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data/vendor/ruby/1.9.1/gems/json_pure-1.6.4/README.rdoc

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+= JSON implementation for Ruby http://travis-ci.org/flori/json.png?branch=master
+
+== Description
+
+This is a implementation of the JSON specification according to RFC 4627
+http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt . Starting from version 1.0.0 on there
+will be two variants available:
+
+* A pure ruby variant, that relies on the iconv and the stringscan
+  extensions, which are both part of the ruby standard library.
+* The quite a bit faster C extension variant, which is in parts implemented
+  in C and comes with its own unicode conversion functions and a parser
+  generated by the ragel state machine compiler
+  http://www.cs.queensu.ca/~thurston/ragel .
+
+Both variants of the JSON generator generate UTF-8 character sequences by
+default. If an :ascii_only option with a true value is given, they escape all
+non-ASCII and control characters with \uXXXX escape sequences, and support
+UTF-16 surrogate pairs in order to be able to generate the whole range of
+unicode code points.
+
+All strings, that are to be encoded as JSON strings, should be UTF-8 byte
+sequences on the Ruby side. To encode raw binary strings, that aren't UTF-8
+encoded, please use the to_json_raw_object method of String (which produces
+an object, that contains a byte array) and decode the result on the receiving
+endpoint.
+
+The JSON parsers can parse UTF-8, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32BE, and UTF-32LE
+JSON documents under Ruby 1.8. Under Ruby 1.9 they take advantage of Ruby's
+M17n features and can parse all documents which have the correct
+String#encoding set. If a document string has ASCII-8BIT as an encoding the
+parser attempts to figure out which of the UTF encodings from above it is and
+trys to parse it.
+
+== Installation
+
+It's recommended to use the extension variant of JSON, because it's faster than
+the pure ruby variant. If you cannot build it on your system, you can settle
+for the latter.
+
+Just type into the command line as root:
+
+  # rake install
+
+The above command will build the extensions and install them on your system.
+
+  # rake install_pure
+
+or
+
+  # ruby install.rb
+
+will just install the pure ruby implementation of JSON.
+
+If you use Rubygems you can type
+
+  # gem install json
+
+instead, to install the newest JSON version.
+
+There is also a pure ruby json only variant of the gem, that can be installed
+with:
+
+  # gem install json_pure
+
+== Compiling the extensions yourself
+
+If you want to build the extensions yourself you need rake:
+
+  You can get it from rubyforge:
+    http://rubyforge.org/projects/rake
+
+  or just type
+
+  # gem install rake
+
+  for the installation via rubygems.
+
+If you want to create the parser.c file from its parser.rl file or draw nice
+graphviz images of the state machines, you need ragel from: http://www.cs.queensu.ca/~thurston/ragel
+
+
+== Usage
+
+To use JSON you can
+  require 'json'
+to load the installed variant (either the extension 'json' or the pure
+variant 'json_pure'). If you have installed the extension variant, you can
+pick either the extension variant or the pure variant by typing
+  require 'json/ext'
+or
+  require 'json/pure'
+
+Now you can parse a JSON document into a ruby data structure by calling
+
+  JSON.parse(document)
+
+If you want to generate a JSON document from a ruby data structure call
+  JSON.generate(data)
+
+You can also use the pretty_generate method (which formats the output more
+verbosely and nicely) or fast_generate (which doesn't do any of the security
+checks generate performs, e. g. nesting deepness checks).
+
+To create a valid JSON document you have to make sure, that the output is
+embedded in either a JSON array [] or a JSON object {}. The easiest way to do
+this, is by putting your values in a Ruby Array or Hash instance.
+
+There are also the JSON and JSON[] methods which use parse on a String or
+generate a JSON document from an array or hash:
+
+  document = JSON 'test'  => 23 # => "{\"test\":23}"
+  document = JSON['test'] => 23 # => "{\"test\":23}"
+
+and
+
+  data = JSON '{"test":23}'  # => {"test"=>23}
+  data = JSON['{"test":23}'] # => {"test"=>23}
+
+You can choose to load a set of common additions to ruby core's objects if
+you
+  require 'json/add/core'
+
+After requiring this you can, e. g., serialise/deserialise Ruby ranges:
+
+  JSON JSON(1..10) # => 1..10
+
+To find out how to add JSON support to other or your own classes, read the
+section "More Examples" below.
+
+To get the best compatibility to rails' JSON implementation, you can
+  require 'json/add/rails'
+
+Both of the additions attempt to require 'json' (like above) first, if it has
+not been required yet.
+
+== More Examples
+
+To create a JSON document from a ruby data structure, you can call
+JSON.generate like that:
+
+ json = JSON.generate [1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, 4..10]
+ # => "[1,2,{\"a\":3.141},false,true,null,\"4..10\"]"
+
+To get back a ruby data structure from a JSON document, you have to call
+JSON.parse on it:
+
+ JSON.parse json
+ # => [1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, "4..10"]
+
+Note, that the range from the original data structure is a simple
+string now. The reason for this is, that JSON doesn't support ranges
+or arbitrary classes. In this case the json library falls back to call
+Object#to_json, which is the same as #to_s.to_json.
+
+It's possible to add JSON support serialization to arbitrary classes by
+simply implementing a more specialized version of the #to_json method, that
+should return a JSON object (a hash converted to JSON with #to_json) like
+this (don't forget the *a for all the arguments):
+
+ class Range
+   def to_json(*a)
+     {
+       'json_class'   => self.class.name, # = 'Range'
+       'data'         => [ first, last, exclude_end? ]
+     }.to_json(*a)
+   end
+ end
+
+The hash key 'json_class' is the class, that will be asked to deserialise the
+JSON representation later. In this case it's 'Range', but any namespace of
+the form 'A::B' or '::A::B' will do. All other keys are arbitrary and can be
+used to store the necessary data to configure the object to be deserialised.
+
+If a the key 'json_class' is found in a JSON object, the JSON parser checks
+if the given class responds to the json_create class method. If so, it is
+called with the JSON object converted to a Ruby hash. So a range can
+be deserialised by implementing Range.json_create like this:
+
+ class Range
+   def self.json_create(o)
+     new(*o['data'])
+   end
+ end
+
+Now it possible to serialise/deserialise ranges as well:
+
+ json = JSON.generate [1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, 4..10]
+ # => "[1,2,{\"a\":3.141},false,true,null,{\"json_class\":\"Range\",\"data\":[4,10,false]}]"
+ JSON.parse json
+ # => [1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, 4..10]
+
+JSON.generate always creates the shortest possible string representation of a
+ruby data structure in one line. This is good for data storage or network
+protocols, but not so good for humans to read. Fortunately there's also
+JSON.pretty_generate (or JSON.pretty_generate) that creates a more readable
+output:
+
+ puts JSON.pretty_generate([1, 2, {"a"=>3.141}, false, true, nil, 4..10])
+ [
+   1,
+   2,
+   {
+     "a": 3.141
+   },
+   false,
+   true,
+   null,
+   {
+     "json_class": "Range",
+     "data": [
+       4,
+       10,
+       false
+     ]
+   }
+ ]
+
+There are also the methods Kernel#j for generate, and Kernel#jj for
+pretty_generate output to the console, that work analogous to Core Ruby's p and
+the pp library's pp methods.
+
+The script tools/server.rb contains a small example if you want to test, how
+receiving a JSON object from a webrick server in your browser with the
+javasript prototype library http://www.prototypejs.org works.
+
+== Speed Comparisons
+
+I have created some benchmark results (see the benchmarks/data-p4-3Ghz
+subdir of the package) for the JSON-parser to estimate the speed up in the C
+extension:
+
+ Comparing times (call_time_mean):
+  1 ParserBenchmarkExt#parser   900 repeats:
+        553.922304770 (  real) ->   21.500x 
+          0.001805307
+  2 ParserBenchmarkYAML#parser  1000 repeats:
+        224.513358139 (  real) ->    8.714x 
+          0.004454078
+  3 ParserBenchmarkPure#parser  1000 repeats:
+         26.755020642 (  real) ->    1.038x 
+          0.037376163
+  4 ParserBenchmarkRails#parser 1000 repeats:
+         25.763381731 (  real) ->    1.000x 
+          0.038814780
+            calls/sec (  time) ->    speed  covers
+            secs/call
+
+In the table above 1 is JSON::Ext::Parser, 2 is YAML.load with YAML
+compatbile JSON document, 3 is is JSON::Pure::Parser, and 4 is
+ActiveSupport::JSON.decode. The ActiveSupport JSON-decoder converts the
+input first to YAML and then uses the YAML-parser, the conversion seems to
+slow it down so much that it is only as fast as the JSON::Pure::Parser!
+
+If you look at the benchmark data you can see that this is mostly caused by
+the frequent high outliers - the median of the Rails-parser runs is still
+overall smaller than the median of the JSON::Pure::Parser runs:
+
+ Comparing times (call_time_median):
+  1 ParserBenchmarkExt#parser   900 repeats:
+        800.592479481 (  real) ->   26.936x 
+          0.001249075
+  2 ParserBenchmarkYAML#parser  1000 repeats:
+        271.002390644 (  real) ->    9.118x 
+          0.003690004
+  3 ParserBenchmarkRails#parser 1000 repeats:
+         30.227910865 (  real) ->    1.017x 
+          0.033082008
+  4 ParserBenchmarkPure#parser  1000 repeats:
+         29.722384421 (  real) ->    1.000x 
+          0.033644676
+            calls/sec (  time) ->    speed  covers
+            secs/call
+
+I have benchmarked the JSON-Generator as well. This generated a few more
+values, because there are different modes that also influence the achieved
+speed:
+
+ Comparing times (call_time_mean):
+  1 GeneratorBenchmarkExt#generator_fast    1000 repeats:
+        547.354332608 (  real) ->   15.090x 
+          0.001826970
+  2 GeneratorBenchmarkExt#generator_safe    1000 repeats:
+        443.968212317 (  real) ->   12.240x 
+          0.002252414
+  3 GeneratorBenchmarkExt#generator_pretty  900 repeats:
+        375.104545883 (  real) ->   10.341x 
+          0.002665923
+  4 GeneratorBenchmarkPure#generator_fast   1000 repeats:
+         49.978706968 (  real) ->    1.378x 
+          0.020008521
+  5 GeneratorBenchmarkRails#generator       1000 repeats:
+         38.531868759 (  real) ->    1.062x 
+          0.025952543
+  6 GeneratorBenchmarkPure#generator_safe   1000 repeats:
+         36.927649925 (  real) ->    1.018x 7 (>=3859)
+          0.027079979
+  7 GeneratorBenchmarkPure#generator_pretty 1000 repeats:
+         36.272134441 (  real) ->    1.000x 6 (>=3859)
+          0.027569373
+            calls/sec (  time) ->    speed  covers
+            secs/call
+
+In the table above 1-3 are JSON::Ext::Generator methods. 4, 6, and 7 are
+JSON::Pure::Generator methods and 5 is the Rails JSON generator. It is now a
+bit faster than the generator_safe and generator_pretty methods of the pure
+variant but slower than the others.
+
+To achieve the fastest JSON document output, you can use the fast_generate
+method. Beware, that this will disable the checking for circular Ruby data
+structures, which may cause JSON to go into an infinite loop.
+
+Here are the median comparisons for completeness' sake:
+
+ Comparing times (call_time_median):
+  1 GeneratorBenchmarkExt#generator_fast    1000 repeats:
+        708.258020939 (  real) ->   16.547x 
+          0.001411915
+  2 GeneratorBenchmarkExt#generator_safe    1000 repeats:
+        569.105020353 (  real) ->   13.296x 
+          0.001757145
+  3 GeneratorBenchmarkExt#generator_pretty  900 repeats:
+        482.825371244 (  real) ->   11.280x 
+          0.002071142
+  4 GeneratorBenchmarkPure#generator_fast   1000 repeats:
+         62.717626652 (  real) ->    1.465x 
+          0.015944481
+  5 GeneratorBenchmarkRails#generator       1000 repeats:
+         43.965681162 (  real) ->    1.027x 
+          0.022745013
+  6 GeneratorBenchmarkPure#generator_safe   1000 repeats:
+         43.929073409 (  real) ->    1.026x 7 (>=3859)
+          0.022763968
+  7 GeneratorBenchmarkPure#generator_pretty 1000 repeats:
+         42.802514491 (  real) ->    1.000x 6 (>=3859)
+          0.023363113
+            calls/sec (  time) ->    speed  covers
+            secs/call
+
+== Author
+
+Florian Frank <mailto:flori@ping.de>
+
+== License
+
+Ruby License, see the COPYING file included in the source distribution. The
+Ruby License includes the GNU General Public License (GPL), Version 2, so see
+the file GPL as well.
+
+== Download
+
+The latest version of this library can be downloaded at
+
+* http://rubyforge.org/frs?group_id=953
+
+Online Documentation should be located at
+
+* http://json.rubyforge.org