haml 3.2.0.alpha.10 → 3.2.0.alpha.13

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Files changed (389) hide show
  1. data/.yardopts +19 -7
  2. data/CHANGELOG.md +1224 -0
  3. data/FAQ.md +157 -0
  4. data/README.md +99 -62
  5. data/REFERENCE.md +1404 -0
  6. data/Rakefile +52 -341
  7. data/init.rb +1 -18
  8. data/lib/haml.rb +6 -30
  9. data/lib/haml/buffer.rb +37 -16
  10. data/lib/haml/compiler.rb +52 -13
  11. data/lib/haml/engine.rb +61 -44
  12. data/lib/haml/exec.rb +21 -4
  13. data/lib/haml/filters.rb +136 -166
  14. data/lib/haml/helpers.rb +37 -10
  15. data/lib/haml/helpers/action_view_extensions.rb +2 -1
  16. data/lib/haml/helpers/action_view_mods.rb +67 -181
  17. data/lib/haml/helpers/rails_323_textarea_fix.rb +39 -0
  18. data/lib/haml/helpers/xss_mods.rb +9 -11
  19. data/lib/haml/html.rb +22 -9
  20. data/lib/haml/html/erb.rb +1 -1
  21. data/lib/haml/parser.rb +22 -15
  22. data/lib/haml/railtie.rb +2 -13
  23. data/lib/haml/template.rb +18 -85
  24. data/lib/haml/template/options.rb +1 -1
  25. data/lib/haml/template/plugin.rb +15 -101
  26. data/lib/haml/util.rb +120 -603
  27. data/lib/haml/version.rb +1 -107
  28. data/test/{haml/engine_test.rb → engine_test.rb} +137 -143
  29. data/test/{haml/erb → erb}/_av_partial_1.erb +1 -1
  30. data/test/{haml/erb → erb}/_av_partial_2.erb +1 -1
  31. data/test/{haml/erb → erb}/action_view.erb +1 -1
  32. data/test/{haml/erb → erb}/standard.erb +0 -0
  33. data/test/filters_test.rb +141 -0
  34. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-3.0.x +4 -6
  35. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-3.1.x +5 -6
  36. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-3.2.x +6 -0
  37. data/test/haml-spec/LICENSE +14 -0
  38. data/test/{haml/spec → haml-spec}/README.md +26 -17
  39. data/test/haml-spec/lua_haml_spec.lua +38 -0
  40. data/test/haml-spec/perl_haml_test.pl +81 -0
  41. data/test/haml-spec/ruby_haml_test.rb +23 -0
  42. data/test/{haml/spec → haml-spec}/tests.json +132 -54
  43. data/test/{haml/helper_test.rb → helper_test.rb} +50 -36
  44. data/test/{haml/html2haml → html2haml}/erb_tests.rb +0 -0
  45. data/test/{haml/html2haml_test.rb → html2haml_test.rb} +11 -5
  46. data/test/{haml/markaby → markaby}/standard.mab +0 -0
  47. data/test/{haml/mocks → mocks}/article.rb +0 -0
  48. data/test/{haml/results → results}/content_for_layout.xhtml +0 -0
  49. data/test/{haml/results → results}/eval_suppressed.xhtml +0 -0
  50. data/test/{haml/results → results}/helpers.xhtml +0 -0
  51. data/test/{haml/results → results}/helpful.xhtml +0 -0
  52. data/test/{haml/results → results}/just_stuff.xhtml +0 -0
  53. data/test/{haml/results → results}/list.xhtml +0 -0
  54. data/test/{haml/results → results}/nuke_inner_whitespace.xhtml +0 -0
  55. data/test/{haml/results → results}/nuke_outer_whitespace.xhtml +0 -0
  56. data/test/{haml/results → results}/original_engine.xhtml +0 -0
  57. data/test/{haml/results → results}/partial_layout.xhtml +0 -0
  58. data/test/{haml/results → results}/partials.xhtml +0 -0
  59. data/test/{haml/results → results}/render_layout.xhtml +0 -0
  60. data/test/{haml/results → results}/silent_script.xhtml +1 -1
  61. data/test/{haml/results → results}/standard.xhtml +0 -0
  62. data/test/{haml/results → results}/tag_parsing.xhtml +0 -0
  63. data/test/{haml/results → results}/very_basic.xhtml +0 -0
  64. data/test/{haml/results → results}/whitespace_handling.xhtml +46 -50
  65. data/test/{haml/template_test.rb → template_test.rb} +20 -81
  66. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_av_partial_1.haml +1 -1
  67. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_av_partial_1_ugly.haml +1 -1
  68. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_av_partial_2.haml +1 -1
  69. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_av_partial_2_ugly.haml +1 -1
  70. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_layout.erb +0 -0
  71. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_layout_for_partial.haml +0 -0
  72. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_partial.haml +0 -0
  73. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/_text_area.haml +0 -0
  74. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/action_view.haml +1 -1
  75. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/action_view_ugly.haml +1 -1
  76. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/breakage.haml +0 -0
  77. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/content_for_layout.haml +0 -0
  78. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/eval_suppressed.haml +0 -0
  79. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/helpers.haml +0 -0
  80. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/helpful.haml +0 -0
  81. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/just_stuff.haml +0 -0
  82. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/list.haml +0 -0
  83. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/nuke_inner_whitespace.haml +0 -0
  84. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/nuke_outer_whitespace.haml +0 -0
  85. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/original_engine.haml +0 -0
  86. data/test/templates/partial_layout.haml +3 -0
  87. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/partialize.haml +0 -0
  88. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/partials.haml +0 -0
  89. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/render_layout.haml +0 -0
  90. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/silent_script.haml +2 -2
  91. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/standard.haml +0 -0
  92. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/standard_ugly.haml +0 -0
  93. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/tag_parsing.haml +0 -0
  94. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/very_basic.haml +0 -0
  95. data/test/{haml/templates → templates}/whitespace_handling.haml +0 -0
  96. data/test/test_helper.rb +42 -34
  97. data/test/util_test.rb +80 -0
  98. metadata +259 -427
  99. data/CONTRIBUTING +0 -3
  100. data/REVISION +0 -1
  101. data/VERSION +0 -1
  102. data/VERSION_NAME +0 -1
  103. data/extra/update_watch.rb +0 -13
  104. data/lib/haml/root.rb +0 -7
  105. data/lib/haml/shared.rb +0 -78
  106. data/lib/haml/template/patch.rb +0 -58
  107. data/lib/sass.rb +0 -8
  108. data/lib/sass/plugin.rb +0 -10
  109. data/lib/sass/rails2_shim.rb +0 -9
  110. data/lib/sass/rails3_shim.rb +0 -16
  111. data/test/benchmark.rb +0 -91
  112. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.0.x +0 -8
  113. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.0.x.lock +0 -38
  114. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.1.x +0 -8
  115. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.1.x.lock +0 -38
  116. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.2.x +0 -8
  117. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.2.x.lock +0 -38
  118. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.3.x +0 -8
  119. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-2.3.x.lock +0 -40
  120. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-3.0.x.lock +0 -85
  121. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-3.1.x.lock +0 -98
  122. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-xss-2.3.x +0 -9
  123. data/test/gemfiles/Gemfile.rails-xss-2.3.x.lock +0 -42
  124. data/test/haml/results/filters.xhtml +0 -62
  125. data/test/haml/spec/lua_haml_spec.lua +0 -30
  126. data/test/haml/spec/ruby_haml_test.rb +0 -19
  127. data/test/haml/spec_test.rb +0 -44
  128. data/test/haml/templates/filters.haml +0 -66
  129. data/test/haml/templates/partial_layout.haml +0 -10
  130. data/test/haml/util_test.rb +0 -300
  131. data/test/linked_rails.rb +0 -42
  132. data/vendor/sass/CONTRIBUTING +0 -3
  133. data/vendor/sass/MIT-LICENSE +0 -20
  134. data/vendor/sass/README.md +0 -201
  135. data/vendor/sass/Rakefile +0 -339
  136. data/vendor/sass/TODO +0 -39
  137. data/vendor/sass/VERSION +0 -1
  138. data/vendor/sass/VERSION_NAME +0 -1
  139. data/vendor/sass/bin/sass +0 -8
  140. data/vendor/sass/bin/sass-convert +0 -7
  141. data/vendor/sass/bin/scss +0 -8
  142. data/vendor/sass/doc-src/FAQ.md +0 -35
  143. data/vendor/sass/doc-src/INDENTED_SYNTAX.md +0 -210
  144. data/vendor/sass/doc-src/SASS_CHANGELOG.md +0 -2327
  145. data/vendor/sass/doc-src/SASS_REFERENCE.md +0 -1965
  146. data/vendor/sass/doc-src/SCSS_FOR_SASS_USERS.md +0 -155
  147. data/vendor/sass/ext/extconf.rb +0 -10
  148. data/vendor/sass/extra/update_watch.rb +0 -13
  149. data/vendor/sass/init.rb +0 -18
  150. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass.rb +0 -73
  151. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/cache_stores.rb +0 -15
  152. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/cache_stores/base.rb +0 -86
  153. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/cache_stores/chain.rb +0 -33
  154. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/cache_stores/filesystem.rb +0 -60
  155. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/cache_stores/memory.rb +0 -47
  156. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/cache_stores/null.rb +0 -25
  157. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/callbacks.rb +0 -66
  158. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/css.rb +0 -295
  159. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/engine.rb +0 -878
  160. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/environment.rb +0 -166
  161. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/error.rb +0 -201
  162. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/exec.rb +0 -672
  163. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/importers.rb +0 -22
  164. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/importers/base.rb +0 -139
  165. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/importers/filesystem.rb +0 -149
  166. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/less.rb +0 -382
  167. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/logger.rb +0 -15
  168. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/logger/base.rb +0 -32
  169. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/logger/log_level.rb +0 -49
  170. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin.rb +0 -132
  171. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin/compiler.rb +0 -383
  172. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin/configuration.rb +0 -123
  173. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin/generic.rb +0 -15
  174. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin/merb.rb +0 -48
  175. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin/rack.rb +0 -60
  176. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin/rails.rb +0 -47
  177. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/plugin/staleness_checker.rb +0 -173
  178. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/railtie.rb +0 -9
  179. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/repl.rb +0 -58
  180. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/root.rb +0 -7
  181. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script.rb +0 -40
  182. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/bool.rb +0 -18
  183. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/color.rb +0 -480
  184. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/css_lexer.rb +0 -29
  185. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/css_parser.rb +0 -31
  186. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/funcall.rb +0 -175
  187. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/functions.rb +0 -1386
  188. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/interpolation.rb +0 -79
  189. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/lexer.rb +0 -339
  190. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/list.rb +0 -83
  191. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/literal.rb +0 -250
  192. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/node.rb +0 -99
  193. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/number.rb +0 -452
  194. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/operation.rb +0 -99
  195. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/parser.rb +0 -474
  196. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/string.rb +0 -51
  197. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/string_interpolation.rb +0 -103
  198. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/unary_operation.rb +0 -64
  199. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/script/variable.rb +0 -59
  200. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss.rb +0 -17
  201. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss/css_parser.rb +0 -46
  202. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss/parser.rb +0 -960
  203. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss/rx.rb +0 -128
  204. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss/sass_parser.rb +0 -11
  205. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss/script_lexer.rb +0 -15
  206. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss/script_parser.rb +0 -25
  207. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/scss/static_parser.rb +0 -40
  208. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/selector.rb +0 -361
  209. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/selector/abstract_sequence.rb +0 -62
  210. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/selector/comma_sequence.rb +0 -81
  211. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/selector/sequence.rb +0 -233
  212. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/selector/simple.rb +0 -113
  213. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/selector/simple_sequence.rb +0 -134
  214. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/shared.rb +0 -78
  215. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/charset_node.rb +0 -22
  216. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/comment_node.rb +0 -90
  217. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/debug_node.rb +0 -18
  218. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/directive_node.rb +0 -23
  219. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/each_node.rb +0 -24
  220. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/extend_node.rb +0 -29
  221. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/for_node.rb +0 -36
  222. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/function_node.rb +0 -27
  223. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/if_node.rb +0 -52
  224. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/import_node.rb +0 -68
  225. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/media_node.rb +0 -32
  226. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/mixin_def_node.rb +0 -27
  227. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/mixin_node.rb +0 -32
  228. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/node.rb +0 -201
  229. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/prop_node.rb +0 -148
  230. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/return_node.rb +0 -18
  231. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/root_node.rb +0 -28
  232. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/rule_node.rb +0 -136
  233. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/variable_node.rb +0 -30
  234. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/base.rb +0 -75
  235. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/check_nesting.rb +0 -133
  236. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/convert.rb +0 -260
  237. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/cssize.rb +0 -175
  238. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/deep_copy.rb +0 -87
  239. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/perform.rb +0 -332
  240. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/set_options.rb +0 -97
  241. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/visitors/to_css.rb +0 -210
  242. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/warn_node.rb +0 -18
  243. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/tree/while_node.rb +0 -18
  244. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/util.rb +0 -721
  245. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/util/subset_map.rb +0 -101
  246. data/vendor/sass/lib/sass/version.rb +0 -112
  247. data/vendor/sass/rails/init.rb +0 -1
  248. data/vendor/sass/sass.gemspec +0 -33
  249. data/vendor/sass/test/Gemfile +0 -4
  250. data/vendor/sass/test/Gemfile.lock +0 -19
  251. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/cache_test.rb +0 -89
  252. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/callbacks_test.rb +0 -61
  253. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/conversion_test.rb +0 -1199
  254. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/css2sass_test.rb +0 -373
  255. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/data/hsl-rgb.txt +0 -319
  256. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/engine_test.rb +0 -2567
  257. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/extend_test.rb +0 -1348
  258. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/fixtures/test_staleness_check_across_importers.css +0 -1
  259. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/fixtures/test_staleness_check_across_importers.scss +0 -1
  260. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/functions_test.rb +0 -1038
  261. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/importer_test.rb +0 -192
  262. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/less_conversion_test.rb +0 -653
  263. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/logger_test.rb +0 -58
  264. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/mock_importer.rb +0 -49
  265. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/more_results/more1.css +0 -9
  266. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/more_results/more1_with_line_comments.css +0 -26
  267. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/more_results/more_import.css +0 -29
  268. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/more_templates/_more_partial.sass +0 -2
  269. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/more_templates/more1.sass +0 -23
  270. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/more_templates/more_import.sass +0 -11
  271. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/plugin_test.rb +0 -472
  272. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/alt.css +0 -4
  273. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/basic.css +0 -9
  274. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/compact.css +0 -5
  275. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/complex.css +0 -86
  276. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/compressed.css +0 -1
  277. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/expanded.css +0 -19
  278. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/if.css +0 -3
  279. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/import.css +0 -31
  280. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/import_charset.css +0 -4
  281. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/import_charset_1_8.css +0 -4
  282. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/import_charset_ibm866.css +0 -4
  283. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/line_numbers.css +0 -49
  284. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/mixins.css +0 -95
  285. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/multiline.css +0 -24
  286. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/nested.css +0 -22
  287. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/options.css +0 -1
  288. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/parent_ref.css +0 -13
  289. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/script.css +0 -16
  290. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/scss_import.css +0 -31
  291. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/scss_importee.css +0 -2
  292. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/subdir/nested_subdir/nested_subdir.css +0 -1
  293. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/subdir/subdir.css +0 -3
  294. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/units.css +0 -11
  295. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/warn.css +0 -0
  296. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/results/warn_imported.css +0 -0
  297. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/script_conversion_test.rb +0 -285
  298. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/script_test.rb +0 -514
  299. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/scss/css_test.rb +0 -922
  300. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/scss/rx_test.rb +0 -156
  301. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/scss/scss_test.rb +0 -1273
  302. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/scss/test_helper.rb +0 -37
  303. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/_imported_charset_ibm866.sass +0 -4
  304. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/_imported_charset_utf8.sass +0 -4
  305. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/_partial.sass +0 -2
  306. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/alt.sass +0 -16
  307. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/basic.sass +0 -23
  308. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/bork1.sass +0 -2
  309. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/bork2.sass +0 -2
  310. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/bork3.sass +0 -2
  311. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/bork4.sass +0 -2
  312. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/bork5.sass +0 -3
  313. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/compact.sass +0 -17
  314. data/vendor/sass/test/sass/templates/complex.sass +0 -305
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@@ -1,1965 +0,0 @@
1
- # Sass (Syntactically Awesome StyleSheets)
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-
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- * Table of contents
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- {:toc}
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-
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- Sass is an extension of CSS
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- that adds power and elegance to the basic language.
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- It allows you to use [variables](#variables_), [nested rules](#nested_rules),
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- [mixins](#mixins), [inline imports](#import), and more,
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- all with a fully CSS-compatible syntax.
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- Sass helps keep large stylesheets well-organized,
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- and get small stylesheets up and running quickly,
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- particularly with the help of
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- [the Compass style library](http://compass-style.org).
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-
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- ## Features
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-
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- * Fully CSS3-compatible
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- * Language extensions such as variables, nesting, and mixins
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- * Many {Sass::Script::Functions useful functions} for manipulating colors and other values
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- * Advanced features like [control directives](#control_directives) for libraries
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- * Well-formatted, customizable output
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- * [Firebug integration](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/103988)
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-
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- ## Syntax
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-
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- There are two syntaxes available for Sass.
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- The first, known as SCSS (Sassy CSS) and used throughout this reference,
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- is an extension of the syntax of CSS3.
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- This means that every valid CSS3 stylesheet
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- is a valid SCSS file with the same meaning.
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- In addition, SCSS understands most CSS hacks
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- and vendor-specific syntax, such as [IE's old `filter` syntax](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533754%28VS.85%29.aspx).
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- This syntax is enhanced with the Sass features described below.
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- Files using this syntax have the `.scss` extension.
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-
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- The second and older syntax, known as the indented syntax (or sometimes just "Sass"),
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- provides a more concise way of writing CSS.
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- It uses indentation rather than brackets to indicate nesting of selectors,
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- and newlines rather than semicolons to separate properties.
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- Some people find this to be easier to read and quicker to write than SCSS.
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- The indented syntax has all the same features,
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- although some of them have slightly different syntax;
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- this is described in {file:INDENTED_SYNTAX.md the indented syntax reference}.
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- Files using this syntax have the `.sass` extension.
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-
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- Either syntax can [import](#import) files written in the other.
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- Files can be automatically converted from one syntax to the other
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- using the `sass-convert` command line tool:
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-
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- # Convert Sass to SCSS
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- $ sass-convert style.sass style.scss
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-
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- # Convert SCSS to Sass
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- $ sass-convert style.scss style.sass
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-
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- ## Using Sass
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-
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- Sass can be used in three ways:
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- as a command-line tool,
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- as a standalone Ruby module,
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- and as a plugin for any Rack-enabled framework,
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- including Ruby on Rails and Merb.
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- The first step for all of these is to install the Sass gem:
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-
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- gem install sass
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-
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- If you're using Windows,
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- you may need to [install Ruby](http://rubyinstaller.org/download.html) first.
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-
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- To run Sass from the command line, just use
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-
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- sass input.scss output.css
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-
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- You can also tell Sass to watch the file and update the CSS
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- every time the Sass file changes:
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-
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- sass --watch input.scss:output.css
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-
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- If you have a directory with many Sass files,
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- you can also tell Sass to watch the entire directory:
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-
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- sass --watch app/sass:public/stylesheets
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-
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- Use `sass --help` for full documentation.
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-
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- Using Sass in Ruby code is very simple.
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- After installing the Sass gem,
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- you can use it by running `require "sass"`
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- and using {Sass::Engine} like so:
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-
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- engine = Sass::Engine.new("#main {background-color: #0000ff}", :syntax => :scss)
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- engine.render #=> "#main { background-color: #0000ff; }\n"
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-
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- ### Rack/Rails/Merb Plugin
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-
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- To enable Sass in Rails versions before Rails 3,
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- add the following line to `environment.rb`:
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-
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- config.gem "sass"
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-
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- For Rails 3, instead add the following line to the Gemfile:
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-
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- gem "sass"
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-
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- To enable Sass in Merb,
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- add the following line to `config/dependencies.rb`:
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-
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- dependency "merb-haml"
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-
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- To enable Sass in a Rack application,
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- add
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-
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- require 'sass/plugin/rack'
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- use Sass::Plugin::Rack
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-
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- to `config.ru`.
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-
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- Sass stylesheets don't work the same as views.
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- They don't contain dynamic content,
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- so the CSS only needs to be generated when the Sass file has been updated.
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- By default, `.sass` and `.scss` files are placed in public/stylesheets/sass
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- (this can be customized with the [`:template_location`](#template_location-option) option).
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- Then, whenever necessary, they're compiled into corresponding CSS files in public/stylesheets.
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- For instance, public/stylesheets/sass/main.scss would be compiled to public/stylesheets/main.css.
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-
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- ### Caching
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-
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- By default, Sass caches compiled templates and [partials](#partials).
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- This dramatically speeds up re-compilation of large collections of Sass files,
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- and works best if the Sass templates are split up into separate files
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- that are all [`@import`](#import)ed into one large file.
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-
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- Without a framework, Sass puts the cached templates in the `.sass-cache` directory.
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- In Rails and Merb, they go in `tmp/sass-cache`.
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- The directory can be customized with the [`:cache_location`](#cache_location-option) option.
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- If you don't want Sass to use caching at all,
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- set the [`:cache`](#cache-option) option to `false`.
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-
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- ### Options
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-
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- Options can be set by setting the {Sass::Plugin::Configuration#options Sass::Plugin#options} hash
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- in `environment.rb` in Rails or `config.ru` in Rack...
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-
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- Sass::Plugin.options[:style] = :compact
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-
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- ...or by setting the `Merb::Plugin.config[:sass]` hash in `init.rb` in Merb...
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-
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- Merb::Plugin.config[:sass][:style] = :compact
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-
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- ...or by passing an options hash to {Sass::Engine#initialize}.
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- All relevant options are also available via flags
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- to the `sass` and `scss` command-line executables.
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- Available options are:
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-
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- {#style-option} `:style`
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- : Sets the style of the CSS output.
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- See [Output Style](#output_style).
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-
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- {#syntax-option} `:syntax`
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- : The syntax of the input file, `:sass` for the indented syntax
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- and `:scss` for the CSS-extension syntax.
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- This is only useful when you're constructing {Sass::Engine} instances yourself;
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- it's automatically set properly when using {Sass::Plugin}.
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- Defaults to `:sass`.
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-
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- {#property_syntax-option} `:property_syntax`
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- : Forces indented-syntax documents to use one syntax for properties.
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- If the correct syntax isn't used, an error is thrown.
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- `:new` forces the use of a colon or equals sign
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- after the property name.
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- For example: `color: #0f3`
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- or `width: $main_width`.
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- `:old` forces the use of a colon
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- before the property name.
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- For example: `:color #0f3`
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- or `:width $main_width`.
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- By default, either syntax is valid.
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- This has no effect on SCSS documents.
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-
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- {#cache-option} `:cache`
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- : Whether parsed Sass files should be cached,
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- allowing greater speed. Defaults to true.
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-
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- {#read_cache-option} `:read_cache`
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- : If this is set and `:cache` is not,
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- only read the Sass cache if it exists,
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- don't write to it if it doesn't.
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-
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- {#cache_store-option} `:cache_store`
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- : If this is set to an instance of a subclass of {Sass::CacheStores::Base},
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- that cache store will be used to store and retrieve
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- cached compilation results.
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- Defaults to a {Sass::CacheStores::Filesystem} that is
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- initialized using the [`:cache_location` option](#cache_location-option).
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-
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- {#never_update-option} `:never_update`
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- : Whether the CSS files should never be updated,
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- even if the template file changes.
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- Setting this to true may give small performance gains.
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- It always defaults to false.
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- Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
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-
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- {#always_update-option} `:always_update`
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- : Whether the CSS files should be updated every
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- time a controller is accessed,
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- as opposed to only when the template has been modified.
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- Defaults to false.
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- Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
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-
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- {#always_check-option} `:always_check`
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- : Whether a Sass template should be checked for updates every
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- time a controller is accessed,
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- as opposed to only when the server starts.
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- If a Sass template has been updated,
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- it will be recompiled and will overwrite the corresponding CSS file.
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- Defaults to false in production mode, true otherwise.
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- Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
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-
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- {#full_exception-option} `:full_exception`
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- : Whether an error in the Sass code
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- should cause Sass to provide a detailed description
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- within the generated CSS file.
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- If set to true, the error will be displayed
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- along with a line number and source snippet
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- both as a comment in the CSS file
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- and at the top of the page (in supported browsers).
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- Otherwise, an exception will be raised in the Ruby code.
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- Defaults to false in production mode, true otherwise.
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- Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
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-
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- {#template_location-option} `:template_location`
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- : A path to the root sass template directory for your application.
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- If a hash, `:css_location` is ignored and this option designates
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- a mapping between input and output directories.
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- May also be given a list of 2-element lists, instead of a hash.
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- Defaults to `css_location + "/sass"`.
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- Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
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- Note that if multiple template locations are specified, all
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- of them are placed in the import path, allowing you to import
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- between them.
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- **Note that due to the many possible formats it can take,
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- this option should only be set directly, not accessed or modified.
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- Use the {Sass::Plugin::Configuration#template_location_array Sass::Plugin#template_location_array},
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- {Sass::Plugin::Configuration#add_template_location Sass::Plugin#add_template_location},
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- and {Sass::Plugin::Configuration#remove_template_location Sass::Plugin#remove_template_location} methods instead**.
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-
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- {#css_location-option} `:css_location`
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- : The path where CSS output should be written to.
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- This option is ignored when `:template_location` is a Hash.
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- Defaults to `"./public/stylesheets"`.
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- Only has meaning within Rack, Ruby on Rails, or Merb.
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-
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- {#cache_location-option} `:cache_location`
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- : The path where the cached `sassc` files should be written to.
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- Defaults to `"./tmp/sass-cache"` in Rails and Merb,
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- or `"./.sass-cache"` otherwise.
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- If the [`:cache_store` option](#cache_location-option) is set,
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- this is ignored.
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-
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- {#unix_newlines-option} `:unix_newlines`
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- : If true, use Unix-style newlines when writing files.
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- Only has meaning on Windows, and only when Sass is writing the files
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- (in Rack, Rails, or Merb, when using {Sass::Plugin} directly,
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- or when using the command-line executable).
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-
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- {#filename-option} `:filename`
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- : The filename of the file being rendered.
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- This is used solely for reporting errors,
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- and is automatically set when using Rack, Rails, or Merb.
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-
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- {#line-option} `:line`
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- : The number of the first line of the Sass template.
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- Used for reporting line numbers for errors.
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- This is useful to set if the Sass template is embedded in a Ruby file.
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-
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- {#load_paths-option} `:load_paths`
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- : An array of filesystem paths or importers which should be searched
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- for Sass templates imported with the [`@import`](#import) directive.
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- These may be strings, `Pathname` objects, or subclasses of {Sass::Importers::Base}.
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- This defaults to the working directory and, in Rack, Rails, or Merb,
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- whatever `:template_location` is.
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-
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- {#filesystem_importer-option} `:filesystem_importer`
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- : A {Sass::Importers::Base} subclass used to handle plain string load paths.
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- This should import files from the filesystem.
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- It should be a Class object inheriting from {Sass::Importers::Base}
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- with a constructor that takes a single string argument (the load path).
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- Defaults to {Sass::Importers::Filesystem}.
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-
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- {#line_numbers-option} `:line_numbers`
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- : When set to true, causes the line number and file
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- where a selector is defined to be emitted into the compiled CSS
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- as a comment. Useful for debugging, especially when using imports
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- and mixins.
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- This option may also be called `:line_comments`.
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- Automatically disabled when using the `:compressed` output style
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- or the `:debug_info`/`:trace_selectors` options.
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-
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- {#trace_selectors-option} `:trace_selectors`
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- : When set to true, emit a full trace of imports and mixins before
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- each selector. This can be helpful for in-browser debugging of
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- stylesheet imports and mixin includes. This option supersedes
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- the `:line_comments` option and is superseded by the
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- `:debug_info` option. Automatically disabled when using the
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- `:compressed` output style.
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-
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- {#debug_info-option} `:debug_info`
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- : When set to true, causes the line number and file
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- where a selector is defined to be emitted into the compiled CSS
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- in a format that can be understood by the browser.
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- Useful in conjunction with [the FireSass Firebug extension](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/103988)
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- for displaying the Sass filename and line number.
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- Automatically disabled when using the `:compressed` output style.
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-
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- {#custom-option} `:custom`
317
- : An option that's available for individual applications to set
318
- to make data available to {Sass::Script::Functions custom Sass functions}.
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-
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- {#quiet-option} `:quiet`
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- : When set to true, causes warnings to be disabled.
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-
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- ### Syntax Selection
324
-
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- The Sass command-line tool will use the file extension to determine which
326
- syntax you are using, but there's not always a filename. The `sass`
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- command-line program defaults to the indented syntax but you can pass the
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- `--scss` option to it if the input should be interpreted as SCSS syntax.
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- Alternatively, you can use the `scss` command-line program which is exactly
330
- like the `sass` program but it defaults to assuming the syntax is SCSS.
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-
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- ### Encodings
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-
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- When running on Ruby 1.9 and later, Sass is aware of the character encoding of documents
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- and will handle them the same way that CSS would.
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- By default, Sass assumes that all stylesheets are encoded
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- using whatever coding system your operating system defaults to.
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- For many users this will be `UTF-8`, the de facto standard for the web.
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- For some users, though, it may be a more local encoding.
340
-
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- If you want to use a different encoding for your stylesheet
342
- than your operating system default,
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- you can use the `@charset` declaration just like in CSS.
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- Add `@charset "encoding-name";` at the beginning of the stylesheet
345
- (before any whitespace or comments)
346
- and Sass will interpret it as the given encoding.
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- Note that whatever encoding you use, it must be convertible to Unicode.
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-
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- Sass will also respect any Unicode BOMs and non-ASCII-compatible Unicode encodings
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- [as specified by the CSS spec](http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/syndata.html#charset),
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- although this is *not* the recommended way
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- to specify the character set for a document.
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- Note that Sass does not support the obscure `UTF-32-2143`,
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- `UTF-32-3412`, `EBCDIC`, `IBM1026`, and `GSM 03.38` encodings,
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- since Ruby does not have support for them
356
- and they're highly unlikely to ever be used in practice.
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-
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- #### Output Encoding
359
-
360
- In general, Sass will try to encode the output stylesheet
361
- using the same encoding as the input stylesheet.
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- In order for it to do this, though, the input stylesheet must have a `@charset` declaration;
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- otherwise, Sass will default to encoding the output stylesheet as UTF-8.
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- In addition, it will add a `@charset` declaration to the output
365
- if it's not plain ASCII.
366
-
367
- When other stylesheets with `@charset` declarations are `@import`ed,
368
- Sass will convert them to the same encoding as the main stylesheet.
369
-
370
- Note that Ruby 1.8 does not have good support for character encodings,
371
- and so Sass behaves somewhat differently when running under it than under Ruby 1.9 and later.
372
- In Ruby 1.8, Sass simply uses the first `@charset` declaration in the stylesheet
373
- or any of the other stylesheets it `@import`s.
374
-
375
- ## CSS Extensions
376
-
377
- ### Nested Rules
378
-
379
- Sass allows CSS rules to be nested within one another.
380
- The inner rule then only applies within the outer rule's selector.
381
- For example:
382
-
383
- #main p {
384
- color: #00ff00;
385
- width: 97%;
386
-
387
- .redbox {
388
- background-color: #ff0000;
389
- color: #000000;
390
- }
391
- }
392
-
393
- is compiled to:
394
-
395
- #main p {
396
- color: #00ff00;
397
- width: 97%; }
398
- #main p .redbox {
399
- background-color: #ff0000;
400
- color: #000000; }
401
-
402
- This helps avoid repetition of parent selectors,
403
- and makes complex CSS layouts with lots of nested selectors much simpler.
404
- For example:
405
-
406
- #main {
407
- width: 97%;
408
-
409
- p, div {
410
- font-size: 2em;
411
- a { font-weight: bold; }
412
- }
413
-
414
- pre { font-size: 3em; }
415
- }
416
-
417
- is compiled to:
418
-
419
- #main {
420
- width: 97%; }
421
- #main p, #main div {
422
- font-size: 2em; }
423
- #main p a, #main div a {
424
- font-weight: bold; }
425
- #main pre {
426
- font-size: 3em; }
427
-
428
- ### Referencing Parent Selectors: `&`
429
-
430
- Sometimes it's useful to use a nested rule's parent selector
431
- in other ways than the default.
432
- For instance, you might want to have special styles
433
- for when that selector is hovered over
434
- or for when the body element has a certain class.
435
- In these cases, you can explicitly specify where the parent selector
436
- should be inserted using the `&` character.
437
- For example:
438
-
439
- a {
440
- font-weight: bold;
441
- text-decoration: none;
442
- &:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
443
- body.firefox & { font-weight: normal; }
444
- }
445
-
446
- is compiled to:
447
-
448
- a {
449
- font-weight: bold;
450
- text-decoration: none; }
451
- a:hover {
452
- text-decoration: underline; }
453
- body.firefox a {
454
- font-weight: normal; }
455
-
456
- `&` will be replaced with the parent selector as it appears in the CSS.
457
- This means that if you have a deeply nested rule,
458
- the parent selector will be fully resolved
459
- before the `&` is replaced.
460
- For example:
461
-
462
- #main {
463
- color: black;
464
- a {
465
- font-weight: bold;
466
- &:hover { color: red; }
467
- }
468
- }
469
-
470
- is compiled to:
471
-
472
- #main {
473
- color: black; }
474
- #main a {
475
- font-weight: bold; }
476
- #main a:hover {
477
- color: red; }
478
-
479
- ### Nested Properties
480
-
481
- CSS has quite a few properties that are in "namespaces;"
482
- for instance, `font-family`, `font-size`, and `font-weight`
483
- are all in the `font` namespace.
484
- In CSS, if you want to set a bunch of properties in the same namespace,
485
- you have to type it out each time.
486
- Sass provides a shortcut for this:
487
- just write the namespace once,
488
- then nest each of the sub-properties within it.
489
- For example:
490
-
491
- .funky {
492
- font: {
493
- family: fantasy;
494
- size: 30em;
495
- weight: bold;
496
- }
497
- }
498
-
499
- is compiled to:
500
-
501
- .funky {
502
- font-family: fantasy;
503
- font-size: 30em;
504
- font-weight: bold; }
505
-
506
- The property namespace itself can also have a value.
507
- For example:
508
-
509
- .funky {
510
- font: 2px/3px {
511
- family: fantasy;
512
- size: 30em;
513
- weight: bold;
514
- }
515
- }
516
-
517
- is compiled to:
518
-
519
- .funky {
520
- font: 2px/3px;
521
- font-family: fantasy;
522
- font-size: 30em;
523
- font-weight: bold; }
524
-
525
- ## Comments: `/* */` and `//` {#comments}
526
-
527
- Sass supports standard multiline CSS comments with `/* */`,
528
- as well as single-line comments with `//`.
529
- The multiline comments are preserved in the CSS output where possible,
530
- while the single-line comments are removed.
531
- For example:
532
-
533
- /* This comment is
534
- * several lines long.
535
- * since it uses the CSS comment syntax,
536
- * it will appear in the CSS output. */
537
- body { color: black; }
538
-
539
- // These comments are only one line long each.
540
- // They won't appear in the CSS output,
541
- // since they use the single-line comment syntax.
542
- a { color: green; }
543
-
544
- is compiled to:
545
-
546
- /* This comment is
547
- * several lines long.
548
- * since it uses the CSS comment syntax,
549
- * it will appear in the CSS output. */
550
- body {
551
- color: black; }
552
-
553
- a {
554
- color: green; }
555
-
556
- When the first letter of a comment is `!`, the comment will be interpolated
557
- and always rendered into css output even in compressed output modes. This is useful for adding Copyright notices to your generated CSS.
558
-
559
- ## SassScript {#sassscript}
560
-
561
- In addition to the plain CSS property syntax,
562
- Sass supports a small set of extensions called SassScript.
563
- SassScript allows properties to use
564
- variables, arithmetic, and extra functions.
565
- SassScript can be used in any property value.
566
-
567
- SassScript can also be used to generate selectors and property names,
568
- which is useful when writing [mixins](#mixins).
569
- This is done via [interpolation](#interpolation_).
570
-
571
- ### Interactive Shell
572
-
573
- You can easily experiment with SassScript using the interactive shell.
574
- To launch the shell run the sass command-line with the `-i` option. At the
575
- prompt, enter any legal SassScript expression to have it evaluated
576
- and the result printed out for you:
577
-
578
- $ sass -i
579
- >> "Hello, Sassy World!"
580
- "Hello, Sassy World!"
581
- >> 1px + 1px + 1px
582
- 3px
583
- >> #777 + #777
584
- #eeeeee
585
- >> #777 + #888
586
- white
587
-
588
- ### Variables: `$` {#variables_}
589
-
590
- The most straightforward way to use SassScript
591
- is to use variables.
592
- Variables begin with dollar signs,
593
- and are set like CSS properties:
594
-
595
- $width: 5em;
596
-
597
- You can then refer to them in properties:
598
-
599
- #main {
600
- width: $width;
601
- }
602
-
603
- Variables are only available within the level of nested selectors
604
- where they're defined.
605
- If they're defined outside of any nested selectors,
606
- they're available everywhere.
607
-
608
- Variables used to use the prefix character `!`;
609
- this still works, but it's deprecated and prints a warning.
610
- `$` is the recommended syntax.
611
-
612
- Variables also used to be defined with `=` rather than `:`;
613
- this still works, but it's deprecated and prints a warning.
614
- `:` is the recommended syntax.
615
-
616
- ### Data Types
617
-
618
- SassScript supports four main data types:
619
-
620
- * numbers (e.g. `1.2`, `13`, `10px`)
621
- * strings of text, with and without quotes (e.g. `"foo"`, `'bar'`, `baz`)
622
- * colors (e.g. `blue`, `#04a3f9`, `rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)`)
623
- * booleans (e.g. `true`, `false`)
624
- * lists of values, separated by spaces or commas (e.g. `1.5em 1em 0 2em`, `Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif`)
625
-
626
- SassScript also supports all other types of CSS property value,
627
- such as Unicode ranges and `!important` declarations.
628
- However, it has no special handling for these types.
629
- They're treated just like unquoted strings.
630
-
631
- #### Strings {#sass-script-strings}
632
-
633
- CSS specifies two kinds of strings: those with quotes,
634
- such as `"Lucida Grande"` or `'http://sass-lang.com'`,
635
- and those without quotes, such as `sans-serif` or `bold`.
636
- SassScript recognizes both kinds,
637
- and in general if one kind of string is used in the Sass document,
638
- that kind of string will be used in the resulting CSS.
639
-
640
- There is one exception to this, though:
641
- when using [`#{}` interpolation](#interpolation_),
642
- quoted strings are unquoted.
643
- This makes it easier to use e.g. selector names in [mixins](#mixins).
644
- For example:
645
-
646
- @mixin firefox-message($selector) {
647
- body.firefox #{$selector}:before {
648
- content: "Hi, Firefox users!"; } }
649
-
650
- @include firefox-message(".header");
651
-
652
- is compiled to:
653
-
654
- body.firefox .header:before {
655
- content: "Hi, Firefox users!"; }
656
-
657
- It's also worth noting that when using the [deprecated `=` property syntax](#sassscript),
658
- all strings are interpreted as unquoted,
659
- regardless of whether or not they're written with quotes.
660
-
661
- #### Lists
662
-
663
- Lists are how Sass represents the values of CSS declarations
664
- like `margin: 10px 15px 0 0` or `font-face: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif`.
665
- Lists are just a series of other values, separated by either spaces or commas.
666
- In fact, individual values count as lists, too: they're just lists with one item.
667
-
668
- On their own, lists don't do much,
669
- but the [Sass list functions](Sass/Script/Functions.html#list-functions)
670
- make them useful.
671
- The {Sass::Script::Functions#nth nth function} can access items in a list,
672
- the {Sass::Script::Functions#join join function} can join multiple lists together,
673
- and the {Sass::Script::Functions#append append function} can add items to lists.
674
- The [`@each` rule](#each-directive) can also add styles for each item in a list.
675
-
676
- In addition to containing simple values, lists can contain other lists.
677
- For example, `1px 2px, 5px 6px` is a two-item list
678
- containing the list `1px 2px` and the list `5px 6px`.
679
- If the inner lists have the same separator as the outer list,
680
- you'll need to use parentheses to make it clear
681
- where the inner lists start and stop.
682
- For example, `(1px 2px) (5px 6px)` is also a two-item list
683
- containing the list `1px 2px` and the list `5px 6px`.
684
- The difference is that the outer list is space-separated,
685
- where before it was comma-separated.
686
-
687
- When lists are turned into plain CSS, Sass doesn't add any parentheses,
688
- since CSS doesn't understand them.
689
- That means that `(1px 2px) (5px 6px)` and `1px 2px 5px 6px`
690
- will look the same when they become CSS.
691
- However, they aren't the same when they're Sass:
692
- the first is a list containing two lists,
693
- while the second is a list containing four numbers.
694
-
695
- Lists can also have no items in them at all.
696
- These lists are represented as `()`.
697
- They can't be output directly to CSS;
698
- if you try to do e.g. `font-family: ()`, Sass will raise an error.
699
- If a list contains empty lists, as in `1px 2px () 3px`,
700
- the empty list will be removed before it's turned into CSS.
701
-
702
- ### Operations
703
-
704
- All types support equality operations (`==` and `!=`).
705
- In addition, each type has its own operations
706
- that it has special support for.
707
-
708
- #### Number Operations
709
-
710
- SassScript supports the standard arithmetic operations on numbers
711
- (`+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`),
712
- and will automatically convert between units if it can:
713
-
714
- p {
715
- width: 1in + 8pt;
716
- }
717
-
718
- is compiled to:
719
-
720
- p {
721
- width: 1.111in; }
722
-
723
- Relational operators
724
- (`<`, `>`, `<=`, `>=`)
725
- are also supported for numbers,
726
- and equality operators
727
- (`==`, `!=`)
728
- are supported for all types.
729
-
730
- ##### Division and `/`
731
- {#division-and-slash}
732
-
733
- CSS allows `/` to appear in property values
734
- as a way of separating numbers.
735
- Since SassScript is an extension of the CSS property syntax,
736
- it must support this, while also allowing `/` to be used for division.
737
- This means that by default, if two numbers are separated by `/` in SassScript,
738
- then they will appear that way in the resulting CSS.
739
-
740
- However, there are three situations where the `/` will be interpreted as division.
741
- These cover the vast majority of cases where division is actually used.
742
- They are:
743
-
744
- 1. If the value, or any part of it, is stored in a variable.
745
- 2. If the value is surrounded by parentheses.
746
- 3. If the value is used as part of another arithmetic expression.
747
-
748
- For example:
749
-
750
- p {
751
- font: 10px/8px; // Plain CSS, no division
752
- $width: 1000px;
753
- width: $width/2; // Uses a variable, does division
754
- height: (500px/2); // Uses parentheses, does division
755
- margin-left: 5px + 8px/2px; // Uses +, does division
756
- }
757
-
758
- is compiled to:
759
-
760
- p {
761
- font: 10px/8px;
762
- width: 500px;
763
- height: 250px;
764
- margin-left: 9px; }
765
-
766
- If you want to use variables along with a plain CSS `/`,
767
- you can use `#{}` to insert them.
768
- For example:
769
-
770
- p {
771
- $font-size: 12px;
772
- $line-height: 30px;
773
- font: #{$font-size}/#{$line-height};
774
- }
775
-
776
- is compiled to:
777
-
778
- p {
779
- font: 12px/30px;
780
- }
781
-
782
- #### Color Operations
783
-
784
- All arithmetic operations are supported for color values,
785
- where they work piecewise.
786
- This means that the operation is performed
787
- on the red, green, and blue components in turn.
788
- For example:
789
-
790
- p {
791
- color: #010203 + #040506;
792
- }
793
-
794
- computes `01 + 04 = 05`, `02 + 05 = 07`, and `03 + 06 = 09`,
795
- and is compiled to:
796
-
797
- p {
798
- color: #050709; }
799
-
800
- Often it's more useful to use {Sass::Script::Functions color functions}
801
- than to try to use color arithmetic to achieve the same effect.
802
-
803
- Arithmetic operations also work between numbers and colors,
804
- also piecewise.
805
- For example:
806
-
807
- p {
808
- color: #010203 * 2;
809
- }
810
-
811
- computes `01 * 2 = 02`, `02 * 2 = 04`, and `03 * 2 = 06`,
812
- and is compiled to:
813
-
814
- p {
815
- color: #020406; }
816
-
817
- Note that colors with an alpha channel
818
- (those created with the {Sass::Script::Functions#rgba rgba}
819
- or {Sass::Script::Functions#hsla hsla} functions)
820
- must have the same alpha value in order for color arithmetic
821
- to be done with them.
822
- The arithmetic doesn't affect the alpha value.
823
- For example:
824
-
825
- p {
826
- color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.75) + rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.75);
827
- }
828
-
829
- is compiled to:
830
-
831
- p {
832
- color: rgba(255, 255, 0, 0.75); }
833
-
834
- The alpha channel of a color can be adjusted using the
835
- {Sass::Script::Functions#opacify opacify} and
836
- {Sass::Script::Functions#transparentize transparentize} functions.
837
- For example:
838
-
839
- $translucent-red: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);
840
- p {
841
- color: opacify($translucent-red, 0.8);
842
- background-color: transparentize($translucent-red, 50%);
843
- }
844
-
845
- is compiled to:
846
-
847
- p {
848
- color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.9);
849
- background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25); }
850
-
851
- #### String Operations
852
-
853
- The `+` operation can be used to concatenate strings:
854
-
855
- p {
856
- cursor: e + -resize;
857
- }
858
-
859
- is compiled to:
860
-
861
- p {
862
- cursor: e-resize; }
863
-
864
- Note that if a quoted string is added to an unquoted string
865
- (that is, the quoted string is to the left of the `+`),
866
- the result is a quoted string.
867
- Likewise, if an unquoted string is added to a quoted string
868
- (the unquoted string is to the left of the `+`),
869
- the result is an unquoted string.
870
- For example:
871
-
872
- p:before {
873
- content: "Foo " + Bar;
874
- font-family: sans- + "serif"; }
875
-
876
- is compiled to:
877
-
878
- p:before {
879
- content: "Foo Bar";
880
- font-family: sans-serif; }
881
-
882
- By default, if two values are placed next to one another,
883
- they are concatenated with a space:
884
-
885
- p {
886
- margin: 3px + 4px auto;
887
- }
888
-
889
- is compiled to:
890
-
891
- p {
892
- margin: 7px auto; }
893
-
894
- Within a string of text, #{} style interpolation can be used to
895
- place dynamic values within the string:
896
-
897
- p:before {
898
- content: "I ate #{5 + 10} pies!"; }
899
-
900
- is compiled to:
901
-
902
- p:before {
903
- content: "I ate 15 pies!"; }
904
-
905
- #### Boolean Operations
906
-
907
- SassScript supports `and`, `or`, and `not` operators
908
- for boolean values.
909
-
910
- #### List Operations
911
-
912
- Lists don't support any special operations.
913
- Instead, they're manipulated using the
914
- [list functions](Sass/Script/Functions.html#list-functions).
915
-
916
- ### Parentheses
917
-
918
- Parentheses can be used to affect the order of operations:
919
-
920
- p {
921
- width: 1em + (2em * 3);
922
- }
923
-
924
- is compiled to:
925
-
926
- p {
927
- width: 7em; }
928
-
929
- ### Functions
930
-
931
- SassScript defines some useful functions
932
- that are called using the normal CSS function syntax:
933
-
934
- p {
935
- color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%);
936
- }
937
-
938
- is compiled to:
939
-
940
- p {
941
- color: #ff0000; }
942
-
943
- #### Keyword Arguments
944
-
945
- Sass functions can also be called using explicit keyword arguments.
946
- The above example can also be written as:
947
-
948
- p {
949
- color: hsl($hue: 0, $saturation: 100%, $lightness: 50%);
950
- }
951
-
952
- While this is less concise, it can make the stylesheet easier to read.
953
- It also allows functions to present more flexible interfaces,
954
- providing many arguments without becoming difficult to call.
955
-
956
- Named arguments can be passed in any order, and arguments with default values can be omitted.
957
- Since the named arguments are variable names, underscores and dashes can be used interchangeably.
958
-
959
- See {Sass::Script::Functions} for a full listing of Sass functions and their argument names,
960
- as well as instructions on defining your own in Ruby.
961
-
962
- ### Interpolation: `#{}` {#interpolation_}
963
-
964
- You can also use SassScript variables in selectors
965
- and property names using #{} interpolation syntax:
966
-
967
- $name: foo;
968
- $attr: border;
969
- p.#{$name} { #{$attr}-color: blue }
970
-
971
- is compiled to:
972
-
973
- p.foo {
974
- border-color: blue; }
975
-
976
- It's also possible to use `#{}` to put SassScript into property values.
977
- In most cases this isn't any better than using a variable,
978
- but using `#{}` does mean that any operations near it
979
- will be treated as plain CSS.
980
- For example:
981
-
982
- p {
983
- $font-size: 12px;
984
- $line-height: 30px;
985
- font: #{$font-size}/#{$line-height};
986
- }
987
-
988
- is compiled to:
989
-
990
- p {
991
- font: 12px/30px;
992
- }
993
-
994
- ### Variable Defaults: `!default`
995
-
996
- You can assign to variables if they aren't already assigned
997
- by adding the `!default` flag to the end of the value.
998
- This means that if the variable has already been assigned to,
999
- it won't be re-assigned,
1000
- but if it doesn't have a value yet, it will be given one.
1001
-
1002
- For example:
1003
-
1004
- $content: "First content";
1005
- $content: "Second content?" !default;
1006
- $new_content: "First time reference" !default;
1007
-
1008
- #main {
1009
- content: $content;
1010
- new-content: $new_content;
1011
- }
1012
-
1013
- is compiled to:
1014
-
1015
- #main {
1016
- content: "First content";
1017
- new-content: "First time reference"; }
1018
-
1019
- ## `@`-Rules and Directives {#directives}
1020
-
1021
- Sass supports all CSS3 `@`-rules,
1022
- as well as some additional Sass-specific ones
1023
- known as "directives."
1024
- These have various effects in Sass, detailed below.
1025
- See also [control directives](#control-directives)
1026
- and [mixin directives](#mixins).
1027
-
1028
- ### `@import` {#import}
1029
-
1030
- Sass extends the CSS `@import` rule
1031
- to allow it to import SCSS and Sass files.
1032
- All imported SCSS and Sass files will be merged together
1033
- into a single CSS output file.
1034
- In addition, any variables or [mixins](#mixins)
1035
- defined in imported files can be used in the main file.
1036
-
1037
- Sass looks for other Sass files in the current directory,
1038
- and the Sass file directory under Rack, Rails, or Merb.
1039
- Additional search directories may be specified
1040
- using the [`:load_paths`](#load_paths-option) option,
1041
- or the `--load-path` option on the command line.
1042
-
1043
- `@import` takes a filename to import.
1044
- By default, it looks for a Sass file to import directly,
1045
- but there are a few circumstances under which it will compile to a CSS `@import` rule:
1046
-
1047
- * If the file's extension is `.css`.
1048
- * If the filename begins with `http://`.
1049
- * If the filename is a `url()`.
1050
- * If the `@import` has any media queries.
1051
-
1052
- If none of the above conditions are met
1053
- and the extension is `.scss` or `.sass`,
1054
- then the named Sass or SCSS file will be imported.
1055
- If there is no extension,
1056
- Sass will try to find a file with that name and the `.scss` or `.sass` extension
1057
- and import it.
1058
-
1059
- For example,
1060
-
1061
- @import "foo.scss";
1062
-
1063
- or
1064
-
1065
- @import "foo";
1066
-
1067
- would both import the file `foo.scss`,
1068
- whereas
1069
-
1070
- @import "foo.css";
1071
- @import "foo" screen;
1072
- @import "http://foo.com/bar";
1073
- @import url(foo);
1074
-
1075
- would all compile to
1076
-
1077
- @import "foo.css";
1078
- @import "foo" screen;
1079
- @import "http://foo.com/bar";
1080
- @import url(foo);
1081
-
1082
- It's also possible to import multiple files in one `@import`. For example:
1083
-
1084
- @import "rounded-corners", "text-shadow";
1085
-
1086
- would import both the `rounded-corners` and the `text-shadow` files.
1087
-
1088
- #### Partials {#partials}
1089
-
1090
- If you have a SCSS or Sass file that you want to import
1091
- but don't want to compile to a CSS file,
1092
- you can add an underscore to the beginning of the filename.
1093
- This will tell Sass not to compile it to a normal CSS file.
1094
- You can then import these files without using the underscore.
1095
-
1096
- For example, you might have `_colors.scss`.
1097
- Then no `_colors.css` file would be created,
1098
- and you can do
1099
-
1100
- @import "colors";
1101
-
1102
- and `_colors.scss` would be imported.
1103
-
1104
- #### Nested `@import` {#nested-import}
1105
-
1106
- Although most of the time it's most useful to just have `@import`s
1107
- at the top level of the document,
1108
- it is possible to include them within CSS rules and `@media` rules.
1109
- Like a base-level `@import`, this includes the contents of the `@import`ed file.
1110
- However, the imported rules will be nested in the same place as the original `@import`.
1111
-
1112
- For example, if `example.scss` contains
1113
-
1114
- .example {
1115
- color: red;
1116
- }
1117
-
1118
- then
1119
-
1120
- #main {
1121
- @import "example";
1122
- }
1123
-
1124
- would compile to
1125
-
1126
- #main .example {
1127
- color: red;
1128
- }
1129
-
1130
- Directives that are only allowed at the base level of a document,
1131
- like `@mixin` or `@charset`, are not allowed in files that are `@import`ed
1132
- in a nested context.
1133
-
1134
- It's not possible to nest `@import` within mixins or control directives.
1135
-
1136
- ### `@media` {#media}
1137
-
1138
- `@media` directives in Sass behave just like they do in plain CSS,
1139
- with one extra capability: they can be nested in CSS rules.
1140
- If a `@media` directive appears within a CSS rule,
1141
- it will be bubbled up to the top level of the stylesheet,
1142
- putting all the selectors on the way inside the rule.
1143
- This makes it easy to add media-specific styles
1144
- without having to repeat selectors
1145
- or break the flow of the stylesheet.
1146
- For example:
1147
-
1148
- .sidebar {
1149
- width: 300px;
1150
- @media screen and (orientation: landscape) {
1151
- width: 500px;
1152
- }
1153
- }
1154
-
1155
- is compiled to:
1156
-
1157
- .sidebar {
1158
- width: 300px;
1159
- }
1160
- @media screen and (orientation: landscape) {
1161
- .sidebar {
1162
- width: 500px;
1163
- }
1164
- }
1165
-
1166
- `@media` queries can also be nested within one another.
1167
- The queries will then be combined using the `and` operator.
1168
- For example:
1169
-
1170
- @media screen {
1171
- .sidebar {
1172
- @media (orientation: landscape) {
1173
- width: 500px;
1174
- }
1175
- }
1176
- }
1177
-
1178
- is compiled to:
1179
-
1180
- @media screen and (orientation: landscape) {
1181
- .sidebar {
1182
- width: 500px;
1183
- }
1184
- }
1185
-
1186
- ### `@extend` {#extend}
1187
-
1188
- There are often cases when designing a page
1189
- when one class should have all the styles of another class,
1190
- as well as its own specific styles.
1191
- The most common way of handling this is to use both the more general class
1192
- and the more specific class in the HTML.
1193
- For example, suppose we have a design for a normal error
1194
- and also for a serious error. We might write our markup like so:
1195
-
1196
- <div class="error seriousError">
1197
- Oh no! You've been hacked!
1198
- </div>
1199
-
1200
- And our styles like so:
1201
-
1202
- .error {
1203
- border: 1px #f00;
1204
- background-color: #fdd;
1205
- }
1206
- .seriousError {
1207
- border-width: 3px;
1208
- }
1209
-
1210
- Unfortunately, this means that we have to always remember
1211
- to use `.error` with `.seriousError`.
1212
- This is a maintenance burden, leads to tricky bugs,
1213
- and can bring non-semantic style concerns into the markup.
1214
-
1215
- The `@extend` directive avoids these problems
1216
- by telling Sass that one selector should inherit the styles of another selector.
1217
- For example:
1218
-
1219
- .error {
1220
- border: 1px #f00;
1221
- background-color: #fdd;
1222
- }
1223
- .seriousError {
1224
- @extend .error;
1225
- border-width: 3px;
1226
- }
1227
-
1228
- This means that all styles defined for `.error`
1229
- are also applied to `.seriousError`,
1230
- in addition to the styles specific to `.seriousError`.
1231
- In effect, everything with class `.seriousError` also has class `.error`.
1232
-
1233
- Other rules that use `.error` will work for `.seriousError` as well.
1234
- For example, if we have special styles for errors caused by hackers:
1235
-
1236
- .error.intrusion {
1237
- background-image: url("/image/hacked.png");
1238
- }
1239
-
1240
- Then `<div class="seriousError intrusion">`
1241
- will have the `hacked.png` background image as well.
1242
-
1243
- #### How it Works
1244
-
1245
- `@extend` works by inserting the extending selector (e.g. `.seriousError`)
1246
- anywhere in the stylesheet that the extended selector (.e.g `.error`) appears.
1247
- Thus the example above:
1248
-
1249
- .error {
1250
- border: 1px #f00;
1251
- background-color: #fdd;
1252
- }
1253
- .error.intrusion {
1254
- background-image: url("/image/hacked.png");
1255
- }
1256
- .seriousError {
1257
- @extend .error;
1258
- border-width: 3px;
1259
- }
1260
-
1261
- is compiled to:
1262
-
1263
- .error, .seriousError {
1264
- border: 1px #f00;
1265
- background-color: #fdd; }
1266
-
1267
- .error.intrusion, .seriousError.intrusion {
1268
- background-image: url("/image/hacked.png"); }
1269
-
1270
- .seriousError {
1271
- border-width: 3px; }
1272
-
1273
- When merging selectors, `@extend` is smart enough
1274
- to avoid unnecessary duplication,
1275
- so something like `.seriousError.seriousError` gets translated to `.seriousError`.
1276
- In addition, it won't produce selectors that can't match anything, like `#main#footer`.
1277
-
1278
- #### Extending Complex Selectors
1279
-
1280
- Class selectors aren't the only things that can be extended.
1281
- It's possible to extend any selector involving only a single element,
1282
- such as `.special.cool`, `a:hover`, or `a.user[href^="http://"]`.
1283
- For example:
1284
-
1285
- .hoverlink {@extend a:hover}
1286
-
1287
- Just like with classes, this means that all styles defined for `a:hover`
1288
- are also applied to `.hoverlink`.
1289
- For example:
1290
-
1291
- .hoverlink {@extend a:hover}
1292
- a:hover {text-decoration: underline}
1293
-
1294
- is compiled to:
1295
-
1296
- a:hover, .hoverlink {text-decoration: underline}
1297
-
1298
- Just like with `.error.intrusion` above,
1299
- any rule that uses `a:hover` will also work for `.hoverlink`,
1300
- even if they have other selectors as well.
1301
- For example:
1302
-
1303
- .hoverlink {@extend a:hover}
1304
- .comment a.user:hover {font-weight: bold}
1305
-
1306
- is compiled to:
1307
-
1308
- .comment a.user:hover, .comment .hoverlink.user {font-weight: bold}
1309
-
1310
- #### Multiple Extends
1311
-
1312
- A single selector can extend more than one selector.
1313
- This means that it inherits the styles of all the extended selectors.
1314
- For example:
1315
-
1316
- .error {
1317
- border: 1px #f00;
1318
- background-color: #fdd;
1319
- }
1320
- .attention {
1321
- font-size: 3em;
1322
- background-color: #ff0;
1323
- }
1324
- .seriousError {
1325
- @extend .error;
1326
- @extend .attention;
1327
- border-width: 3px;
1328
- }
1329
-
1330
- is compiled to:
1331
-
1332
- .error, .seriousError {
1333
- border: 1px #f00;
1334
- background-color: #fdd; }
1335
-
1336
- .attention, .seriousError {
1337
- font-size: 3em;
1338
- background-color: #ff0; }
1339
-
1340
- .seriousError {
1341
- border-width: 3px; }
1342
-
1343
- In effect, everything with class `.seriousError`
1344
- also has class `.error` *and* class `.attention`.
1345
- Thus, the styles defined later in the document take precedence:
1346
- `.seriousError` has background color `#ff0` rather than `#fdd`,
1347
- since `.attention` is defined later than `.error`.
1348
-
1349
- #### Chaining Extends
1350
-
1351
- It's possible for one selector to extend another selector
1352
- that in turn extends a third.
1353
- For example:
1354
-
1355
- .error {
1356
- border: 1px #f00;
1357
- background-color: #fdd;
1358
- }
1359
- .seriousError {
1360
- @extend .error;
1361
- border-width: 3px;
1362
- }
1363
- .criticalError {
1364
- @extend .seriousError;
1365
- position: fixed;
1366
- top: 10%;
1367
- bottom: 10%;
1368
- left: 10%;
1369
- right: 10%;
1370
- }
1371
-
1372
- Now everything with class `.seriousError` also has class `.error`,
1373
- and everything with class `.criticalError` has class `.seriousError`
1374
- *and* class `.error`.
1375
- It's compiled to:
1376
-
1377
- .error, .seriousError, .criticalError {
1378
- border: 1px #f00;
1379
- background-color: #fdd; }
1380
-
1381
- .seriousError, .criticalError {
1382
- border-width: 3px; }
1383
-
1384
- .criticalError {
1385
- position: fixed;
1386
- top: 10%;
1387
- bottom: 10%;
1388
- left: 10%;
1389
- right: 10%; }
1390
-
1391
- #### Selector Sequences
1392
-
1393
- Selector sequences, such as `.foo .bar` or `.foo + .bar`, currently can't be extended.
1394
- However, it is possible for nested selectors themselves to use `@extend`.
1395
- For example:
1396
-
1397
- #fake-links .link {@extend a}
1398
-
1399
- a {
1400
- color: blue;
1401
- &:hover {text-decoration: underline}
1402
- }
1403
-
1404
- is compiled to
1405
-
1406
- a, #fake-links .link {
1407
- color: blue; }
1408
- a:hover, #fake-links .link:hover {
1409
- text-decoration: underline; }
1410
-
1411
- ##### Merging Selector Sequences
1412
-
1413
- Sometimes a selector sequence extends another selector that appears in another sequence.
1414
- In this case, the two sequences need to be merged.
1415
- For example:
1416
-
1417
- #admin .tabbar a {font-weight: bold}
1418
- #demo .overview .fakelink {@extend a}
1419
-
1420
- While it would technically be possible
1421
- to generate all selectors that could possibly match either sequence,
1422
- this would make the stylesheet far too large.
1423
- The simple example above, for instance, would require ten selectors.
1424
- Instead, Sass generates only selectors that are likely to be useful.
1425
-
1426
- When the two sequences being merged have no selectors in common,
1427
- then two new selectors are generated:
1428
- one with the first sequence before the second,
1429
- and one with the second sequence before the first.
1430
- For example:
1431
-
1432
- #admin .tabbar a {font-weight: bold}
1433
- #demo .overview .fakelink {@extend a}
1434
-
1435
- is compiled to:
1436
-
1437
- #admin .tabbar a,
1438
- #admin .tabbar #demo .overview .fakelink,
1439
- #demo .overview #admin .tabbar .fakelink {
1440
- font-weight: bold; }
1441
-
1442
- If the two sequences do share some selectors,
1443
- then those selectors will be merged together
1444
- and only the differences (if any still exist) will alternate.
1445
- In this example, both sequences contain the id `#admin`,
1446
- so the resulting selectors will merge those two ids:
1447
-
1448
- #admin .tabbar a {font-weight: bold}
1449
- #admin .overview .fakelink {@extend a}
1450
-
1451
- This is compiled to:
1452
-
1453
- #admin .tabbar a,
1454
- #admin .tabbar .overview .fakelink,
1455
- #admin .overview .tabbar .fakelink {
1456
- font-weight: bold; }
1457
-
1458
- ### `@debug`
1459
-
1460
- The `@debug` directive prints the value of a SassScript expression
1461
- to the standard error output stream.
1462
- It's useful for debugging Sass files
1463
- that have complicated SassScript going on.
1464
- For example:
1465
-
1466
- @debug 10em + 12em;
1467
-
1468
- outputs:
1469
-
1470
- Line 1 DEBUG: 22em
1471
-
1472
- ### `@warn`
1473
-
1474
- The `@warn` directive prints the value of a SassScript expression
1475
- to the standard error output stream.
1476
- It's useful for libraries that need to warn users of deprecations
1477
- or recovering from minor mixin usage mistakes.
1478
- There are two major distinctions between `@warn` and `@debug`:
1479
-
1480
- 1. You can turn warnings off with the `--quiet` command-line option
1481
- or the `:quiet` Sass option.
1482
- 2. A stylesheet trace will be printed out along with the message
1483
- so that the user being warned can see where their styles caused the warning.
1484
-
1485
- Usage Example:
1486
-
1487
- @mixin adjust-location($x, $y) {
1488
- @if unitless($x) {
1489
- @warn "Assuming #{$x} to be in pixels";
1490
- $x: 1px * $x;
1491
- }
1492
- @if unitless($y) {
1493
- @warn "Assuming #{$y} to be in pixels";
1494
- $y: 1px * $y;
1495
- }
1496
- position: relative; left: $x; top: $y;
1497
- }
1498
-
1499
- ## Control Directives
1500
-
1501
- SassScript supports basic control directives
1502
- for including styles only under some conditions
1503
- or including the same style several times with variations.
1504
-
1505
- **Note that control directives are an advanced feature,
1506
- and are not recommended in the course of day-to-day styling**.
1507
- They exist mainly for use in [mixins](#mixins),
1508
- particularly those that are part of libraries like [Compass](http://compass-style.org),
1509
- and so require substantial flexibility.
1510
-
1511
- ### `@if`
1512
-
1513
- The `@if` directive takes a SassScript expression
1514
- and uses the styles nested beneath it if the expression returns
1515
- anything other than `false`:
1516
-
1517
- p {
1518
- @if 1 + 1 == 2 { border: 1px solid; }
1519
- @if 5 < 3 { border: 2px dotted; }
1520
- }
1521
-
1522
- is compiled to:
1523
-
1524
- p {
1525
- border: 1px solid; }
1526
-
1527
- The `@if` statement can be followed by several `@else if` statements
1528
- and one `@else` statement.
1529
- If the `@if` statement fails,
1530
- the `@else if` statements are tried in order
1531
- until one succeeds or the `@else` is reached.
1532
- For example:
1533
-
1534
- $type: monster;
1535
- p {
1536
- @if $type == ocean {
1537
- color: blue;
1538
- } @else if $type == matador {
1539
- color: red;
1540
- } @else if $type == monster {
1541
- color: green;
1542
- } @else {
1543
- color: black;
1544
- }
1545
- }
1546
-
1547
- is compiled to:
1548
-
1549
- p {
1550
- color: green; }
1551
-
1552
- ### `@for`
1553
-
1554
- The `@for` directive has two forms:
1555
- `@for $var from <start> to <end>` or
1556
- `@for $var from <start> through <end>`.
1557
- `$var` can be any variable name, like `$i`,
1558
- and `<start>` and `<end>` are SassScript expressions
1559
- that should return integers.
1560
-
1561
- The `@for` statement sets `$var` to each number
1562
- from `<start>` to `<end>`,
1563
- including `<end>` if `through` is used.
1564
- Then it outputs the nested styles
1565
- using that value of `$var`.
1566
- For example:
1567
-
1568
- @for $i from 1 through 3 {
1569
- .item-#{$i} { width: 2em * $i; }
1570
- }
1571
-
1572
- is compiled to:
1573
-
1574
- .item-1 {
1575
- width: 2em; }
1576
- .item-2 {
1577
- width: 4em; }
1578
- .item-3 {
1579
- width: 6em; }
1580
-
1581
- ### `@each` {#each-directive}
1582
-
1583
- The `@each` rule has the form `@each $var in <list>`.
1584
- `$var` can be any variable name, like `$length` or `$name`,
1585
- and `<list>` is a SassScript expression that returns a list.
1586
-
1587
- The `@each` rule sets `$var` to each item in the list,
1588
- then outputs the styles it contains using that value of `$var`.
1589
- For example:
1590
-
1591
- @each $animal in puma, sea-slug, egret, salamander {
1592
- .#{$animal}-icon {
1593
- background-image: url('/images/#{$animal}.png');
1594
- }
1595
- }
1596
-
1597
- is compiled to:
1598
-
1599
- .puma-icon {
1600
- background-image: url('/images/puma.png'); }
1601
- .sea-slug-icon {
1602
- background-image: url('/images/sea-slug.png'); }
1603
- .egret-icon {
1604
- background-image: url('/images/egret.png'); }
1605
- .salamander-icon {
1606
- background-image: url('/images/salamander.png'); }
1607
-
1608
- ### `@while`
1609
-
1610
- The `@while` directive takes a SassScript expression
1611
- and repeatedly outputs the nested styles
1612
- until the statement evaluates to `false`.
1613
- This can be used to achieve more complex looping
1614
- than the `@for` statement is capable of,
1615
- although this is rarely necessary.
1616
- For example:
1617
-
1618
- $i: 6;
1619
- @while $i > 0 {
1620
- .item-#{$i} { width: 2em * $i; }
1621
- $i: $i - 2;
1622
- }
1623
-
1624
- is compiled to:
1625
-
1626
- .item-6 {
1627
- width: 12em; }
1628
-
1629
- .item-4 {
1630
- width: 8em; }
1631
-
1632
- .item-2 {
1633
- width: 4em; }
1634
-
1635
- ## Mixin Directives {#mixins}
1636
-
1637
- Mixins allow you to define styles
1638
- that can be re-used throughout the stylesheet
1639
- without needing to resort to non-semantic classes like `.float-left`.
1640
- Mixins can also contain full CSS rules,
1641
- and anything else allowed elsewhere in a Sass document.
1642
- They can even take [arguments](#mixin-arguments)
1643
- which allows you to produce a wide variety of styles
1644
- with very few mixins.
1645
-
1646
- ### Defining a Mixin: `@mixin` {#defining_a_mixin}
1647
-
1648
- Mixins are defined with the `@mixin` directive.
1649
- It's followed by the name of the mixin
1650
- and optionally the [arguments](#mixin-arguments),
1651
- and a block containing the contents of the mixin.
1652
- For example, the `large-text` mixin is defined as follows:
1653
-
1654
- @mixin large-text {
1655
- font: {
1656
- family: Arial;
1657
- size: 20px;
1658
- weight: bold;
1659
- }
1660
- color: #ff0000;
1661
- }
1662
-
1663
- Mixins may also contain selectors,
1664
- possibly mixed with properties.
1665
- The selectors can even contain [parent references](#referencing_parent_selectors_).
1666
- For example:
1667
-
1668
- @mixin clearfix {
1669
- display: inline-block;
1670
- &:after {
1671
- content: ".";
1672
- display: block;
1673
- height: 0;
1674
- clear: both;
1675
- visibility: hidden;
1676
- }
1677
- * html & { height: 1px }
1678
- }
1679
-
1680
- ### Including a Mixin: `@include` {#including_a_mixin}
1681
-
1682
- Mixins are included in the document
1683
- with the `@include` directive.
1684
- This takes the name of a mixin
1685
- and optionally [arguments to pass to it](#mixin-arguments),
1686
- and includes the styles defined by that mixin
1687
- into the current rule.
1688
- For example:
1689
-
1690
- .page-title {
1691
- @include large-text;
1692
- padding: 4px;
1693
- margin-top: 10px;
1694
- }
1695
-
1696
- is compiled to:
1697
-
1698
- .page-title {
1699
- font-family: Arial;
1700
- font-size: 20px;
1701
- font-weight: bold;
1702
- color: #ff0000;
1703
- padding: 4px;
1704
- margin-top: 10px; }
1705
-
1706
- Mixins may also be included outside of any rule
1707
- (that is, at the root of the document)
1708
- as long as they don't directly define any properties
1709
- or use any parent references.
1710
- For example:
1711
-
1712
- @mixin silly-links {
1713
- a {
1714
- color: blue;
1715
- background-color: red;
1716
- }
1717
- }
1718
-
1719
- @include silly-links;
1720
-
1721
- is compiled to:
1722
-
1723
- a {
1724
- color: blue;
1725
- background-color: red; }
1726
-
1727
- Mixin definitions can also include other mixins.
1728
- For example:
1729
-
1730
- @mixin compound {
1731
- @include highlighted-background;
1732
- @include header-text;
1733
- }
1734
-
1735
- @mixin highlighted-background { background-color: #fc0; }
1736
- @mixin header-text { font-size: 20px; }
1737
-
1738
- Mixins that only define descendent selectors, can be safely mixed
1739
- into the top most level of a document.
1740
-
1741
- ### Arguments {#mixin-arguments}
1742
-
1743
- Mixins can take arguments SassScript values as arguments,
1744
- which are given when the mixin is included
1745
- and made available within the mixin as variables.
1746
-
1747
- When defining a mixin,
1748
- the arguments are written as variable names separated by commas,
1749
- all in parentheses after the name.
1750
- Then when including the mixin,
1751
- values can be passed in in the same manner.
1752
- For example:
1753
-
1754
- @mixin sexy-border($color, $width) {
1755
- border: {
1756
- color: $color;
1757
- width: $width;
1758
- style: dashed;
1759
- }
1760
- }
1761
-
1762
- p { @include sexy-border(blue, 1in); }
1763
-
1764
- is compiled to:
1765
-
1766
- p {
1767
- border-color: blue;
1768
- border-width: 1in;
1769
- border-style: dashed; }
1770
-
1771
- Mixins can also specify default values for their arguments
1772
- using the normal variable-setting syntax.
1773
- Then when the mixin is included,
1774
- if it doesn't pass in that argument,
1775
- the default value will be used instead.
1776
- For example:
1777
-
1778
- @mixin sexy-border($color, $width: 1in) {
1779
- border: {
1780
- color: $color;
1781
- width: $width;
1782
- style: dashed;
1783
- }
1784
- }
1785
- p { @include sexy-border(blue); }
1786
- h1 { @include sexy-border(blue, 2in); }
1787
-
1788
- is compiled to:
1789
-
1790
- p {
1791
- border-color: blue;
1792
- border-width: 1in;
1793
- border-style: dashed; }
1794
-
1795
- h1 {
1796
- border-color: blue;
1797
- border-width: 2in;
1798
- border-style: dashed; }
1799
-
1800
- #### Keyword Arguments
1801
-
1802
- Mixins can also be included using explicit keyword arguments.
1803
- For instance, we the above example could be written as:
1804
-
1805
- p { @include sexy-border($color: blue); }
1806
- h1 { @include sexy-border($color: blue, $width: 2in); }
1807
-
1808
- While this is less concise, it can make the stylesheet easier to read.
1809
- It also allows functions to present more flexible interfaces,
1810
- providing many arguments without becoming difficult to call.
1811
-
1812
- Named arguments can be passed in any order, and arguments with default values can be omitted.
1813
- Since the named arguments are variable names, underscores and dashes can be used interchangeably.
1814
-
1815
- ## Function Directives {#functions}
1816
-
1817
- It is possible to define your own functions in sass and use them in any
1818
- value or script context. For example:
1819
-
1820
- $grid-width: 40px;
1821
- $gutter-width: 10px;
1822
-
1823
- @function grid-width($n) {
1824
- @return $n * $grid-width + ($n - 1) * $gutter-width;
1825
- }
1826
-
1827
- #sidebar { width: grid-width(5); }
1828
-
1829
- Becomes:
1830
-
1831
- #sidebar {
1832
- width: 240px; }
1833
-
1834
- As you can see functions can access any globally defined variables as well as
1835
- accept arguments just like a mixin. A function may have several statements
1836
- contained within it, and you must call `@return` to set the return value of
1837
- the function.
1838
-
1839
- As with mixins, you can call Sass-defined functions using keyword arguments.
1840
- In the above example we could have called the function like this:
1841
-
1842
- #sidebar { width: grid-width($n: 5); }
1843
-
1844
- It is recommended that you prefix your functions to avoid naming conflicts
1845
- and so that readers of your stylesheets know they are not part of Sass or CSS. For example, if you work for ACME Corp, you might have named the function above `-acme-grid-width`.
1846
-
1847
- ## Output Style
1848
-
1849
- Although the default CSS style that Sass outputs is very nice
1850
- and reflects the structure of the document,
1851
- tastes and needs vary and so Sass supports several other styles.
1852
-
1853
- Sass allows you to choose between four different output styles
1854
- by setting the [`:style` option](#style-option)
1855
- or using the `--style` command-line flag.
1856
-
1857
- ### `:nested`
1858
-
1859
- Nested style is the default Sass style,
1860
- because it reflects the structure of the CSS styles
1861
- and the HTML document they're styling.
1862
- Each property has its own line,
1863
- but the indentation isn't constant.
1864
- Each rule is indented based on how deeply it's nested.
1865
- For example:
1866
-
1867
- #main {
1868
- color: #fff;
1869
- background-color: #000; }
1870
- #main p {
1871
- width: 10em; }
1872
-
1873
- .huge {
1874
- font-size: 10em;
1875
- font-weight: bold;
1876
- text-decoration: underline; }
1877
-
1878
- Nested style is very useful when looking at large CSS files:
1879
- it allows you to easily grasp the structure of the file
1880
- without actually reading anything.
1881
-
1882
- ### `:expanded`
1883
-
1884
- Expanded is a more typical human-made CSS style,
1885
- with each property and rule taking up one line.
1886
- Properties are indented within the rules,
1887
- but the rules aren't indented in any special way.
1888
- For example:
1889
-
1890
- #main {
1891
- color: #fff;
1892
- background-color: #000;
1893
- }
1894
- #main p {
1895
- width: 10em;
1896
- }
1897
-
1898
- .huge {
1899
- font-size: 10em;
1900
- font-weight: bold;
1901
- text-decoration: underline;
1902
- }
1903
-
1904
- ### `:compact`
1905
-
1906
- Compact style takes up less space than Nested or Expanded.
1907
- It also draws the focus more to the selectors than to their properties.
1908
- Each CSS rule takes up only one line,
1909
- with every property defined on that line.
1910
- Nested rules are placed next to each other with no newline,
1911
- while separate groups of rules have newlines between them.
1912
- For example:
1913
-
1914
- #main { color: #fff; background-color: #000; }
1915
- #main p { width: 10em; }
1916
-
1917
- .huge { font-size: 10em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; }
1918
-
1919
- ### `:compressed`
1920
-
1921
- Compressed style takes up the minimum amount of space possible,
1922
- having no whitespace except that necessary to separate selectors
1923
- and a newline at the end of the file.
1924
- It also includes some other minor compressions,
1925
- such as choosing the smallest representation for colors.
1926
- It's not meant to be human-readable.
1927
- For example:
1928
-
1929
- #main{color:#fff;background-color:#000}#main p{width:10em}.huge{font-size:10em;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline}
1930
-
1931
- ## Extending Sass
1932
-
1933
- Sass provides a number of advanced customizations for users with unique requirements.
1934
- Using these features requires a strong understanding of Ruby.
1935
-
1936
- ### Defining Custom Sass Functions
1937
-
1938
- Users can define their own Sass functions using the Ruby API.
1939
- For more information, see the [source documentation](Sass/Script/Functions.html#adding_custom_functions).
1940
-
1941
- ### Cache Stores
1942
-
1943
- Sass caches parsed documents so that they can be reused without parsing them again
1944
- unless they have changed. By default, Sass will write these cache files to a location
1945
- on the filesystem indicated by [`:cache_location`](#cache_location-option). If you
1946
- cannot write to the filesystem or need to share cache across ruby processes or machines,
1947
- then you can define your own cache store and set the[`:cache_store`
1948
- option](#cache_store-option). For details on creating your own cache store, please
1949
- see the {Sass::CacheStores::Base source documentation}.
1950
-
1951
- ### Custom Importers
1952
-
1953
- Sass importers are in charge of taking paths passed to `@import` and finding the
1954
- appropriate Sass code for those paths. By default, this code is loaded from
1955
- the {Sass::Importers::Filesystem filesystem}, but importers could be added to load
1956
- from a database, over HTTP, or use a different file naming scheme than what Sass expects.
1957
-
1958
- Each importer is in charge of a single load path (or whatever the corresponding notion
1959
- is for the backend). Importers can be placed in the {file:SASS_REFERENCE.md#load_paths-option
1960
- `:load_paths` array} alongside normal filesystem paths.
1961
-
1962
- When resolving an `@import`, Sass will go through the load paths looking for an importer
1963
- that successfully imports the path. Once one is found, the imported file is used.
1964
-
1965
- User-created importers must inherit from {Sass::Importers::Base}.