html-to-markdown 2.25.1 → 2.26.2

data/rust-vendor/tokio/src/process/mod.rs

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+//! An implementation of asynchronous process management for Tokio.
+//!
+//! This module provides a [`Command`] struct that imitates the interface of the
+//! [`std::process::Command`] type in the standard library, but provides asynchronous versions of
+//! functions that create processes. These functions (`spawn`, `status`, `output` and their
+//! variants) return "future aware" types that interoperate with Tokio. The asynchronous process
+//! support is provided through signal handling on Unix and system APIs on Windows.
+//!
+//! [`std::process::Command`]: std::process::Command
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! Here's an example program which will spawn `echo hello world` and then wait
+//! for it complete.
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use tokio::process::Command;
+//!
+//! #[tokio::main]
+//! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     // The usage is similar as with the standard library's `Command` type
+//!     let mut child = Command::new("echo")
+//!         .arg("hello")
+//!         .arg("world")
+//!         .spawn()
+//!         .expect("failed to spawn");
+//!
+//!     // Await until the command completes
+//!     let status = child.wait().await?;
+//!     println!("the command exited with: {}", status);
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Next, let's take a look at an example where we not only spawn `echo hello
+//! world` but we also capture its output.
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use tokio::process::Command;
+//!
+//! #[tokio::main]
+//! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     // Like above, but use `output` which returns a future instead of
+//!     // immediately returning the `Child`.
+//!     let output = Command::new("echo").arg("hello").arg("world")
+//!                         .output();
+//!
+//!     let output = output.await?;
+//!
+//!     assert!(output.status.success());
+//!     assert_eq!(output.stdout, b"hello world\n");
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! We can also read input line by line.
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use tokio::io::{BufReader, AsyncBufReadExt};
+//! use tokio::process::Command;
+//!
+//! use std::process::Stdio;
+//!
+//! #[tokio::main]
+//! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     let mut cmd = Command::new("cat");
+//!
+//!     // Specify that we want the command's standard output piped back to us.
+//!     // By default, standard input/output/error will be inherited from the
+//!     // current process (for example, this means that standard input will
+//!     // come from the keyboard and standard output/error will go directly to
+//!     // the terminal if this process is invoked from the command line).
+//!     cmd.stdout(Stdio::piped());
+//!
+//!     let mut child = cmd.spawn()
+//!         .expect("failed to spawn command");
+//!
+//!     let stdout = child.stdout.take()
+//!         .expect("child did not have a handle to stdout");
+//!
+//!     let mut reader = BufReader::new(stdout).lines();
+//!
+//!     // Ensure the child process is spawned in the runtime so it can
+//!     // make progress on its own while we await for any output.
+//!     tokio::spawn(async move {
+//!         let status = child.wait().await
+//!             .expect("child process encountered an error");
+//!
+//!         println!("child status was: {}", status);
+//!     });
+//!
+//!     while let Some(line) = reader.next_line().await? {
+//!         println!("Line: {}", line);
+//!     }
+//!
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Here is another example using `sort` writing into the child process
+//! standard input, capturing the output of the sorted text.
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+//! use tokio::process::Command;
+//!
+//! use std::process::Stdio;
+//!
+//! #[tokio::main]
+//! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     let mut cmd = Command::new("sort");
+//!
+//!     // Specifying that we want pipe both the output and the input.
+//!     // Similarly to capturing the output, by configuring the pipe
+//!     // to stdin it can now be used as an asynchronous writer.
+//!     cmd.stdout(Stdio::piped());
+//!     cmd.stdin(Stdio::piped());
+//!
+//!     let mut child = cmd.spawn().expect("failed to spawn command");
+//!
+//!     // These are the animals we want to sort
+//!     let animals: &[&str] = &["dog", "bird", "frog", "cat", "fish"];
+//!
+//!     let mut stdin = child
+//!         .stdin
+//!         .take()
+//!         .expect("child did not have a handle to stdin");
+//!
+//!     // Write our animals to the child process
+//!     // Note that the behavior of `sort` is to buffer _all input_ before writing any output.
+//!     // In the general sense, it is recommended to write to the child in a separate task as
+//!     // awaiting its exit (or output) to avoid deadlocks (for example, the child tries to write
+//!     // some output but gets stuck waiting on the parent to read from it, meanwhile the parent
+//!     // is stuck waiting to write its input completely before reading the output).
+//!     stdin
+//!         .write(animals.join("\n").as_bytes())
+//!         .await
+//!         .expect("could not write to stdin");
+//!
+//!     // We drop the handle here which signals EOF to the child process.
+//!     // This tells the child process that it there is no more data on the pipe.
+//!     drop(stdin);
+//!
+//!     let op = child.wait_with_output().await?;
+//!
+//!     // Results should come back in sorted order
+//!     assert_eq!(op.stdout, "bird\ncat\ndog\nfish\nfrog\n".as_bytes());
+//!
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! With some coordination, we can also pipe the output of one command into
+//! another.
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use tokio::join;
+//! use tokio::process::Command;
+//! use std::process::Stdio;
+//!
+//! #[tokio::main]
+//! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     let mut echo = Command::new("echo")
+//!         .arg("hello world!")
+//!         .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+//!         .spawn()
+//!         .expect("failed to spawn echo");
+//!
+//!     let tr_stdin: Stdio = echo
+//!         .stdout
+//!         .take()
+//!         .unwrap()
+//!         .try_into()
+//!         .expect("failed to convert to Stdio");
+//!
+//!     let tr = Command::new("tr")
+//!         .arg("a-z")
+//!         .arg("A-Z")
+//!         .stdin(tr_stdin)
+//!         .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+//!         .spawn()
+//!         .expect("failed to spawn tr");
+//!
+//!     let (echo_result, tr_output) = join!(echo.wait(), tr.wait_with_output());
+//!
+//!     assert!(echo_result.unwrap().success());
+//!
+//!     let tr_output = tr_output.expect("failed to await tr");
+//!     assert!(tr_output.status.success());
+//!
+//!     assert_eq!(tr_output.stdout, b"HELLO WORLD!\n");
+//!
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! # Caveats
+//!
+//! ## Dropping/Cancellation
+//!
+//! Similar to the behavior to the standard library, and unlike the futures
+//! paradigm of dropping-implies-cancellation, a spawned process will, by
+//! default, continue to execute even after the `Child` handle has been dropped.
+//!
+//! The [`Command::kill_on_drop`] method can be used to modify this behavior
+//! and kill the child process if the `Child` wrapper is dropped before it
+//! has exited.
+//!
+//! ## Unix Processes
+//!
+//! On Unix platforms processes must be "reaped" by their parent process after
+//! they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which
+//! has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a "zombie"
+//! process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system,
+//! and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes
+//! from being spawned.
+//!
+//! The tokio runtime will, on a best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up
+//! any process which it has spawned. No additional guarantees are made with regard to
+//! how quickly or how often this procedure will take place.
+//!
+//! It is recommended to avoid dropping a [`Child`] process handle before it has been
+//! fully `await`ed if stricter cleanup guarantees are required.
+//!
+//! [`Command`]: crate::process::Command
+//! [`Command::kill_on_drop`]: crate::process::Command::kill_on_drop
+//! [`Child`]: crate::process::Child
+
+#[path = "unix/mod.rs"]
+#[cfg(unix)]
+mod imp;
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+pub(crate) mod unix {
+    pub(crate) use super::imp::*;
+}
+
+#[path = "windows.rs"]
+#[cfg(windows)]
+mod imp;
+
+mod kill;
+
+use crate::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
+use crate::process::kill::Kill;
+
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::process::{Child as StdChild, Command as StdCommand, ExitStatus, Output, Stdio};
+use std::task::{ready, Context, Poll};
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;
+
+cfg_windows! {
+    use crate::os::windows::io::{AsRawHandle, RawHandle};
+}
+
+/// This structure mimics the API of [`std::process::Command`] found in the standard library, but
+/// replaces functions that create a process with an asynchronous variant. The main provided
+/// asynchronous functions are [spawn](Command::spawn), [status](Command::status), and
+/// [output](Command::output).
+///
+/// `Command` uses asynchronous versions of some `std` types (for example [`Child`]).
+///
+/// [`std::process::Command`]: std::process::Command
+/// [`Child`]: struct@Child
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Command {
+    std: StdCommand,
+    kill_on_drop: bool,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct SpawnedChild {
+    child: imp::Child,
+    stdin: Option<imp::ChildStdio>,
+    stdout: Option<imp::ChildStdio>,
+    stderr: Option<imp::ChildStdio>,
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Constructs a new `Command` for launching the program at
+    /// path `program`, with the following default configuration:
+    ///
+    /// * No arguments to the program
+    /// * Inherit the current process's environment
+    /// * Inherit the current process's working directory
+    /// * Inherit stdin/stdout/stderr for `spawn` or `status`, but create pipes for `output`
+    ///
+    /// Builder methods are provided to change these defaults and
+    /// otherwise configure the process.
+    ///
+    /// If `program` is not an absolute path, the `PATH` will be searched in
+    /// an OS-defined way.
+    ///
+    /// The search path to be used may be controlled by setting the
+    /// `PATH` environment variable on the Command,
+    /// but this has some implementation limitations on Windows
+    /// (see issue [rust-lang/rust#37519]).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    /// let mut command = Command::new("sh");
+    /// # let _ = command.output(); // assert borrow checker
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [rust-lang/rust#37519]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/37519
+    pub fn new<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(program: S) -> Command {
+        Self::from(StdCommand::new(program))
+    }
+
+    /// Cheaply convert to a `&std::process::Command` for places where the type from the standard
+    /// library is expected.
+    pub fn as_std(&self) -> &StdCommand {
+        &self.std
+    }
+
+    /// Cheaply convert to a `&mut std::process::Command` for places where the type from the
+    /// standard library is expected.
+    pub fn as_std_mut(&mut self) -> &mut StdCommand {
+        &mut self.std
+    }
+
+    /// Cheaply convert into a `std::process::Command`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that Tokio specific options will be lost. Currently, this only applies to [`kill_on_drop`].
+    ///
+    /// [`kill_on_drop`]: Command::kill_on_drop
+    pub fn into_std(self) -> StdCommand {
+        self.std
+    }
+
+    /// Adds an argument to pass to the program.
+    ///
+    /// Only one argument can be passed per use. So instead of:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// let mut command = tokio::process::Command::new("sh");
+    /// command.arg("-C /path/to/repo");
+    ///
+    /// # let _ = command.output(); // assert borrow checker
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// usage would be:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// let mut command = tokio::process::Command::new("sh");
+    /// command.arg("-C");
+    /// command.arg("/path/to/repo");
+    ///
+    /// # let _ = command.output(); // assert borrow checker
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// To pass multiple arguments see [`args`].
+    ///
+    /// [`args`]: method@Self::args
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .arg("-l")
+    ///         .arg("-a")
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    pub fn arg<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mut self, arg: S) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.arg(arg);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Adds multiple arguments to pass to the program.
+    ///
+    /// To pass a single argument see [`arg`].
+    ///
+    /// [`arg`]: method@Self::arg
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .args(&["-l", "-a"])
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn args<I, S>(&mut self, args: I) -> &mut Command
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
+        S: AsRef<OsStr>,
+    {
+        self.std.args(args);
+        self
+    }
+
+    cfg_windows! {
+        /// Append literal text to the command line without any quoting or escaping.
+        ///
+        /// This is useful for passing arguments to `cmd.exe /c`, which doesn't follow
+        /// `CommandLineToArgvW` escaping rules.
+        pub fn raw_arg<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mut self, text_to_append_as_is: S) -> &mut Command {
+            self.std.raw_arg(text_to_append_as_is);
+            self
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts or updates an environment variable mapping.
+    ///
+    /// Note that environment variable names are case-insensitive (but case-preserving) on Windows,
+    /// and case-sensitive on all other platforms.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .env("PATH", "/bin")
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn env<K, V>(&mut self, key: K, val: V) -> &mut Command
+    where
+        K: AsRef<OsStr>,
+        V: AsRef<OsStr>,
+    {
+        self.std.env(key, val);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Adds or updates multiple environment variable mappings.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    /// use std::process::{Stdio};
+    /// use std::env;
+    /// use std::collections::HashMap;
+    ///
+    /// let filtered_env : HashMap<String, String> =
+    ///     env::vars().filter(|&(ref k, _)|
+    ///         k == "TERM" || k == "TZ" || k == "LANG" || k == "PATH"
+    ///     ).collect();
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("printenv")
+    ///         .stdin(Stdio::null())
+    ///         .stdout(Stdio::inherit())
+    ///         .env_clear()
+    ///         .envs(&filtered_env)
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn envs<I, K, V>(&mut self, vars: I) -> &mut Command
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>,
+        K: AsRef<OsStr>,
+        V: AsRef<OsStr>,
+    {
+        self.std.envs(vars);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Removes an environment variable mapping.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .env_remove("PATH")
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn env_remove<K: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mut self, key: K) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.env_remove(key);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the entire environment map for the child process.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .env_clear()
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn env_clear(&mut self) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.env_clear();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the working directory for the child process.
+    ///
+    /// # Platform-specific behavior
+    ///
+    /// If the program path is relative (e.g., `"./script.sh"`), it's ambiguous
+    /// whether it should be interpreted relative to the parent's working
+    /// directory or relative to `current_dir`. The behavior in this case is
+    /// platform specific and unstable, and it's recommended to use
+    /// [`canonicalize`] to get an absolute program path instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`canonicalize`]: crate::fs::canonicalize()
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .current_dir("/bin")
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn current_dir<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, dir: P) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.current_dir(dir);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets configuration for the child process's standard input (stdin) handle.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to [`inherit`].
+    ///
+    /// [`inherit`]: std::process::Stdio::inherit
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use std::process::{Stdio};
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .stdin(Stdio::null())
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn stdin<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mut self, cfg: T) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.stdin(cfg);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets configuration for the child process's standard output (stdout) handle.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to [`inherit`] when used with `spawn` or `status`, and
+    /// defaults to [`piped`] when used with `output`.
+    ///
+    /// [`inherit`]: std::process::Stdio::inherit
+    /// [`piped`]: std::process::Stdio::piped
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    /// use std::process::Stdio;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .stdout(Stdio::null())
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn stdout<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mut self, cfg: T) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.stdout(cfg);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets configuration for the child process's standard error (stderr) handle.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to [`inherit`] when used with `spawn` or `status`, and
+    /// defaults to [`piped`] when used with `output`.
+    ///
+    /// [`inherit`]: std::process::Stdio::inherit
+    /// [`piped`]: std::process::Stdio::piped
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    /// use std::process::{Stdio};
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .stderr(Stdio::null())
+    ///         .output().await.unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn stderr<T: Into<Stdio>>(&mut self, cfg: T) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.stderr(cfg);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Controls whether a `kill` operation should be invoked on a spawned child
+    /// process when its corresponding `Child` handle is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// By default, this value is assumed to be `false`, meaning the next spawned
+    /// process will not be killed on drop, similar to the behavior of the standard
+    /// library.
+    ///
+    /// # Caveats
+    ///
+    /// On Unix platforms processes must be "reaped" by their parent process after
+    /// they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which
+    /// has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a "zombie"
+    /// process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system,
+    /// and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes
+    /// from being spawned.
+    ///
+    /// Although issuing a `kill` signal to the child process is a synchronous
+    /// operation, the resulting zombie process cannot be `.await`ed inside of the
+    /// destructor to avoid blocking other tasks. The tokio runtime will, on a
+    /// best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up such processes in the
+    /// background, but no additional guarantees are made with regard to
+    /// how quickly or how often this procedure will take place.
+    ///
+    /// If stronger guarantees are required, it is recommended to avoid dropping
+    /// a [`Child`] handle where possible, and instead utilize `child.wait().await`
+    /// or `child.kill().await` where possible.
+    pub fn kill_on_drop(&mut self, kill_on_drop: bool) -> &mut Command {
+        self.kill_on_drop = kill_on_drop;
+        self
+    }
+
+    cfg_windows! {
+        /// Sets the [process creation flags][1] to be passed to `CreateProcess`.
+        ///
+        /// These will always be ORed with `CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT`.
+        ///
+        /// [1]: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms684863(v=vs.85).aspx
+        pub fn creation_flags(&mut self, flags: u32) -> &mut Command {
+            self.std.creation_flags(flags);
+            self
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the child process's user ID. This translates to a
+    /// `setuid` call in the child process. Failure in the `setuid`
+    /// call will cause the spawn to fail.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))]
+    pub fn uid(&mut self, id: u32) -> &mut Command {
+        #[cfg(target_os = "nto")]
+        let id = id as i32;
+        self.std.uid(id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Similar to `uid` but sets the group ID of the child process. This has
+    /// the same semantics as the `uid` field.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))]
+    pub fn gid(&mut self, id: u32) -> &mut Command {
+        #[cfg(target_os = "nto")]
+        let id = id as i32;
+        self.std.gid(id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets executable argument.
+    ///
+    /// Set the first process argument, `argv[0]`, to something other than the
+    /// default executable path.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))]
+    pub fn arg0<S>(&mut self, arg: S) -> &mut Command
+    where
+        S: AsRef<OsStr>,
+    {
+        self.std.arg0(arg);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Schedules a closure to be run just before the `exec` function is
+    /// invoked.
+    ///
+    /// The closure is allowed to return an I/O error whose OS error code will
+    /// be communicated back to the parent and returned as an error from when
+    /// the spawn was requested.
+    ///
+    /// Multiple closures can be registered and they will be called in order of
+    /// their registration. If a closure returns `Err` then no further closures
+    /// will be called and the spawn operation will immediately return with a
+    /// failure.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This closure will be run in the context of the child process after a
+    /// `fork`. This primarily means that any modifications made to memory on
+    /// behalf of this closure will **not** be visible to the parent process.
+    /// This is often a very constrained environment where normal operations
+    /// like `malloc` or acquiring a mutex are not guaranteed to work (due to
+    /// other threads perhaps still running when the `fork` was run).
+    ///
+    /// This also means that all resources such as file descriptors and
+    /// memory-mapped regions got duplicated. It is your responsibility to make
+    /// sure that the closure does not violate library invariants by making
+    /// invalid use of these duplicates.
+    ///
+    /// When this closure is run, aspects such as the stdio file descriptors and
+    /// working directory have successfully been changed, so output to these
+    /// locations may not appear where intended.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))]
+    pub unsafe fn pre_exec<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> &mut Command
+    where
+        F: FnMut() -> io::Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        unsafe { self.std.pre_exec(f) };
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the process group ID (PGID) of the child process. Equivalent to a
+    /// `setpgid` call in the child process, but may be more efficient.
+    ///
+    /// Process groups determine which processes receive signals.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Pressing Ctrl-C in a terminal will send `SIGINT` to all processes
+    /// in the current foreground process group. By spawning the `sleep`
+    /// subprocess in a new process group, it will not receive `SIGINT`
+    /// from the terminal.
+    ///
+    /// The parent process could install a [signal handler] and manage the
+    /// process on its own terms.
+    ///
+    /// A process group ID of 0 will use the process ID as the PGID.
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let output = Command::new("sleep")
+    ///     .arg("10")
+    ///     .process_group(0)
+    ///     .output()
+    ///     .await
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [signal handler]: crate::signal
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))]
+    pub fn process_group(&mut self, pgroup: i32) -> &mut Command {
+        self.std.process_group(pgroup);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Executes the command as a child process, returning a handle to it.
+    ///
+    /// By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent.
+    ///
+    /// This method will spawn the child process synchronously and return a
+    /// handle to a future-aware child process. The `Child` returned implements
+    /// `Future` itself to acquire the `ExitStatus` of the child, and otherwise
+    /// the `Child` has methods to acquire handles to the stdin, stdout, and
+    /// stderr streams.
+    ///
+    /// All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default
+    /// event loop.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// async fn run_ls() -> std::process::ExitStatus {
+    ///     Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .spawn()
+    ///         .expect("ls command failed to start")
+    ///         .wait()
+    ///         .await
+    ///         .expect("ls command failed to run")
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Caveats
+    ///
+    /// ## Dropping/Cancellation
+    ///
+    /// Similar to the behavior to the standard library, and unlike the futures
+    /// paradigm of dropping-implies-cancellation, a spawned process will, by
+    /// default, continue to execute even after the `Child` handle has been dropped.
+    ///
+    /// The [`Command::kill_on_drop`] method can be used to modify this behavior
+    /// and kill the child process if the `Child` wrapper is dropped before it
+    /// has exited.
+    ///
+    /// ## Unix Processes
+    ///
+    /// On Unix platforms processes must be "reaped" by their parent process after
+    /// they have exited in order to release all OS resources. A child process which
+    /// has exited, but has not yet been reaped by its parent is considered a "zombie"
+    /// process. Such processes continue to count against limits imposed by the system,
+    /// and having too many zombie processes present can prevent additional processes
+    /// from being spawned.
+    ///
+    /// The tokio runtime will, on a best-effort basis, attempt to reap and clean up
+    /// any process which it has spawned. No additional guarantees are made with regard to
+    /// how quickly or how often this procedure will take place.
+    ///
+    /// It is recommended to avoid dropping a [`Child`] process handle before it has been
+    /// fully `await`ed if stricter cleanup guarantees are required.
+    ///
+    /// [`Command`]: crate::process::Command
+    /// [`Command::kill_on_drop`]: crate::process::Command::kill_on_drop
+    /// [`Child`]: crate::process::Child
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// On Unix platforms this method will fail with `std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock`
+    /// if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications
+    /// running on the system).
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn spawn(&mut self) -> io::Result<Child> {
+        // On two lines to circumvent a mutable borrow check failure.
+        let child = self.std.spawn()?;
+        self.build_child(child)
+    }
+
+    /// Executes the command as a child process with a custom spawning function,
+    /// returning a handle to it.
+    ///
+    /// This is identical to [`Self::spawn`] in every aspect except the spawn:
+    /// here, it is customizable through the `with` parameter instead of
+    /// defaulting to the usual spawn. In fact, [`Self::spawn`] is just
+    /// [`Self::spawn_with`] with [`StdCommand::spawn`].
+    ///
+    /// This is useful mostly under Windows for now, since the platform exposes
+    /// special APIs to configure child processes when spawning them with various
+    /// attributes that customize the exact behavior of the spawn operation.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # async fn test() { // allow using await
+    /// use std::process::Stdio;
+    ///
+    /// let output = tokio::process::Command::new("ls")
+    ///     .stdin(Stdio::null())
+    ///     .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+    ///     .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+    ///     .spawn_with(std::process::Command::spawn)
+    ///     .unwrap()
+    ///     .wait_with_output()
+    ///     .await
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Actually customizing the spawn under Windows:
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// #![feature(windows_process_extensions_raw_attribute)]
+    /// # #[cfg(windows)]   // Windows-only nightly APIs are used here.
+    /// # async fn test() { // Allow using await.
+    /// use std::os::windows::process::{CommandExt, ProcThreadAttributeList};
+    /// use std::process::Stdio;
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let parent = Command::new("cmd").spawn().unwrap();
+    /// let parent_process_handle = parent.raw_handle();
+    ///
+    /// const PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS: usize = 0x00020000;
+    /// let attribute_list = ProcThreadAttributeList::build()
+    ///     .attribute(PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS, &parent_process_handle)
+    ///     .finish()
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    ///
+    /// let _output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///     .stdin(Stdio::null())
+    ///     .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+    ///     .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+    ///     .spawn_with(|cmd| cmd.spawn_with_attributes(&attribute_list))
+    ///     .unwrap()
+    ///     .wait_with_output()
+    ///     .await
+    ///     .unwrap();
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(tokio_unstable)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(tokio_unstable)))]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn spawn_with(
+        &mut self,
+        with: impl FnOnce(&mut StdCommand) -> io::Result<StdChild>,
+    ) -> io::Result<Child> {
+        // On two lines to circumvent a mutable borrow check failure.
+        let child = with(&mut self.std)?;
+        self.build_child(child)
+    }
+
+    /// Small indirection for the spawn implementations.
+    ///
+    /// This is introduced for [`Self::spawn`] and [`Self::spawn_with`] to use:
+    /// [`Self::spawn`] cannot depend directly on [`Self::spawn_with`] since
+    /// it is behind `tokio_unstable`. It also serves as a way to reduce
+    /// monomorphization bloat by taking in an already-spawned child process
+    /// instead of a command and custom spawn function.
+    fn build_child(&self, child: StdChild) -> io::Result<Child> {
+        let spawned_child = imp::build_child(child)?;
+
+        Ok(Child {
+            child: FusedChild::Child(ChildDropGuard {
+                inner: spawned_child.child,
+                kill_on_drop: self.kill_on_drop,
+            }),
+            stdin: spawned_child.stdin.map(|inner| ChildStdin { inner }),
+            stdout: spawned_child.stdout.map(|inner| ChildStdout { inner }),
+            stderr: spawned_child.stderr.map(|inner| ChildStderr { inner }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Executes the command as a child process, waiting for it to finish and
+    /// collecting its exit status.
+    ///
+    /// By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent.
+    /// If any input/output handles are set to a pipe then they will be immediately
+    /// closed after the child is spawned.
+    ///
+    /// All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default
+    /// event loop.
+    ///
+    /// The destructor of the future returned by this function will kill
+    /// the child if [`kill_on_drop`] is set to true.
+    ///
+    /// [`kill_on_drop`]: fn@Self::kill_on_drop
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This future will return an error if the child process cannot be spawned
+    /// or if there is an error while awaiting its status.
+    ///
+    /// On Unix platforms this method will fail with `std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock`
+    /// if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications
+    /// running on the system).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// async fn run_ls() -> std::process::ExitStatus {
+    ///     Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .status()
+    ///         .await
+    ///         .expect("ls command failed to run")
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn status(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = io::Result<ExitStatus>> {
+        let child = self.spawn();
+
+        async {
+            let mut child = child?;
+
+            // Ensure we close any stdio handles so we can't deadlock
+            // waiting on the child which may be waiting to read/write
+            // to a pipe we're holding.
+            child.stdin.take();
+            child.stdout.take();
+            child.stderr.take();
+
+            child.wait().await
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Executes the command as a child process, waiting for it to finish and
+    /// collecting all of its output.
+    ///
+    /// > **Note**: this method, unlike the standard library, will
+    /// > unconditionally configure the stdout/stderr handles to be pipes, even
+    /// > if they have been previously configured. If this is not desired then
+    /// > the `spawn` method should be used in combination with the
+    /// > `wait_with_output` method on child.
+    ///
+    /// This method will return a future representing the collection of the
+    /// child process's stdout/stderr. It will resolve to
+    /// the `Output` type in the standard library, containing `stdout` and
+    /// `stderr` as `Vec<u8>` along with an `ExitStatus` representing how the
+    /// process exited.
+    ///
+    /// All I/O this child does will be associated with the current default
+    /// event loop.
+    ///
+    /// The destructor of the future returned by this function will kill
+    /// the child if [`kill_on_drop`] is set to true.
+    ///
+    /// [`kill_on_drop`]: fn@Self::kill_on_drop
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This future will return an error if the child process cannot be spawned
+    /// or if there is an error while awaiting its status.
+    ///
+    /// On Unix platforms this method will fail with `std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock`
+    /// if the system process limit is reached (which includes other applications
+    /// running on the system).
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// async fn run_ls() {
+    ///     let output: std::process::Output = Command::new("ls")
+    ///         .output()
+    ///         .await
+    ///         .expect("ls command failed to run");
+    ///     println!("stderr of ls: {:?}", output.stderr);
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn output(&mut self) -> impl Future<Output = io::Result<Output>> {
+        self.std.stdout(Stdio::piped());
+        self.std.stderr(Stdio::piped());
+
+        let child = self.spawn();
+
+        async { child?.wait_with_output().await }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the boolean value that was previously set by [`Command::kill_on_drop`].
+    ///
+    /// Note that if you have not previously called [`Command::kill_on_drop`], the
+    /// default value of `false` will be returned here.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    ///
+    /// let mut cmd = Command::new("echo");
+    /// assert!(!cmd.get_kill_on_drop());
+    ///
+    /// cmd.kill_on_drop(true);
+    /// assert!(cmd.get_kill_on_drop());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn get_kill_on_drop(&self) -> bool {
+        self.kill_on_drop
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<StdCommand> for Command {
+    fn from(std: StdCommand) -> Command {
+        Command {
+            std,
+            kill_on_drop: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A drop guard which can ensure the child process is killed on drop if specified.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ChildDropGuard<T: Kill> {
+    inner: T,
+    kill_on_drop: bool,
+}
+
+impl<T: Kill> Kill for ChildDropGuard<T> {
+    fn kill(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let ret = self.inner.kill();
+
+        if ret.is_ok() {
+            self.kill_on_drop = false;
+        }
+
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Kill> Drop for ChildDropGuard<T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.kill_on_drop {
+            drop(self.kill());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, E, F> Future for ChildDropGuard<F>
+where
+    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>> + Kill + Unpin,
+{
+    type Output = Result<T, E>;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        ready!(crate::trace::trace_leaf(cx));
+        // Keep track of task budget
+        let coop = ready!(crate::task::coop::poll_proceed(cx));
+
+        let ret = Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll(cx);
+
+        if let Poll::Ready(Ok(_)) = ret {
+            // Avoid the overhead of trying to kill a reaped process
+            self.kill_on_drop = false;
+        }
+
+        if ret.is_ready() {
+            coop.made_progress();
+        }
+
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+/// Keeps track of the exit status of a child process without worrying about
+/// polling the underlying futures even after they have completed.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum FusedChild {
+    Child(ChildDropGuard<imp::Child>),
+    Done(ExitStatus),
+}
+
+/// Representation of a child process spawned onto an event loop.
+///
+/// # Caveats
+/// Similar to the behavior to the standard library, and unlike the futures
+/// paradigm of dropping-implies-cancellation, a spawned process will, by
+/// default, continue to execute even after the `Child` handle has been dropped.
+///
+/// The `Command::kill_on_drop` method can be used to modify this behavior
+/// and kill the child process if the `Child` wrapper is dropped before it
+/// has exited.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Child {
+    child: FusedChild,
+
+    /// The handle for writing to the child's standard input (stdin), if it has
+    /// been captured. To avoid partially moving the `child` and thus blocking
+    /// yourself from calling functions on `child` while using `stdin`, you might
+    /// find it helpful to do:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # let mut child = tokio::process::Command::new("echo").spawn().unwrap();
+    /// let stdin = child.stdin.take().unwrap();
+    /// ```
+    pub stdin: Option<ChildStdin>,
+
+    /// The handle for reading from the child's standard output (stdout), if it
+    /// has been captured. You might find it helpful to do
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # let mut child = tokio::process::Command::new("echo").spawn().unwrap();
+    /// let stdout = child.stdout.take().unwrap();
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// to avoid partially moving the `child` and thus blocking yourself from calling
+    /// functions on `child` while using `stdout`.
+    pub stdout: Option<ChildStdout>,
+
+    /// The handle for reading from the child's standard error (stderr), if it
+    /// has been captured. You might find it helpful to do
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # let mut child = tokio::process::Command::new("echo").spawn().unwrap();
+    /// let stderr = child.stderr.take().unwrap();
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// to avoid partially moving the `child` and thus blocking yourself from calling
+    /// functions on `child` while using `stderr`.
+    pub stderr: Option<ChildStderr>,
+}
+
+impl Child {
+    /// Returns the OS-assigned process identifier associated with this child
+    /// while it is still running.
+    ///
+    /// Once the child has been polled to completion this will return `None`.
+    /// This is done to avoid confusion on platforms like Unix where the OS
+    /// identifier could be reused once the process has completed.
+    pub fn id(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        match &self.child {
+            FusedChild::Child(child) => Some(child.inner.id()),
+            FusedChild::Done(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    cfg_windows! {
+        /// Extracts the raw handle of the process associated with this child while
+        /// it is still running. Returns `None` if the child has exited.
+        pub fn raw_handle(&self) -> Option<RawHandle> {
+            match &self.child {
+                FusedChild::Child(c) => Some(c.inner.as_raw_handle()),
+                FusedChild::Done(_) => None,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to force the child to exit, but does not wait for the request
+    /// to take effect.
+    ///
+    /// On Unix platforms, this is the equivalent to sending a `SIGKILL`. Note
+    /// that on Unix platforms it is possible for a zombie process to remain
+    /// after a kill is sent; to avoid this, the caller should ensure that either
+    /// `child.wait().await` or `child.try_wait()` is invoked successfully.
+    pub fn start_kill(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match &mut self.child {
+            FusedChild::Child(child) => child.kill(),
+            FusedChild::Done(_) => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Forces the child to exit.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to sending a `SIGKILL` on unix platforms
+    /// followed by [`wait`](Child::wait).
+    ///
+    /// Note: std version of [`Child::kill`](std::process::Child::kill) does not `wait`.
+    /// For an equivalent of `Child::kill` in the standard library,
+    /// use [`start_kill`](Child::start_kill).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// If the child has to be killed remotely, it is possible to do it using
+    /// a combination of the select! macro and a `oneshot` channel. In the following
+    /// example, the child will run until completion unless a message is sent on
+    /// the `oneshot` channel. If that happens, the child is killed immediately
+    /// using the `.kill()` method.
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    /// use tokio::sync::oneshot::channel;
+    ///
+    /// #[tokio::main]
+    /// async fn main() {
+    ///     let (send, recv) = channel::<()>();
+    ///     let mut child = Command::new("sleep").arg("1").spawn().unwrap();
+    ///     tokio::spawn(async move { send.send(()) });
+    ///     tokio::select! {
+    ///         _ = child.wait() => {}
+    ///         _ = recv => child.kill().await.expect("kill failed"),
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// You can also interact with the child's standard I/O. For example, you can
+    /// read its stdout while waiting for it to exit.
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use std::process::Stdio;
+    /// #
+    /// # use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
+    /// # use tokio::process::Command;
+    /// # use tokio::sync::oneshot::channel;
+    ///
+    /// #[tokio::main]
+    /// async fn main() {
+    ///     let (_tx, rx) = channel::<()>();
+    ///
+    ///     let mut child = Command::new("echo")
+    ///         .arg("Hello World!")
+    ///         .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+    ///         .spawn()
+    ///         .unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///     let mut stdout = child.stdout.take().expect("stdout is not captured");
+    ///
+    ///     let read_stdout = tokio::spawn(async move {
+    ///         let mut buff = Vec::new();
+    ///         let _ = stdout.read_to_end(&mut buff).await;
+    ///
+    ///         buff
+    ///     });
+    ///
+    ///     tokio::select! {
+    ///         _ = child.wait() => {}
+    ///         _ = rx => { child.kill().await.expect("kill failed") },
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     let buff = read_stdout.await.unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///     assert_eq!(buff, b"Hello World!\n");
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub async fn kill(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.start_kill()?;
+        self.wait().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Waits for the child to exit completely, returning the status that it
+    /// exited with. This function will continue to have the same return value
+    /// after it has been called at least once.
+    ///
+    /// The stdin handle to the child process, if any, will be closed
+    /// before waiting. This helps avoid deadlock: it ensures that the
+    /// child does not block waiting for input from the parent, while
+    /// the parent waits for the child to exit.
+    ///
+    /// If the caller wishes to explicitly control when the child's stdin
+    /// handle is closed, they may `.take()` it before calling `.wait()`:
+    ///
+    /// # Cancel safety
+    ///
+    /// This function is cancel safe.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # #[cfg(not(unix))]fn main(){}
+    /// # #[cfg(unix)]
+    /// use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+    /// # #[cfg(unix)]
+    /// use tokio::process::Command;
+    /// # #[cfg(unix)]
+    /// use std::process::Stdio;
+    ///
+    /// # #[cfg(unix)]
+    /// #[tokio::main]
+    /// async fn main() {
+    /// #   if cfg!(miri) { return; } // No `pidfd_spawnp` in miri.
+    ///     let mut child = Command::new("cat")
+    ///         .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+    ///         .spawn()
+    ///         .unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///     let mut stdin = child.stdin.take().unwrap();
+    ///     tokio::spawn(async move {
+    ///         // do something with stdin here...
+    ///         stdin.write_all(b"hello world\n").await.unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///         // then drop when finished
+    ///         drop(stdin);
+    ///     });
+    ///
+    ///     // wait for the process to complete
+    ///     let _ = child.wait().await;
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub async fn wait(&mut self) -> io::Result<ExitStatus> {
+        // Ensure stdin is closed so the child isn't stuck waiting on
+        // input while the parent is waiting for it to exit.
+        drop(self.stdin.take());
+
+        match &mut self.child {
+            FusedChild::Done(exit) => Ok(*exit),
+            FusedChild::Child(child) => {
+                let ret = child.await;
+
+                if let Ok(exit) = ret {
+                    self.child = FusedChild::Done(exit);
+                }
+
+                ret
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to collect the exit status of the child if it has already
+    /// exited.
+    ///
+    /// This function will not block the calling thread and will only
+    /// check to see if the child process has exited or not. If the child has
+    /// exited then on Unix the process ID is reaped. This function is
+    /// guaranteed to repeatedly return a successful exit status so long as the
+    /// child has already exited.
+    ///
+    /// If the child has exited, then `Ok(Some(status))` is returned. If the
+    /// exit status is not available at this time then `Ok(None)` is returned.
+    /// If an error occurs, then that error is returned.
+    ///
+    /// Note that unlike `wait`, this function will not attempt to drop stdin,
+    /// nor will it wake the current task if the child exits.
+    pub fn try_wait(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<ExitStatus>> {
+        match &mut self.child {
+            FusedChild::Done(exit) => Ok(Some(*exit)),
+            FusedChild::Child(guard) => {
+                let ret = guard.inner.try_wait();
+
+                if let Ok(Some(exit)) = ret {
+                    // Avoid the overhead of trying to kill a reaped process
+                    guard.kill_on_drop = false;
+                    self.child = FusedChild::Done(exit);
+                }
+
+                ret
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a future that will resolve to an `Output`, containing the exit
+    /// status, stdout, and stderr of the child process.
+    ///
+    /// The returned future will simultaneously waits for the child to exit and
+    /// collect all remaining output on the stdout/stderr handles, returning an
+    /// `Output` instance.
+    ///
+    /// The stdin handle to the child process, if any, will be closed before
+    /// waiting. This helps avoid deadlock: it ensures that the child does not
+    /// block waiting for input from the parent, while the parent waits for the
+    /// child to exit.
+    ///
+    /// By default, stdin, stdout and stderr are inherited from the parent. In
+    /// order to capture the output into this `Output` it is necessary to create
+    /// new pipes between parent and child. Use `stdout(Stdio::piped())` or
+    /// `stderr(Stdio::piped())`, respectively, when creating a `Command`.
+    pub async fn wait_with_output(mut self) -> io::Result<Output> {
+        use crate::future::try_join3;
+
+        async fn read_to_end<A: AsyncRead + Unpin>(io: &mut Option<A>) -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+            let mut vec = Vec::new();
+            if let Some(io) = io.as_mut() {
+                crate::io::util::read_to_end(io, &mut vec).await?;
+            }
+            Ok(vec)
+        }
+
+        let mut stdout_pipe = self.stdout.take();
+        let mut stderr_pipe = self.stderr.take();
+
+        let stdout_fut = read_to_end(&mut stdout_pipe);
+        let stderr_fut = read_to_end(&mut stderr_pipe);
+
+        let (status, stdout, stderr) = try_join3(self.wait(), stdout_fut, stderr_fut).await?;
+
+        // Drop happens after `try_join` due to <https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/issues/4309>
+        drop(stdout_pipe);
+        drop(stderr_pipe);
+
+        Ok(Output {
+            status,
+            stdout,
+            stderr,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The standard input stream for spawned children.
+///
+/// This type implements the `AsyncWrite` trait to pass data to the stdin
+/// handle of a child process asynchronously.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ChildStdin {
+    inner: imp::ChildStdio,
+}
+
+/// The standard output stream for spawned children.
+///
+/// This type implements the `AsyncRead` trait to read data from the stdout
+/// handle of a child process asynchronously.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ChildStdout {
+    inner: imp::ChildStdio,
+}
+
+/// The standard error stream for spawned children.
+///
+/// This type implements the `AsyncRead` trait to read data from the stderr
+/// handle of a child process asynchronously.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ChildStderr {
+    inner: imp::ChildStdio,
+}
+
+impl ChildStdin {
+    /// Creates an asynchronous `ChildStdin` from a synchronous one.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This method may fail if an error is encountered when setting the pipe to
+    /// non-blocking mode, or when registering the pipe with the runtime's IO
+    /// driver.
+    pub fn from_std(inner: std::process::ChildStdin) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: imp::stdio(inner)?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChildStdout {
+    /// Creates an asynchronous `ChildStdout` from a synchronous one.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This method may fail if an error is encountered when setting the pipe to
+    /// non-blocking mode, or when registering the pipe with the runtime's IO
+    /// driver.
+    pub fn from_std(inner: std::process::ChildStdout) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: imp::stdio(inner)?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChildStderr {
+    /// Creates an asynchronous `ChildStderr` from a synchronous one.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This method may fail if an error is encountered when setting the pipe to
+    /// non-blocking mode, or when registering the pipe with the runtime's IO
+    /// driver.
+    pub fn from_std(inner: std::process::ChildStderr) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: imp::stdio(inner)?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncWrite for ChildStdin {
+    fn poll_write(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_write(cx, buf)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_shutdown(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_write_vectored(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        bufs: &[io::IoSlice<'_>],
+    ) -> Poll<Result<usize, io::Error>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
+    }
+
+    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_write_vectored()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncRead for ChildStdout {
+    fn poll_read(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_read(cx, buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncRead for ChildStderr {
+    fn poll_read(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.inner).poll_read(cx, buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryInto<Stdio> for ChildStdin {
+    type Error = io::Error;
+
+    fn try_into(self) -> Result<Stdio, Self::Error> {
+        imp::convert_to_stdio(self.inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryInto<Stdio> for ChildStdout {
+    type Error = io::Error;
+
+    fn try_into(self) -> Result<Stdio, Self::Error> {
+        imp::convert_to_stdio(self.inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryInto<Stdio> for ChildStderr {
+    type Error = io::Error;
+
+    fn try_into(self) -> Result<Stdio, Self::Error> {
+        imp::convert_to_stdio(self.inner)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(unix)))]
+mod sys {
+    use std::{
+        io,
+        os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd, RawFd},
+    };
+
+    use super::{ChildStderr, ChildStdin, ChildStdout};
+
+    macro_rules! impl_traits {
+        ($type:ty) => {
+            impl $type {
+                /// Convert into [`OwnedFd`].
+                pub fn into_owned_fd(self) -> io::Result<OwnedFd> {
+                    self.inner.into_owned_fd()
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl AsRawFd for $type {
+                fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
+                    self.inner.as_raw_fd()
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl AsFd for $type {
+                fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+                    unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(self.as_raw_fd()) }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    impl_traits!(ChildStdin);
+    impl_traits!(ChildStdout);
+    impl_traits!(ChildStderr);
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(windows, docsrs))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(windows)))]
+mod windows {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::os::windows::io::{AsHandle, AsRawHandle, BorrowedHandle, OwnedHandle, RawHandle};
+
+    #[cfg(not(docsrs))]
+    macro_rules! impl_traits {
+        ($type:ty) => {
+            impl $type {
+                /// Convert into [`OwnedHandle`].
+                pub fn into_owned_handle(self) -> io::Result<OwnedHandle> {
+                    self.inner.into_owned_handle()
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl AsRawHandle for $type {
+                fn as_raw_handle(&self) -> RawHandle {
+                    self.inner.as_raw_handle()
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl AsHandle for $type {
+                fn as_handle(&self) -> BorrowedHandle<'_> {
+                    unsafe { BorrowedHandle::borrow_raw(self.as_raw_handle()) }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(docsrs)]
+    macro_rules! impl_traits {
+        ($type:ty) => {
+            impl $type {
+                /// Convert into [`OwnedHandle`].
+                pub fn into_owned_handle(self) -> io::Result<OwnedHandle> {
+                    todo!("For doc generation only")
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl AsRawHandle for $type {
+                fn as_raw_handle(&self) -> RawHandle {
+                    todo!("For doc generation only")
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl AsHandle for $type {
+                fn as_handle(&self) -> BorrowedHandle<'_> {
+                    todo!("For doc generation only")
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    impl_traits!(ChildStdin);
+    impl_traits!(ChildStdout);
+    impl_traits!(ChildStderr);
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, not(loom)))]
+mod test {
+    use super::kill::Kill;
+    use super::ChildDropGuard;
+
+    use futures::future::FutureExt;
+    use std::future::Future;
+    use std::io;
+    use std::pin::Pin;
+    use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+    struct Mock {
+        num_kills: usize,
+        num_polls: usize,
+        poll_result: Poll<Result<(), ()>>,
+    }
+
+    impl Mock {
+        fn new() -> Self {
+            Self::with_result(Poll::Pending)
+        }
+
+        fn with_result(result: Poll<Result<(), ()>>) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                num_kills: 0,
+                num_polls: 0,
+                poll_result: result,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Kill for Mock {
+        fn kill(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+            self.num_kills += 1;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Future for Mock {
+        type Output = Result<(), ()>;
+
+        fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, _cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+            let inner = Pin::get_mut(self);
+            inner.num_polls += 1;
+            inner.poll_result
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn kills_on_drop_if_specified() {
+        let mut mock = Mock::new();
+
+        {
+            let guard = ChildDropGuard {
+                inner: &mut mock,
+                kill_on_drop: true,
+            };
+            drop(guard);
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(1, mock.num_kills);
+        assert_eq!(0, mock.num_polls);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_kill_on_drop_by_default() {
+        let mut mock = Mock::new();
+
+        {
+            let guard = ChildDropGuard {
+                inner: &mut mock,
+                kill_on_drop: false,
+            };
+            drop(guard);
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(0, mock.num_kills);
+        assert_eq!(0, mock.num_polls);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_kill_if_already_killed() {
+        let mut mock = Mock::new();
+
+        {
+            let mut guard = ChildDropGuard {
+                inner: &mut mock,
+                kill_on_drop: true,
+            };
+            let _ = guard.kill();
+            drop(guard);
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(1, mock.num_kills);
+        assert_eq!(0, mock.num_polls);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_kill_if_reaped() {
+        let mut mock_pending = Mock::with_result(Poll::Pending);
+        let mut mock_reaped = Mock::with_result(Poll::Ready(Ok(())));
+        let mut mock_err = Mock::with_result(Poll::Ready(Err(())));
+
+        let waker = futures::task::noop_waker();
+        let mut context = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+        {
+            let mut guard = ChildDropGuard {
+                inner: &mut mock_pending,
+                kill_on_drop: true,
+            };
+            let _ = guard.poll_unpin(&mut context);
+
+            let mut guard = ChildDropGuard {
+                inner: &mut mock_reaped,
+                kill_on_drop: true,
+            };
+            let _ = guard.poll_unpin(&mut context);
+
+            let mut guard = ChildDropGuard {
+                inner: &mut mock_err,
+                kill_on_drop: true,
+            };
+            let _ = guard.poll_unpin(&mut context);
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(1, mock_pending.num_kills);
+        assert_eq!(1, mock_pending.num_polls);
+
+        assert_eq!(0, mock_reaped.num_kills);
+        assert_eq!(1, mock_reaped.num_polls);
+
+        assert_eq!(1, mock_err.num_kills);
+        assert_eq!(1, mock_err.num_polls);
+    }
+}