectionView = Marionette.View.extend({
+  // used as the prefix for item view events
+  // that are forwarded through the collectionview
+  itemViewEventPrefix: "itemview",
+
+  // constructor
+  constructor: function(options){
+    this._initChildViewStorage();
+
+    Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));
+
+    this._initialEvents();
+    this.initRenderBuffer();
+  },
+
+  // Instead of inserting elements one by one into the page,
+  // it's much more performant to insert elements into a document
+  // fragment and then insert that document fragment into the page
+  initRenderBuffer: function() {
+    this.elBuffer = document.createDocumentFragment();
+    this._bufferedChildren = [];
+  },
+
+  startBuffering: function() {
+    this.initRenderBuffer();
+    this.isBuffering = true;
+  },
+
+  endBuffering: function() {
+    this.isBuffering = false;
+    this.appendBuffer(this, this.elBuffer);
+    this._triggerShowBufferedChildren();
+    this.initRenderBuffer();
+  },
+
+  _triggerShowBufferedChildren: function () {
+    if (this._isShown) {
+      _.each(this._bufferedChildren, function (child) {
+        Marionette.triggerMethod.call(child, "show");
+      });
+      this._bufferedChildren = [];
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Configured the initial events that the collection view
+  // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
+  // events, or to add your own initial events.
+  _initialEvents: function(){
+    if (this.collection){
+      this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView, this);
+      this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView, this);
+      this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this.render, this);
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Handle a child item added to the collection
+  addChildView: function(item, collection, options){
+    this.closeEmptyView();
+    var ItemView = this.getItemView(item);
+    var index = this.collection.indexOf(item);
+    this.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
+  },
+
+  // Override from `Marionette.View` to guarantee the `onShow` method
+  // of child views is called.
+  onShowCalled: function(){
+    this.children.each(function(child){
+      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(child, "show");
+    });
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to trigger the before render callbacks
+  // and events
+  triggerBeforeRender: function(){
+    this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
+    this.triggerMethod("collection:before:render", this);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to trigger the rendered callbacks and
+  // events
+  triggerRendered: function(){
+    this.triggerMethod("render", this);
+    this.triggerMethod("collection:rendered", this);
+  },
+
+  // Render the collection of items. Override this method to
+  // provide your own implementation of a render function for
+  // the collection view.
+  render: function(){
+    this.isClosed = false;
+    this.triggerBeforeRender();
+    this._renderChildren();
+    this.triggerRendered();
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  // Internal method. Separated so that CompositeView can have
+  // more control over events being triggered, around the rendering
+  // process
+  _renderChildren: function(){
+    this.startBuffering();
+
+    this.closeEmptyView();
+    this.closeChildren();
+
+    if (this.collection && this.collection.length > 0) {
+      this.showCollection();
+    } else {
+      this.showEmptyView();
+    }
+
+    this.endBuffering();
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to loop through each item in the
+  // collection view and show it
+  showCollection: function(){
+    var ItemView;
+    this.collection.each(function(item, index){
+      ItemView = this.getItemView(item);
+      this.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
+    }, this);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to show an empty view in place of
+  // a collection of item views, when the collection is
+  // empty
+  showEmptyView: function(){
+    var EmptyView = this.getEmptyView();
+
+    if (EmptyView && !this._showingEmptyView){
+      this._showingEmptyView = true;
+      var model = new Backbone.Model();
+      this.addItemView(model, EmptyView, 0);
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to close an existing emptyView instance
+  // if one exists. Called when a collection view has been
+  // rendered empty, and then an item is added to the collection.
+  closeEmptyView: function(){
+    if (this._showingEmptyView){
+      this.closeChildren();
+      delete this._showingEmptyView;
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Retrieve the empty view type
+  getEmptyView: function(){
+    return Marionette.getOption(this, "emptyView");
+  },
+
+  // Retrieve the itemView type, either from `this.options.itemView`
+  // or from the `itemView` in the object definition. The "options"
+  // takes precedence.
+  getItemView: function(item){
+    var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView");
+
+    if (!itemView){
+      throwError("An `itemView` must be specified", "NoItemViewError");
+    }
+
+    return itemView;
+  },
+
+  // Render the child item's view and add it to the
+  // HTML for the collection view.
+  addItemView: function(item, ItemView, index){
+    // get the itemViewOptions if any were specified
+    var itemViewOptions = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewOptions");
+    if (_.isFunction(itemViewOptions)){
+      itemViewOptions = itemViewOptions.call(this, item, index);
+    }
+
+    // build the view
+    var view = this.buildItemView(item, ItemView, itemViewOptions);
+
+    // set up the child view event forwarding
+    this.addChildViewEventForwarding(view);
+
+    // this view is about to be added
+    this.triggerMethod("before:item:added", view);
+
+    // Store the child view itself so we can properly
+    // remove and/or close it later
+    this.children.add(view);
+
+    // Render it and show it
+    this.renderItemView(view, index);
+
+    // call the "show" method if the collection view
+    // has already been shown
+    if (this._isShown && !this.isBuffering){
+      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "show");
+    }
+
+    // this view was added
+    this.triggerMethod("after:item:added", view);
+
+    return view;
+  },
+
+  // Set up the child view event forwarding. Uses an "itemview:"
+  // prefix in front of all forwarded events.
+  addChildViewEventForwarding: function(view){
+    var prefix = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewEventPrefix");
+
+    // Forward all child item view events through the parent,
+    // prepending "itemview:" to the event name
+    this.listenTo(view, "all", function(){
+      var args = slice(arguments);
+      var rootEvent = args[0];
+      var itemEvents = this.getItemEvents();
+
+      args[0] = prefix + ":" + rootEvent;
+      args.splice(1, 0, view);
+
+      // call collectionView itemEvent if defined
+      if (typeof itemEvents !== "undefined" && _.isFunction(itemEvents[rootEvent])) {
+        itemEvents[rootEvent].apply(this, args);
+      }
+
+      Marionette.triggerMethod.apply(this, args);
+    }, this);
+  },
+
+  // returns the value of itemEvents depending on if a function
+  getItemEvents: function() {
+    if (_.isFunction(this.itemEvents)) {
+      return this.itemEvents.call(this);
+    }
+
+    return this.itemEvents;
+  },
+
+  // render the item view
+  renderItemView: function(view, index) {
+    view.render();
+    this.appendHtml(this, view, index);
+  },
+
+  // Build an `itemView` for every model in the collection.
+  buildItemView: function(item, ItemViewType, itemViewOptions){
+    var options = _.extend({model: item}, itemViewOptions);
+    return new ItemViewType(options);
+  },
+
+  // get the child view by item it holds, and remove it
+  removeItemView: function(item){
+    var view = this.children.findByModel(item);
+    this.removeChildView(view);
+    this.checkEmpty();
+  },
+
+  // Remove the child view and close it
+  removeChildView: function(view){
+
+    // shut down the child view properly,
+    // including events that the collection has from it
+    if (view){
+      this.stopListening(view);
+
+      // call 'close' or 'remove', depending on which is found
+      if (view.close) { view.close(); }
+      else if (view.remove) { view.remove(); }
+
+      this.children.remove(view);
+    }
+
+    this.triggerMethod("item:removed", view);
+  },
+
+  // helper to show the empty view if the collection is empty
+  checkEmpty: function() {
+    // check if we're empty now, and if we are, show the
+    // empty view
+    if (!this.collection || this.collection.length === 0){
+      this.showEmptyView();
+    }
+  },
+
+  // You might need to override this if you've overridden appendHtml
+  appendBuffer: function(collectionView, buffer) {
+    collectionView.$el.append(buffer);
+  },
+
+  // Append the HTML to the collection's `el`.
+  // Override this method to do something other
+  // then `.append`.
+  appendHtml: function(collectionView, itemView, index){
+    if (collectionView.isBuffering) {
+      // buffering happens on reset events and initial renders
+      // in order to reduce the number of inserts into the
+      // document, which are expensive.
+      collectionView.elBuffer.appendChild(itemView.el);
+      collectionView._bufferedChildren.push(itemView);
+    }
+    else {
+      // If we've already rendered the main collection, just
+      // append the new items directly into the element.
+      collectionView.$el.append(itemView.el);
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to set up the `children` object for
+  // storing all of the child views
+  _initChildViewStorage: function(){
+    this.children = new Backbone.ChildViewContainer();
+  },
+
+  // Handle cleanup and other closing needs for
+  // the collection of views.
+  close: function(){
+    if (this.isClosed){ return; }
+
+    this.triggerMethod("collection:before:close");
+    this.closeChildren();
+    this.triggerMethod("collection:closed");
+
+    Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, slice(arguments));
+  },
+
+  // Close the child views that this collection view
+  // is holding on to, if any
+  closeChildren: function(){
+    this.children.each(function(child){
+      this.removeChildView(child);
+    }, this);
+    this.checkEmpty();
+  }
+});
+
+
+// Composite View
+// --------------
+
+// Used for rendering a branch-leaf, hierarchical structure.
+// Extends directly from CollectionView and also renders an
+// an item view as `modelView`, for the top leaf
+Marionette.CompositeView = Marionette.CollectionView.extend({
+
+  // Setting up the inheritance chain which allows changes to
+  // Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.constructor which allows overriding
+  constructor: function(){
+    Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));
+  },
+
+  // Configured the initial events that the composite view
+  // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
+  // events, or to add your own initial events.
+  _initialEvents: function(){
+
+    // Bind only after composite view in rendered to avoid adding child views
+    // to unexisting itemViewContainer
+    this.once('render', function () {
+      if (this.collection){
+        this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView, this);
+        this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView, this);
+        this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this._renderChildren, this);
+      }
+    });
+
+  },
+
+  // Retrieve the `itemView` to be used when rendering each of
+  // the items in the collection. The default is to return
+  // `this.itemView` or Marionette.CompositeView if no `itemView`
+  // has been defined
+  getItemView: function(item){
+    var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView") || this.constructor;
+
+    if (!itemView){
+      throwError("An `itemView` must be specified", "NoItemViewError");
+    }
+
+    return itemView;
+  },
+
+  // Serialize the collection for the view.
+  // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
+  // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
+  serializeData: function(){
+    var data = {};
+
+    if (this.model){
+      data = this.model.toJSON();
+    }
+
+    return data;
+  },
+
+  // Renders the model once, and the collection once. Calling
+  // this again will tell the model's view to re-render itself
+  // but the collection will not re-render.
+  render: function(){
+    this.isRendered = true;
+    this.isClosed = false;
+    this.resetItemViewContainer();
+
+    this.triggerBeforeRender();
+    var html = this.renderModel();
+    this.$el.html(html);
+    // the ui bindings is done here and not at the end of render since they
+    // will not be available until after the model is rendered, but should be
+    // available before the collection is rendered.
+    this.bindUIElements();
+    this.triggerMethod("composite:model:rendered");
+
+    this._renderChildren();
+
+    this.triggerMethod("composite:rendered");
+    this.triggerRendered();
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  _renderChildren: function(){
+    if (this.isRendered){
+      Marionette.CollectionView.prototype._renderChildren.call(this);
+      this.triggerMethod("composite:collection:rendered");
+    }
+  },
+
+  // Render an individual model, if we have one, as
+  // part of a composite view (branch / leaf). For example:
+  // a treeview.
+  renderModel: function(){
+    var data = {};
+    data = this.serializeData();
+    data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);
+
+    var template = this.getTemplate();
+    return Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
+  },
+
+
+  // You might need to override this if you've overridden appendHtml
+  appendBuffer: function(compositeView, buffer) {
+    var $container = this.getItemViewContainer(compositeView);
+    $container.append(buffer);
+  },
+
+  // Appends the `el` of itemView instances to the specified
+  // `itemViewContainer` (a jQuery selector). Override this method to
+  // provide custom logic of how the child item view instances have their
+  // HTML appended to the composite view instance.
+  appendHtml: function(compositeView, itemView, index){
+    if (compositeView.isBuffering) {
+      compositeView.elBuffer.appendChild(itemView.el);
+      compositeView._bufferedChildren.push(itemView);
+    }
+    else {
+      // If we've already rendered the main collection, just
+      // append the new items directly into the element.
+      var $container = this.getItemViewContainer(compositeView);
+      $container.append(itemView.el);
+    }
+  },
+
+
+  // Internal method to ensure an `$itemViewContainer` exists, for the
+  // `appendHtml` method to use.
+  getItemViewContainer: function(containerView){
+    if ("$itemViewContainer" in containerView){
+      return containerView.$itemViewContainer;
+    }
+
+    var container;
+    var itemViewContainer = Marionette.getOption(containerView, "itemViewContainer");
+    if (itemViewContainer){
+
+      var selector = _.isFunction(itemViewContainer) ? itemViewContainer.call(this) : itemViewContainer;
+      container = containerView.$(selector);
+      if (container.length <= 0) {
+        throwError("The specified `itemViewContainer` was not found: " + containerView.itemViewContainer, "ItemViewContainerMissingError");
+      }
+
+    } else {
+      container = containerView.$el;
+    }
+
+    containerView.$itemViewContainer = container;
+    return container;
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to reset the `$itemViewContainer` on render
+  resetItemViewContainer: function(){
+    if (this.$itemViewContainer){
+      delete this.$itemViewContainer;
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+
+// Layout
+// ------
+
+// Used for managing application layouts, nested layouts and
+// multiple regions within an application or sub-application.
+//
+// A specialized view type that renders an area of HTML and then
+// attaches `Region` instances to the specified `regions`.
+// Used for composite view management and sub-application areas.
+Marionette.Layout = Marionette.ItemView.extend({
+  regionType: Marionette.Region,
+
+  // Ensure the regions are available when the `initialize` method
+  // is called.
+  constructor: function (options) {
+    options = options || {};
+
+    this._firstRender = true;
+    this._initializeRegions(options);
+
+    Marionette.ItemView.prototype.constructor.call(this, options);
+  },
+
+  // Layout's render will use the existing region objects the
+  // first time it is called. Subsequent calls will close the
+  // views that the regions are showing and then reset the `el`
+  // for the regions to the newly rendered DOM elements.
+  render: function(){
+
+    if (this.isClosed){
+      // a previously closed layout means we need to
+      // completely re-initialize the regions
+      this._initializeRegions();
+    }
+    if (this._firstRender) {
+      // if this is the first render, don't do anything to
+      // reset the regions
+      this._firstRender = false;
+    } else if (!this.isClosed){
+      // If this is not the first render call, then we need to
+      // re-initializing the `el` for each region
+      this._reInitializeRegions();
+    }
+
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
+    var result = Marionette.ItemView.prototype.render.apply(this, args);
+
+    return result;
+  },
+
+  // Handle closing regions, and then close the view itself.
+  close: function () {
+    if (this.isClosed){ return; }
+    this.regionManager.close();
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
+    Marionette.ItemView.prototype.close.apply(this, args);
+  },
+
+  // Add a single region, by name, to the layout
+  addRegion: function(name, definition){
+    var regions = {};
+    regions[name] = definition;
+    return this._buildRegions(regions)[name];
+  },
+
+  // Add multiple regions as a {name: definition, name2: def2} object literal
+  addRegions: function(regions){
+    this.regions = _.extend({}, this.regions, regions);
+    return this._buildRegions(regions);
+  },
+
+  // Remove a single region from the Layout, by name
+  removeRegion: function(name){
+    delete this.regions[name];
+    return this.regionManager.removeRegion(name);
+  },
+
+  // internal method to build regions
+  _buildRegions: function(regions){
+    var that = this;
+
+    var defaults = {
+      regionType: Marionette.getOption(this, "regionType"),
+      parentEl: function(){ return that.$el; }
+    };
+
+    return this.regionManager.addRegions(regions, defaults);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to initialize the regions that have been defined in a
+  // `regions` attribute on this layout.
+  _initializeRegions: function (options) {
+    var regions;
+    this._initRegionManager();
+
+    if (_.isFunction(this.regions)) {
+      regions = this.regions(options);
+    } else {
+      regions = this.regions || {};
+    }
+
+    this.addRegions(regions);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to re-initialize all of the regions by updating the `el` that
+  // they point to
+  _reInitializeRegions: function(){
+    this.regionManager.closeRegions();
+    this.regionManager.each(function(region){
+      region.reset();
+    });
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to initialize the region manager
+  // and all regions in it
+  _initRegionManager: function(){
+    this.regionManager = new Marionette.RegionManager();
+
+    this.listenTo(this.regionManager, "region:add", function(name, region){
+      this[name] = region;
+      this.trigger("region:add", name, region);
+    });
+
+    this.listenTo(this.regionManager, "region:remove", function(name, region){
+      delete this[name];
+      this.trigger("region:remove", name, region);
+    });
+  }
+});
+
+
+// AppRouter
+// ---------
+
+// Reduce the boilerplate code of handling route events
+// and then calling a single method on another object.
+// Have your routers configured to call the method on
+// your object, directly.
+//
+// Configure an AppRouter with `appRoutes`.
+//
+// App routers can only take one `controller` object.
+// It is recommended that you divide your controller
+// objects in to smaller pieces of related functionality
+// and have multiple routers / controllers, instead of
+// just one giant router and controller.
+//
+// You can also add standard routes to an AppRouter.
+
+Marionette.AppRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
+
+  constructor: function(options){
+    Backbone.Router.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));
+
+    this.options = options || {};
+
+    var appRoutes = Marionette.getOption(this, "appRoutes");
+    var controller = this._getController();
+    this.processAppRoutes(controller, appRoutes);
+  },
+
+  // Similar to route method on a Backbone Router but
+  // method is called on the controller
+  appRoute: function(route, methodName) {
+    var controller = this._getController();
+    this._addAppRoute(controller, route, methodName);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to process the `appRoutes` for the
+  // router, and turn them in to routes that trigger the
+  // specified method on the specified `controller`.
+  processAppRoutes: function(controller, appRoutes) {
+    if (!appRoutes){ return; }
+
+    var routeNames = _.keys(appRoutes).reverse(); // Backbone requires reverted order of routes
+
+    _.each(routeNames, function(route) {
+      this._addAppRoute(controller, route, appRoutes[route]);
+    }, this);
+  },
+
+  _getController: function(){
+    return Marionette.getOption(this, "controller");
+  },
+
+  _addAppRoute: function(controller, route, methodName){
+    var method = controller[methodName];
+
+    if (!method) {
+      throw new Error("Method '" + methodName + "' was not found on the controller");
+    }
+
+    this.route(route, methodName, _.bind(method, controller));
+  }
+});
+
+
+// Application
+// -----------
+
+// Contain and manage the composite application as a whole.
+// Stores and starts up `Region` objects, includes an
+// event aggregator as `app.vent`
+Marionette.Application = function(options){
+  this._initRegionManager();
+  this._initCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
+  this.vent = new Backbone.Wreqr.EventAggregator();
+  this.commands = new Backbone.Wreqr.Commands();
+  this.reqres = new Backbone.Wreqr.RequestResponse();
+  this.submodules = {};
+
+  _.extend(this, options);
+
+  this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
+};
+
+_.extend(Marionette.Application.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+  // Command execution, facilitated by Backbone.Wreqr.Commands
+  execute: function(){
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
+    this.commands.execute.apply(this.commands, args);
+  },
+
+  // Request/response, facilitated by Backbone.Wreqr.RequestResponse
+  request: function(){
+    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
+    return this.reqres.request.apply(this.reqres, args);
+  },
+
+  // Add an initializer that is either run at when the `start`
+  // method is called, or run immediately if added after `start`
+  // has already been called.
+  addInitializer: function(initializer){
+    this._initCallbacks.add(initializer);
+  },
+
+  // kick off all of the application's processes.
+  // initializes all of the regions that have been added
+  // to the app, and runs all of the initializer functions
+  start: function(options){
+    this.triggerMethod("initialize:before", options);
+    this._initCallbacks.run(options, this);
+    this.triggerMethod("initialize:after", options);
+
+    this.triggerMethod("start", options);
+  },
+
+  // Add regions to your app.
+  // Accepts a hash of named strings or Region objects
+  // addRegions({something: "#someRegion"})
+  // addRegions({something: Region.extend({el: "#someRegion"}) });
+  addRegions: function(regions){
+    return this._regionManager.addRegions(regions);
+  },
+
+  // Close all regions in the app, without removing them
+  closeRegions: function(){
+    this._regionManager.closeRegions();
+  },
+
+  // Removes a region from your app, by name
+  // Accepts the regions name
+  // removeRegion('myRegion')
+  removeRegion: function(region) {
+    this._regionManager.removeRegion(region);
+  },
+
+  // Provides alternative access to regions
+  // Accepts the region name
+  // getRegion('main')
+  getRegion: function(region) {
+    return this._regionManager.get(region);
+  },
+
+  // Create a module, attached to the application
+  module: function(moduleNames, moduleDefinition){
+    // slice the args, and add this application object as the
+    // first argument of the array
+    var args = slice(arguments);
+    args.unshift(this);
+
+    // see the Marionette.Module object for more information
+    return Marionette.Module.create.apply(Marionette.Module, args);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method to set up the region manager
+  _initRegionManager: function(){
+    this._regionManager = new Marionette.RegionManager();
+
+    this.listenTo(this._regionManager, "region:add", function(name, region){
+      this[name] = region;
+    });
+
+    this.listenTo(this._regionManager, "region:remove", function(name, region){
+      delete this[name];
+    });
+  }
+});
+
+// Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
+Marionette.Application.extend = Marionette.extend;
+
+// Module
+// ------
+
+// A simple module system, used to create privacy and encapsulation in
+// Marionette applications
+Marionette.Module = function(moduleName, app){
+  this.moduleName = moduleName;
+
+  // store sub-modules
+  this.submodules = {};
+
+  this._setupInitializersAndFinalizers();
+
+  // store the configuration for this module
+  this.app = app;
+  this.startWithParent = true;
+
+  this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
+};
+
+// Extend the Module prototype with events / listenTo, so that the module
+// can be used as an event aggregator or pub/sub.
+_.extend(Marionette.Module.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+  // Initializer for a specific module. Initializers are run when the
+  // module's `start` method is called.
+  addInitializer: function(callback){
+    this._initializerCallbacks.add(callback);
+  },
+
+  // Finalizers are run when a module is stopped. They are used to teardown
+  // and finalize any variables, references, events and other code that the
+  // module had set up.
+  addFinalizer: function(callback){
+    this._finalizerCallbacks.add(callback);
+  },
+
+  // Start the module, and run all of its initializers
+  start: function(options){
+    // Prevent re-starting a module that is already started
+    if (this._isInitialized){ return; }
+
+    // start the sub-modules (depth-first hierarchy)
+    _.each(this.submodules, function(mod){
+      // check to see if we should start the sub-module with this parent
+      if (mod.startWithParent){
+        mod.start(options);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // run the callbacks to "start" the current module
+    this.triggerMethod("before:start", options);
+
+    this._initializerCallbacks.run(options, this);
+    this._isInitialized = true;
+
+    this.triggerMethod("start", options);
+  },
+
+  // Stop this module by running its finalizers and then stop all of
+  // the sub-modules for this module
+  stop: function(){
+    // if we are not initialized, don't bother finalizing
+    if (!this._isInitialized){ return; }
+    this._isInitialized = false;
+
+    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "before:stop");
+
+    // stop the sub-modules; depth-first, to make sure the
+    // sub-modules are stopped / finalized before parents
+    _.each(this.submodules, function(mod){ mod.stop(); });
+
+    // run the finalizers
+    this._finalizerCallbacks.run(undefined,this);
+
+    // reset the initializers and finalizers
+    this._initializerCallbacks.reset();
+    this._finalizerCallbacks.reset();
+
+    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "stop");
+  },
+
+  // Configure the module with a definition function and any custom args
+  // that are to be passed in to the definition function
+  addDefinition: function(moduleDefinition, customArgs){
+    this._runModuleDefinition(moduleDefinition, customArgs);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method: run the module definition function with the correct
+  // arguments
+  _runModuleDefinition: function(definition, customArgs){
+    if (!definition){ return; }
+
+    // build the correct list of arguments for the module definition
+    var args = _.flatten([
+      this,
+      this.app,
+      Backbone,
+      Marionette,
+      Marionette.$, _,
+      customArgs
+    ]);
+
+    definition.apply(this, args);
+  },
+
+  // Internal method: set up new copies of initializers and finalizers.
+  // Calling this method will wipe out all existing initializers and
+  // finalizers.
+  _setupInitializersAndFinalizers: function(){
+    this._initializerCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
+    this._finalizerCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
+  }
+});
+
+// Type methods to create modules
+_.extend(Marionette.Module, {
+
+  // Create a module, hanging off the app parameter as the parent object.
+  create: function(app, moduleNames, moduleDefinition){
+    var module = app;
+
+    // get the custom args passed in after the module definition and
+    // get rid of the module name and definition function
+    var customArgs = slice(arguments);
+    customArgs.splice(0, 3);
+
+    // split the module names and get the length
+    moduleNames = moduleNames.split(".");
+    var length = moduleNames.length;
+
+    // store the module definition for the last module in the chain
+    var moduleDefinitions = [];
+    moduleDefinitions[length-1] = moduleDefinition;
+
+    // Loop through all the parts of the module definition
+    _.each(moduleNames, function(moduleName, i){
+      var parentModule = module;
+      module = this._getModule(parentModule, moduleName, app);
+      this._addModuleDefinition(parentModule, module, moduleDefinitions[i], customArgs);
+    }, this);
+
+    // Return the last module in the definition chain
+    return module;
+  },
+
+  _getModule: function(parentModule, moduleName, app, def, args){
+    // Get an existing module of this name if we have one
+    var module = parentModule[moduleName];
+
+    if (!module){
+      // Create a new module if we don't have one
+      module = new Marionette.Module(moduleName, app);
+      parentModule[moduleName] = module;
+      // store the module on the parent
+      parentModule.submodules[moduleName] = module;
+    }
+
+    return module;
+  },
+
+  _addModuleDefinition: function(parentModule, module, def, args){
+    var fn;
+    var startWithParent;
+
+    if (_.isFunction(def)){
+      // if a function is supplied for the module definition
+      fn = def;
+      startWithParent = true;
+
+    } else if (_.isObject(def)){
+      // if an object is supplied
+      fn = def.define;
+      startWithParent = def.startWithParent;
+
+    } else {
+      // if nothing is supplied
+      startWithParent = true;
+    }
+
+    // add module definition if needed
+    if (fn){
+      module.addDefinition(fn, args);
+    }
+
+    // `and` the two together, ensuring a single `false` will prevent it
+    // from starting with the parent
+    module.startWithParent = module.startWithParent && startWithParent;
+
+    // setup auto-start if needed
+    if (module.startWithParent && !module.startWithParentIsConfigured){
+
+      // only configure this once
+      module.startWithParentIsConfigured = true;
+
+      // add the module initializer config
+      parentModule.addInitializer(function(options){
+        if (module.startWithParent){
+          module.start(options);
+        }
+      });
+
+    }
+
+  }
+});
+
+
+
+  return Marionette;
+})(this, Backbone, _);