hyperuuid 0.3.0-x86_64-linux → 0.4.0-x86_64-linux

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data/README.md

@@ -2,23 +2,22 @@
 
 [![CI](https://github.com/SkunkWerkx/HyperUuid/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/SkunkWerkx/HyperUuid/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
 [![RubyGems](https://img.shields.io/gem/v/hyperuuid.svg)](https://rubygems.org/gems/hyperuuid)
+[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://github.com/SkunkWerkx/HyperUuid/blob/master/LICENSE)
 
 **Ruby's own stdlib stops at `SecureRandom.uuid` — random v4, full stop. No v5, no v6, no v7. This gem is the whole RFC, with zero gem dependency beyond `Fiddle` (which ships with every Ruby install) — and it's faster than `SecureRandom.uuid` too.**
 
 RFC 9562 UUID v4 (random), v5 (deterministic), v6 and v7 (time-sortable) generation, with
-three backends sharing one public surface. The fast path is a native extension built with
-[Magnus](https://github.com/matsadler/magnus) — the Rust core linked directly into the Ruby
-VM, auto-selected when loadable — which redefines the low-level `Runtime` methods in place
-on require; everything above them (`Uuid`, the module doors, batch slicing) is shared
-byte-for-byte between backends. The universal fallback calls the native `libhyperuuid`
-shared library via [`Fiddle`](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Fiddle.html) —
-dlopen/dlsym plus a raw C-ABI call, no runtime bridge, nothing to compile on
-`bundle install`. Set `HYPERUUID_PURE=1` to force the Fiddle backend;
-`HyperUuid::BACKEND` reports which one is live. Bundles a native build for every supported
-platform (linux/darwin/windows × x64/arm64) and picks the right one at runtime. A third
-backend runs the same core as a WebAssembly module inside the
-[`wasmtime`](https://rubygems.org/gems/wasmtime) gem, for any platform with no native build
-at all — see [WebAssembly (wasmtime)](#webassembly-wasmtime).
+three backends sharing one public surface. Ruby 3.3 is the floor. The fast path is a native
+extension built with [Magnus](https://github.com/matsadler/magnus) — the Rust core linked
+directly into the Ruby VM, auto-selected when loadable — which redefines the low-level
+`Runtime` methods in place on require; everything above them (`Uuid`, the module doors and
+their argument checks, batch slicing) is shared byte-for-byte between backends. The
+universal fallback calls the native `libhyperuuid` shared library via
+[`Fiddle`](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Fiddle.html) — dlopen/dlsym plus a raw C-ABI
+call, no runtime bridge. A third backend runs the same core as a WebAssembly module inside
+the [`wasmtime`](https://rubygems.org/gems/wasmtime) gem, for any platform with no native
+build at all. `HyperUuid::BACKEND` reports which one is live; `HYPERUUID_PURE=1` forces
+Fiddle, `HYPERUUID_WASM=1` the wasm module — see [Backends](#backends).
 
 ```ruby
 require "hyperuuid"
@@ -36,12 +35,31 @@ id4.to_sql_order # byte order SQL Server's uniqueidentifier needs to sort by cre
 batch = HyperUuid.new_v7_batch(1000)
 ```
 
-Returns `HyperUuid::Uuid`, a minimal value object (`#bytes`, `#to_s`, `#version`, `#variant`,
-comparable/hashable) — this gem has no runtime dependency on the `uuid` gem.
-`HyperUuid::Namespaces::DNS`/`URL`/`OID`/`X500` are RFC 9562 Section 6.6's well-known
-namespaces. `#timestamp` recovers the embedded UTC `Time` from a version 6 or 7 UUID; pass
-`raise_on_mismatch: false` to get `nil` back for any other version instead of raising.
-`.new_v6`/`.new_v7` also accept a `Time` directly in place of a raw millisecond count.
+## The doors
+
+| Door | Returns | Takes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `new_v4` | `Uuid` | — |
+| `new_v5(namespace, name)` | `Uuid`, the same one for the same pair | a `Uuid` namespace (`Namespaces::DNS`/`URL`/`OID`/`X500`, or your own) and a `String` name — text is hashed as UTF-8, a binary String as its bytes, and it may be empty |
+| `new_v6(time = nil)` `new_v7(time = nil)` | `Uuid` | nothing (now), a `Time`, or an Integer of Unix-epoch milliseconds |
+| `new_v6_batch(count, time = nil)` `new_v7_batch(count, time = nil)` | `Array` of `Uuid` | a count, and the same time forms |
+| `new_v6_batch_bytes(count, time = nil)` `new_v7_batch_bytes(count, time = nil)` | one binary `String`, 16 bytes per UUID | as the batch doors — see [Bulk generation into bytes](#bulk-generation-into-bytes) |
+| `native_version` | the loaded core's `"major.minor.patch"` | — |
+| `available?` | `true`/`false`, never raising | — |
+
+Every generating door returns `HyperUuid::Uuid`, a minimal value object — this gem has no
+runtime dependency on the `uuid` gem:
+
+| On `Uuid` | |
+|---|---|
+| `Uuid.parse(text)` | the 8-4-4-4-12 hyphenated form `#to_s` produces, either case, and nothing else — an `ArgumentError` otherwise |
+| `Uuid.new(bytes)` | wraps 16 raw RFC 9562-ordered bytes |
+| `Uuid::NIL` `Uuid::MAX` | the RFC 9562 §5.9/§5.10 special values |
+| `#bytes` `#to_s` `#version` `#variant` | the frozen binary String, the hyphenated text, the version nibble, the variant bits |
+| `#timestamp(raise_on_mismatch: true)` | the UTC `Time` embedded in a version 6 or 7 UUID; `nil` instead of an `ArgumentError` for any other version when passed `false` |
+| `#to_sql_order` `#from_sql_order` | to and from the byte order SQL Server's `uniqueidentifier` sorts by |
+| `==` `eql?` `hash` `<=>` | value equality and byte-order comparison (`Comparable`) |
+
 `#to_sql_order`/`#from_sql_order` convert a version 6 or 7 UUID to and from the byte order SQL
 Server's `uniqueidentifier` needs on the wire to sort by creation order (`#to_sql_order`
 dispatches on the UUID's own version, matching `#timestamp`'s convention) — computed once in
@@ -49,18 +67,50 @@ the native Rust core rather than reimplemented in Ruby, and verified there (and
 against the real `System.Data.SqlTypes.SqlGuid` comparator in the C# binding's test suite).
 Same-millisecond v6 UUIDs aren't guaranteed to sort correctly afterward — v6 has no counter,
 so `clock_seq`/`node` (not the timestamp) decide ties, the same pre-existing RFC 9562 v6
-limitation plain order already has. `#from_sql_order` figures out which version to invert by checking a byte position that's
-provably collision-free between the two (see the method's own doc comment).
-`HyperUuid::Uuid::NIL`/`MAX` are the RFC 9562 §5.9/§5.10 special-value UUIDs.
-`HyperUuid.new_v6_batch(count)`/`new_v7_batch(count)` generate `count` UUIDs sharing one
-timestamp capture and one native call, instead of `count` of each.
+limitation plain order already has. `#from_sql_order` figures out which version to invert by
+checking a byte position that's provably collision-free between the two (see the method's own
+doc comment).
+
+### Errors
+
+Two exceptions are this gem's own, and both carry the same message on every backend:
+
+- `HyperUuid::TimestampOutOfRangeError` — the time cannot be embedded: past version 7's
+  48-bit millisecond field, past version 6's 60-bit one, or negative (a `Time` before the Unix
+  epoch included).
+- `HyperUuid::RandomSourceError` — the operating system's random source failed.
+
+Through 0.3.0 these were reachable only as `HyperUuid::Runtime::TimestampOutOfRangeError` and
+`HyperUuid::Runtime::RandomSourceError`; those names remain, as aliases of the same classes.
+
+Everything else is a caller bug and raises Ruby's own error for it, checked once in the shared
+doors rather than left to whichever backend is live: a `TypeError` for a time that is not a
+`Time`, an Integer or `nil`, for a count that is not an Integer, for a namespace that is not a
+`Uuid` or a name that is not a `String`; an `ArgumentError` for a count outside
+0..2³² − 1.
+
+### Is the native core there?
+
+`HyperUuid.available?` answers whether a backend actually loaded — probed once, cached, never
+raising — for a consumer with a fallback of its own:
+
+```ruby
+id = HyperUuid.available? ? HyperUuid.new_v7.to_s : SecureRandom.uuid
+```
+
+`HyperUuid.native_version` reads the version out of the loaded core itself (its
+`hyperuuid_version` export), so a mismatch against `HyperUuid::VERSION` can be named before
+the first UUID is minted. `HyperUuid::BACKEND` says which backend was *selected*, which is not
+the same question: it reads `:fiddle` on a platform with no library at all, because that is
+the backend whose first call explains what is missing — a `LoadError` naming the path it
+looked for, or `HyperUuid::NativePlatform::UnsupportedPlatformError` naming the platform.
 
 ## Why not `SecureRandom.uuid`?
 
 `SecureRandom.uuid` only ever gives you a random v4 UUID — Ruby's stdlib has no built-in v5, v6, or v7 at all. If you need more than that, the choice is really "which gem":
 
 1. **Full RFC 9562 coverage, one gem, zero extra dependency.** v4/v5/v6/v7 plus batch generation plus `Nil`/`Max`, and the only thing this gem adds to your `Gemfile.lock` beyond `Fiddle` — which is Ruby's own bundled FFI layer, not a third-party C extension to compile.
-2. **No native-extension compile step.** Third-party UUID gems that go beyond v4 are typically pure Ruby or wrap a C extension compiled at install time; this gem ships its fast path as a prebuilt platform-gem extension and its fallback as a `dlopen`ed prebuilt library — either way, nothing to compile on `bundle install`.
+2. **No native-extension compile step.** Third-party UUID gems that go beyond v4 are typically pure Ruby or wrap a C extension compiled at install time; this gem ships its fast path as a prebuilt platform-gem extension and its fallback as a `dlopen`ed prebuilt library — either way, the gem itself compiles nothing at install time ([Install](#install) has the one caveat, which is Fiddle's own).
 3. **Batch generation.** `new_v7_batch(1000)` shares one timestamp capture, one random-bytes fetch, and one counter reservation across the whole batch instead of paying per-item overhead a thousand times over.
 4. **Cross-language consistency.** The same Rust core mints v5 namespace UUIDs for Python, Go, C#, and every other binding in this repo — verified in CI to match Python's own `uuid.uuid5` byte-for-byte. If your system isn't Ruby-only, no Ruby-only gem can offer that.
 
@@ -75,7 +125,7 @@ bytes = HyperUuid.new_v7_batch_bytes(1000)
 first = bytes[0, 16]        # ready for a BINARY(16) bind parameter
 ```
 
-**About 15x faster than `new_v7_batch`** for a 1000-UUID batch (24 µs versus 370 µs). The native call is identical — the difference is that `new_v7_batch` then allocates 1000 `Uuid` objects and 1000 String slices on top of it. This hands back the bytes the native core already produced, untouched.
+**About 20x faster than `new_v7_batch`** for a 1000-UUID batch (10.4 µs versus 210 µs). The native call is identical — the difference is that `new_v7_batch` then allocates a `Uuid` object and its byte Strings for every item on top of it. This hands back the bytes the native core already produced, untouched.
 
 The catch, and it inverts the advice: **if you need `Uuid` objects, keep using `new_v7_batch`.** Slicing these bytes into objects yourself just relocates the identical allocations into your own code, and measures no better — sometimes worse. Reach for the byte form only when bytes are the destination: a bind parameter, a wire format, a bulk load.
 
@@ -83,34 +133,68 @@ Slice it with `bytes[i * 16, 16]` — which is exactly what `new_v7_batch` does
 
 ## Benchmarks
 
-Real numbers, `benchmark-ips` on Ruby 4.0.6, linux-arm64 (`ruby benchmark/uuid_benchmark.rb`) — not claimed, measured. With the Magnus backend (the default wherever the extension loads):
+`ruby benchmark/uuid_benchmark.rb` reproduces every table here and the bytes-versus-objects
+comparison above. Its first line names the backend, core version and Ruby it measured, so
+run it again under `HYPERUUID_PURE=1` or `HYPERUUID_WASM=1` for the other two backends.
+
+Real numbers, `benchmark-ips` on Ruby 4.0.7, linux-x64 on an Intel Core i9-11900H (`ruby benchmark/uuid_benchmark.rb`) — not claimed, measured. With the Magnus backend (the default wherever the extension loads):
 
 | Call | i/s | vs `SecureRandom.uuid` |
 |---|---:|---:|
-| `SecureRandom.uuid` | 775,868 | baseline |
-| `HyperUuid.new_v7` (explicit ms) | 2,275,763 | **2.9x faster** |
-| `HyperUuid.new_v6` (explicit ms) | 2,197,698 | **2.8x faster** |
-| `HyperUuid.new_v4` | 2,176,244 | **2.8x faster** |
-| `HyperUuid.new_v5` | 1,458,385 | 1.9x faster |
-| `HyperUuid.new_v7` (current time) | 701,373 | parity (1.1x slower) |
-| `HyperUuid.new_v6` (current time) | 703,748 | parity (1.1x slower) |
+| `SecureRandom.uuid` | 872,365 | baseline |
+| `HyperUuid.new_v4` | 4,278,000 | **4.9x faster** |
+| `HyperUuid.new_v7` (explicit ms) | 3,517,000 | **4.0x faster** |
+| `HyperUuid.new_v6` (explicit ms) | 3,487,000 | **4.0x faster** |
+| `HyperUuid.new_v6` (current time) | 3,324,000 | **3.8x faster** |
+| `HyperUuid.new_v7` (current time) | 3,320,000 | **3.8x faster** |
+| `HyperUuid.new_v5` | 1,838,000 | 2.1x faster |
 
-An earlier edition of this section said single-item calls "lose to `SecureRandom.uuid`, full stop" and called the gap "structural, not a bug to fix — no amount of tuning closes that gap." That was wrong, and the receipts above are the correction: the gap was `Fiddle`'s per-call marshalling, and replacing the mechanism (the same play as this repo's Python PyO3 backend) closed it with room to spare. A `HyperUuid.new_v4` — real entropy, correct version/variant bits, minted by the shared Rust core — now costs a third of what `SecureRandom.uuid` does.
+A `HyperUuid.new_v4` — real entropy, correct version/variant bits, minted by the shared Rust core — costs a fifth of what `SecureRandom.uuid` does, because the Magnus extension is an ordinary native method call with nothing marshalled around it.
 
-The two "current time" rows deserve their honest footnote: the explicit-ms rows isolate the binding's own cost (~440-460ns), and the difference is one `Process.clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME)` wall-clock read — which this WSL2 measurement box prices at ~1µs because its Hyper-V clock defeats the vDSO fast path (verified: `CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE` costs 102ns on the same box). On bare-metal Linux that read is tens of nanoseconds, and the default-time rows land next to the explicit-ms ones. `SecureRandom.uuid` never reads a clock — random v4 is the only thing it does.
+The "current time" rows deserve a footnote, because they will not look like this everywhere. Here they land beside the explicit-ms rows: the only difference between the two is one `Process.clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME)` wall-clock read, and on this machine that read is too cheap to see. On a machine with a slow clock it is the whole story — where a virtualized clock defeats the vDSO fast path the same read costs ~1µs, which puts both current-time rows at parity with `SecureRandom.uuid` while the explicit-ms rows stay well ahead of it. `SecureRandom.uuid` never reads a clock — random v4 is the only thing it does. If your clock is slow and you are minting many, read it once and pass the timestamp, or use the batch doors.
 
-The Fiddle fallback (`HYPERUUID_PURE=1`, and any platform without a prebuilt extension) keeps its own diet — a reused thread-local scratch buffer instead of two GC-finalizer-registering mallocs per call, zero-copy `String` passes for read-only inputs, an unsynchronized fast path past the load mutex — landing at 1.27x slower than `SecureRandom.uuid` for v4 (was 1.30x before the diet, from a worse baseline run) with the same structural story as before: `Fiddle`'s interpreted marshalling is the floor, and the batch doors are how you amortize it.
+The Fiddle fallback (`HYPERUUID_PURE=1`, and any platform without a prebuilt extension) keeps its own diet — a reused thread-local scratch buffer instead of two GC-finalizer-registering mallocs per call, zero-copy `String` passes for read-only inputs, an unsynchronized fast path past the load mutex — landing at 1.25x slower than `SecureRandom.uuid` for v4 (1.26 µs against 1.01 µs in its own run) and 1.45x slower for v6/v7, with the same structural story as before: `Fiddle`'s interpreted marshalling is the floor, and the batch doors are how you amortize it.
 
 Batch generation still amortizes per-call cost on both backends — one native call for the whole batch:
 
 | Call | i/s (Magnus backend) |
 |---|---:|
-| `new_v6` × 1000 (individual) | 731.3 |
-| `new_v6_batch(1000)` | 2,655.6 (**3.6x**) |
-| `new_v7` × 1000 (individual) | 710.0 |
-| `new_v7_batch(1000)` | 2,744.3 (**3.9x**) |
+| `new_v6` × 1000 (individual) | 3,498 |
+| `new_v6_batch(1000)` | 4,633 (**1.3x**) |
+| `new_v7` × 1000 (individual) | 3,539 |
+| `new_v7_batch(1000)` | 4,677 (**1.3x**) |
+
+The multiplier is small on this backend for the best reason available: the individual calls are cheap, so there is little waste left to amortize, and what `new_v7_batch` spends its 214 µs on is building a thousand `Uuid` objects — the byte form above does the same native work in 10 µs. On the Fiddle backend, where each call costs 1.4 µs, the same batch is 6.7x the loop. If you need v5/v6/v7, need many at once, or need this Ruby service's IDs to agree byte-for-byte with a Go or Python service's, that's what this gem is for — and now it's the fast option too, not just the capable one.
+
+## Backends
+
+| `HyperUuid::BACKEND` | What runs | Chosen when |
+|---|---|---|
+| `:native` | the core linked into a Magnus extension | a precompiled platform gem carries an extension for this Ruby's ABI — see [Install](#install) |
+| `:fiddle` | `libhyperuuid` for this platform, `dlopen`ed through Fiddle | no extension loads; also the answer when nothing loads at all |
+| `:wasm` | the core as a `wasm32-wasip1` module inside the `wasmtime` gem | no extension and no library for this platform, and `wasmtime` is installed — see [WebAssembly (wasmtime)](#webassembly-wasmtime) |
+
+Selection happens once, at `require`, in that order. Two environment variables override it:
 
-The batch multiplier shrank from 11x to ~3.8x for the best reason available: the individual calls got 3x faster, so there's less waste left to amortize. If you need v5/v6/v7, need many at once, or need this Ruby service's IDs to agree byte-for-byte with a Go or Python service's, that's what this gem is for — and now it's the fast option too, not just the capable one.
+| Variable | Effect |
+|---|---|
+| `HYPERUUID_WASM` | forces `:wasm`; `require` raises a `LoadError` naming the gem if `wasmtime` is missing |
+| `HYPERUUID_PURE` | forces `:fiddle`, even where an extension would load |
+
+Both are read for presence, not value — set to anything at all, `0` and the empty string
+included, they force their backend — and `HYPERUUID_WASM` wins when both are set. A forced
+backend that turns out to have nothing to load does not fall through to another one: the
+first call raises, and `HyperUuid.available?` answers `false`.
+
+**Threads.** Every backend is safe to call from any number of threads. The extension runs
+under the GVL. Fiddle releases the GVL for the duration of each call, so that is the one
+backend where Ruby threads run the core truly in parallel — each through its own scratch
+buffer, with the core's v7 counter shared and atomic. The wasm backend serializes every call
+on one Mutex around one instance. `spec/hyperuuid_spec.rb`'s "concurrent callers" examples
+run under all three.
+
+**Ractors.** Main Ractor only, on every backend: called from another Ractor the doors raise
+`Ractor::UnsafeError` (`Ractor::IsolationError` under wasm).
 
 ## WebAssembly (wasmtime)
 
@@ -147,21 +231,25 @@ single-threaded, so every call is serialized under one Mutex around one shared i
 which is also what keeps the core's v7 counter (it lives inside the instance) monotonic
 across threads and batches, exactly as the one dlopen'd library does natively.
 
-Measured, same box as the benchmarks above (Ruby 4.0.6, linux-arm64, wasmtime 47.0.3):
+Measured, same box and same session as the benchmarks above (Ruby 4.0.7, linux-x64,
+wasmtime 48.0.1), all three backends:
 
-| Call | wasmtime | native (Magnus) |
-|---|---:|---:|
-| `uuid_new_v7`, single, per call | 867 ns | ~450 ns |
-| `uuid_new_v7_batch(1000)`, per call | 40.6 µs (50.6 µs with the 16 KB read back into Ruby) | 24 µs |
+| Call | wasmtime | Fiddle | Magnus |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| `new_v4` | 1.07 µs | 1.26 µs | 234 ns |
+| `new_v7` (explicit ms) | 1.44 µs | 1.47 µs | 284 ns |
+| `new_v7_batch_bytes(1000)` | 22.6 µs | 13.6 µs | 10.4 µs |
+| `new_v7_batch(1000)` → `Uuid` objects | 233 µs | 227 µs | 210 µs |
 
-So roughly 2x the native cost per call, and the batch doors amortize it the same way they do
-for Fiddle. The guest's own work is not where the time goes — the identical module runs at
-14 µs per thousand under a JIT-compiled host — it is the crossing, and Ruby's is one of the
-cheaper ones.
+So a single call costs what it costs on Fiddle, about five times the Magnus extension, and
+the batch doors amortize it the same way they do for Fiddle: the byte batch is twice the
+native cost, and the object batch is nearly the same on all three because building the objects is
+the whole of it. The guest's own work is not where the time goes — the identical module
+fills a thousand UUIDs in 11 µs under GraalWasm's JIT — it is the crossing.
 
 ## Verifying provenance
 
-Every gem RubyGems.org serves — the universal fallback and each of the six precompiled
+Every gem RubyGems.org serves — the universal fallback and each of the five precompiled
 platform gems — carries its own GitHub build-provenance attestation, signed directly by
 this repo's own `release.yml` (the `rubygems-publish` job attests `ruby/pkg/*.gem` right
 before the push), so plain `--repo` verifies any of them:
@@ -172,10 +260,11 @@ gh attestation verify hyperuuid-X.Y.Z-<platform>.gem --repo SkunkWerkx/HyperUuid
 ```
 
 That's the release's second layer of checking, not the only one: before any gem gets built,
-the same job verifies all ten native binaries it packs (six FFI libs, four Magnus
-extensions) against *their own* attestations — those are signed from `SkunkWerkx/.github`
-by `hyper-build-native.yml`, so that check needs `--signer-repo SkunkWerkx/.github` added —
-and refuses to proceed on an unverified one. RubyGems.org has no unpublish and no
+the same job verifies every native binary it packs — the Fiddle libraries, the Magnus
+extensions (one per Ruby ABI per platform) and the wasm module — against *their own*
+attestations — those are signed from `SkunkWerkx/.github` by `hyper-build-native.yml`, so
+that check needs `--signer-repo SkunkWerkx/.github` added — and refuses to proceed on an
+unverified one. RubyGems.org has no unpublish and no
 duplicate-version overwrite, so this all happens while a bad artifact is still reversible.
 The release run's job summary then re-fetches every gem from the CDN and records
 attested-vs-served digests, turning "rubygems.org stores an upload verbatim" into a
@@ -189,12 +278,15 @@ more on why `--signer-repo` is needed for some artifacts here and not others.
 gem install hyperuuid
 ```
 
-Published to [RubyGems.org](https://rubygems.org/gems/hyperuuid) as real precompiled
-"platform gems" — `bundle`/`gem install` auto-selects the matching one for
-linux-x64/arm64, osx-x64/arm64, x64-mingw-ucrt or aarch64-mingw-ucrt (the compiled Magnus
-native extension, `backend: :native`), falling back automatically to the universal
-`ruby`-platform gem (pure Fiddle, zero compile, bundles all 6 platforms' native libs)
-everywhere else. No extra configuration needed either way.
+Six gems are published per release: one universal `ruby`-platform gem (Fiddle, with every
+platform's native library and the wasm module bundled) plus five precompiled Magnus platform
+gems (`x86_64-linux`, `aarch64-linux`, `arm64-darwin`, `x64-mingw-ucrt`,
+`aarch64-mingw-ucrt`) that `gem install` and `bundle` auto-select when they match. There is
+no `x86_64-darwin` platform gem: an Intel Mac installs the universal gem and runs on Fiddle
+over the bundled `osx-x64` library, as Alpine does. A platform
+gem carries the same libraries and module beside its extensions, so the Fiddle and wasm
+backends are still there behind `HYPERUUID_PURE` and `HYPERUUID_WASM`. No extra configuration
+needed either way.
 
 Selection has **two** axes here, unlike every other binding in this repo. A Magnus extension
 is bound to one Ruby minor ABI — there's no `abi3` equivalent to collapse the version axis the
@@ -202,11 +294,20 @@ way [the Python binding's](../python/) wheels do — so each platform gem is a "
 carrying one compiled extension per supported Ruby, under `lib/hyperuuid/<minor>/`, and picks
 one at `require` time:
 
-| Ruby | linux-x64/arm64, osx-x64/arm64, x64-mingw-ucrt, aarch64-mingw-ucrt | anywhere else (musl/Alpine, …) |
-| --- | --- | --- |
-| 4.0 (primary) | Magnus, `backend: :native` | Fiddle |
-| 3.4 (floor, until its EOL 2028-03-31) | Magnus, `backend: :native` | Fiddle |
-| 3.2 / 3.3 | Fiddle | Fiddle |
+| Ruby | glibc Linux, macOS, Windows — x64 and arm64 | musl Linux (Alpine) — x64 and arm64 | anywhere else |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| 4.0 (primary) | Magnus, `BACKEND == :native` | Fiddle | wasm, if `wasmtime` is installed |
+| 3.4 (until its EOL 2028-03-31) | Magnus, `BACKEND == :native` | Fiddle | wasm, if `wasmtime` is installed |
+| 3.3 (the floor) | Fiddle | Fiddle | wasm, if `wasmtime` is installed |
+
+What stands behind each cell: CI runs the whole suite for the first column on every push —
+Magnus on Ruby 3.4 and 4.0, Fiddle and wasm on 4.0, on all five platforms with a CI leg
+(Intel macOS has none) — and the Fiddle
+suite for the musl column inside an Alpine container. The 3.3 row is the same Fiddle code
+path, run with the Docker command under [Development](#development) (Ruby 3.3 with the
+Fiddle 1.1.2 it ships) rather than on every push. The last column — wasm chosen
+automatically because nothing native exists — has no leg of its own: CI runs the wasm
+backend's suite forced, on platforms that have native builds too.
 
 The platform gems declare `required_ruby_version >= 3.4, < 4.1` precisely so RubyGems
 *declines* them outside that range and resolves the universal gem instead — a wrong-ABI
@@ -217,43 +318,111 @@ don't link libruby at all, so one can load successfully against the wrong ABI an
 later. When 3.4 goes EOL it simply leaves the matrix and its users fall back to Fiddle, which
 is exactly what the fallback is for.
 
-An earlier edition of this section said the fallback covered "Windows included, since Magnus
-doesn't target it." That was wrong in both halves. MinGW is the *only* Windows flavour
-`rb-sys` targets — its own `data/toolchains.json` maps `x64-mingw-ucrt` to the
-`x86_64-pc-windows-gnu` Rust target, `supported: true`; the target it has no support for is
-`x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`. And Windows is where the Fiddle fallback cost the most: measured
-on win-x64, Ruby 3.4, the Magnus backend does `new_v4` in 406ns against Fiddle's 2407ns
-(**5.9x**) and `new_v7` in 595ns against 2759ns (**4.6x**) — a far wider gap than any Linux
-or macOS leg shows.
-
-Windows-on-ARM is no longer the exception it was. `rb-sys` maps `aarch64-mingw-ucrt` to the
-`aarch64-pc-windows-gnullvm` Rust target (`supported: true`), and RubyInstaller ships an
-`aarch64-mingw-ucrt` build of both ABIs in the table above, so win-arm64 now gets the same fat
-platform gem as every other leg. Measured on real Windows-on-ARM hardware, Ruby 4.0.6, the
-Magnus backend does `new_v4` in 416ns against Fiddle's 2299ns (**5.5x**) and `new_v7` in 621ns
-against 2474ns (**4.0x**) — the same shape the x64 leg shows.
-
-What differs from the x64 build follows from `gnullvm` being LLVM-based where
-`x86_64-pc-windows-gnu` is GCC-based. The linker driver is `aarch64-w64-mingw32-clang` from
-MSYS2's CLANGARM64 environment — RubyInstaller's own ARM devkit installs it locally, and
-`ruby/setup-ruby` installs it on `windows-11-arm` — so there is no `link-self-contained=no`
-dance. Two flags are load-bearing:
-
-- **`-l static=unwind`.** rustc emits its `-lunwind` in the linker's *dynamic* section, where
-  CLANGARM64 offers both `libunwind.a` and `libunwind.dll.a` and lld prefers the latter. Left
-  alone, the extension acquires a runtime dependency on `libunwind.dll` — a file no consumer
-  of the gem would have.
-- **`BINDGEN_EXTRA_CLANG_ARGS=--target=aarch64-w64-mingw32`.** bindgen hands clang the *Rust*
-  target triple when cargo cross-compiles, and clang rejects `aarch64-pc-windows-gnullvm`
-  outright (`version 'llvm' in target triple ... is invalid`), then fails behind that on a
-  missing `stdalign.h` it never reached its own resource dir to find. `aarch64-w64-mingw32`
-  is the same ABI spelled the way clang accepts, exactly as x64 spells its gnu target
-  `x86_64-w64-mingw32`.
-
-That second one was briefly documented here as *unnecessary*, on the strength of a local
-build where it genuinely was: that build used a `gnullvm` **host** toolchain, so host equals
-target, cargo was not cross-compiling, and bindgen injected no `--target` at all. CI's host is
-MSVC, so it does. A local build says nothing about that step unless its host triple matches
-the runner's.
+**musl.** RubyGems does not tell musl from glibc for these gems: on Alpine, `gem install`
+picks the `x86_64-linux` or `aarch64-linux` platform gem exactly as it does on any other
+Linux (checked with RubyGems 4.0.20 on `x86_64-linux-musl`). The Magnus extension inside is
+linked against glibc and cannot load there — `require` fails cleanly on the missing
+`ld-linux` loader — so the gem falls back to Fiddle, which loads the musl build of the core
+(`native/linux-musl-x64` or `native/linux-musl-arm64`, chosen from `RUBY_PLATFORM`) that
+every gem carries. Alpine therefore works as installed, on the Fiddle backend and at Fiddle's
+speed. Releases through 0.3.0 carried no musl library: there the fallback found only the
+glibc one, and the first call raised `Fiddle::DLError`.
+
+**Nothing in this gem is ever compiled, on any platform.** Its one dependency can be:
+`fiddle` is a bundled gem on Ruby 4.0 and a default gem on 3.3 and 3.4, and `gem install` is
+satisfied by the copy Ruby ships. Bundler resolves the newest `fiddle` on rubygems.org
+instead, and when that is newer than the one your Ruby ships — true today on 3.3 and 3.4, not
+on 4.0 — it builds Fiddle's own C extension, which takes a compiler and libffi's headers
+(`apk add build-base libffi-dev` on Alpine). Holding `fiddle` at your Ruby's version in the
+`Gemfile.lock` avoids that.
+
+Both Windows architectures get a Magnus gem. MinGW is the *only* Windows flavour `rb-sys`
+targets (`x64-mingw-ucrt` and `aarch64-mingw-ucrt`, both `supported: true` in its own
+`data/toolchains.json`); the one it has no support for is MSVC. Windows is also where the
+Fiddle fallback costs the most: measured on win-x64, Ruby 3.4, the Magnus backend does
+`new_v4` in 406ns against Fiddle's 2407ns (**5.9x**) and `new_v7` in 595ns against 2759ns
+(**4.6x**) — a far wider gap than any Linux or macOS leg shows — and on real Windows-on-ARM
+hardware, Ruby 4.0.6, `new_v4` in 416ns against Fiddle's 2299ns (**5.5x**) and `new_v7` in
+621ns against 2474ns (**4.0x**), the same shape. Both extensions are built for the `gnullvm`
+Rust targets rather than `gnu` — the same mingw-w64/UCRT ABI RubyInstaller's Ruby uses,
+linked with LLVM and compiler-rt instead of GCC and a statically-linked libgcc, which is what
+keeps the shipped extension small. The build script, and the two flags that are load-bearing
+on the ARM leg (a static libunwind, and a clang-spelled `--target` for bindgen), live in the
+forge's `ruby-magnus` action (`build-magnus.sh`), shared with every other Hyper* repo.
+
+## Development
+
+Everything below runs from a checkout, with `rust/` beside `ruby/`; none of it is needed to
+use the gem. The Fiddle and wasm backends find the in-repo builds on their own when nothing
+is staged under `lib/hyperuuid/native/`. The Magnus backend does not — an extension has to be
+built for the Ruby you are running and put where `require` looks — and that is what
+`rake native:dev` is for.
+
+```sh
+cd rust
+cargo build --release                           # libhyperuuid, what the Fiddle backend loads
+cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasip1    # hyperuuid.wasm, what the wasm backend loads
+
+cd ../ruby
+bundle install
+bundle exec rake native:dev          # build the Magnus extension for this Ruby and stage it
+bundle exec rspec                    # BACKEND == :native
+HYPERUUID_PURE=1 bundle exec rspec   # BACKEND == :fiddle
+HYPERUUID_WASM=1 bundle exec rspec   # BACKEND == :wasm
+bundle exec rake docs:check          # every public object carries a doc comment
+ruby benchmark/uuid_benchmark.rb     # prints the backend it measured
+```
+
+`rake native:dev` runs `cargo ruby-ext` (an alias in `rust/.cargo/config.toml` that builds the
+`ruby` feature into `rust/target/ruby/`, never over the plain library in
+`rust/target/release/`) and copies the result to
+`lib/hyperuuid/<minor>/hyperuuid_native.<so|bundle>` — the path `lib/hyperuuid.rb` tries
+first. The copy is also a rename, and it is the step `cargo ruby-ext` alone does not do: cargo
+names its output `libhyperuuid.so`, and Ruby derives the `Init_` function it calls from the
+file name it was asked to `require`. Three things worth knowing:
+
+- **Run it again after changing `rust/`.** The staged file is a copy; nothing rebuilds it.
+- **One staging per Ruby.** An extension is bound to one Ruby minor, so under a second Ruby
+  (`RBENV_VERSION=3.4.11 bundle exec rake native:dev`, say) the task rebuilds for that ABI
+  and stages beside the first, each Ruby loading its own.
+- **Without it, `bundle exec rspec` still passes — on Fiddle.** The examples under "native
+  backend" report themselves pending with `BACKEND=fiddle`; that line, or
+  `ruby -Ilib -rhyperuuid -e 'p HyperUuid::BACKEND'`, is how to tell which backend a run
+  exercised. Deleting `lib/hyperuuid/<minor>/` goes back to Fiddle.
+
+The task covers Linux and macOS. The Windows extensions need the `gnullvm` targets and linker
+flags in the forge's `build-magnus.sh`, which is also what CI uses on every platform.
+
+The musl build has no host to run on outside a container. With the core built for musl at
+`rust/target/musl/linux-musl-x64/libhyperuuid.so`, this runs the Fiddle suite against it on
+Alpine, with the checkout mounted read-only:
+
+```sh
+docker run --rm -v "$PWD/..":/src:ro ruby:4.0-alpine sh -euc '
+  mkdir /work && cp -r /src/ruby /work/ruby
+  mkdir -p /work/ruby/lib/hyperuuid/native/linux-musl-x64
+  cp /src/rust/target/musl/linux-musl-x64/libhyperuuid.so /work/ruby/lib/hyperuuid/native/linux-musl-x64/
+  cd /work/ruby && rm -f Gemfile.lock
+  BUNDLE_WITHOUT=wasm bundle install --quiet --prefer-local
+  HYPERUUID_PURE=1 BUNDLE_WITHOUT=wasm bundle exec rspec'
+```
+
+The floor's test is the same container on `ruby:3.3-alpine`. Bundler would compile a newer
+Fiddle there (see [Install](#install)), so this one goes around Bundler and runs against the
+Fiddle that Ruby 3.3 ships:
+
+```sh
+docker run --rm -v "$PWD/..":/src:ro ruby:3.3-alpine sh -euc '
+  mkdir /work && cp -r /src/ruby /work/ruby
+  mkdir -p /work/ruby/lib/hyperuuid/native/linux-musl-x64
+  cp /src/rust/target/musl/linux-musl-x64/libhyperuuid.so /work/ruby/lib/hyperuuid/native/linux-musl-x64/
+  cd /work/ruby && rm -f Gemfile Gemfile.lock
+  gem install rspec -v "~> 3.13" --no-document --silent
+  HYPERUUID_PURE=1 rspec'
+```
 
 See [the repo root README](../README.md) for the full RFC 9562 coverage table and the state of every other language binding.
+
+## License
+
+[MIT](https://github.com/SkunkWerkx/HyperUuid/blob/master/LICENSE)

data/lib/hyperuuid/errors.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module HyperUuid
+  # Raised when the operating system's random source fails while a UUID is being minted —
+  # the one way `new_v4`, `new_v6`, `new_v7` and their batch forms can fail once their
+  # arguments are valid. Carries the same message on every backend.
+  class RandomSourceError < StandardError; end
+
+  # Raised when a timestamp cannot be embedded in the UUID being minted: a version 7 value
+  # past RFC 9562's 48-bit millisecond field, a version 6 value past its 60-bit field, or
+  # any negative one (a `Time` before the Unix epoch included). Carries the same message on
+  # every backend.
+  class TimestampOutOfRangeError < StandardError; end
+end

data/lib/hyperuuid/native_platform.rb

@@ -4,18 +4,24 @@ module HyperUuid
   module NativePlatform
     class UnsupportedPlatformError < StandardError; end
 
-    def self.rid_and_library_name
-      is_arm = RUBY_PLATFORM.match?(/arm64|aarch64/)
+    # +platform+ is a parameter only so the specs can walk the whole table from one host;
+    # every real caller takes the default.
+    def self.rid_and_library_name(platform = RUBY_PLATFORM)
+      arch = platform.match?(/arm64|aarch64/) ? "arm64" : "x64"
 
-      case RUBY_PLATFORM
+      case platform
       when /mingw|mswin|windows/
-        is_arm ? ["win-arm64", "hyperuuid.dll"] : ["win-x64", "hyperuuid.dll"]
+        ["win-#{arch}", "hyperuuid.dll"]
       when /darwin/
-        is_arm ? ["osx-arm64", "libhyperuuid.dylib"] : ["osx-x64", "libhyperuuid.dylib"]
+        ["osx-#{arch}", "libhyperuuid.dylib"]
       when /linux/
-        is_arm ? ["linux-arm64", "libhyperuuid.so"] : ["linux-x64", "libhyperuuid.so"]
+        # Two C libraries, two builds: a glibc-linked library cannot be relied on to dlopen
+        # into a musl process (Alpine), so musl gets RIDs of its own. Ruby names the libc
+        # in its platform string there ("x86_64-linux-musl") and leaves it off on glibc.
+        os = platform.include?("musl") ? "linux-musl" : "linux"
+        ["#{os}-#{arch}", "libhyperuuid.so"]
       else
-        raise UnsupportedPlatformError, "hyperuuid: unsupported platform RUBY_PLATFORM=#{RUBY_PLATFORM}"
+        raise UnsupportedPlatformError, "hyperuuid: unsupported platform RUBY_PLATFORM=#{platform}"
       end
     end
   end