irb 1.15.1 → 1.15.3

data/doc/Index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+# IRB
+
+[![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/irb.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/rb/irb)
+[![build](https://github.com/ruby/irb/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/irb/actions/workflows/test.yml)
+
+## Overview
+
+IRB stands for "Interactive Ruby" and is a tool to interactively execute Ruby expressions read from the standard input. The `irb` command from your shell will start the interpreter.
+
+IRB provides a shell-like interface that supports user interaction with the Ruby interpreter. It operates as a *read-eval-print loop* ([REPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop)) that:
+
+- **Reads** each character as you type. You can modify the IRB context to change the way input works. See [Input](#label-Input).
+- **Evaluates** the code each time it has read a syntactically complete passage.
+- **Prints** after evaluating. You can modify the IRB context to change the way output works. See [Output](#label-Output).
+
+## Installation
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> IRB is a default gem of Ruby, so you shouldn't need to install it separately. However, if you're using Ruby 2.6 or later and want to upgrade/install a specific version of IRB, follow these steps.
+
+To install it with `bundler`, add this line to your application's Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'irb'
+```
+
+Then execute:
+
+```console
+$ bundle
+```
+
+Or install it directly with:
+
+```console
+$ gem install irb
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> We're working hard to match Pry's variety of powerful features in IRB. Track our progress or find contribution ideas in [COMPARED_WITH_PRY.md](./COMPARED_WITH_PRY.md).
+
+### Starting IRB
+
+You can start a fresh IRB session by typing `irb` in your terminal. In the session, you can evaluate Ruby expressions or prototype small Ruby scripts. Input is executed when it is syntactically complete.
+
+```console
+$ irb
+irb(main):001> 1 + 2
+=> 3
+irb(main):002* class Foo
+irb(main):003*   def foo
+irb(main):004*     puts 1
+irb(main):005*   end
+irb(main):006> end
+=> :foo
+irb(main):007> Foo.new.foo
+1
+=> nil
+```
+
+### The `binding.irb` Breakpoint
+
+If you use Ruby 2.5 or later versions, you can use `binding.irb` in your program as breakpoints. Once `binding.irb` is evaluated, a new IRB session starts with the surrounding context:
+
+```console
+$ ruby test.rb
+
+From: test.rb @ line 2 :
+
+    1: def greet(word)
+ => 2:   binding.irb
+    3:   puts "Hello #{word}"
+    4: end
+    5:
+    6: greet("World")
+
+irb(main):001> word
+=> "World"
+irb(main):002> exit
+Hello World
+```
+
+### Debugging
+
+You can use IRB as a debugging console with `debug.gem` with these options:
+
+- In `binding.irb`, use the `debug` command to start an `irb:rdbg` session with access to all `debug.gem` commands.
+- Use the `RUBY_DEBUG_IRB_CONSOLE=1` environment variable to make `debug.gem` use IRB as the debugging console.
+
+To learn more about debugging with IRB, see [Debugging with IRB](#label-Debugging+with+IRB).
+
+## Startup
+
+At startup, IRB:
+
+1. Interprets (as Ruby code) the content of the [configuration file](rdoc-ref:Configurations.md) (if given).
+2. Constructs the initial session context from [hash IRB.conf](#label-Hash+IRB.conf) and from default values; the hash content may have been affected by [command-line options](#command-line-options), and by direct assignments in the configuration file.
+3. Assigns the context to variable `conf`.
+4. Assigns command-line arguments to variable `ARGV`.
+5. Prints the prompt.
+6. Puts the content of the [initialization script](#label-Initialization+script) onto the IRB shell, just as if it were user-typed commands.
+
+## Command Line
+
+On the command line, all options precede all arguments; the first item that is not recognized as an option is treated as an argument, as are all items that follow.
+
+### Command-Line Options
+
+Many command-line options affect entries in hash `IRB.conf`, which in turn affect the initial configuration of the IRB session.
+
+Details of the options are described in relevant subsections below. A cursory list of IRB command-line options may be seen in the [help message](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ruby/irb/master/lib/irb/lc/help-message), which is also displayed if you use command-line option `--help`.
+
+If you are interested in a specific option, consult the [index](rdoc-ref:COMMAND_LINE_OPTIONS.md).
+
+### Command-Line Arguments
+
+Command-line arguments are passed to IRB in array `ARGV`:
+
+```console
+$ irb --noscript Foo Bar Baz
+irb(main):001> ARGV
+=> ["Foo", "Bar", "Baz"]
+irb(main):002> exit
+$
+```
+
+Command-line option `--` causes everything that follows to be treated as arguments, even those that look like options:
+
+```console
+$ irb --noscript -- --noscript -- Foo Bar Baz
+irb(main):001> ARGV
+=> ["--noscript", "--", "Foo", "Bar", "Baz"]
+irb(main):002> exit
+$
+```
+
+## Commands
+
+The following commands are available in IRB. Use the `help` command to see the list of available commands.
+
+```txt
+Help
+  help           List all available commands. Use `help <command>` to get information about a specific command.
+
+IRB
+  context        Displays current configuration.
+  exit           Exit the current irb session.
+  exit!          Exit the current process.
+  irb_load       Load a Ruby file.
+  irb_require    Require a Ruby file.
+  source         Loads a given file in the current session.
+  irb_info       Show information about IRB.
+  history        Shows the input history. `-g [query]` or `-G [query]` allows you to filter the output.
+  disable_irb    Disable binding.irb.
+
+Workspace
+  cwws           Show the current workspace.
+  chws           Change the current workspace to an object.
+  workspaces     Show workspaces.
+  pushws         Push an object to the workspace stack.
+  popws          Pop a workspace from the workspace stack.
+  cd             Move into the given object or leave the current context.
+
+Multi-irb (DEPRECATED)
+  irb            Start a child IRB.
+  jobs           List of current sessions.
+  fg             Switches to the session of the given number.
+  kill           Kills the session with the given number.
+
+Debugging
+  debug          Start the debugger of debug.gem.
+  break          Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `break` command.
+  catch          Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `catch` command.
+  next           Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `next` command.
+  delete         Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `delete` command.
+  step           Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `step` command.
+  continue       Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `continue` command.
+  finish         Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `finish` command.
+  backtrace      Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `backtrace` command.
+  info           Start the debugger of debug.gem and run its `info` command.
+
+Misc
+  edit           Open a file or source location.
+  measure        `measure` enables the mode to measure processing time. `measure :off` disables it.
+  copy           Copy expression output to clipboard
+
+Context
+  show_doc       Look up documentation with RI.
+  ls             Show methods, constants, and variables.
+  show_source    Show the source code of a given method, class/module, or constant.
+  whereami       Show the source code around binding.irb again.
+
+Helper methods
+  conf           Returns the current IRB context.
+
+Aliases
+  $              Alias for `show_source`
+  @              Alias for `whereami`
+```
+
+## Configure IRB
+
+See [Configurations](rdoc-ref:Configurations.md) for more details.
+
+## Input
+
+This section describes the features that allow you to change the way IRB input works; see also [Output](#output).
+
+### Input Command History
+
+By default, IRB stores a history of up to 1000 input commands in a file named `.irb_history`. The history file will be in the same directory as the [configuration file](#label-Configuration+File) if one is found, or in `~/` otherwise.
+
+A new IRB session creates the history file if it does not exist and appends to the file if it does exist.
+
+You can change the filepath by adding to your configuration file:
+`IRB.conf[:HISTORY_FILE] = *filepath*`, where *filepath* is a string filepath.
+
+During the session, method `conf.history_file` returns the filepath, and method `conf.history_file = *new_filepath*` copies the history to the file at *new_filepath*, which becomes the history file for the session.
+
+You can change the number of commands saved by adding to your configuration file: `IRB.conf[:SAVE_HISTORY] = *n*`, where *n* is one of:
+
+- Positive integer: the number of commands to be saved.
+- Negative integer: all commands are to be saved.
+- Zero or `nil`: no commands are to be saved.
+
+During the session, you can use methods `conf.save_history` or `conf.save_history=` to retrieve or change the count.
+
+### Command Aliases
+
+By default, IRB defines several command aliases:
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> conf.command_aliases
+=> {:"$"=>:show_source, :"@"=>:whereami}
+```
+
+You can change the initial aliases in the configuration file with:
+
+```ruby
+IRB.conf[:COMMAND_ALIASES] = {foo: :show_source, bar: :whereami}
+```
+
+You can replace the current aliases at any time with configuration method `conf.command_aliases=`; because `conf.command_aliases` is a hash, you can modify it.
+
+### End-of-File
+
+By default, `IRB.conf[:IGNORE_EOF]` is `false`, which means that typing the end-of-file character `Ctrl-D` causes the session to exit.
+
+You can reverse that behavior by adding `IRB.conf[:IGNORE_EOF] = true` to the configuration file.
+
+During the session, method `conf.ignore_eof?` returns the setting, and method `conf.ignore_eof = *boolean*` sets it.
+
+### SIGINT
+
+By default, `IRB.conf[:IGNORE_SIGINT]` is `true`, which means that typing the interrupt character `Ctrl-C` does not cause the session to exit.
+
+You can reverse that behavior by adding `IRB.conf[:IGNORE_SIGINT] = false` to the configuration file.
+
+During the session, method `conf.ignore_sigint?` returns the setting, and method `conf.ignore_sigint = *boolean*` sets it.
+
+### Automatic Completion
+
+By default, IRB enables [automatic completion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocomplete#In_command-line_interpreter):
+
+To cycle through the completion suggestions, use the tab key (and shift-tab to reverse).
+
+You can disable it by either of these:
+
+- Adding `IRB.conf[:USE_AUTOCOMPLETE] = false` to the configuration file.
+- Giving command-line option `--noautocomplete` (`--autocomplete` is the default).
+
+Method `conf.use_autocomplete?` returns `true` if automatic completion is enabled, `false` otherwise.
+
+The setting may not be changed during the session.
+
+### Type Based Completion
+
+IRB's default completion `IRB::RegexpCompletor` uses Regexp. IRB offers an experimental completion `IRB::TypeCompletor` that uses type analysis.
+
+#### How to Enable IRB::TypeCompletor
+
+Install [ruby/repl_type_completor](https://github.com/ruby/repl_type_completor/) with:
+
+```console
+$ gem install repl_type_completor
+```
+
+Or add these lines to your project's Gemfile.
+
+```ruby
+gem 'irb'
+gem 'repl_type_completor', group: [:development, :test]
+```
+
+Now you can use type-based completion by:
+
+- Running IRB with the `--type-completor` option
+
+    ```console
+    $ irb --type-completor
+    ```
+
+- Or writing this line to IRB's rc-file (e.g., `~/.irbrc`)
+
+    ```ruby
+    IRB.conf[:COMPLETOR] = :type # default is :regexp
+    ```
+
+- Or setting the environment variable `IRB_COMPLETOR`
+
+    ```ruby
+    ENV['IRB_COMPLETOR'] = 'type'
+    IRB.start
+    ```
+
+To check if it's enabled, type `irb_info` into IRB and see the `Completion` section.
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> irb_info
+...
+# Enabled
+Completion: Autocomplete, ReplTypeCompletor: 0.1.0, Prism: 0.18.0, RBS: 3.3.0
+# Not enabled
+Completion: Autocomplete, RegexpCompletor
+...
+```
+
+If you have a `sig/` directory or `rbs_collection.lock.yaml` in the current directory, IRB will load it.
+
+#### Advantage over Default IRB::RegexpCompletor
+
+`IRB::TypeCompletor` can autocomplete chained methods, block parameters, and more if type information is available. These are some examples `IRB::RegexpCompletor` cannot complete.
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> 'Ruby'.upcase.chars.s # Array methods (sample, select, shift, size)
+```
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> 10.times.map(&:to_s).each do |s|
+irb(main):002>   s.up # String methods (upcase, upcase!, upto)
+```
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> class User < ApplicationRecord
+irb(main):002>   def foo
+irb(main):003>     sa # save, save!
+```
+
+As a trade-off, completion calculation takes more time than `IRB::RegexpCompletor`.
+
+#### Difference between Steep's Completion
+
+Compared with Steep, `IRB::TypeCompletor` has some differences and limitations.
+```ruby
+[0, 'a'].sample.
+# Steep completes the intersection of Integer methods and String methods
+# IRB::TypeCompletor completes both Integer and String methods
+```
+
+Some features like type narrowing are not implemented.
+```ruby
+def f(arg = [0, 'a'].sample)
+  if arg.is_a?(String)
+    arg. # Completes both Integer and String methods
+```
+
+Unlike other static type checkers, `IRB::TypeCompletor` uses runtime information to provide better completion.
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> a = [1]
+=> [1]
+irb(main):002> a.first. # Completes Integer methods
+```
+
+### Automatic Indentation
+
+By default, IRB automatically indents lines of code to show structure (e.g., it indents the contents of a block).
+
+The current setting is returned by the configuration method `conf.auto_indent_mode`.
+
+The default initial setting is `true`:
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> conf.auto_indent_mode
+=> true
+irb(main):002* Dir.entries('.').select do |entry|
+irb(main):003*   entry.start_with?('R')
+irb(main):004> end
+=> ["README.md", "Rakefile"]
+```
+
+You can change the initial setting in the configuration file with:
+
+```ruby
+IRB.conf[:AUTO_INDENT] = false
+```
+
+Note that the *current* setting *may not* be changed in the IRB session.
+
+### Input Method
+
+The IRB input method determines how command input is read; by default, the input method for a session is IRB::RelineInputMethod unless the TERM environment variable is 'dumb', in which case the most simplistic input method is used.
+
+You can set the input method by:
+
+- Adding to the configuration file:
+
+    - `IRB.conf[:USE_SINGLELINE] = true` or `IRB.conf[:USE_MULTILINE] = false` sets the input method to IRB::ReadlineInputMethod.
+    - `IRB.conf[:USE_SINGLELINE] = false` or `IRB.conf[:USE_MULTILINE] = true` sets the input method to IRB::RelineInputMethod.
+
+- Giving command-line options:
+
+  - `--singleline` or `--nomultiline` sets the input method to IRB::ReadlineInputMethod.
+  - `--nosingleline` or `--multiline` sets the input method to IRB::RelineInputMethod.
+  - `--nosingleline` together with `--nomultiline` sets the input to IRB::StdioInputMethod.
+
+Method `conf.use_multiline?` and its synonym `conf.use_reline` return:
+
+- `true` if option `--multiline` was given.
+- `false` if option `--nomultiline` was given.
+- `nil` if neither was given.
+
+Method `conf.use_singleline?` and its synonym `conf.use_readline` return:
+
+- `true` if option `--singleline` was given.
+- `false` if option `--nosingleline` was given.
+- `nil` if neither was given.
+
+## Output
+
+This section describes the features that allow you to change the way IRB output works; see also [Input](#label-Input).
+
+### Return-Value Printing (Echoing)
+
+By default, IRB prints (echoes) the values returned by all input commands.
+
+You can change the initial behavior and suppress all echoing by:
+
+- Adding to the configuration file: `IRB.conf[:ECHO] = false`. (The default value for this entry is `nil`, which means the same as `true`.)
+- Giving command-line option `--noecho`. (The default is `--echo`.)
+
+During the session, you can change the current setting with configuration method `conf.echo=` (set to `true` or `false`).
+
+As stated above, by default IRB prints the values returned by all input commands; but IRB offers special treatment for values returned by assignment statements, which may be:
+
+- Printed with truncation (to fit on a single line of output), which is the default; an ellipsis (`...` is suffixed, to indicate the truncation):
+
+    ```console
+    irb(main):001> x = 'abc' * 100
+    > "abcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabcabc..."
+    ```
+
+- Printed in full (regardless of the length).
+- Suppressed (not printed at all).
+
+You can change the initial behavior by:
+
+- Adding to the configuration file: `IRB.conf[:ECHO_ON_ASSIGNMENT] = false`. (The default value for this entry is `nil`, which means the same as `:truncate`.)
+- Giving command-line option `--noecho-on-assignment` or `--echo-on-assignment`. (The default is `--truncate-echo-on-assignment`.)
+
+During the session, you can change the current setting with configuration method `conf.echo_on_assignment=` (set to `true`, `false`, or `:truncate`).
+
+By default, IRB formats returned values by calling method `inspect`.
+
+You can change the initial behavior by:
+
+- Adding to the configuration file: `IRB.conf[:INSPECT_MODE] = false`. (The default value for this entry is `true`.)
+- Giving command-line option `--noinspect`. (The default is `--inspect`.)
+
+During the session, you can change the setting using method `conf.inspect_mode=`.
+
+### Multiline Output
+
+By default, IRB prefixes a newline to a multiline response.
+
+You can change the initial default value by adding to the configuration file:
+
+```ruby
+IRB.conf[:NEWLINE_BEFORE_MULTILINE_OUTPUT] = false
+```
+
+During a session, you can retrieve or set the value using methods `conf.newline_before_multiline_output?` and `conf.newline_before_multiline_output=`.
+
+Examples:
+
+```console
+irb(main):001> conf.inspect_mode = false
+=> false
+irb(main):002> "foo\nbar"
+=>
+foo
+bar
+irb(main):003> conf.newline_before_multiline_output = false
+=> false
+irb(main):004> "foo\nbar"
+=> foo
+bar
+```
+
+### Evaluation History
+
+By default, IRB saves no history of evaluations (returned values), and the related methods `conf.eval_history`, `_`, and `__` are undefined.
+
+You can turn on that history and set the maximum number of evaluations to be stored:
+
+- In the configuration file: add `IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY] = *n*`. (Examples below assume that we've added `IRB.conf[:EVAL_HISTORY] = 5`.)
+- In the session (at any time): `conf.eval_history = *n*`.
+
+If `n` is zero, all evaluation history is stored.
+
+Doing either of the above:
+
+- Sets the maximum size of the evaluation history; defines method `conf.eval_history`, which returns the maximum size `n` of the evaluation history:
+
+    ```console
+    irb(main):001> conf.eval_history = 5
+    => 5
+    irb(main):002> conf.eval_history
+    => 5
+    ```
+
+- Defines variable `_`, which contains the most recent evaluation, or `nil` if none; same as method `conf.last_value`:
+
+    ```console
+    irb(main):003> _
+    => 5
+    irb(main):004> :foo
+    => :foo
+    irb(main):005> :bar
+    => :bar
+    irb(main):006> _
+    => :bar
+    irb(main):007> _
+    => :bar
+    ```
+
+- Defines variable `__`:
+
+    - `__` unadorned: contains all evaluation history:
+
+    ```console
+    irb(main):008> :foo
+    => :foo
+    irb(main):009> :bar
+    => :bar
+    irb(main):010> :baz
+    => :baz
+    irb(main):011> :bat
+    => :bat
+    irb(main):012> :bam
+    => :bam
+    irb(main):013> __
+    =>
+    9 :bar
+    10 :baz
+    11 :bat
+    12 :bam
+    13 ...self-history...
+    ```
+
+    Note that when the evaluation is multiline, it is displayed differently.
+
+    - `__[m]`:
+
+    - Positive `m`: contains the evaluation for the given line number, or `nil` if that line number is not in the evaluation history:
+
+        ```console
+        irb(main):015> __[12]
+        => :bam
+        irb(main):016> __[1]
+        => nil
+        ```
+
+    - Negative `m`: contains the `mth`-from-end evaluation, or `nil` if that evaluation is not in the evaluation history:
+
+        ```console
+        irb(main):017> __[-3]
+        => :bam
+        irb(main):018> __[-13]
+        => nil
+        ```
+
+    - Zero `m`: contains `nil`:
+
+        ```console
+        irb(main):019> __[0]
+        => nil
+        ```
+
+### Initialization Script
+
+By default, the first command-line argument (after any options) is the path to a Ruby initialization script.
+
+IRB reads the initialization script and puts its content onto the IRB shell, just as if it were user-typed commands.
+
+Command-line option `--noscript` causes the first command-line argument to be treated as an ordinary argument (instead of an initialization script); `--script` is the default.
+
+## Debugging with IRB
+
+Starting from version 1.8.0, IRB offers a powerful integration with `debug.gem`, providing a debugging experience similar to `pry-byebug`.
+
+After hitting a `binding.irb` breakpoint, you can activate the debugger with the `debug` command. Alternatively, if the `debug` method is already defined in the current scope, you can call `irb_debug`.
+
+```console
+From: test.rb @ line 3 :
+
+    1:
+    2: def greet(word)
+ => 3:   binding.irb
+    4:   puts "Hello #{word}"
+    5: end
+    6:
+    7: greet("World")
+
+irb(main):001> debug
+irb:rdbg(main):002>
+```
+
+Once activated, the prompt's header changes from `irb` to `irb:rdbg`, enabling you to use any of `debug.gem`'s [commands](https://github.com/ruby/debug#debug-command-on-the-debug-console):
+
+```console
+irb:rdbg(main):002> info # use info command to see available variables
+%self = main
+_ = nil
+word = "World"
+irb:rdbg(main):003> next # use next command to move to the next line
+[1, 7] in test.rb
+     1|
+     2| def greet(word)
+     3|   binding.irb
+=>   4|   puts "Hello #{word}"
+     5| end
+     6|
+     7| greet("World")
+=>#0    Object#greet(word="World") at test.rb:4
+  #1    <main> at test.rb:7
+irb:rdbg(main):004>
+```
+
+Simultaneously, you maintain access to IRB's commands, such as `show_source`:
+
+```console
+irb:rdbg(main):004> show_source greet
+
+From: test.rb:2
+
+def greet(word)
+  binding.irb
+  puts "Hello #{word}"
+end
+```
+
+### More about `debug.gem`
+
+`debug.gem` offers many advanced debugging features that simple REPLs can't provide, including:
+
+- Step-debugging
+- Frame navigation
+- Setting breakpoints with commands
+- Thread control
+- ...and many more
+
+To learn about these features, refer to `debug.gem`'s [commands list](https://github.com/ruby/debug#debug-command-on-the-debug-console).
+
+In the `irb:rdbg` session, the `help` command also displays all commands from `debug.gem`.
+
+### Advantages Over `debug.gem`'s Console
+
+This integration offers several benefits over `debug.gem`'s native console:
+
+1. Access to handy IRB commands like `show_source` or `show_doc`.
+2. Support for multi-line input.
+3. Symbol shortcuts such as `@` (`whereami`) and `$` (`show_source`).
+4. Autocompletion.
+5. Customizable prompt.
+
+However, there are some limitations to be aware of:
+
+1. `binding.irb` doesn't support `pre` and `do` arguments like [binding.break](https://github.com/ruby/debug#bindingbreak-method).
+2. As IRB [doesn't currently support remote-connection](https://github.com/ruby/irb/issues/672), it can't be used with `debug.gem`'s remote debugging feature.
+3. Access to the previous return value via the underscore `_` is not supported.
+
+## Encodings
+
+Command-line option `-E *ex*[:*in*]` sets initial external (ex) and internal (in) encodings.
+
+Command-line option `-U` sets both to UTF-8.
+
+## Contributing
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/ruby/irb/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md) for more information.
+
+## Extending IRB
+
+IRB `v1.13.0` and later versions allow users/libraries to extend its functionality through official APIs.
+
+For more information, visit [EXTEND_IRB.md](rdoc-ref:EXTEND_IRB.md).
+
+## License
+
+The gem is available as open source under the terms of the [2-Clause BSD License](https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause).