hecks 2.8.0 → 3.0.0

data/rust/src/kernel/json.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+//! The JSON value the WASM/CLI boundary speaks, with a hand-written parser and writer.
+//! Kept separate from `expr::Value`; zero Cargo dependencies (ADR 0012).
+
+use super::Refusal;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Json {
+    Object(Vec<(String, Json)>),
+    Array(Vec<Json>),
+    Str(String),
+    /// The second field is the exact source text (BUG#147) — set only when the literal's
+    /// magnitude means the `f64` approximation would not reproduce it, e.g. an integer past
+    /// `f64`'s ~53-bit exact range. `None` for anything the `f64` already renders exactly,
+    /// which is every ordinary number and everything built in memory (`Json::float`, an
+    /// arithmetic result, a codegen literal). Never set for `Float`: Ruby's own `Float` is the
+    /// same IEEE 754 binary64 as Rust's, so there is no cross-language precision gap to close.
+    Num(f64, Option<String>),
+    /// A declared-Float value: always written with a decimal point (`10.0`), unlike `Num`.
+    Float(f64),
+    Bool(bool),
+    Null,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Json {
+    /// The source text (`Num`'s second field) is provenance, not part of the value: two `Num`s
+    /// compare equal by magnitude, exactly as they did before that field existed. When both
+    /// sides carry exact text, comparing the text avoids the `f64` rounding that put them there
+    /// in the first place; otherwise the numeric comparison is unchanged.
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Json::Object(a), Json::Object(b)) => a == b,
+            (Json::Array(a), Json::Array(b)) => a == b,
+            (Json::Str(a), Json::Str(b)) => a == b,
+            (Json::Num(_, Some(araw)), Json::Num(_, Some(braw))) => araw == braw,
+            (Json::Num(a, _), Json::Num(b, _)) => a == b,
+            (Json::Float(a), Json::Float(b)) => a == b,
+            (Json::Bool(a), Json::Bool(b)) => a == b,
+            (Json::Null, Json::Null) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A `Json` as a `Fielded`, for evaluating a policy's `where { ... }` against an event payload.
+impl super::Fielded for Json {
+    fn field(&self, name: &str) -> Option<super::Field<'_>> {
+        use super::{Field, Value};
+        let Json::Object(pairs) = self else { return None };
+        let (_, found) = pairs.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == name)?;
+        Some(match found {
+            Json::Object(_) => Field::Nested(found),
+            Json::Array(items) => Field::Value(Value::List(items.len())),
+            Json::Str(s) => Field::Value(Value::Str(s.clone())),
+            Json::Num(n, raw) => match exact_i64(*n, raw) {
+                Some(i) => Field::Value(Value::Int(i)),
+                None => Field::Value(Value::Float(*n)),
+            },
+            // Float already carries the Integer-or-Float answer that `Num` must guess.
+            Json::Float(n) => Field::Value(Value::Float(*n)),
+            Json::Bool(b) => Field::Value(Value::Bool(*b)),
+            Json::Null => Field::Value(Value::Nil),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn items(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<super::Field<'_>>> {
+        use super::{Field, Value};
+        let Json::Object(pairs) = self else { return None };
+        let (_, found) = pairs.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == name)?;
+        let Json::Array(items) = found else { return None };
+        Some(
+            items
+                .iter()
+                .map(|item| match item {
+                    Json::Object(_) => Field::Nested(item),
+                    Json::Array(inner) => Field::Value(Value::List(inner.len())),
+                    Json::Str(s) => Field::Value(Value::Str(s.clone())),
+                    Json::Num(n, raw) => match exact_i64(*n, raw) {
+                        Some(i) => Field::Value(Value::Int(i)),
+                        None => Field::Value(Value::Float(*n)),
+                    },
+                    Json::Float(n) => Field::Value(Value::Float(*n)),
+                    Json::Bool(b) => Field::Value(Value::Bool(*b)),
+                    Json::Null => Field::Value(Value::Nil),
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    // A `Json` has no declaration to consult, so one key of any name is the whole shape test.
+    fn as_scalar(&self) -> Option<super::Value> {
+        let Json::Object(pairs) = self else { return None };
+        if pairs.len() != 1 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        match self.field(&pairs[0].0) {
+            Some(super::Field::Value(v)) => Some(v),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Json {
+    pub fn obj(fields: Vec<(&str, Json)>) -> Json {
+        Json::Object(fields.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.to_string(), v)).collect())
+    }
+
+    pub fn str(s: impl Into<String>) -> Json {
+        Json::Str(s.into())
+    }
+
+    /// The raw text is always the exact `i64`, not derived from the `f64` cast: `i as f64`
+    /// itself rounds near the `i64` boundaries, which would otherwise reintroduce BUG#147's
+    /// class of loss for an in-range value built straight from a Rust integer.
+    pub fn int(i: i64) -> Json {
+        Json::Num(i as f64, Some(i.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn float(f: f64) -> Json {
+        Json::Float(f)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&Json> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Object(fields) => fields.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == key).map(|(_, v)| v),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A tolerant dotted-path walk: a non-object reached mid-path is the answer.
+    ///
+    /// A `Reference<X>` argument arrives as a bare string where a wrapped value is expected.
+    pub fn dig(&self, path: &str) -> Option<&Json> {
+        let mut current = self;
+        for segment in path.split('.') {
+            match current {
+                Json::Object(_) => current = current.get(segment)?,
+                _ => return Some(current),
+            }
+        }
+        Some(current)
+    }
+
+    /// Ruby's `#inspect` for quoting an offered value in a refusal message.
+    ///
+    /// An Array prints as `[5, 4]` (comma and space), not the compact wire form;
+    /// an Object stays compact JSON.
+    pub fn inspect(&self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Json::Str(s) => {
+                let mut out = String::new();
+                write_escaped_string(s, &mut out);
+                out
+            }
+            Json::Null => "nil".to_string(),
+            Json::Array(items) => {
+                let mut out = String::from("[");
+                for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i > 0 {
+                        out.push_str(", ");
+                    }
+                    out.push_str(&item.inspect());
+                }
+                out.push(']');
+                out
+            }
+            // Numbers and bools already print like Ruby; an Object stays compact JSON.
+            _ => self.to_json_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ruby's `#to_s` for a raw offered value, as a closed-set membership check compares it.
+    ///
+    /// Arrays, Objects and fractions fall back to compact JSON; they never match a member.
+    pub fn ruby_to_s(&self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Json::Str(s) => s.clone(),
+            Json::Null => String::new(),
+            Json::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+            Json::Num(n, _) if n.fract() == 0.0 && n.abs() < 1e15 => format!("{}", *n as i64),
+            _ => self.to_json_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Str(s) => Some(s),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `None` for a fractional number or one outside `i64`, never a truncation or saturation.
+    ///
+    /// Reads the exact source text first (BUG#147): a whole number between `f64`'s ~53-bit exact
+    /// range and `i64::MAX` round-trips through `f64` inexactly even though it fits in `i64`.
+    pub fn as_i64(&self) -> Option<i64> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Num(n, raw) => exact_i64(*n, raw),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_f64(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Num(n, _) | Json::Float(n) => Some(*n),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_bool(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Bool(b) => Some(*b),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_array(&self) -> Option<&[Json]> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Array(items) => Some(items),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps a bare scalar as a one-field object under `field_name`; an object passes through.
+    ///
+    /// Mirrors `Value.for_attribute`'s bare-value admission for a single-attribute value object.
+    pub fn coerce_single_field(&self, field_name: &str) -> Json {
+        match self {
+            Json::Object(_) => self.clone(),
+            other => Json::obj(vec![(field_name, other.clone())]),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// How a refusal quotes an offered value: compact JSON for an Array or Object, else `inspect`.
+    pub fn describe(&self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Json::Array(_) | Json::Object(_) => self.to_json_string(),
+            other => other.inspect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Refuses `TypeMismatch` when a multi-field value object is offered as a non-object.
+    ///
+    /// Runs at the `from_json` call site, since only the caller knows `name`.
+    pub fn expect_value_object_shape(&self, name: &str, type_name: &str) -> Result<&Json, Refusal> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Object(_) => Ok(self),
+            other => Err(Refusal::TypeMismatch(
+                super::refusal_wording::TypeMismatchValueObjectShapeArgs {
+                    name,
+                    r#type: type_name,
+                    offered: &other.describe(),
+                }
+                .render_args(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A required-field lookup that refuses `TypeMismatch` when the key is missing.
+    pub fn require(&self, key: &str, struct_name: &str) -> Result<&Json, Refusal> {
+        self.get(key)
+            .ok_or_else(|| Refusal::TypeMismatch(format!("{struct_name}.{key}: missing from JSON args")))
+    }
+
+    /// The keys of a command's args that are not in `known`, sorted.
+    ///
+    /// Sorted because refusal wording is pinned by corpus fixtures and cannot depend on key order.
+    pub fn unknown_keys(&self, known: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Object(fields) => {
+                let mut unknown: Vec<String> = fields.iter().filter(|(k, _)| !known.contains(&k.as_str())).map(|(k, _)| k.clone()).collect();
+                unknown.sort();
+                unknown
+            }
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Merges `patch` over `base`: `patch` wins per top-level key, other `base` keys are kept.
+    ///
+    /// The typed args carry declared defaults that the raw `args_json` lacks, while the raw
+    /// args keep identity/reference arguments no attribute names. Non-objects return `base`.
+    pub fn overlay(base: &Json, patch: &Json) -> Json {
+        let (Json::Object(base_fields), Json::Object(patch_fields)) = (base, patch) else {
+            return base.clone();
+        };
+        let mut merged = base_fields.clone();
+        for (key, value) in patch_fields {
+            match merged.iter_mut().find(|(k, _)| k == key) {
+                Some(entry) => entry.1 = value.clone(),
+                None => merged.push((key.clone(), value.clone())),
+            }
+        }
+        Json::Object(merged)
+    }
+
+    /// Adds each target key of `pairs` holding its source key's value, keeping existing args.
+    ///
+    /// A source key that is absent adds nothing. Non-objects pass through.
+    pub fn with_aliases(&self, pairs: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Json {
+        let Json::Object(fields) = self else {
+            return self.clone();
+        };
+        let mut merged = fields.clone();
+        for (target_key, source_key) in pairs {
+            let Some(value) = fields.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == source_key).map(|(_, v)| v.clone()) else { continue };
+            match merged.iter_mut().find(|(k, _)| k == target_key) {
+                Some(entry) => entry.1 = value,
+                None => merged.push((target_key.to_string(), value)),
+            }
+        }
+        Json::Object(merged)
+    }
+
+    /// Stringifies a scalar leaf as an identity component.
+    ///
+    /// An empty string refuses, as `Runtime::Identity.of` treats a blank part as absent.
+    /// A number past `i64` prints its exact source digits (BUG#147), never a clamped or
+    /// `f64`-rounded value: an identity component is routing data, never arithmetic, and Ruby
+    /// carries it at its full, arbitrary-precision magnitude.
+    pub fn to_id_component(&self) -> Result<String, Refusal> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Str(s) if s.is_empty() => {
+                Err(Refusal::TypeMismatch("identity component must not be empty".to_string()))
+            }
+            Json::Str(s) => Ok(s.clone()),
+            Json::Num(n, raw) => match exact_i64(*n, raw) {
+                // In range: a plain integer, as Ruby prints it.
+                Some(i) => Ok(i.to_string()),
+                // Out of range or fractional: the exact source text when there is one (a
+                // Bignum past i64), else the float's own digits; `as i64` would saturate.
+                None => Ok(raw.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| n.to_string())),
+            },
+            Json::Bool(b) => Ok(b.to_string()),
+            other => Err(Refusal::TypeMismatch(format!("cannot use {other:?} as an identity component"))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Like `to_id_component`, but a blank string is accepted, for entity-element addressing.
+    ///
+    /// A present-but-blank key is an ordinary non-matching value there; non-scalars still refuse.
+    pub fn to_id_component_lenient(&self) -> Result<String, Refusal> {
+        match self {
+            Json::Str(s) => Ok(s.clone()),
+            other => other.to_id_component(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse(input: &str) -> Result<Json, String> {
+        let mut parser = Parser { chars: input.chars().peekable() };
+        let value = parser.parse_value()?;
+        parser.skip_ws();
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_json_string(&self) -> String {
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        self.write(&mut out);
+        out
+    }
+
+    fn write(&self, out: &mut String) {
+        match self {
+            Json::Object(fields) => {
+                out.push('{');
+                for (i, (k, v)) in fields.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i > 0 {
+                        out.push(',');
+                    }
+                    write_escaped_string(k, out);
+                    out.push(':');
+                    v.write(out);
+                }
+                out.push('}');
+            }
+            Json::Array(items) => {
+                out.push('[');
+                for (i, v) in items.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i > 0 {
+                        out.push(',');
+                    }
+                    v.write(out);
+                }
+                out.push(']');
+            }
+            Json::Str(s) => write_escaped_string(s, out),
+            // The exact source text wins when there is one (BUG#147): re-deriving digits from
+            // `n` would re-round a value the `f64` approximation already lost precision on.
+            Json::Num(_, Some(raw)) => out.push_str(raw),
+            Json::Num(n, None) => out.push_str(&canonical_integer_digits(*n)),
+            // Always a decimal point (`10.0`), as Ruby's Float#to_json; `Num` must not grow one.
+            Json::Float(n) => {
+                let rendered = n.to_string();
+                out.push_str(&rendered);
+                if !rendered.contains('.') && !rendered.contains('e') && !rendered.contains('E') {
+                    out.push_str(".0");
+                }
+            }
+            Json::Bool(b) => out.push_str(if *b { "true" } else { "false" }),
+            Json::Null => out.push_str("null"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether `n` is a whole number within `i64`; `as i64` would silently saturate outside it.
+///
+/// `i64::MAX as f64` rounds up to 2^63, so the strict `<` excludes exactly the saturating value.
+fn integral_i64(n: f64) -> Option<i64> {
+    if n.fract() == 0.0 && n >= i64::MIN as f64 && n < i64::MAX as f64 {
+        Some(n as i64)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// A `Num`'s exact `i64` value, when it has one (BUG#147).
+///
+/// Prefers the source text: `f64` only represents every integer exactly up to 2^53, so a whole
+/// number with more digits than that — while still well within `i64` — can already round to the
+/// wrong `i64` via `integral_i64`'s `f64` path alone. Parsing the original digits sidesteps that
+/// gap; `raw` is `None` for anything short enough that the gap never opens, so this is the same
+/// answer `integral_i64` already gave for every value the old, one-field `Num` could represent.
+fn exact_i64(n: f64, raw: &Option<String>) -> Option<i64> {
+    raw.as_deref().and_then(|r| r.parse::<i64>().ok()).or_else(|| integral_i64(n))
+}
+
+/// The digits `write` prints for a `Num` with no exact source text: whichever of the two
+/// renderings `write`/`to_id_component` have always used is faithful to `n` itself.
+///
+/// Shared with `parse_number`, which compares a literal's digits against this same rendering to
+/// decide whether the literal needs to keep its source text at all.
+fn canonical_integer_digits(n: f64) -> String {
+    if n.fract() == 0.0 && n.abs() < 1e15 {
+        (n as i64).to_string()
+    } else {
+        n.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod integral_i64_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_ordinary_whole_numbers() {
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(0.0), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(42.0), Some(42));
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(-42.0), Some(-42));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_fractional_numbers() {
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(25.5), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_i64_boundaries() {
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(i64::MIN as f64), Some(i64::MIN));
+        // Largest f64 below 2^63; `i64::MAX` itself rounds up to 2^63 in f64.
+        let largest_safe = 9223372036854774784.0_f64;
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(largest_safe), Some(largest_safe as i64));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_i64_saturation_boundary() {
+        // `as i64` would saturate on either of these.
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(2f64.powi(63)), None, "2^63 must not saturate to i64::MAX");
+        // Near 2^63 a small nudge rounds back to the same float, so use 2^64.
+        assert_eq!(integral_i64(-(2f64.powi(64))), None, "well below i64::MIN must not saturate to i64::MIN");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn as_i64_refuses_out_of_range_where_the_old_cast_would_have_saturated() {
+        // Pins the regression: a huge number must not saturate to `Some(i64::MAX)`.
+        let huge = Json::Num(1e30, None);
+        assert_eq!(huge.as_i64(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_id_component_reflects_true_magnitude_instead_of_a_clamped_one() {
+        let huge = Json::Num(1e30, None);
+        let id = huge.to_id_component().expect("numbers are always usable as an id component");
+        assert_ne!(id, i64::MAX.to_string(), "must not silently clamp to i64::MAX");
+        assert!(id.starts_with('1'), "should reflect the real magnitude, got {id:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_preserves_a_huge_integers_exact_digits_past_f64_precision() {
+        // BUG#147: 2^100 (2**100, the fuzzer's own INTEGER_EDGE_CASES bignum), and the
+        // signed 31-digit repro from Roster::Roster.AddSeat's routing_key mutation.
+        for literal in ["-1267650600228229401496703205376", "1267650600228229401496703205376"] {
+            let parsed = Json::parse(literal).expect("a bare JSON integer parses");
+            assert_eq!(parsed.to_json_string(), literal, "re-emitted JSON must not lose a single digit");
+            assert_eq!(
+                parsed.to_id_component().unwrap(),
+                literal,
+                "an identity component must carry the caller's exact digits, not a rounded f64"
+            );
+            // Genuinely out of i64's range: still correctly refused, not silently truncated.
+            assert_eq!(parsed.as_i64(), None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_preserves_a_whole_number_between_f64s_exact_range_and_i64_max() {
+        // 2^60: fits comfortably in `i64`, but has more digits than `f64` can hold exactly, so
+        // the naive `s.parse::<f64>()` path alone already rounds it to the wrong integer.
+        let literal = "1152921504606846977"; // 2^60 + 1
+        let parsed = Json::parse(literal).expect("a bare JSON integer parses");
+        assert_eq!(parsed.as_i64(), Some(1_152_921_504_606_846_977));
+        assert_eq!(parsed.to_json_string(), literal);
+        assert_eq!(parsed.to_id_component().unwrap(), literal);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_leaves_an_ordinary_integer_undisturbed() {
+        // No source text is retained when the f64 path was already exact — same value either way.
+        let parsed = Json::parse("42").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed, Json::Num(42.0, None));
+        assert_eq!(parsed.to_json_string(), "42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_bignum_and_an_ordinary_number_are_still_comparable_and_never_falsely_equal() {
+        let huge = Json::parse("1267650600228229401496703205376").unwrap();
+        let other_huge = Json::parse("1267650600228229401496703205377").unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(huge, other_huge, "different bignums must not collide via f64 rounding");
+        assert_eq!(huge, Json::parse("1267650600228229401496703205376").unwrap());
+        assert_ne!(huge, Json::Num(5.0, None));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_id_component_refuses_an_empty_string() {
+        // Ruby treats a blank identity part as absent; a blank id must not be accepted.
+        let blank = Json::Str(String::new());
+        assert!(blank.to_id_component().is_err(), "an empty string must not be usable as an identity component");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_id_component_still_accepts_a_real_string() {
+        let real = Json::Str("acct-1".to_string());
+        assert_eq!(real.to_id_component().unwrap(), "acct-1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_id_component_lenient_accepts_an_empty_string() {
+        // A blank key is truthy in Ruby and flows on as a non-matching value.
+        let blank = Json::Str(String::new());
+        assert_eq!(blank.to_id_component_lenient().unwrap(), "", "a present, blank string must be a valid (non-matching) component");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to_id_component_lenient_still_refuses_a_non_scalar() {
+        // Only the blank-string case differs from `to_id_component`.
+        let list = Json::Array(vec![]);
+        assert!(list.to_id_component_lenient().is_err(), "a non-scalar must still refuse, same as to_id_component");
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod value_object_shape_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn refusal_text(json: &Json) -> String {
+        match json.expect_value_object_shape("name", "PersonName") {
+            Err(Refusal::TypeMismatch(text)) => text,
+            other => panic!("expected a TypeMismatch refusal, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_object_passes_through_untouched() {
+        let object = Json::obj(vec![("given", Json::Str("Ada".into()))]);
+        assert!(object.expect_value_object_shape("name", "PersonName").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_scalar_is_refused_in_rubys_wording() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            refusal_text(&Json::Str("Ada".into())),
+            "name is a PersonName — pass its fields as an object, not \"Ada\""
+        );
+        assert_eq!(refusal_text(&Json::Num(7.0, None)), "name is a PersonName — pass its fields as an object, not 7");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_array_is_described_as_compact_json() {
+        let list = Json::Array(vec![Json::Str("Ada".into()), Json::Str("Lovelace".into())]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            refusal_text(&list),
+            "name is a PersonName — pass its fields as an object, not [\"Ada\",\"Lovelace\"]"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_escaped_string(s: &str, out: &mut String) {
+    out.push('"');
+    for c in s.chars() {
+        match c {
+            '"' => out.push_str("\\\""),
+            '\\' => out.push_str("\\\\"),
+            '\n' => out.push_str("\\n"),
+            '\t' => out.push_str("\\t"),
+            '\r' => out.push_str("\\r"),
+            c if (c as u32) < 0x20 => out.push_str(&format!("\\u{:04x}", c as u32)),
+            c => out.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+    out.push('"');
+}
+
+// Recursive descent over chars; the input is a valid `&str`, so no UTF-8 byte handling is needed.
+struct Parser<'a> {
+    chars: std::iter::Peekable<std::str::Chars<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
+    fn skip_ws(&mut self) {
+        while matches!(self.chars.peek(), Some(c) if c.is_whitespace()) {
+            self.chars.next();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn expect(&mut self, ch: char) -> Result<(), String> {
+        match self.chars.next() {
+            Some(c) if c == ch => Ok(()),
+            other => Err(format!("expected {ch:?}, got {other:?}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn consume_literal(&mut self, lit: &str) -> bool {
+        let save = self.chars.clone();
+        for expected in lit.chars() {
+            if self.chars.next() != Some(expected) {
+                self.chars = save;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn parse_value(&mut self) -> Result<Json, String> {
+        self.skip_ws();
+        match self.chars.peek() {
+            Some('{') => self.parse_object(),
+            Some('[') => self.parse_array(),
+            Some('"') => self.parse_string().map(Json::Str),
+            Some('t') | Some('f') => self.parse_bool(),
+            Some('n') => self.parse_null(),
+            Some(c) if *c == '-' || c.is_ascii_digit() => self.parse_number(),
+            other => Err(format!("unexpected {other:?} in JSON")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_object(&mut self) -> Result<Json, String> {
+        self.expect('{')?;
+        let mut fields = Vec::new();
+        self.skip_ws();
+        if self.chars.peek() == Some(&'}') {
+            self.chars.next();
+            return Ok(Json::Object(fields));
+        }
+        loop {
+            self.skip_ws();
+            let key = self.parse_string()?;
+            self.skip_ws();
+            self.expect(':')?;
+            let value = self.parse_value()?;
+            fields.push((key, value));
+            self.skip_ws();
+            match self.chars.next() {
+                Some(',') => continue,
+                Some('}') => break,
+                other => return Err(format!("expected ',' or '}}' in object, got {other:?}")),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Json::Object(fields))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_array(&mut self) -> Result<Json, String> {
+        self.expect('[')?;
+        let mut items = Vec::new();
+        self.skip_ws();
+        if self.chars.peek() == Some(&']') {
+            self.chars.next();
+            return Ok(Json::Array(items));
+        }
+        loop {
+            items.push(self.parse_value()?);
+            self.skip_ws();
+            match self.chars.next() {
+                Some(',') => continue,
+                Some(']') => break,
+                other => return Err(format!("expected ',' or ']' in array, got {other:?}")),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Json::Array(items))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_string(&mut self) -> Result<String, String> {
+        self.expect('"')?;
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        loop {
+            match self.chars.next() {
+                Some('"') => break,
+                Some('\\') => match self.chars.next() {
+                    Some('"') => out.push('"'),
+                    Some('\\') => out.push('\\'),
+                    Some('/') => out.push('/'),
+                    Some('n') => out.push('\n'),
+                    Some('t') => out.push('\t'),
+                    Some('r') => out.push('\r'),
+                    Some('b') => out.push('\u{8}'),
+                    Some('f') => out.push('\u{c}'),
+                    Some('u') => {
+                        let hex: String = (0..4).map(|_| self.chars.next().unwrap_or('0')).collect();
+                        let code = u32::from_str_radix(&hex, 16).map_err(|_| format!("bad \\u escape {hex:?}"))?;
+                        out.push(char::from_u32(code).unwrap_or('\u{FFFD}'));
+                    }
+                    other => return Err(format!("bad escape sequence \\{other:?}")),
+                },
+                Some(c) => out.push(c),
+                None => return Err("unterminated string".to_string()),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_bool(&mut self) -> Result<Json, String> {
+        if self.consume_literal("true") {
+            Ok(Json::Bool(true))
+        } else if self.consume_literal("false") {
+            Ok(Json::Bool(false))
+        } else {
+            Err("expected true/false".to_string())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_null(&mut self) -> Result<Json, String> {
+        if self.consume_literal("null") {
+            Ok(Json::Null)
+        } else {
+            Err("expected null".to_string())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_number(&mut self) -> Result<Json, String> {
+        let mut s = String::new();
+        if self.chars.peek() == Some(&'-') {
+            s.push(self.chars.next().unwrap());
+        }
+        while matches!(self.chars.peek(), Some(c) if c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+            s.push(self.chars.next().unwrap());
+        }
+        if self.chars.peek() == Some(&'.') {
+            s.push(self.chars.next().unwrap());
+            while matches!(self.chars.peek(), Some(c) if c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+                s.push(self.chars.next().unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+        if matches!(self.chars.peek(), Some('e') | Some('E')) {
+            s.push(self.chars.next().unwrap());
+            if matches!(self.chars.peek(), Some('+') | Some('-')) {
+                s.push(self.chars.next().unwrap());
+            }
+            while matches!(self.chars.peek(), Some(c) if c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+                s.push(self.chars.next().unwrap());
+            }
+        }
+        let value: f64 = s.parse().map_err(|e| format!("bad number {s:?}: {e}"))?;
+        // A plain integer literal keeps its exact source digits (BUG#147) whenever `write`'s own
+        // rendering of the parsed `f64` would not reproduce them — i.e. whenever the round trip
+        // through `f64` has already lost precision, whether or not the value still fits `i64`.
+        // A literal with a `.`/exponent is a genuine `Float`, and Ruby's `Float` is the same
+        // `f64` Rust's is, so there is nothing to preserve there.
+        let is_plain_integer = !s.contains('.') && !s.contains(['e', 'E']);
+        let raw = if is_plain_integer && canonical_integer_digits(value) != s { Some(s) } else { None };
+        Ok(Json::Num(value, raw))
+    }
+}