immutable-ruby 0.1.0 → 0.2.0

data/lib/immutable/hash.rb

@@ -1,941 +1,4 @@
-require 'immutable/undefined'
-require 'immutable/enumerable'
-require 'immutable/trie'
-require 'immutable/set'
-require 'immutable/vector'
-
-module Immutable
-
-  # An `Immutable::Hash` maps a set of unique keys to corresponding values, much
-  # like a dictionary maps from words to definitions. Given a key, it can store
-  # and retrieve an associated value in constant time. If an existing key is
-  # stored again, the new value will replace the old. It behaves much like
-  # Ruby's built-in Hash, which we will call RubyHash for clarity. Like
-  # RubyHash, two keys that are `#eql?` to each other and have the same
-  # `#hash` are considered identical in an `Immutable::Hash`.
-  #
-  # An `Immutable::Hash` can be created in a couple of ways:
-  #
-  #     Immutable::Hash.new(font_size: 10, font_family: 'Arial')
-  #     Immutable::Hash[first_name: 'John', last_name: 'Smith']
-  #
-  # Any `Enumerable` object which yields two-element `[key, value]` arrays
-  # can be used to initialize an `Immutable::Hash`:
-  #
-  #     Immutable::Hash.new([[:first_name, 'John'], [:last_name, 'Smith']])
-  #
-  # Key/value pairs can be added using {#put}. A new hash is returned and the
-  # existing one is left unchanged:
-  #
-  #     hash = Immutable::Hash[a: 100, b: 200]
-  #     hash.put(:c, 500) # => Immutable::Hash[:a => 100, :b => 200, :c => 500]
-  #     hash              # => Immutable::Hash[:a => 100, :b => 200]
-  #
-  # {#put} can also take a block, which is used to calculate the value to be
-  # stored.
-  #
-  #     hash.put(:a) { |current| current + 200 } # => Immutable::Hash[:a => 300, :b => 200]
-  #
-  # Since it is immutable, all methods which you might expect to "modify" a
-  # `Immutable::Hash` actually return a new hash and leave the existing one
-  # unchanged. This means that the `hash[key] = value` syntax from RubyHash
-  # *cannot* be used with `Immutable::Hash`.
-  #
-  # Nested data structures can easily be updated using {#update_in}:
-  #
-  #     hash = Immutable::Hash["a" => Immutable::Vector[Immutable::Hash["c" => 42]]]
-  #     hash.update_in("a", 0, "c") { |value| value + 5 }
-  #     # => Immutable::Hash["a" => Immutable::Hash["b" => Immutable::Hash["c" => 47]]]
-  #
-  # While an `Immutable::Hash` can iterate over its keys or values, it does not
-  # guarantee any specific iteration order (unlike RubyHash). Methods like
-  # {#flatten} do not guarantee the order of returned key/value pairs.
-  #
-  # Like RubyHash, an `Immutable::Hash` can have a default block which is used
-  # when looking up a key that does not exist. Unlike RubyHash, the default
-  # block will only be passed the missing key, without the hash itself:
-  #
-  #     hash = Immutable::Hash.new { |missing_key| missing_key * 10 }
-  #     hash[5] # => 50
-  class Hash
-    include Immutable::Enumerable
-
-    class << self
-      # Create a new `Hash` populated with the given key/value pairs.
-      #
-      # @example
-      #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2] # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2]
-      #   Immutable::Hash[["A", 1], ["B", 2]] # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2]
-      #
-      # @param pairs [::Enumerable] initial content of hash. An empty hash is returned if not provided.
-      # @return [Hash]
-      def [](pairs = nil)
-        (pairs.nil? || pairs.empty?) ? empty : new(pairs)
-      end
-
-      # Return an empty `Hash`. If used on a subclass, returns an empty instance
-      # of that class.
-      #
-      # @return [Hash]
-      def empty
-        @empty ||= new
-      end
-
-      # "Raw" allocation of a new `Hash`. Used internally to create a new
-      # instance quickly after obtaining a modified {Trie}.
-      #
-      # @return [Hash]
-      # @private
-      def alloc(trie = EmptyTrie, block = nil)
-        obj = allocate
-        obj.instance_variable_set(:@trie, trie)
-        obj.instance_variable_set(:@default, block)
-        obj.freeze
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @param pairs [::Enumerable] initial content of hash. An empty hash is returned if not provided.
-    # @yield [key] Optional _default block_ to be stored and used to calculate the default value of a missing key. It will not be yielded during this method. It will not be preserved when marshalling.
-    # @yieldparam key Key that was not present in the hash.
-    def initialize(pairs = nil, &block)
-      @trie    = pairs ? Trie[pairs] : EmptyTrie
-      @default = block
-      freeze
-    end
-
-    # Return the default block if there is one. Otherwise, return `nil`.
-    #
-    # @return [Proc]
-    def default_proc
-      @default
-    end
-
-    # Return the number of key/value pairs in this `Hash`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].size  # => 3
-    #
-    # @return [Integer]
-    def size
-      @trie.size
-    end
-    alias length size
-
-    # Return `true` if this `Hash` contains no key/value pairs.
-    #
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def empty?
-      @trie.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Return `true` if the given key object is present in this `Hash`. More precisely,
-    # return `true` if a key with the same `#hash` code, and which is also `#eql?`
-    # to the given key object is present.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].key?("B")  # => true
-    #
-    # @param key [Object] The key to check for
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def key?(key)
-      @trie.key?(key)
-    end
-    alias has_key? key?
-    alias include? key?
-    alias member?  key?
-
-    # Return `true` if this `Hash` has one or more keys which map to the provided value.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].value?(2)  # => true
-    #
-    # @param value [Object] The value to check for
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def value?(value)
-      each { |k,v| return true if value == v }
-      false
-    end
-    alias has_value? value?
-
-    # Retrieve the value corresponding to the provided key object. If not found, and
-    # this `Hash` has a default block, the default block is called to provide the
-    # value. Otherwise, return `nil`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h["B"]             # => 2
-    #   h.get("B")         # => 2
-    #   h.get("Elephant")  # => nil
-    #
-    #   # Immutable Hash with a default proc:
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash.new("A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3) { |key| key.size }
-    #   h.get("B")         # => 2
-    #   h.get("Elephant")  # => 8
-    #
-    # @param key [Object] The key to look up
-    # @return [Object]
-    def get(key)
-      entry = @trie.get(key)
-      if entry
-        entry[1]
-      elsif @default
-        @default.call(key)
-      end
-    end
-    alias [] get
-
-    # Retrieve the value corresponding to the given key object, or use the provided
-    # default value or block, or otherwise raise a `KeyError`.
-    #
-    # @overload fetch(key)
-    #   Retrieve the value corresponding to the given key, or raise a `KeyError`
-    #   if it is not found.
-    #   @param key [Object] The key to look up
-    # @overload fetch(key) { |key| ... }
-    #   Retrieve the value corresponding to the given key, or call the optional
-    #   code block (with the missing key) and get its return value.
-    #   @yield [key] The key which was not found
-    #   @yieldreturn [Object] Object to return since the key was not found
-    #   @param key [Object] The key to look up
-    # @overload fetch(key, default)
-    #   Retrieve the value corresponding to the given key, or else return
-    #   the provided `default` value.
-    #   @param key [Object] The key to look up
-    #   @param default [Object] Object to return if the key is not found
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.fetch("B")         # => 2
-    #   h.fetch("Elephant")  # => KeyError: key not found: "Elephant"
-    #
-    #   # with a default value:
-    #   h.fetch("B", 99)         # => 2
-    #   h.fetch("Elephant", 99)  # => 99
-    #
-    #   # with a block:
-    #   h.fetch("B") { |key| key.size }         # => 2
-    #   h.fetch("Elephant") { |key| key.size }  # => 8
-    #
-    # @return [Object]
-    def fetch(key, default = Undefined)
-      entry = @trie.get(key)
-      if entry
-        entry[1]
-      elsif block_given?
-        yield(key)
-      elsif default != Undefined
-        default
-      else
-        raise KeyError, "key not found: #{key.inspect}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` with the existing key/value associations, plus an association
-    # between the provided key and value. If an equivalent key is already present, its
-    # associated value will be replaced with the provided one.
-    #
-    # If the `value` argument is missing, but an optional code block is provided,
-    # it will be passed the existing value (or `nil` if there is none) and what it
-    # returns will replace the existing value. This is useful for "transforming"
-    # the value associated with a certain key.
-    #
-    # Avoid mutating objects which are used as keys. `String`s are an exception:
-    # unfrozen `String`s which are used as keys are internally duplicated and
-    # frozen. This matches RubyHash's behaviour.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2]
-    #   h.put("C", 3)
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.put("B") { |value| value * 10 }
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 20]
-    #
-    # @param key [Object] The key to store
-    # @param value [Object] The value to associate it with
-    # @yield [value] The previously stored value, or `nil` if none.
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] The new value to store
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def put(key, value = yield(get(key)))
-      new_trie = @trie.put(key, value)
-      if new_trie.equal?(@trie)
-        self
-      else
-        self.class.alloc(new_trie, @default)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @private
-    # @raise NoMethodError
-    def []=(*)
-      raise NoMethodError, "Immutable::Hash doesn't support `[]='; use `put' instead"
-    end
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` with a deeply nested value modified to the result of
-    # the given code block.  When traversing the nested `Hash`es and `Vector`s,
-    # non-existing keys are created with empty `Hash` values.
-    #
-    # The code block receives the existing value of the deeply nested key (or
-    # `nil` if it doesn't exist). This is useful for "transforming" the value
-    # associated with a certain key.
-    #
-    # Note that the original `Hash` and sub-`Hash`es and sub-`Vector`s are left
-    # unmodified; new data structure copies are created along the path wherever
-    # needed.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   hash = Immutable::Hash["a" => Immutable::Hash["b" => Immutable::Hash["c" => 42]]]
-    #   hash.update_in("a", "b", "c") { |value| value + 5 }
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["a" => Immutable::Hash["b" => Immutable::Hash["c" => 47]]]
-    #
-    # @param key_path [::Array<Object>] List of keys which form the path to the key to be modified
-    # @yield [value] The previously stored value
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] The new value to store
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def update_in(*key_path, &block)
-      if key_path.empty?
-        raise ArgumentError, 'must have at least one key in path'
-      end
-      key = key_path[0]
-      if key_path.size == 1
-        new_value = block.call(get(key))
-      else
-        value = fetch(key, EmptyHash)
-        new_value = value.update_in(*key_path[1..-1], &block)
-      end
-      put(key, new_value)
-    end
-
-    # An alias for {#put} to match RubyHash's API. Does not support {#put}'s
-    # block form.
-    #
-    # @see #put
-    # @param key [Object] The key to store
-    # @param value [Object] The value to associate it with
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def store(key, value)
-      put(key, value)
-    end
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` with `key` removed. If `key` is not present, return
-    # `self`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].delete("B")
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "C" => 3]
-    #
-    # @param key [Object] The key to remove
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def delete(key)
-      derive_new_hash(@trie.delete(key))
-    end
-
-    # Call the block once for each key/value pair in this `Hash`, passing the key/value
-    # pair as parameters. No specific iteration order is guaranteed, though the order will
-    # be stable for any particular `Hash`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].each { |k, v| puts "k=#{k} v=#{v}" }
-    #
-    #   k=A v=1
-    #   k=C v=3
-    #   k=B v=2
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #
-    # @yield [key, value] Once for each key/value pair.
-    # @return [self]
-    def each(&block)
-      return to_enum if not block_given?
-      @trie.each(&block)
-      self
-    end
-    alias each_pair each
-
-    # Call the block once for each key/value pair in this `Hash`, passing the key/value
-    # pair as parameters. Iteration order will be the opposite of {#each}.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].reverse_each { |k, v| puts "k=#{k} v=#{v}" }
-    #
-    #   k=B v=2
-    #   k=C v=3
-    #   k=A v=1
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #
-    # @yield [key, value] Once for each key/value pair.
-    # @return [self]
-    def reverse_each(&block)
-      return enum_for(:reverse_each) if not block_given?
-      @trie.reverse_each(&block)
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Call the block once for each key/value pair in this `Hash`, passing the key as a
-    # parameter. Ordering guarantees are the same as {#each}.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].each_key { |k| puts "k=#{k}" }
-    #
-    #   k=A
-    #   k=C
-    #   k=B
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #
-    # @yield [key] Once for each key/value pair.
-    # @return [self]
-    def each_key
-      return enum_for(:each_key) if not block_given?
-      @trie.each { |k,v| yield k }
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Call the block once for each key/value pair in this `Hash`, passing the value as a
-    # parameter. Ordering guarantees are the same as {#each}.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].each_value { |v| puts "v=#{v}" }
-    #
-    #   v=1
-    #   v=3
-    #   v=2
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #
-    # @yield [value] Once for each key/value pair.
-    # @return [self]
-    def each_value
-      return enum_for(:each_value) if not block_given?
-      @trie.each { |k,v| yield v }
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Call the block once for each key/value pair in this `Hash`, passing the key/value
-    # pair as parameters. The block should return a `[key, value]` array each time.
-    # All the returned `[key, value]` arrays will be gathered into a new `Hash`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.map { |k, v| ["new-#{k}", v * v] }
-    #   # => Hash["new-C" => 9, "new-B" => 4, "new-A" => 1]
-    #
-    # @yield [key, value] Once for each key/value pair.
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def map
-      return enum_for(:map) unless block_given?
-      return self if empty?
-      self.class.new(super, &@default)
-    end
-    alias collect map
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` with all the key/value pairs for which the block returns true.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.select { |k, v| v >= 2 }
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #
-    # @yield [key, value] Once for each key/value pair.
-    # @yieldreturn Truthy if this pair should be present in the new `Hash`.
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def select(&block)
-      return enum_for(:select) unless block_given?
-      derive_new_hash(@trie.select(&block))
-    end
-    alias find_all select
-    alias keep_if  select
-
-    # Yield `[key, value]` pairs until one is found for which the block returns true.
-    # Return that `[key, value]` pair. If the block never returns true, return `nil`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.find { |k, v| v.even? }
-    #   # => ["B", 2]
-    #
-    # @return [Array]
-    # @yield [key, value] At most once for each key/value pair, until the block returns `true`.
-    # @yieldreturn Truthy to halt iteration and return the yielded key/value pair.
-    def find
-      return enum_for(:find) unless block_given?
-      each { |entry| return entry if yield entry }
-      nil
-    end
-    alias detect find
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` containing all the key/value pairs from this `Hash` and
-    # `other`. If no block is provided, the value for entries with colliding keys
-    # will be that from `other`. Otherwise, the value for each duplicate key is
-    # determined by calling the block.
-    #
-    # `other` can be an `Immutable::Hash`, a built-in Ruby `Hash`, or any `Enumerable`
-    # object which yields `[key, value]` pairs.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h1 = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h2 = Immutable::Hash["C" => 70, "D" => 80]
-    #   h1.merge(h2)
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["C" => 70, "A" => 1, "D" => 80, "B" => 2]
-    #   h1.merge(h2) { |key, v1, v2| v1 + v2 }
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash["C" => 73, "A" => 1, "D" => 80, "B" => 2]
-    #
-    # @param other [::Enumerable] The collection to merge with
-    # @yieldparam key [Object] The key which was present in both collections
-    # @yieldparam my_value [Object] The associated value from this `Hash`
-    # @yieldparam other_value [Object] The associated value from the other collection
-    # @yieldreturn [Object] The value to associate this key with in the new `Hash`
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def merge(other)
-      trie = if block_given?
-        other.reduce(@trie) do |trie, (key, value)|
-          if (entry = trie.get(key))
-            trie.put(key, yield(key, entry[1], value))
-          else
-            trie.put(key, value)
-          end
-        end
-      else
-        @trie.bulk_put(other)
-      end
-
-      derive_new_hash(trie)
-    end
-
-    # Retrieve the value corresponding to the given key object, or use the provided
-    # default value or block, or otherwise raise a `KeyError`.
-    #
-    # @overload fetch(key)
-    #   Retrieve the value corresponding to the given key, or raise a `KeyError`
-    #   if it is not found.
-    #   @param key [Object] The key to look up
-    # @overload fetch(key) { |key| ... }
-
-    # Return a sorted {Vector} which contains all the `[key, value]` pairs in
-    # this `Hash` as two-element `Array`s.
-    #
-    # @overload sort
-    #   Uses `#<=>` to determine sorted order.
-    # @overload sort { |(k1, v1), (k2, v2)| ... }
-    #   Uses the block as a comparator to determine sorted order.
-    #
-    #   @example
-    #     h = Immutable::Hash["Dog" => 1, "Elephant" => 2, "Lion" => 3]
-    #     h.sort { |(k1, v1), (k2, v2)| k1.size  <=> k2.size }
-    #     # => Immutable::Vector[["Dog", 1], ["Lion", 3], ["Elephant", 2]]
-    #   @yield [(k1, v1), (k2, v2)] Any number of times with different pairs of key/value associations.
-    #   @yieldreturn [Integer] Negative if the first pair should be sorted
-    #                          lower, positive if the latter pair, or 0 if equal.
-    #
-    # @see ::Enumerable#sort
-    #
-    # @return [Vector]
-    def sort
-      Vector.new(super)
-    end
-
-    # Return a {Vector} which contains all the `[key, value]` pairs in this `Hash`
-    # as two-element Arrays. The order which the pairs will appear in is determined by
-    # passing each pair to the code block to obtain a sort key object, and comparing
-    # the sort keys using `#<=>`.
-    #
-    # @see ::Enumerable#sort_by
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["Dog" => 1, "Elephant" => 2, "Lion" => 3]
-    #   h.sort_by { |key, value| key.size }
-    #   # => Immutable::Vector[["Dog", 1], ["Lion", 3], ["Elephant", 2]]
-    #
-    # @yield [key, value] Once for each key/value pair.
-    # @yieldreturn a sort key object for the yielded pair.
-    # @return [Vector]
-    def sort_by
-      Vector.new(super)
-    end
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` with the associations for all of the given `keys` removed.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.except("A", "C")  # => Immutable::Hash["B" => 2]
-    #
-    # @param keys [Array] The keys to remove
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def except(*keys)
-      keys.reduce(self) { |hash, key| hash.delete(key) }
-    end
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` with only the associations for the `wanted` keys retained.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.slice("B", "C")  # => Immutable::Hash["B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #
-    # @param wanted [::Enumerable] The keys to retain
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def slice(*wanted)
-      trie = Trie.new(0)
-      wanted.each { |key| trie.put!(key, get(key)) if key?(key) }
-      self.class.alloc(trie, @default)
-    end
-
-    # Return a {Vector} of the values which correspond to the `wanted` keys.
-    # If any of the `wanted` keys are not present in this `Hash`, `nil` will be
-    # placed instead, or the result of the default proc (if one is defined),
-    # similar to the behavior of {#get}.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.values_at("B", "A", "D")  # => Immutable::Vector[2, 1, nil]
-    #
-    # @param wanted [Array] The keys to retrieve
-    # @return [Vector]
-    def values_at(*wanted)
-      Vector.new(wanted.map { |key| get(key) }.freeze)
-    end
-
-    # Return a {Vector} of the values which correspond to the `wanted` keys.
-    # If any of the `wanted` keys are not present in this `Hash`, raise `KeyError`
-    # exception.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.fetch_values("C", "A")  # => Immutable::Vector[3, 1]
-    #   h.fetch_values("C", "Z")  # => KeyError: key not found: "Z"
-    #
-    # @param wanted [Array] The keys to retrieve
-    # @return [Vector]
-    def fetch_values(*wanted)
-      array = wanted.map { |key| fetch(key) }
-      Vector.new(array.freeze)
-    end
-
-    # Return the value of successively indexing into a nested collection.
-    # If any of the keys is not present, return `nil`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash[a: 9, b: Immutable::Hash[c: 'a', d: 4], e: nil]
-    #   h.dig(:b, :c) # => "a"
-    #   h.dig(:b, :f) # => nil
-    #
-    # @return [Object]
-    def dig(key, *rest)
-      value = self[key]
-      if rest.empty? || value.nil?
-        value
-      else
-        value.dig(*rest)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Return a new {Set} containing the keys from this `Hash`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3, "D" => 2].keys
-    #   # => Immutable::Set["D", "C", "B", "A"]
-    #
-    # @return [Set]
-    def keys
-      Set.alloc(@trie)
-    end
-
-    # Return a new {Vector} populated with the values from this `Hash`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3, "D" => 2].values
-    #   # => Immutable::Vector[2, 3, 2, 1]
-    #
-    # @return [Vector]
-    def values
-      Vector.new(each_value.to_a.freeze)
-    end
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` created by using keys as values and values as keys.
-    # If there are multiple values which are equivalent (as determined by `#hash` and
-    # `#eql?`), only one out of each group of equivalent values will be
-    # retained. Which one specifically is undefined.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3, "D" => 2].invert
-    #   # => Immutable::Hash[1 => "A", 3 => "C", 2 => "B"]
-    #
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def invert
-      pairs = []
-      each { |k,v| pairs << [v, k] }
-      self.class.new(pairs, &@default)
-    end
-
-    # Return a new {Vector} which is a one-dimensional flattening of this `Hash`.
-    # If `level` is 1, all the `[key, value]` pairs in the hash will be concatenated
-    # into one {Vector}. If `level` is greater than 1, keys or values which are
-    # themselves `Array`s or {Vector}s will be recursively flattened into the output
-    # {Vector}. The depth to which that flattening will be recursively applied is
-    # determined by `level`.
-    #
-    # As a special case, if `level` is 0, each `[key, value]` pair will be a
-    # separate element in the returned {Vector}.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => [2, 3, 4]]
-    #   h.flatten
-    #   # => Immutable::Vector["A", 1, "B", [2, 3, 4]]
-    #   h.flatten(2)
-    #   # => Immutable::Vector["A", 1, "B", 2, 3, 4]
-    #
-    # @param level [Integer] The number of times to recursively flatten the `[key, value]` pairs in this `Hash`.
-    # @return [Vector]
-    def flatten(level = 1)
-      return Vector.new(self) if level == 0
-      array = []
-      each { |k,v| array << k; array << v }
-      array.flatten!(level-1) if level > 1
-      Vector.new(array.freeze)
-    end
-
-    # Searches through the `Hash`, comparing `obj` with each key (using `#==`).
-    # When a matching key is found, return the `[key, value]` pair as an array.
-    # Return `nil` if no match is found.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].assoc("B")  # => ["B", 2]
-    #
-    # @param obj [Object] The key to search for (using #==)
-    # @return [Array]
-    def assoc(obj)
-      each { |entry| return entry if obj == entry[0] }
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Searches through the `Hash`, comparing `obj` with each value (using `#==`).
-    # When a matching value is found, return the `[key, value]` pair as an array.
-    # Return `nil` if no match is found.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].rassoc(2)  # => ["B", 2]
-    #
-    # @param obj [Object] The value to search for (using #==)
-    # @return [Array]
-    def rassoc(obj)
-      each { |entry| return entry if obj == entry[1] }
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Searches through the `Hash`, comparing `value` with each value (using `#==`).
-    # When a matching value is found, return its associated key object.
-    # Return `nil` if no match is found.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].key(2)  # => "B"
-    #
-    # @param value [Object] The value to search for (using #==)
-    # @return [Object]
-    def key(value)
-      each { |entry| return entry[0] if value == entry[1] }
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Return a randomly chosen `[key, value]` pair from this `Hash`. If the hash is empty,
-    # return `nil`.
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3].sample
-    #   # => ["C", 3]
-    #
-    # @return [Array]
-    def sample
-      @trie.at(rand(size))
-    end
-
-    # Return an empty `Hash` instance, of the same class as this one. Useful if you
-    # have multiple subclasses of `Hash` and want to treat them polymorphically.
-    # Maintains the default block, if there is one.
-    #
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def clear
-      if @default
-        self.class.alloc(EmptyTrie, @default)
-      else
-        self.class.empty
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Return true if `other` has the same type and contents as this `Hash`.
-    #
-    # @param other [Object] The collection to compare with
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def eql?(other)
-      return true if other.equal?(self)
-      instance_of?(other.class) && @trie.eql?(other.instance_variable_get(:@trie))
-    end
-
-    # Return true if `other` has the same contents as this `Hash`. Will convert
-    # `other` to a Ruby `Hash` using `#to_hash` if necessary.
-    #
-    # @param other [Object] The object to compare with
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def ==(other)
-      eql?(other) || (other.respond_to?(:to_hash) && to_hash == other.to_hash)
-    end
-
-    # Return true if this `Hash` is a proper superset of `other`, which means
-    # all `other`'s keys are contained in this `Hash` with identical
-    # values, and the two hashes are not identical.
-    #
-    # @param other [Immutable::Hash] The object to compare with
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def >(other)
-      self != other && self >= other
-    end
-
-    # Return true if this `Hash` is a superset of `other`, which means all
-    # `other`'s keys are contained in this `Hash` with identical values.
-    #
-    # @param other [Immutable::Hash] The object to compare with
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def >=(other)
-      other.each do |key, value|
-        if self[key] != value
-          return false
-        end
-      end
-      true
-    end
-
-    # Return true if this `Hash` is a proper subset of `other`, which means all
-    # its keys are contained in `other` with the identical values, and the two
-    # hashes are not identical.
-    #
-    # @param other [Immutable::Hash] The object to compare with
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def <(other)
-      other > self
-    end
-
-    # Return true if this `Hash` is a subset of `other`, which means all its
-    # keys are contained in `other` with the identical values, and the two
-    # hashes are not identical.
-    #
-    # @param other [Immutable::Hash] The object to compare with
-    # @return [Boolean]
-    def <=(other)
-      other >= self
-    end
-
-    # See `Object#hash`.
-    # @return [Integer]
-    def hash
-      keys.to_a.sort.reduce(0) do |hash, key|
-        (hash << 32) - hash + key.hash + get(key).hash
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Return the contents of this `Hash` as a programmer-readable `String`. If all the
-    # keys and values are serializable as Ruby literal strings, the returned string can
-    # be passed to `eval` to reconstitute an equivalent `Hash`. The default
-    # block (if there is one) will be lost when doing this, however.
-    #
-    # @return [String]
-    def inspect
-      result = "#{self.class}["
-      i = 0
-      each do |key, val|
-        result << ', ' if i > 0
-        result << key.inspect << ' => ' << val.inspect
-        i += 1
-      end
-      result << ']'
-    end
-
-    # Return `self`. Since this is an immutable object duplicates are
-    # equivalent.
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def dup
-      self
-    end
-    alias clone dup
-
-    # Allows this `Hash` to be printed at the `pry` console, or using `pp` (from the
-    # Ruby standard library), in a way which takes the amount of horizontal space on
-    # the screen into account, and which indents nested structures to make them easier
-    # to read.
-    #
-    # @private
-    def pretty_print(pp)
-      pp.group(1, "#{self.class}[", ']') do
-        pp.breakable ''
-        pp.seplist(self, nil) do |key, val|
-          pp.group do
-            key.pretty_print(pp)
-            pp.text ' => '
-            pp.group(1) do
-              pp.breakable ''
-              val.pretty_print(pp)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Convert this `Immutable::Hash` to an instance of Ruby's built-in `Hash`.
-    #
-    # @return [::Hash]
-    def to_hash
-      output = {}
-      each do |key, value|
-        output[key] = value
-      end
-      output
-    end
-    alias to_h to_hash
-
-    # Return a `Proc` which accepts a key as an argument and returns the value.
-    # The `Proc` behaves like {#get} (when the key is missing, it returns nil or
-    # the result of the default proc).
-    #
-    # @example
-    #   h = Immutable::Hash["A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3]
-    #   h.to_proc.call("B")
-    #   # => 2
-    #   ["A", "C", "X"].map(&h)   # The & is short for .to_proc in Ruby
-    #   # => [1, 3, nil]
-    #
-    # @return [Proc]
-    def to_proc
-      lambda { |key| get(key) }
-    end
-
-    # @return [::Hash]
-    # @private
-    def marshal_dump
-      to_hash
-    end
-
-    # @private
-    def marshal_load(dictionary)
-      @trie = Trie[dictionary]
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Return a new `Hash` which is derived from this one, using a modified {Trie}.
-    # The new `Hash` will retain the existing default block, if there is one.
-    #
-    def derive_new_hash(trie)
-      if trie.equal?(@trie)
-        self
-      elsif trie.empty?
-        if @default
-          self.class.alloc(EmptyTrie, @default)
-        else
-          self.class.empty
-        end
-      else
-        self.class.alloc(trie, @default)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # The canonical empty `Hash`. Returned by `Hash[]` when
-  # invoked with no arguments; also returned by `Hash.empty`. Prefer using this
-  # one rather than creating many empty hashes using `Hash.new`.
-  #
-  # @private
-  EmptyHash = Immutable::Hash.empty
-end
+# Definition of Immutable::Hash is in a separate file to avoid circular
+# dependency warnings caused by dependencies between Hash ↔ Vector and
+# Hash ↔ Set
+require 'immutable/_core'