inst-jobs 2.4.10 → 3.1.7

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data/db/migrate/20210929204903_update_conflicting_singleton_function_to_use_index.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class UpdateConflictingSingletonFunctionToUseIndex < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
+  def up
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_before_unlock_delete_conflicting_singletons_row_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      BEGIN
+        DELETE FROM delayed_jobs WHERE id<>OLD.id AND singleton=OLD.singleton AND locked_by IS NULL;
+        RETURN NEW;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  def down
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_before_unlock_delete_conflicting_singletons_row_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      BEGIN
+        IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j2 WHERE j2.singleton=OLD.singleton) THEN
+          DELETE FROM delayed_jobs WHERE id<>OLD.id AND singleton=OLD.singleton;
+        END IF;
+        RETURN NEW;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+end

data/db/migrate/20211101190934_update_after_delete_trigger_for_singleton_index.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class UpdateAfterDeleteTriggerForSingletonIndex < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def up
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_after_delete_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      DECLARE
+        running_count integer;
+        should_lock boolean;
+        should_be_precise boolean;
+        update_query varchar;
+        skip_locked varchar;
+      BEGIN
+        IF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+          should_lock := true;
+          should_be_precise := OLD.id % (OLD.max_concurrent * 4) = 0;
+
+          IF NOT should_be_precise AND OLD.max_concurrent > 16 THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 as one FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) subquery_for_count);
+            should_lock := running_count < OLD.max_concurrent;
+          END IF;
+
+          IF should_lock THEN
+            PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(OLD.strand));
+          END IF;
+
+          -- note that we don't really care if the row we're deleting has a singleton, or if it even
+          -- matches the row(s) we're going to update. we just need to make sure that whatever
+          -- singleton we grab isn't already running (which is a simple existence check, since
+          -- the unique indexes ensure there is at most one singleton running, and one queued)
+          update_query := 'UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.strand=$1.strand AND
+                (j2.singleton IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.singleton=j2.singleton AND j3.id<>j2.id AND (j3.locked_by IS NULL OR j3.locked_by IS NOT NULL)))
+              ORDER BY j2.strand_order_override ASC, j2.id ASC
+              LIMIT ';
+
+          IF should_be_precise THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) s);
+            IF running_count < OLD.max_concurrent THEN
+              update_query := update_query || '($1.max_concurrent - $2)';
+            ELSE
+              -- we have too many running already; just bail
+              RETURN OLD;
+            END IF;
+          ELSE
+            update_query := update_query || '1';
+
+            -- n-strands don't require precise ordering; we can make this query more performant
+            IF OLD.max_concurrent > 1 THEN
+              skip_locked := ' SKIP LOCKED';
+            END IF;
+          END IF;
+
+          update_query := update_query || ' FOR UPDATE' || COALESCE(skip_locked, '') || ')';
+          EXECUTE update_query USING OLD, running_count;
+        ELSIF OLD.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+          UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand = 't' WHERE singleton=OLD.singleton AND next_in_strand=false AND locked_by IS NULL;
+        END IF;
+        RETURN OLD;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  def down
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_after_delete_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      DECLARE
+        running_count integer;
+        should_lock boolean;
+        should_be_precise boolean;
+        update_query varchar;
+        skip_locked varchar;
+      BEGIN
+        IF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+          should_lock := true;
+          should_be_precise := OLD.id % (OLD.max_concurrent * 4) = 0;
+
+          IF NOT should_be_precise AND OLD.max_concurrent > 16 THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 as one FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) subquery_for_count);
+            should_lock := running_count < OLD.max_concurrent;
+          END IF;
+
+          IF should_lock THEN
+            PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(OLD.strand));
+          END IF;
+
+          -- note that we don't really care if the row we're deleting has a singleton, or if it even
+          -- matches the row(s) we're going to update. we just need to make sure that whatever
+          -- singleton we grab isn't already running (which is a simple existence check, since
+          -- the unique indexes ensure there is at most one singleton running, and one queued)
+          update_query := 'UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.strand=$1.strand AND
+                (j2.singleton IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.singleton=j2.singleton AND j3.id<>j2.id))
+              ORDER BY j2.strand_order_override ASC, j2.id ASC
+              LIMIT ';
+
+          IF should_be_precise THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) s);
+            IF running_count < OLD.max_concurrent THEN
+              update_query := update_query || '($1.max_concurrent - $2)';
+            ELSE
+              -- we have too many running already; just bail
+              RETURN OLD;
+            END IF;
+          ELSE
+            update_query := update_query || '1';
+
+            -- n-strands don't require precise ordering; we can make this query more performant
+            IF OLD.max_concurrent > 1 THEN
+              skip_locked := ' SKIP LOCKED';
+            END IF;
+          END IF;
+
+          update_query := update_query || ' FOR UPDATE' || COALESCE(skip_locked, '') || ')';
+          EXECUTE update_query USING OLD, running_count;
+        ELSIF OLD.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+          UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand = 't' WHERE singleton=OLD.singleton AND next_in_strand=false;
+        END IF;
+        RETURN OLD;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+end

data/db/migrate/20211207094200_update_after_delete_trigger_for_singleton_transition_cases.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class UpdateAfterDeleteTriggerForSingletonTransitionCases < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def up
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_after_delete_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      DECLARE
+        next_strand varchar;
+        running_count integer;
+        should_lock boolean;
+        should_be_precise boolean;
+        update_query varchar;
+        skip_locked varchar;
+        transition boolean;
+      BEGIN
+        IF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+          should_lock := true;
+          should_be_precise := OLD.id % (OLD.max_concurrent * 4) = 0;
+
+          IF NOT should_be_precise AND OLD.max_concurrent > 16 THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 as one FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) subquery_for_count);
+            should_lock := running_count < OLD.max_concurrent;
+          END IF;
+
+          IF should_lock THEN
+            PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(OLD.strand));
+          END IF;
+
+          -- note that we don't really care if the row we're deleting has a singleton, or if it even
+          -- matches the row(s) we're going to update. we just need to make sure that whatever
+          -- singleton we grab isn't already running (which is a simple existence check, since
+          -- the unique indexes ensure there is at most one singleton running, and one queued)
+          update_query := 'UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.strand=$1.strand AND
+                (j2.singleton IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.singleton=j2.singleton AND j3.id<>j2.id AND (j3.locked_by IS NULL OR j3.locked_by IS NOT NULL)))
+              ORDER BY j2.strand_order_override ASC, j2.id ASC
+              LIMIT ';
+
+          IF should_be_precise THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) s);
+            IF running_count < OLD.max_concurrent THEN
+              update_query := update_query || '($1.max_concurrent - $2)';
+            ELSE
+              -- we have too many running already; just bail
+              RETURN OLD;
+            END IF;
+          ELSE
+            update_query := update_query || '1';
+
+            -- n-strands don't require precise ordering; we can make this query more performant
+            IF OLD.max_concurrent > 1 THEN
+              skip_locked := ' SKIP LOCKED';
+            END IF;
+          END IF;
+
+          update_query := update_query || ' FOR UPDATE' || COALESCE(skip_locked, '') || ')';
+          EXECUTE update_query USING OLD, running_count;
+        END IF;
+
+        IF OLD.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+          transition := EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs AS j1 WHERE j1.singleton = OLD.singleton AND j1.strand IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.strand AND locked_by IS NULL);
+
+          IF transition THEN
+            next_strand := (SELECT j1.strand FROM delayed_jobs AS j1 WHERE j1.singleton = OLD.singleton AND j1.strand IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.strand AND locked_by IS NULL AND j1.strand IS NOT NULL LIMIT 1);
+
+            IF next_strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+              -- if the singleton has a new strand defined, we need to lock it to ensure we obey n_strand constraints --
+              IF NOT pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(next_strand)) THEN
+                -- a failure to acquire the lock means that another process already has it and will thus handle this singleton --
+                RETURN OLD;
+              END IF;
+            END IF;
+          ELSIF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+            -- if there is no transition and there is a strand then we have already handled this singleton in the case above --
+            RETURN OLD;
+          END IF;
+
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from stranded to not stranded --
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from unstranded to stranded --
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from strand A to strand B --
+          -- these transitions are a relatively rare case, so we take a shortcut and --
+          -- only start the next singleton if its strand does not currently have any running jobs --
+          -- if it does, the next stranded job that finishes will start this singleton if it can --
+          UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.singleton=OLD.singleton AND
+                j2.locked_by IS NULL AND
+                (j2.strand IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.strand=j2.strand AND j3.id<>j2.id))
+              FOR UPDATE
+            );
+        END IF;
+        RETURN OLD;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  def down
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_after_delete_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      DECLARE
+        running_count integer;
+        should_lock boolean;
+        should_be_precise boolean;
+        update_query varchar;
+        skip_locked varchar;
+      BEGIN
+        IF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+          should_lock := true;
+          should_be_precise := OLD.id % (OLD.max_concurrent * 4) = 0;
+
+          IF NOT should_be_precise AND OLD.max_concurrent > 16 THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 as one FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) subquery_for_count);
+            should_lock := running_count < OLD.max_concurrent;
+          END IF;
+
+          IF should_lock THEN
+            PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(OLD.strand));
+          END IF;
+
+          -- note that we don't really care if the row we're deleting has a singleton, or if it even
+          -- matches the row(s) we're going to update. we just need to make sure that whatever
+          -- singleton we grab isn't already running (which is a simple existence check, since
+          -- the unique indexes ensure there is at most one singleton running, and one queued)
+          update_query := 'UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.strand=$1.strand AND
+                (j2.singleton IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.singleton=j2.singleton AND j3.id<>j2.id AND (j3.locked_by IS NULL OR j3.locked_by IS NOT NULL)))
+              ORDER BY j2.strand_order_override ASC, j2.id ASC
+              LIMIT ';
+
+          IF should_be_precise THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) s);
+            IF running_count < OLD.max_concurrent THEN
+              update_query := update_query || '($1.max_concurrent - $2)';
+            ELSE
+              -- we have too many running already; just bail
+              RETURN OLD;
+            END IF;
+          ELSE
+            update_query := update_query || '1';
+
+            -- n-strands don't require precise ordering; we can make this query more performant
+            IF OLD.max_concurrent > 1 THEN
+              skip_locked := ' SKIP LOCKED';
+            END IF;
+          END IF;
+
+          update_query := update_query || ' FOR UPDATE' || COALESCE(skip_locked, '') || ')';
+          EXECUTE update_query USING OLD, running_count;
+        ELSIF OLD.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+          UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand = 't' WHERE singleton=OLD.singleton AND next_in_strand=false AND locked_by IS NULL;
+        END IF;
+        RETURN OLD;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+end

data/db/migrate/20211220112800_fix_singleton_race_condition_insert.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class FixSingletonRaceConditionInsert < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
+  def change
+    reversible do |direction|
+      direction.up do
+        execute(<<~SQL)
+          CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_before_insert_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+          BEGIN
+            IF NEW.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+              PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(NEW.strand));
+              IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+                  SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = NEW.strand AND next_in_strand=true LIMIT NEW.max_concurrent
+                ) s) = NEW.max_concurrent THEN
+                NEW.next_in_strand := false;
+              END IF;
+            END IF;
+            IF NEW.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+              PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(CONCAT('singleton:', NEW.singleton)));
+              -- this condition seems silly, but it forces postgres to use the two partial indexes on singleton,
+              -- rather than doing a seq scan
+              PERFORM 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE singleton = NEW.singleton AND (locked_by IS NULL OR locked_by IS NOT NULL);
+              IF FOUND THEN
+                NEW.next_in_strand := false;
+              END IF;
+            END IF;
+            RETURN NEW;
+          END;
+          $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+        SQL
+      end
+      direction.down do
+        execute(<<~SQL)
+          CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_before_insert_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+          BEGIN
+            IF NEW.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+              PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(NEW.strand));
+              IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+                  SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = NEW.strand AND next_in_strand=true LIMIT NEW.max_concurrent
+                ) s) = NEW.max_concurrent THEN
+                NEW.next_in_strand := false;
+              END IF;
+            END IF;
+            IF NEW.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+              -- this condition seems silly, but it forces postgres to use the two partial indexes on singleton,
+              -- rather than doing a seq scan
+              PERFORM 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE singleton = NEW.singleton AND (locked_by IS NULL OR locked_by IS NOT NULL);
+              IF FOUND THEN
+                NEW.next_in_strand := false;
+              END IF;
+            END IF;
+            RETURN NEW;
+          END;
+          $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+        SQL
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/db/migrate/20211220113000_fix_singleton_race_condition_delete.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class FixSingletonRaceConditionDelete < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
+  def up
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_after_delete_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      DECLARE
+        next_strand varchar;
+        running_count integer;
+        should_lock boolean;
+        should_be_precise boolean;
+        update_query varchar;
+        skip_locked varchar;
+        transition boolean;
+      BEGIN
+        IF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+          should_lock := true;
+          should_be_precise := OLD.id % (OLD.max_concurrent * 4) = 0;
+
+          IF NOT should_be_precise AND OLD.max_concurrent > 16 THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 as one FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) subquery_for_count);
+            should_lock := running_count < OLD.max_concurrent;
+          END IF;
+
+          IF should_lock THEN
+            PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(OLD.strand));
+          END IF;
+
+          -- note that we don't really care if the row we're deleting has a singleton, or if it even
+          -- matches the row(s) we're going to update. we just need to make sure that whatever
+          -- singleton we grab isn't already running (which is a simple existence check, since
+          -- the unique indexes ensure there is at most one singleton running, and one queued)
+          update_query := 'UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.strand=$1.strand AND
+                (j2.singleton IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.singleton=j2.singleton AND j3.id<>j2.id AND (j3.locked_by IS NULL OR j3.locked_by IS NOT NULL)))
+              ORDER BY j2.strand_order_override ASC, j2.id ASC
+              LIMIT ';
+
+          IF should_be_precise THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) s);
+            IF running_count < OLD.max_concurrent THEN
+              update_query := update_query || '($1.max_concurrent - $2)';
+            ELSE
+              -- we have too many running already; just bail
+              RETURN OLD;
+            END IF;
+          ELSE
+            update_query := update_query || '1';
+
+            -- n-strands don't require precise ordering; we can make this query more performant
+            IF OLD.max_concurrent > 1 THEN
+              skip_locked := ' SKIP LOCKED';
+            END IF;
+          END IF;
+
+          update_query := update_query || ' FOR UPDATE' || COALESCE(skip_locked, '') || ')';
+          EXECUTE update_query USING OLD, running_count;
+        END IF;
+
+        IF OLD.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+          PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(CONCAT('singleton:', OLD.singleton)));
+
+          transition := EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs AS j1 WHERE j1.singleton = OLD.singleton AND j1.strand IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.strand AND locked_by IS NULL);
+
+          IF transition THEN
+            next_strand := (SELECT j1.strand FROM delayed_jobs AS j1 WHERE j1.singleton = OLD.singleton AND j1.strand IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.strand AND locked_by IS NULL AND j1.strand IS NOT NULL LIMIT 1);
+
+            IF next_strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+              -- if the singleton has a new strand defined, we need to lock it to ensure we obey n_strand constraints --
+              IF NOT pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(next_strand)) THEN
+                -- a failure to acquire the lock means that another process already has it and will thus handle this singleton --
+                RETURN OLD;
+              END IF;
+            END IF;
+          ELSIF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+            -- if there is no transition and there is a strand then we have already handled this singleton in the case above --
+            RETURN OLD;
+          END IF;
+
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from stranded to not stranded --
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from unstranded to stranded --
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from strand A to strand B --
+          -- these transitions are a relatively rare case, so we take a shortcut and --
+          -- only start the next singleton if its strand does not currently have any running jobs --
+          -- if it does, the next stranded job that finishes will start this singleton if it can --
+          UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.singleton=OLD.singleton AND
+                j2.locked_by IS NULL AND
+                (j2.strand IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.strand=j2.strand AND j3.id<>j2.id))
+              FOR UPDATE
+            );
+        END IF;
+        RETURN OLD;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  def down
+    execute(<<~SQL)
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION delayed_jobs_after_delete_row_tr_fn () RETURNS trigger AS $$
+      DECLARE
+        next_strand varchar;
+        running_count integer;
+        should_lock boolean;
+        should_be_precise boolean;
+        update_query varchar;
+        skip_locked varchar;
+        transition boolean;
+      BEGIN
+        IF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+          should_lock := true;
+          should_be_precise := OLD.id % (OLD.max_concurrent * 4) = 0;
+
+          IF NOT should_be_precise AND OLD.max_concurrent > 16 THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 as one FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) subquery_for_count);
+            should_lock := running_count < OLD.max_concurrent;
+          END IF;
+
+          IF should_lock THEN
+            PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(OLD.strand));
+          END IF;
+
+          -- note that we don't really care if the row we're deleting has a singleton, or if it even
+          -- matches the row(s) we're going to update. we just need to make sure that whatever
+          -- singleton we grab isn't already running (which is a simple existence check, since
+          -- the unique indexes ensure there is at most one singleton running, and one queued)
+          update_query := 'UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.strand=$1.strand AND
+                (j2.singleton IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.singleton=j2.singleton AND j3.id<>j2.id AND (j3.locked_by IS NULL OR j3.locked_by IS NOT NULL)))
+              ORDER BY j2.strand_order_override ASC, j2.id ASC
+              LIMIT ';
+
+          IF should_be_precise THEN
+            running_count := (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
+              SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs WHERE strand = OLD.strand AND next_in_strand = 't' LIMIT OLD.max_concurrent
+            ) s);
+            IF running_count < OLD.max_concurrent THEN
+              update_query := update_query || '($1.max_concurrent - $2)';
+            ELSE
+              -- we have too many running already; just bail
+              RETURN OLD;
+            END IF;
+          ELSE
+            update_query := update_query || '1';
+
+            -- n-strands don't require precise ordering; we can make this query more performant
+            IF OLD.max_concurrent > 1 THEN
+              skip_locked := ' SKIP LOCKED';
+            END IF;
+          END IF;
+
+          update_query := update_query || ' FOR UPDATE' || COALESCE(skip_locked, '') || ')';
+          EXECUTE update_query USING OLD, running_count;
+        END IF;
+
+        IF OLD.singleton IS NOT NULL THEN
+          transition := EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs AS j1 WHERE j1.singleton = OLD.singleton AND j1.strand IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.strand AND locked_by IS NULL);
+
+          IF transition THEN
+            next_strand := (SELECT j1.strand FROM delayed_jobs AS j1 WHERE j1.singleton = OLD.singleton AND j1.strand IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.strand AND locked_by IS NULL AND j1.strand IS NOT NULL LIMIT 1);
+
+            IF next_strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+              -- if the singleton has a new strand defined, we need to lock it to ensure we obey n_strand constraints --
+              IF NOT pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(half_md5_as_bigint(next_strand)) THEN
+                -- a failure to acquire the lock means that another process already has it and will thus handle this singleton --
+                RETURN OLD;
+              END IF;
+            END IF;
+          ELSIF OLD.strand IS NOT NULL THEN
+            -- if there is no transition and there is a strand then we have already handled this singleton in the case above --
+            RETURN OLD;
+          END IF;
+
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from stranded to not stranded --
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from unstranded to stranded --
+          -- handles transitioning a singleton from strand A to strand B --
+          -- these transitions are a relatively rare case, so we take a shortcut and --
+          -- only start the next singleton if its strand does not currently have any running jobs --
+          -- if it does, the next stranded job that finishes will start this singleton if it can --
+          UPDATE delayed_jobs SET next_in_strand=true WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM delayed_jobs j2
+              WHERE next_in_strand=false AND
+                j2.singleton=OLD.singleton AND
+                j2.locked_by IS NULL AND
+                (j2.strand IS NULL OR NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM delayed_jobs j3 WHERE j3.strand=j2.strand AND j3.id<>j2.id))
+              FOR UPDATE
+            );
+        END IF;
+        RETURN OLD;
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+  end
+end

data/db/migrate/20220127091200_fix_singleton_unique_constraint.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class FixSingletonUniqueConstraint < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
+  disable_ddl_transaction!
+
+  def up
+    rename_index :delayed_jobs, "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_not_running", "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_not_running_old"
+    rename_index :delayed_jobs, "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_running", "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_running_old"
+
+    # only one job can be queued in a singleton
+    add_index :delayed_jobs,
+              :singleton,
+              where: "singleton IS NOT NULL AND (locked_by IS NULL OR locked_by = '#{::Delayed::Backend::Base::ON_HOLD_LOCKED_BY}')",
+              unique: true,
+              name: "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_not_running",
+              algorithm: :concurrently
+
+    # only one job can be running for a singleton
+    add_index :delayed_jobs,
+              :singleton,
+              where: "singleton IS NOT NULL AND locked_by IS NOT NULL AND locked_by <> '#{::Delayed::Backend::Base::ON_HOLD_LOCKED_BY}'",
+              unique: true,
+              name: "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_running",
+              algorithm: :concurrently
+  end
+
+  def down
+    remove_index :delayed_jobs, name: "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_not_running_old"
+    remove_index :delayed_jobs, name: "index_delayed_jobs_on_singleton_running_old"
+  end
+end