hammerspace 0.1.2

data/lib/hammerspace/hash.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+require 'forwardable'
+
+module Hammerspace
+
+  # "Frontend" class
+  #
+  # All hammerspace functionality is exposed through this class's interface.
+  # Responsible for setting up the backend and delegating methods to the
+  # backend. Also handles default values. This functionality is designed to be
+  # consistent across backends; backends cannot be override this functionality.
+  class Hash
+    extend Forwardable
+
+    attr_reader :path
+    attr_reader :options
+    attr_reader :backend
+    attr_reader :default_proc
+
+    def_delegators :backend, *Enumerable.instance_methods
+    def_delegators :backend, *HashMethods.instance_methods
+    def_delegators :backend, :close, :uid
+
+    DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+      :backend => Hammerspace::Backend::Sparkey
+    }
+
+    def initialize(path, options={}, *args, &block)
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments" if args.size > 1
+
+      @path    = path
+      @options = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+      @backend = @options[:backend].new(self, @path, @options)
+
+      if block_given?
+        self.default_proc=(block)
+        raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments" if args.size == 1
+      else
+        self.default=args.first
+      end
+    end
+
+    def default(*args)
+      if @default_proc && args.size
+        @default_proc.call(self, args.first)
+      else
+        @default
+      end
+    end
+
+    def default=(value)
+      @default_proc = nil
+      @default = value
+    end
+
+    def default_proc=(value)
+      @default = nil
+      @default_proc = value
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/hammerspace/hash_methods.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+module Hammerspace
+
+  # Basic implementations of most methods supported by Ruby's hash
+  #
+  # Analogous to Enumerable. Mixed into Hammerspace::Backend::Base. A backend
+  # need only implement four of these methods: [], []=, delete, and each. (A
+  # backend should also implement close and uid, but these are not hash
+  # methods; they are hammerspace-specific.) However, a backend may choose to
+  # override some of the default implementations if the backend is able to
+  # implement the methods more efficiently.
+  module HashMethods
+
+    def ==(hash)
+      return false if size != hash.size
+      each do |key, value|
+        return false unless hash.has_key?(key)
+        return false unless hash[key] == value
+      end
+      true
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def assoc(key)
+      find { |k,v| k == key }
+    end
+
+    def clear
+      each { |key, value| delete(key) }
+      close # flush immediately
+      frontend
+    end
+
+    def delete(key)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def delete_if(&block)
+      if block_given?
+        reject!(&block)
+        frontend
+      else
+        reject!
+      end
+    end
+
+    def each(&block)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def each_key
+      if block_given?
+        each { |key, value| yield key }
+      else
+        Enumerator.new { |y| each { |key, value| y << key } }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def each_value
+      if block_given?
+        each { |key, value| yield value }
+      else
+        Enumerator.new { |y| each { |key, value| y << value } }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      size == 0
+    end
+
+    def eql?(hash)
+      return false if size != hash.size
+      each do |key, value|
+        return false unless hash.has_key?(key)
+        return false unless hash[key].eql?(value)
+      end
+      true
+    end
+
+    def fetch(key, *args)
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments" if args.size > 1
+
+      return self[key] if has_key?(key)
+
+      if block_given?
+        yield key
+      elsif args.size == 1
+        args.first
+      else
+        raise KeyError, "key not found: \"#{key}\""
+      end
+    end
+
+    def flatten(*args)
+      # Note: the optional level argument is supported for compatibility, but
+      # it will never have an effect because only string values are
+      # supported.
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments" if args.size > 1
+
+      each_with_object([]) do |args, array|
+        array << args.first
+        array << args.last
+      end
+    end
+
+    def has_key?(key)
+      !!find { |k,v| k.eql?(key) }
+    end
+
+    def has_value?(value)
+      !!find { |k,v| v == value }
+    end
+
+    def keep_if(&block)
+      if block_given?
+        select!(&block)
+        frontend
+      else
+        select!
+      end
+    end
+
+    def key(key)
+      has_key?(key) ? self[key] : nil
+    end
+
+    def keys
+      each.map { |key, value| key }
+    end
+
+    def merge!(hash)
+      hash.each do |key, value|
+        if block_given?
+          self[key] = yield key, self[key], value
+        else
+          self[key] = value
+        end
+      end
+      frontend
+    end
+
+    def rassoc(value)
+      find { |k,v| v == value }
+    end
+
+    def reject!
+      if block_given?
+        any_deleted = false
+        each do |key, value|
+          if yield key, value
+            any_deleted = true
+            delete(key)
+          end
+        end
+        any_deleted ? frontend : nil
+      else
+        Enumerator.new do |y|
+          each { |key, value| delete(key) if y.yield(key, value) }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def replace(hash)
+      clear
+      merge!(hash)
+    end
+
+    def select!
+      if block_given?
+        any_deleted = false
+        each do |key, value|
+          unless yield key, value
+            any_deleted = true
+            delete(key)
+          end
+        end
+        any_deleted ? frontend : nil
+      else
+        Enumerator.new do |y|
+          each { |key, value| delete(key) unless y.yield(key, value) }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def shift
+      items = take(1)
+      if items.empty?
+        frontend.default
+      else
+        pair = items.first
+        delete(pair.first)
+        pair
+      end
+    end
+
+    def size
+      count = 0
+      each { |key, value| count += 1 }
+      count
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      each_with_object({}) { |args, hash| hash[args.first] = args.last }
+    end
+
+    def values
+      each.map { |key, value| value }
+    end
+
+    def values_at(*args)
+      args.map { |key| self[key] }
+    end
+
+    alias_method :store, :[]=
+    alias_method :each_pair, :each
+    alias_method :key?, :has_key?
+
+    # alias_method seems to conflict with Enumerable's version of these methods
+    def include?(key); has_key?(key); end
+    def member?(key); has_key?(key); end
+
+    alias_method :value?, :has_value?
+    alias_method :update, :merge!
+    alias_method :initialize_copy, :replace
+    alias_method :length, :size
+
+  end
+end

data/lib/hammerspace/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Hammerspace
+  VERSION = '0.1.2'
+end

data/script/write_concurrency_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+$:.push File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
+$:.push File.expand_path('../../spec', __FILE__)
+
+require 'trollop'
+require 'hammerspace'
+require 'support/write_concurrency_test'
+require 'fileutils'
+
+include WriteConcurrencyTest
+
+opts = Trollop::options do
+  opt :path, 'Path to hammerspace root', :default => '/tmp'
+  opt :backend, 'Hammerspace backend to use', :default => 'Sparkey'
+  opt :concurrency, 'Number of writer processes to fork', :default => 10
+  opt :iterations, 'Number of times each process should write', :default => 10
+  opt :size, 'Number of items to write on each iteration', :default => 10
+end
+
+path = File.join(opts[:path], 'write_concurrency_test')
+
+begin
+  run_write_concurrency_test(
+    path,
+    {
+      :backend => Hammerspace::Backend.const_get(opts[:backend])
+    },
+    opts[:concurrency],
+    opts[:iterations],
+    opts[:size])
+ensure
+  FileUtils.rm_rf(path)
+end
+
+puts "OK"
+

data/spec/features/hash_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1487 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+
+describe Hammerspace do
+
+  [Hammerspace::Backend::Sparkey].each do |backend|
+    describe backend do
+
+      let(:path) { HAMMERSPACE_ROOT }
+      let(:options) { { :backend => backend } }
+
+      before do
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(path, :secure => true)
+      end
+
+      after(:all) do
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(path, :secure => true)
+      end
+
+      it "gets after set" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+        hash['foo'].should == 'bar'
+        hash.close
+      end
+
+      it "gets before set" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'].should be_nil
+        hash.close
+      end
+
+      it "supports interleaved gets and sets" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+        hash['foo'].should == 'bar'
+        hash['foo'] = 'newvalue'
+        hash['foo'].should == 'newvalue'
+        hash.close
+      end
+
+      it "persists values after reopen" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+        hash.close
+
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'].should == 'bar'
+        hash.close
+      end
+
+      it "allows updating after reopen" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+        hash.close
+
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'newvalue'
+        hash['foo'].should == 'newvalue'
+        hash.close
+      end
+
+      it "supports multiple readers" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+        hash.close
+
+        reader1 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        reader1['foo'].should == 'bar'
+
+        reader2 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        reader2['foo'].should == 'bar'
+
+        reader1.close
+        reader2.close
+      end
+
+      it "isolates readers" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+        hash.close
+
+        reader1 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        reader1['foo'].should == 'bar'
+
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'newvalue'
+        hash.close
+
+        reader1['foo'].should == 'bar' # still 'bar'
+
+        reader2 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        reader2['foo'].should == 'newvalue'
+
+        reader1.close
+        reader2.close
+      end
+
+      it "supports multiple writers" do
+        writer1 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        writer1['foo'] = 'one'
+
+        writer2 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        writer2['foo'] = 'two'
+        writer2['bar'] = 'two' # test works even without locking if this isn't here?
+
+        writer2.close
+        writer1.close # last write wins
+
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'].should == 'one'
+        hash['bar'].should be_nil
+        hash.close
+      end
+
+      it "supports multiple appenders" do
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+        hash.close
+
+        writer1 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        writer1['foo'] = 'one'
+
+        writer2 = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        writer2['foo'] = 'two'
+        writer2['bar'] = 'two' # test works even without locking if this isn't here?
+
+        writer2.close
+        writer1.close # last write wins
+
+        hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+        hash['foo'].should == 'one'
+        hash['bar'].should be_nil
+        hash.close
+      end
+
+      it "handles high write concurrency" do
+        run_write_concurrency_test(path, options)
+      end
+
+      describe "#==" do
+
+        it "returns false if different sizes" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+
+          h1.should_not == h2
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "does not consider default values" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options, 'B')
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+
+          h1.should_not == h2
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false if different keys" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+          h2['B'] = 'B'
+
+          h1.should_not == h2
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false if different values" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+          h2['b'] = 'b'
+
+          h1.should_not == h2
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns true if same keys and values" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+          h2['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h1.should == h2
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "works with hashes" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.should == {'a' => 'A', 'b' => 'B'}
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#[]" do
+
+        it "returns value if key exists" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.default = 'default'
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash['foo'].should == 'bar'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns default value if key does not exist" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.default = 'default'
+          hash['foo'].should == 'default'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "supports storing the default value" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options) { |h,k| h[k] = 'Go fish' }
+          hash['foo'].should == 'Go fish'
+          hash.has_key?('foo').should be_true
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#[]=" do
+
+        it "handles key mutation" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          key = 'foo'
+          hash[key] = 'bar'
+          key = 'key'
+          hash['foo'].should == 'bar'
+          hash['key'].should be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#assoc" do
+
+        it "returns key value pair when key is present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.assoc('foo').should == ['foo', 'bar']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns nil when key is not present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.assoc('otherkey').should be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns nil when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.assoc('foo').should be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#clear" do
+
+        it "removes all keys and values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.close
+
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.clear
+          hash['foo'].should be_nil
+          hash.size.should == 0
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "removes unflushed keys and values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.clear
+          hash['foo'].should be_nil
+          hash.size.should == 0
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns the hash" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.clear.should == hash
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#delete" do
+
+        it "deletes" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.delete('foo')
+          hash.has_key?('foo').should be_false
+          hash['foo'].should be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#delete_if" do
+
+        let(:hash) do
+          h = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          h['a'] = 'A'
+          h['b'] = 'B'
+          h
+        end
+
+        context "with block" do
+
+          it "deletes when true" do
+            hash.delete_if { |key,value| key == 'a' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns the hash" do
+            hash.delete_if { |key,value| true }.should == hash
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+        context "with enumerator" do
+
+          it "deletes when true" do
+            hash.delete_if.each { |key,value| key == 'a' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#each" do
+
+        let(:keys)   { [] }
+        let(:values) { [] }
+        let(:hash) do
+          h = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          h['a'] = 'A'
+          h['b'] = 'B'
+          h
+        end
+
+        context "with block" do
+
+          it "allows iteration" do
+            hash.each do |key,value|
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+            end
+            hash.close
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+          end
+
+          it "allows iteration when empty" do
+            iterations = 0
+
+            hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+            hash.each { |key,value| iterations += 1 }
+            hash.close
+
+            iterations.should == 0
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating during iteration" do
+            hash.each do |key,value|
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating and reading during iteration" do
+            hash.each do |key,value|
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+              hash[key].should == 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "isolates iterators during iteration" do
+            hash.each do |key,value|
+              hash['b'] = 'C'
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+        context "with enumerator" do
+
+          it "allows iteration" do
+            hash.each.each do |key,value|
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+            end
+            hash.close
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+          end
+
+          it "allows iteration when empty" do
+            iterations = 0
+
+            hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+            hash.each.each { |key,value| iterations += 1 }
+            hash.close
+
+            iterations.should == 0
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating during iteration" do
+            hash.each.each do |key,value|
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating and reading during iteration" do
+            hash.each.each do |key,value|
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+              hash[key].should == 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "isolates iterators during iteration" do
+            hash.each.each do |key,value|
+              hash['b'] = 'C'
+              keys << key
+              values << value
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns the hash" do
+            hash.each { |key,value| 'foo' }.should == hash
+          end
+
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#each_key" do
+
+        let(:keys)   { [] }
+        let(:hash) do
+          h = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          h['a'] = 'A'
+          h['b'] = 'B'
+          h
+        end
+
+        context "with block" do
+
+          it "allows iteration" do
+            hash.each_key do |key|
+              keys << key
+            end
+            hash.close
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+          end
+
+          it "allows iteration when empty" do
+            iterations = 0
+
+            hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+            hash.each_key { |key| iterations += 1 }
+            hash.close
+
+            iterations.should == 0
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating during iteration" do
+            hash.each_key do |key|
+              keys << key
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating and reading during iteration" do
+            hash.each_key do |key|
+              keys << key
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+              hash[key].should == 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "isolates iterators during iteration" do
+            hash.each_key do |key|
+              hash['b'] = 'C'
+              keys << key
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns the hash" do
+            hash.each_key { |key| 'foo' }.should == hash
+          end
+
+        end
+
+        context "with enumerator" do
+
+          it "allows iteration" do
+            hash.each_key.each do |key|
+              keys << key
+            end
+            hash.close
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+          end
+
+          it "allows iteration when empty" do
+            iterations = 0
+
+            hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+            hash.each_key.each { |key,value| iterations += 1 }
+            hash.close
+
+            iterations.should == 0
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating during iteration" do
+            hash.each_key.each do |key|
+              keys << key
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating and reading during iteration" do
+            hash.each_key.each do |key|
+              keys << key
+              hash[key] = 'C'
+              hash[key].should == 'C'
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "isolates iterators during iteration" do
+            hash.each_key.each do |key|
+              hash['b'] = 'C'
+              keys << key
+            end
+
+            keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#each_value" do
+
+        let(:values) { [] }
+        let(:hash) do
+          h = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          h['a'] = 'A'
+          h['b'] = 'B'
+          h
+        end
+
+        context "with block" do
+
+          it "allows iteration" do
+            hash.each_value do |value|
+              values << value
+            end
+            hash.close
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+          end
+
+          it "allows iteration when empty" do
+            iterations = 0
+
+            hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+            hash.each_value { |value| iterations += 1 }
+            hash.close
+
+            iterations.should == 0
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating during iteration" do
+            hash.each_value do |value|
+              values << value
+              hash['a'] = 'C'
+            end
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating and reading during iteration" do
+            hash.each_value do |value|
+              values << value
+              hash['a'] = 'C'
+              hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            end
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "isolates iterators during iteration" do
+            hash.each_value do |value|
+              hash['b'] = 'C'
+              values << value
+            end
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns the hash" do
+            hash.each_value { |value| 'foo' }.should == hash
+          end
+
+        end
+
+        context "with enumerator" do
+
+          it "allows iteration" do
+            hash.each_value.each do |value|
+              values << value
+            end
+            hash.close
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+          end
+
+          it "allows iteration when empty" do
+            iterations = 0
+
+            hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+            hash.each_value.each { |value| iterations += 1 }
+            hash.close
+
+            iterations.should == 0
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating during iteration" do
+            hash.each_value.each do |value|
+              values << value
+              hash['a'] = 'C'
+            end
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "allows updating and reading during iteration" do
+            hash.each_value.each do |value|
+              values << value
+              hash['a'] = 'C'
+              hash['a'].should == 'C'
+            end
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['a'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "isolates iterators during iteration" do
+            hash.each_value.each do |value|
+              hash['b'] = 'C'
+              values << value
+            end
+
+            values.should == ['A', 'B']
+
+            hash['b'].should == 'C'
+
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#empty?" do
+
+        it "returns true when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.empty?.should be_true
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false when not empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.empty?.should be_false
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#eql?" do
+
+        it "returns false if different sizes" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+
+          h1.should_not eql(h2)
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "does not consider default values" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options, 'B')
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+
+          h1.should_not eql(h2)
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false if different keys" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+          h2['B'] = 'B'
+
+          h1.should_not eql(h2)
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false if different values" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+          h2['b'] = 'b'
+
+          h1.should_not eql(h2)
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns true if same keys and values" do
+          h1 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          h1['a'] = 'A'
+          h1['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h2 = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '2'), options)
+          h2['a'] = 'A'
+          h2['b'] = 'B'
+
+          h1.should eql(h2)
+
+          h1.close
+          h2.close
+        end
+
+        it "works with hashes" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(File.join(path, '1'), options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.should eql({'a' => 'A', 'b' => 'B'})
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#fetch" do
+
+        it "returns value if key exists" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.fetch('foo').should == 'bar'
+        end
+
+        it "calls block to determine value if key does not exist" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.fetch('foo') { |key| "block#{key}" }.should == "blockfoo"
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns default value if key does not exist" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.fetch('foo', 'default').should == 'default'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "calls block to determine value if key does not exist and both second argument and block are passed" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.fetch('foo', 'default') { |key| "block#{key}" }.should == "blockfoo"
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "raises KeyError if key does not exist" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          expect {
+            hash.fetch('foo')
+          }.to raise_error(KeyError)
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "raises ArgumentError if a third argument is passed" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          expect {
+            hash.fetch('foo', 'default', 'bogus')
+          }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#flatten" do
+
+        it "returns an array of key value pairs" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.flatten.should == ['a', 'A', 'b', 'B']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns an empty array when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.flatten.should == []
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "accepts an optional level argument" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.flatten(2).should == ['a', 'A', 'b', 'B']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "raises ArgumentError if a second argument is passed" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          expect {
+            hash.flatten(1, 'bogus')
+          }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#has_key?" do
+
+        it "returns true when key is present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.has_key?('foo').should be_true
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false when key is not present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.has_key?('otherkey').should be_false
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.has_key?('foo').should be_false
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#has_value?" do
+
+        it "returns true when value is present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.has_value?('bar').should be_true
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false when value is not present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.has_value?('othervalue').should be_false
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns false when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.has_value?('foo').should be_false
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#keep_if" do
+
+        let(:hash) do
+          h = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          h['a'] = 'A'
+          h['b'] = 'B'
+          h
+        end
+
+        context "with block" do
+
+          it "keeps when true" do
+            hash.keep_if { |key,value| key == 'b' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns the hash" do
+            hash.keep_if { |key,value| true }.should == hash
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+        context "with enumerator" do
+
+          it "keeps when true" do
+            hash.keep_if.each { |key,value| key == 'b' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#key" do
+
+        it "returns value if key exists" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.key('foo').should == 'bar'
+        end
+
+        it "returns nil if key does not exist" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.key('foo').should be_nil
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#keys" do
+
+        it "returns keys" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.keys.should == ['a', 'b']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns empty array when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.keys.should == []
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#merge!" do
+
+        it "adds new values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.merge!({'foo' => 'bar'})
+          hash['foo'].should == 'bar'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "updates existing values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.merge!({'foo' => 'newvalue'})
+          hash['foo'].should == 'newvalue'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "calls block to determine value on duplicates" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.merge!({'foo' => 'newvalue'}) { |key, v1, v2| v1 + v2 }
+          hash['foo'].should == 'barnewvalue'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns the hash" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.merge!({}).should == hash
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#rassoc" do
+
+        it "returns key value pair when value is present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.rassoc('bar').should == ['foo', 'bar']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns first key value pair when value is present multiple times" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash['otherkey'] = 'bar'
+          hash.rassoc('bar').should == ['foo', 'bar']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns nil when value is not present" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.rassoc('otherkey').should be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns nil when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.rassoc('foo').should be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#reject!" do
+
+        let(:hash) do
+          h = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          h['a'] = 'A'
+          h['b'] = 'B'
+          h
+        end
+
+        context "with block" do
+
+          it "deletes when true" do
+            hash.reject! { |key,value| key == 'a' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns the hash if items deleted" do
+            hash.reject! { |key,value| true }.should == hash
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns nil if no items deleted" do
+            hash.reject! { |key,value| false }.should be_nil
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+        context "with enumerator" do
+
+          it "deletes when true" do
+            hash.reject!.each { |key,value| key == 'a' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#replace" do
+
+        it "removes values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash.close
+
+          hash.replace({'b' => 'B'})
+          hash['a'].should be_nil
+          hash['b'].should == 'B'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "updates existing values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.close
+
+          hash.replace({'foo' => 'newvalue'})
+          hash['foo'].should == 'newvalue'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns the hash" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.replace({}).should == hash
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#select!" do
+
+        let(:hash) do
+          h = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          h['a'] = 'A'
+          h['b'] = 'B'
+          h
+        end
+
+        context "with block" do
+
+          it "keeps when true" do
+            hash.select! { |key,value| key == 'b' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns the hash if items deleted" do
+            hash.select! { |key,value| false }.should == hash
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+          it "returns nil if no items deleted" do
+            hash.select! { |key,value| true }.should be_nil
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+        context "with enumerator" do
+
+          it "keeps when true" do
+            hash.select!.each { |key,value| key == 'b' }
+            hash.has_key?('a').should be_false
+            hash['a'].should be_nil
+            hash.has_key?('b').should be_true
+            hash['b'].should == 'B'
+            hash.close
+          end
+
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#shift" do
+
+        it "removes and returns the first key value pair" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.shift.should == ['a', 'A']
+          hash.keys.should == ['b']
+          hash.values.should == ['B']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns the default value if empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options, 'default')
+          hash.shift.should == 'default'
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#size" do
+
+        it "returns size" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.size.should == 2
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns 0 when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.size.should == 0
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#to_a" do
+
+        it "returns an array of key value pairs" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.to_a.should == [['a', 'A'], ['b', 'B']]
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns an empty array when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.to_a.should == []
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#to_hash" do
+
+        it "returns a hash" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.to_hash.should == {'a' => 'A', 'b' => 'B'}
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns an empty hash when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.to_hash.should == {}
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#uid" do
+
+        it "returns uid" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+          hash.close
+
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.uid.should_not be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns nil when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.uid.should be_nil
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns same uid throughout isolated read" do
+          writer = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          writer['foo'] = 'bar'
+          writer.close
+
+          reader = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          uid = reader.uid
+
+          writer = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          writer['foo'] = 'newvalue'
+          writer.close
+
+          reader.uid.should == uid
+          reader.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns different uid after close/reopen" do
+          writer = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          writer['foo'] = 'bar'
+          writer.close
+
+          reader = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          uid = reader.uid
+
+          writer = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          writer['foo'] = 'newvalue'
+          writer.close
+
+          reader.uid.should == uid
+          reader.close
+          reader.uid.should_not == uid
+          reader.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#values" do
+
+        it "returns values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.values.should == ['A', 'B']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns empty array when empty" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.values.should == []
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      describe "#values_at" do
+
+        it "returns values" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash['b'] = 'B'
+          hash.values_at('b', 'a').should == ['B', 'A']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+        it "returns default values when keys do not exist" do
+          hash = Hammerspace.new(path, options)
+          hash.default = 'default'
+          hash['a'] = 'A'
+          hash.values_at('a', 'b').should == ['A', 'default']
+          hash.close
+        end
+
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end