grpc 1.74.1 → 1.75.0.pre1

data/third_party/cares/cares/src/lib/ares_init.c

@@ -1,2266 +1,600 @@
-
-/* Copyright 1998 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- * Copyright (C) 2007-2013 by Daniel Stenberg
+/* MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1998 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 Daniel Stenberg
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next
+ * paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
+ * Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
  *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
- * software and its documentation for any purpose and without
- * fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
- * notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
- * notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
- * documentation, and that the name of M.I.T. not be used in
- * advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the
- * software without specific, written prior permission.
- * M.I.T. makes no representations about the suitability of
- * this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is"
- * without express or implied warranty.
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  */
 
-#include "ares_setup.h"
+#include "ares_private.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
-#include <sys/param.h>
+#  include <sys/param.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_NETINET_IN_H
-#include <netinet/in.h>
+#  include <netinet/in.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_NETDB_H
-#include <netdb.h>
+#  include <netdb.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_ARPA_INET_H
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#  include <arpa/inet.h>
 #endif
 
 #include "ares_nameser.h"
 
 #if defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__)
-#include <sys/system_properties.h>
-#include "ares_android.h"
+#  include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#  include "ares_android.h"
 /* From the Bionic sources */
-#define DNS_PROP_NAME_PREFIX  "net.dns"
-#define MAX_DNS_PROPERTIES    8
+#  define DNS_PROP_NAME_PREFIX "net.dns"
+#  define MAX_DNS_PROPERTIES   8
 #endif
 
 #if defined(CARES_USE_LIBRESOLV)
-#include <resolv.h>
+#  include <resolv.h>
 #endif
 
-#if defined(USE_WINSOCK)
+#if defined(USE_WINSOCK) && defined(HAVE_IPHLPAPI_H)
 #  include <iphlpapi.h>
 #endif
 
-#include "ares.h"
 #include "ares_inet_net_pton.h"
-#include "ares_nowarn.h"
-#include "ares_platform.h"
-#include "ares_private.h"
-
-#ifdef WATT32
-#undef WIN32  /* Redefined in MingW/MSVC headers */
-#endif
-
+#include "event/ares_event.h"
 
-static int init_by_options(ares_channel channel,
-                           const struct ares_options *options,
-                           int optmask);
-static int init_by_environment(ares_channel channel);
-static int init_by_resolv_conf(ares_channel channel);
-static int init_by_defaults(ares_channel channel);
-
-#ifndef WATT32
-static int config_nameserver(struct server_state **servers, int *nservers,
-                             char *str);
-#endif
-static int set_search(ares_channel channel, const char *str);
-static int set_options(ares_channel channel, const char *str);
-static const char *try_option(const char *p, const char *q, const char *opt);
-
-static int config_sortlist(struct apattern **sortlist, int *nsort,
-                           const char *str);
-static int sortlist_alloc(struct apattern **sortlist, int *nsort,
-                          struct apattern *pat);
-static int ip_addr(const char *s, ares_ssize_t len, struct in_addr *addr);
-static void natural_mask(struct apattern *pat);
-#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(WATT32) && \
-    !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(CARES_USE_LIBRESOLV)
-static int config_domain(ares_channel channel, char *str);
-static int config_lookup(ares_channel channel, const char *str,
-                         const char *bindch, const char *altbindch,
-                         const char *filech);
-static char *try_config(char *s, const char *opt, char scc);
-#endif
-
-#define ARES_CONFIG_CHECK(x) (x->lookups && x->nsort > -1 && \
-                             x->nservers > -1 && \
-                             x->ndomains > -1 && \
-                             x->ndots > -1 && x->timeout > -1 && \
-                             x->tries > -1)
-
-int ares_init(ares_channel *channelptr)
+int ares_init(ares_channel_t **channelptr)
 {
   return ares_init_options(channelptr, NULL, 0);
 }
 
-int ares_init_options(ares_channel *channelptr, struct ares_options *options,
-                      int optmask)
-{
-  ares_channel channel;
-  int i;
-  int status = ARES_SUCCESS;
-  struct timeval now;
-
-  if (ares_library_initialized() != ARES_SUCCESS)
-    return ARES_ENOTINITIALIZED;  /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: n/a on non-WinSock */
-
-  channel = ares_malloc(sizeof(struct ares_channeldata));
-  if (!channel) {
-    *channelptr = NULL;
-    return ARES_ENOMEM;
-  }
-
-  now = ares__tvnow();
-
-  /* Set everything to distinguished values so we know they haven't
-   * been set yet.
-   */
-  channel->flags = -1;
-  channel->timeout = -1;
-  channel->tries = -1;
-  channel->ndots = -1;
-  channel->rotate = -1;
-  channel->udp_port = -1;
-  channel->tcp_port = -1;
-  channel->ednspsz = -1;
-  channel->socket_send_buffer_size = -1;
-  channel->socket_receive_buffer_size = -1;
-  channel->nservers = -1;
-  channel->ndomains = -1;
-  channel->nsort = -1;
-  channel->tcp_connection_generation = 0;
-  channel->lookups = NULL;
-  channel->domains = NULL;
-  channel->sortlist = NULL;
-  channel->servers = NULL;
-  channel->sock_state_cb = NULL;
-  channel->sock_state_cb_data = NULL;
-  channel->sock_create_cb = NULL;
-  channel->sock_create_cb_data = NULL;
-  channel->sock_config_cb = NULL;
-  channel->sock_config_cb_data = NULL;
-  channel->sock_funcs = NULL;
-  channel->sock_func_cb_data = NULL;
-  channel->resolvconf_path = NULL;
-  channel->hosts_path = NULL;
-  channel->rand_state = NULL;
-
-  channel->last_server = 0;
-  channel->last_timeout_processed = (time_t)now.tv_sec;
-
-  memset(&channel->local_dev_name, 0, sizeof(channel->local_dev_name));
-  channel->local_ip4 = 0;
-  memset(&channel->local_ip6, 0, sizeof(channel->local_ip6));
-
-  /* Initialize our lists of queries */
-  ares__init_list_head(&(channel->all_queries));
-  for (i = 0; i < ARES_QID_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
-    {
-      ares__init_list_head(&(channel->queries_by_qid[i]));
-    }
-  for (i = 0; i < ARES_TIMEOUT_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
-    {
-      ares__init_list_head(&(channel->queries_by_timeout[i]));
-    }
-
-  /* Initialize configuration by each of the four sources, from highest
-   * precedence to lowest.
-   */
-
-  status = init_by_options(channel, options, optmask);
-  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_options failed: %s\n",
-                   ares_strerror(status)));
-    /* If we fail to apply user-specified options, fail the whole init process */
-    goto done;
-  }
-  status = init_by_environment(channel);
-  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_environment failed: %s\n",
-                   ares_strerror(status)));
-  if (status == ARES_SUCCESS) {
-    status = init_by_resolv_conf(channel);
-    if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-      DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_resolv_conf failed: %s\n",
-                     ares_strerror(status)));
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * No matter what failed or succeeded, seed defaults to provide
-   * useful behavior for things that we missed.
-   */
-  status = init_by_defaults(channel);
-  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_defaults failed: %s\n",
-                   ares_strerror(status)));
-
-  /* Generate random key */
-
-  if (status == ARES_SUCCESS) {
-    channel->rand_state = ares__init_rand_state();
-    if (channel->rand_state == NULL) {
-      status = ARES_ENOMEM;
-    }
-
-    if (status == ARES_SUCCESS)
-      channel->next_id = ares__generate_new_id(channel->rand_state);
-    else
-      DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_id_key failed: %s\n",
-                     ares_strerror(status)));
-  }
-
-done:
-  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-    {
-      /* Something failed; clean up memory we may have allocated. */
-      if (channel->servers)
-        ares_free(channel->servers);
-      if (channel->ndomains != -1)
-        ares__strsplit_free(channel->domains, channel->ndomains);
-      if (channel->sortlist)
-        ares_free(channel->sortlist);
-      if(channel->lookups)
-        ares_free(channel->lookups);
-      if(channel->resolvconf_path)
-        ares_free(channel->resolvconf_path);
-      if(channel->hosts_path)
-        ares_free(channel->hosts_path);
-      if (channel->rand_state)
-        ares__destroy_rand_state(channel->rand_state);
-      ares_free(channel);
-      return status;
-    }
-
-  /* Trim to one server if ARES_FLAG_PRIMARY is set. */
-  if ((channel->flags & ARES_FLAG_PRIMARY) && channel->nservers > 1)
-    channel->nservers = 1;
-
-  ares__init_servers_state(channel);
-
-  *channelptr = channel;
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* ares_dup() duplicates a channel handle with all its options and returns a
-   new channel handle */
-int ares_dup(ares_channel *dest, ares_channel src)
-{
-  struct ares_options opts;
-  struct ares_addr_port_node *servers;
-  int non_v4_default_port = 0;
-  int i, rc;
-  int optmask;
-
-  *dest = NULL; /* in case of failure return NULL explicitly */
-
-  /* First get the options supported by the old ares_save_options() function,
-     which is most of them */
-  rc = ares_save_options(src, &opts, &optmask);
-  if(rc)
-  {
-    ares_destroy_options(&opts);
-    return rc;
-  }
-
-  /* Then create the new channel with those options */
-  rc = ares_init_options(dest, &opts, optmask);
-
-  /* destroy the options copy to not leak any memory */
-  ares_destroy_options(&opts);
-
-  if(rc)
-    return rc;
-
-  /* Now clone the options that ares_save_options() doesn't support. */
-  (*dest)->sock_create_cb      = src->sock_create_cb;
-  (*dest)->sock_create_cb_data = src->sock_create_cb_data;
-  (*dest)->sock_config_cb      = src->sock_config_cb;
-  (*dest)->sock_config_cb_data = src->sock_config_cb_data;
-  (*dest)->sock_funcs          = src->sock_funcs;
-  (*dest)->sock_func_cb_data   = src->sock_func_cb_data;
-
-  strncpy((*dest)->local_dev_name, src->local_dev_name,
-          sizeof((*dest)->local_dev_name));
-  (*dest)->local_ip4 = src->local_ip4;
-  memcpy((*dest)->local_ip6, src->local_ip6, sizeof(src->local_ip6));
-
-  /* Full name server cloning required if there is a non-IPv4, or non-default port, nameserver */
-  for (i = 0; i < src->nservers; i++)
-    {
-      if ((src->servers[i].addr.family != AF_INET) ||
-          (src->servers[i].addr.udp_port != 0) ||
-          (src->servers[i].addr.tcp_port != 0)) {
-        non_v4_default_port++;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  if (non_v4_default_port) {
-    rc = ares_get_servers_ports(src, &servers);
-    if (rc != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-      ares_destroy(*dest);
-      *dest = NULL;
-      return rc;
-    }
-    rc = ares_set_servers_ports(*dest, servers);
-    ares_free_data(servers);
-    if (rc != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-      ares_destroy(*dest);
-      *dest = NULL;
-      return rc;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return ARES_SUCCESS; /* everything went fine */
-}
-
-/* Save options from initialized channel */
-int ares_save_options(ares_channel channel, struct ares_options *options,
-                      int *optmask)
-{
-  int i, j;
-  int ipv4_nservers = 0;
-
-  /* Zero everything out */
-  memset(options, 0, sizeof(struct ares_options));
-
-  if (!ARES_CONFIG_CHECK(channel))
-    return ARES_ENODATA;
-
-  /* Traditionally the optmask wasn't saved in the channel struct so it was
-     recreated here. ROTATE is the first option that has no struct field of
-     its own in the public config struct */
-  (*optmask) = (ARES_OPT_FLAGS|ARES_OPT_TRIES|ARES_OPT_NDOTS|
-                ARES_OPT_UDP_PORT|ARES_OPT_TCP_PORT|ARES_OPT_SOCK_STATE_CB|
-                ARES_OPT_SERVERS|ARES_OPT_DOMAINS|ARES_OPT_LOOKUPS|
-                ARES_OPT_SORTLIST|ARES_OPT_TIMEOUTMS);
-  (*optmask) |= (channel->rotate ? ARES_OPT_ROTATE : ARES_OPT_NOROTATE);
-
-  if (channel->resolvconf_path)
-    (*optmask) |= ARES_OPT_RESOLVCONF;
-
-  if (channel->hosts_path)
-    (*optmask) |= ARES_OPT_HOSTS_FILE;
-
-  /* Copy easy stuff */
-  options->flags   = channel->flags;
-
-  /* We return full millisecond resolution but that's only because we don't
-     set the ARES_OPT_TIMEOUT anymore, only the new ARES_OPT_TIMEOUTMS */
-  options->timeout = channel->timeout;
-  options->tries   = channel->tries;
-  options->ndots   = channel->ndots;
-  options->udp_port = ntohs(aresx_sitous(channel->udp_port));
-  options->tcp_port = ntohs(aresx_sitous(channel->tcp_port));
-  options->sock_state_cb     = channel->sock_state_cb;
-  options->sock_state_cb_data = channel->sock_state_cb_data;
-
-  /* Copy IPv4 servers that use the default port */
-  if (channel->nservers) {
-    for (i = 0; i < channel->nservers; i++)
-    {
-      if ((channel->servers[i].addr.family == AF_INET) &&
-          (channel->servers[i].addr.udp_port == 0) &&
-          (channel->servers[i].addr.tcp_port == 0))
-        ipv4_nservers++;
-    }
-    if (ipv4_nservers) {
-      options->servers = ares_malloc(ipv4_nservers * sizeof(struct in_addr));
-      if (!options->servers)
-        return ARES_ENOMEM;
-      for (i = j = 0; i < channel->nservers; i++)
-      {
-        if ((channel->servers[i].addr.family == AF_INET) &&
-            (channel->servers[i].addr.udp_port == 0) &&
-            (channel->servers[i].addr.tcp_port == 0))
-          memcpy(&options->servers[j++],
-                 &channel->servers[i].addr.addrV4,
-                 sizeof(channel->servers[i].addr.addrV4));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  options->nservers = ipv4_nservers;
-
-  /* copy domains */
-  if (channel->ndomains) {
-    options->domains = ares_malloc(channel->ndomains * sizeof(char *));
-    if (!options->domains)
-      return ARES_ENOMEM;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < channel->ndomains; i++)
-    {
-      options->ndomains = i;
-      options->domains[i] = ares_strdup(channel->domains[i]);
-      if (!options->domains[i])
-        return ARES_ENOMEM;
-    }
-  }
-  options->ndomains = channel->ndomains;
-
-  /* copy lookups */
-  if (channel->lookups) {
-    options->lookups = ares_strdup(channel->lookups);
-    if (!options->lookups && channel->lookups)
-      return ARES_ENOMEM;
-  }
-
-  /* copy sortlist */
-  if (channel->nsort) {
-    options->sortlist = ares_malloc(channel->nsort * sizeof(struct apattern));
-    if (!options->sortlist)
-      return ARES_ENOMEM;
-    for (i = 0; i < channel->nsort; i++)
-      options->sortlist[i] = channel->sortlist[i];
-  }
-  options->nsort = channel->nsort;
-
-  /* copy path for resolv.conf file */
-  if (channel->resolvconf_path) {
-    options->resolvconf_path = ares_strdup(channel->resolvconf_path);
-    if (!options->resolvconf_path)
-      return ARES_ENOMEM;
-  }
-
-  /* copy path for hosts file */
-  if (channel->hosts_path) {
-    options->hosts_path = ares_strdup(channel->hosts_path);
-    if (!options->hosts_path)
-      return ARES_ENOMEM;
-  }
-
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int init_by_options(ares_channel channel,
-                           const struct ares_options *options,
-                           int optmask)
-{
-  int i;
-
-  /* Easy stuff. */
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_FLAGS) && channel->flags == -1)
-    channel->flags = options->flags;
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_TIMEOUTMS) && channel->timeout == -1)
-    channel->timeout = options->timeout;
-  else if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_TIMEOUT) && channel->timeout == -1)
-    channel->timeout = options->timeout * 1000;
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_TRIES) && channel->tries == -1)
-    channel->tries = options->tries;
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_NDOTS) && channel->ndots == -1)
-    channel->ndots = options->ndots;
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_ROTATE) && channel->rotate == -1)
-    channel->rotate = 1;
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_NOROTATE) && channel->rotate == -1)
-    channel->rotate = 0;
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_UDP_PORT) && channel->udp_port == -1)
-    channel->udp_port = htons(options->udp_port);
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_TCP_PORT) && channel->tcp_port == -1)
-    channel->tcp_port = htons(options->tcp_port);
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_SOCK_STATE_CB) && channel->sock_state_cb == NULL)
-    {
-      channel->sock_state_cb = options->sock_state_cb;
-      channel->sock_state_cb_data = options->sock_state_cb_data;
-    }
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_SOCK_SNDBUF)
-      && channel->socket_send_buffer_size == -1)
-    channel->socket_send_buffer_size = options->socket_send_buffer_size;
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_SOCK_RCVBUF)
-      && channel->socket_receive_buffer_size == -1)
-    channel->socket_receive_buffer_size = options->socket_receive_buffer_size;
-
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_EDNSPSZ) && channel->ednspsz == -1)
-    channel->ednspsz = options->ednspsz;
-
-  /* Copy the IPv4 servers, if given. */
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_SERVERS) && channel->nservers == -1)
-    {
-      /* Avoid zero size allocations at any cost */
-      if (options->nservers > 0)
-        {
-          channel->servers =
-            ares_malloc(options->nservers * sizeof(struct server_state));
-          if (!channel->servers)
-            return ARES_ENOMEM;
-          for (i = 0; i < options->nservers; i++)
-            {
-              channel->servers[i].addr.family = AF_INET;
-              channel->servers[i].addr.udp_port = 0;
-              channel->servers[i].addr.tcp_port = 0;
-              memcpy(&channel->servers[i].addr.addrV4,
-                     &options->servers[i],
-                     sizeof(channel->servers[i].addr.addrV4));
-            }
-        }
-      channel->nservers = options->nservers;
-    }
-
-  /* Copy the domains, if given.  Keep channel->ndomains consistent so
-   * we can clean up in case of error.
-   */
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_DOMAINS) && channel->ndomains == -1)
-    {
-      /* Avoid zero size allocations at any cost */
-      if (options->ndomains > 0)
-      {
-        channel->domains = ares_malloc(options->ndomains * sizeof(char *));
-        if (!channel->domains)
-          return ARES_ENOMEM;
-        for (i = 0; i < options->ndomains; i++)
-          {
-            channel->ndomains = i;
-            channel->domains[i] = ares_strdup(options->domains[i]);
-            if (!channel->domains[i])
-              return ARES_ENOMEM;
-          }
-      }
-      channel->ndomains = options->ndomains;
-    }
-
-  /* Set lookups, if given. */
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_LOOKUPS) && !channel->lookups)
-    {
-      channel->lookups = ares_strdup(options->lookups);
-      if (!channel->lookups)
-        return ARES_ENOMEM;
-    }
-
-  /* copy sortlist */
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_SORTLIST) && (channel->nsort == -1)) {
-    if (options->nsort > 0) {
-      channel->sortlist = ares_malloc(options->nsort * sizeof(struct apattern));
-      if (!channel->sortlist)
-        return ARES_ENOMEM;
-      for (i = 0; i < options->nsort; i++)
-        channel->sortlist[i] = options->sortlist[i];
-    }
-    channel->nsort = options->nsort;
-  }
-
-  /* Set path for resolv.conf file, if given. */
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_RESOLVCONF) && !channel->resolvconf_path)
-    {
-      channel->resolvconf_path = ares_strdup(options->resolvconf_path);
-      if (!channel->resolvconf_path && options->resolvconf_path)
-        return ARES_ENOMEM;
-    }
-
-  /* Set path for hosts file, if given. */
-  if ((optmask & ARES_OPT_HOSTS_FILE) && !channel->hosts_path)
-    {
-      channel->hosts_path = ares_strdup(options->hosts_path);
-      if (!channel->hosts_path && options->hosts_path)
-        return ARES_ENOMEM;
-    }
-
-  channel->optmask = optmask;
-
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int init_by_environment(ares_channel channel)
-{
-  const char *localdomain, *res_options;
-  int status;
-
-  localdomain = getenv("LOCALDOMAIN");
-  if (localdomain && channel->ndomains == -1)
-    {
-      status = set_search(channel, localdomain);
-      if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-        return status;
-    }
-
-  res_options = getenv("RES_OPTIONS");
-  if (res_options)
-    {
-      status = set_options(channel, res_options);
-      if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-        return status;  /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: set_options() never fails */
-    }
-
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-#ifdef WIN32
-/*
- * get_REG_SZ()
- *
- * Given a 'hKey' handle to an open registry key and a 'leafKeyName' pointer
- * to the name of the registry leaf key to be queried, fetch it's string
- * value and return a pointer in *outptr to a newly allocated memory area
- * holding it as a null-terminated string.
- *
- * Returns 0 and nullifies *outptr upon inability to return a string value.
- *
- * Returns 1 and sets *outptr when returning a dynamically allocated string.
- *
- * Supported on Windows NT 3.5 and newer.
- */
-static int get_REG_SZ(HKEY hKey, const char *leafKeyName, char **outptr)
-{
-  DWORD size = 0;
-  int   res;
-
-  *outptr = NULL;
-
-  /* Find out size of string stored in registry */
-  res = RegQueryValueExA(hKey, leafKeyName, 0, NULL, NULL, &size);
-  if ((res != ERROR_SUCCESS && res != ERROR_MORE_DATA) || !size)
-    return 0;
-
-  /* Allocate buffer of indicated size plus one given that string
-     might have been stored without null termination */
-  *outptr = ares_malloc(size+1);
-  if (!*outptr)
-    return 0;
-
-  /* Get the value for real */
-  res = RegQueryValueExA(hKey, leafKeyName, 0, NULL,
-                        (unsigned char *)*outptr, &size);
-  if ((res != ERROR_SUCCESS) || (size == 1))
-  {
-    ares_free(*outptr);
-    *outptr = NULL;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  /* Null terminate buffer allways */
-  *(*outptr + size) = '\0';
-
-  return 1;
-}
-
-static void commanjoin(char** dst, const char* const src, const size_t len)
-{
-  char *newbuf;
-  size_t newsize;
-
-  /* 1 for terminating 0 and 2 for , and terminating 0 */
-  newsize = len + (*dst ? (strlen(*dst) + 2) : 1);
-  newbuf = ares_realloc(*dst, newsize);
-  if (!newbuf)
-    return;
-  if (*dst == NULL)
-    *newbuf = '\0';
-  *dst = newbuf;
-  if (strlen(*dst) != 0)
-    strcat(*dst, ",");
-  strncat(*dst, src, len);
-}
-
-/*
- * commajoin()
- *
- * RTF code.
- */
-static void commajoin(char **dst, const char *src)
-{
-  commanjoin(dst, src, strlen(src));
-}
-
-
-/* A structure to hold the string form of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses so we can
- * sort them by a metric.
- */
-typedef struct
-{
-  /* The metric we sort them by. */
-  ULONG metric;
-
-  /* Original index of the item, used as a secondary sort parameter to make
-   * qsort() stable if the metrics are equal */
-  size_t orig_idx;
-
-  /* Room enough for the string form of any IPv4 or IPv6 address that
-   * ares_inet_ntop() will create.  Based on the existing c-ares practice.
-   */
-  char text[sizeof("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:255.255.255.255")];
-} Address;
-
-/* Sort Address values \a left and \a right by metric, returning the usual
- * indicators for qsort().
- */
-static int compareAddresses(const void *arg1,
-                            const void *arg2)
-{
-  const Address * const left = arg1;
-  const Address * const right = arg2;
-  /* Lower metric the more preferred */
-  if(left->metric < right->metric) return -1;
-  if(left->metric > right->metric) return 1;
-  /* If metrics are equal, lower original index more preferred */
-  if(left->orig_idx < right->orig_idx) return -1;
-  if(left->orig_idx > right->orig_idx) return 1;
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* There can be multiple routes to "the Internet".  And there can be different
- * DNS servers associated with each of the interfaces that offer those routes.
- * We have to assume that any DNS server can serve any request.  But, some DNS
- * servers may only respond if requested over their associated interface.  But
- * we also want to use "the preferred route to the Internet" whenever possible
- * (and not use DNS servers on a non-preferred route even by forcing request
- * to go out on the associated non-preferred interface).  i.e. We want to use
- * the DNS servers associated with the same interface that we would use to
- * make a general request to anything else.
- *
- * But, Windows won't sort the DNS servers by the metrics associated with the
- * routes and interfaces _even_ though it obviously sends IP packets based on
- * those same routes and metrics.  So, we must do it ourselves.
- *
- * So, we sort the DNS servers by the same metric values used to determine how
- * an outgoing IP packet will go, thus effectively using the DNS servers
- * associated with the interface that the DNS requests themselves will
- * travel.  This gives us optimal routing and avoids issues where DNS servers
- * won't respond to requests that don't arrive via some specific subnetwork
- * (and thus some specific interface).
- *
- * This function computes the metric we use to sort.  On the interface
- * identified by \a luid, it determines the best route to \a dest and combines
- * that route's metric with \a interfaceMetric to compute a metric for the
- * destination address on that interface.  This metric can be used as a weight
- * to sort the DNS server addresses associated with each interface (lower is
- * better).
- *
- * Note that by restricting the route search to the specific interface with
- * which the DNS servers are associated, this function asks the question "What
- * is the metric for sending IP packets to this DNS server?" which allows us
- * to sort the DNS servers correctly.
- */
-static ULONG getBestRouteMetric(IF_LUID * const luid, /* Can't be const :( */
-                                const SOCKADDR_INET * const dest,
-                                const ULONG interfaceMetric)
-{
-  /* On this interface, get the best route to that destination. */
-#if defined(__WATCOMC__)
-  /* OpenWatcom's builtin Windows SDK does not have a definition for
-   * MIB_IPFORWARD_ROW2, and also does not allow the usage of SOCKADDR_INET
-   * as a variable. Let's work around this by returning the worst possible
-   * metric, but only when using the OpenWatcom compiler.
-   * It may be worth investigating using a different version of the Windows
-   * SDK with OpenWatcom in the future, though this may be fixed in OpenWatcom
-   * 2.0.
-   */
-  return (ULONG)-1;
-#else
-  MIB_IPFORWARD_ROW2 row;
-  SOCKADDR_INET ignored;
-  if(GetBestRoute2(/* The interface to use.  The index is ignored since we are
-                    * passing a LUID.
-                    */
-                   luid, 0,
-                   /* No specific source address. */
-                   NULL,
-                   /* Our destination address. */
-                   dest,
-                   /* No options. */
-                   0,
-                   /* The route row. */
-                   &row,
-                   /* The best source address, which we don't need. */
-                   &ignored) != NO_ERROR
-     /* If the metric is "unused" (-1) or too large for us to add the two
-      * metrics, use the worst possible, thus sorting this last.
-      */
-     || row.Metric == (ULONG)-1
-     || row.Metric > ((ULONG)-1) - interfaceMetric) {
-    /* Return the worst possible metric. */
-    return (ULONG)-1;
-  }
-
-  /* Return the metric value from that row, plus the interface metric.
-   *
-   * See
-   * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa814494(v=vs.85).aspx
-   * which describes the combination as a "sum".
-   */
-  return row.Metric + interfaceMetric;
-#endif /* __WATCOMC__ */
-}
-
-/*
- * get_DNS_Windows()
- *
- * Locates DNS info using GetAdaptersAddresses() function from the Internet
- * Protocol Helper (IP Helper) API. When located, this returns a pointer
- * in *outptr to a newly allocated memory area holding a null-terminated
- * string with a space or comma seperated list of DNS IP addresses.
- *
- * Returns 0 and nullifies *outptr upon inability to return DNSes string.
- *
- * Returns 1 and sets *outptr when returning a dynamically allocated string.
- *
- * Implementation supports Windows XP and newer.
- */
-#define IPAA_INITIAL_BUF_SZ 15 * 1024
-#define IPAA_MAX_TRIES 3
-static int get_DNS_Windows(char **outptr)
-{
-  IP_ADAPTER_DNS_SERVER_ADDRESS *ipaDNSAddr;
-  IP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES *ipaa, *newipaa, *ipaaEntry;
-  ULONG ReqBufsz = IPAA_INITIAL_BUF_SZ;
-  ULONG Bufsz = IPAA_INITIAL_BUF_SZ;
-  ULONG AddrFlags = 0;
-  int trying = IPAA_MAX_TRIES;
-  int res;
-
-  /* The capacity of addresses, in elements. */
-  size_t addressesSize;
-  /* The number of elements in addresses. */
-  size_t addressesIndex = 0;
-  /* The addresses we will sort. */
-  Address *addresses;
-
-  union {
-    struct sockaddr     *sa;
-    struct sockaddr_in  *sa4;
-    struct sockaddr_in6 *sa6;
-  } namesrvr;
-
-  *outptr = NULL;
-
-  ipaa = ares_malloc(Bufsz);
-  if (!ipaa)
-    return 0;
-
-  /* Start with enough room for a few DNS server addresses and we'll grow it
-   * as we encounter more.
-   */
-  addressesSize = 4;
-  addresses = (Address*)ares_malloc(sizeof(Address) * addressesSize);
-  if(addresses == NULL) {
-    /* We need room for at least some addresses to function. */
-    ares_free(ipaa);
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  /* Usually this call suceeds with initial buffer size */
-  res = GetAdaptersAddresses(AF_UNSPEC, AddrFlags, NULL, ipaa, &ReqBufsz);
-  if ((res != ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW) && (res != ERROR_SUCCESS))
-    goto done;
-
-  while ((res == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW) && (--trying))
-  {
-    if (Bufsz < ReqBufsz)
-    {
-      newipaa = ares_realloc(ipaa, ReqBufsz);
-      if (!newipaa)
-        goto done;
-      Bufsz = ReqBufsz;
-      ipaa = newipaa;
-    }
-    res = GetAdaptersAddresses(AF_UNSPEC, AddrFlags, NULL, ipaa, &ReqBufsz);
-    if (res == ERROR_SUCCESS)
-      break;
-  }
-  if (res != ERROR_SUCCESS)
-    goto done;
-
-  for (ipaaEntry = ipaa; ipaaEntry; ipaaEntry = ipaaEntry->Next)
-  {
-    if(ipaaEntry->OperStatus != IfOperStatusUp)
-        continue;
-
-    /* For each interface, find any associated DNS servers as IPv4 or IPv6
-     * addresses.  For each found address, find the best route to that DNS
-     * server address _on_ _that_ _interface_ (at this moment in time) and
-     * compute the resulting total metric, just as Windows routing will do.
-     * Then, sort all the addresses found by the metric.
-     */
-    for (ipaDNSAddr = ipaaEntry->FirstDnsServerAddress;
-         ipaDNSAddr;
-         ipaDNSAddr = ipaDNSAddr->Next)
-    {
-      namesrvr.sa = ipaDNSAddr->Address.lpSockaddr;
-
-      if (namesrvr.sa->sa_family == AF_INET)
-      {
-        if ((namesrvr.sa4->sin_addr.S_un.S_addr == INADDR_ANY) ||
-            (namesrvr.sa4->sin_addr.S_un.S_addr == INADDR_NONE))
-          continue;
-
-        /* Allocate room for another address, if necessary, else skip. */
-        if(addressesIndex == addressesSize) {
-          const size_t newSize = addressesSize + 4;
-          Address * const newMem =
-            (Address*)ares_realloc(addresses, sizeof(Address) * newSize);
-          if(newMem == NULL) {
-            continue;
-          }
-          addresses = newMem;
-          addressesSize = newSize;
-        }
-
-        addresses[addressesIndex].metric =
-          getBestRouteMetric(&ipaaEntry->Luid,
-                             (SOCKADDR_INET*)(namesrvr.sa),
-                             ipaaEntry->Ipv4Metric);
-
-        /* Record insertion index to make qsort stable */
-        addresses[addressesIndex].orig_idx = addressesIndex;
-
-        if (!ares_inet_ntop(AF_INET, &namesrvr.sa4->sin_addr,
-                            addresses[addressesIndex].text,
-                            sizeof(addresses[0].text))) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        ++addressesIndex;
-      }
-      else if (namesrvr.sa->sa_family == AF_INET6)
-      {
-        if (memcmp(&namesrvr.sa6->sin6_addr, &ares_in6addr_any,
-                   sizeof(namesrvr.sa6->sin6_addr)) == 0)
-          continue;
-
-        /* Allocate room for another address, if necessary, else skip. */
-        if(addressesIndex == addressesSize) {
-          const size_t newSize = addressesSize + 4;
-          Address * const newMem =
-            (Address*)ares_realloc(addresses, sizeof(Address) * newSize);
-          if(newMem == NULL) {
-            continue;
-          }
-          addresses = newMem;
-          addressesSize = newSize;
-        }
-
-        addresses[addressesIndex].metric =
-          getBestRouteMetric(&ipaaEntry->Luid,
-                             (SOCKADDR_INET*)(namesrvr.sa),
-                             ipaaEntry->Ipv6Metric);
-
-        /* Record insertion index to make qsort stable */
-        addresses[addressesIndex].orig_idx = addressesIndex;
-
-        if (!ares_inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &namesrvr.sa6->sin6_addr,
-                            addresses[addressesIndex].text,
-                            sizeof(addresses[0].text))) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        ++addressesIndex;
-      }
-      else {
-        /* Skip non-IPv4/IPv6 addresses completely. */
-        continue;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* Sort all of the textual addresses by their metric (and original index if
-   * metrics are equal). */
-  qsort(addresses, addressesIndex, sizeof(*addresses), compareAddresses);
-
-  /* Join them all into a single string, removing duplicates. */
-  {
-    size_t i;
-    for(i = 0; i < addressesIndex; ++i) {
-      size_t j;
-      /* Look for this address text appearing previously in the results. */
-      for(j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
-        if(strcmp(addresses[j].text, addresses[i].text) == 0) {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      /* Iff we didn't emit this address already, emit it now. */
-      if(j == i) {
-        /* Add that to outptr (if we can). */
-        commajoin(outptr, addresses[i].text);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-done:
-  ares_free(addresses);
-
-  if (ipaa)
-    ares_free(ipaa);
-
-  if (!*outptr) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  return 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * get_SuffixList_Windows()
- *
- * Reads the "DNS Suffix Search List" from registry and writes the list items
- * whitespace separated to outptr. If the Search List is empty, the
- * "Primary Dns Suffix" is written to outptr.
- *
- * Returns 0 and nullifies *outptr upon inability to return the suffix list.
- *
- * Returns 1 and sets *outptr when returning a dynamically allocated string.
- *
- * Implementation supports Windows Server 2003 and newer
- */
-static int get_SuffixList_Windows(char **outptr)
-{
-  HKEY hKey, hKeyEnum;
-  char  keyName[256];
-  DWORD keyNameBuffSize;
-  DWORD keyIdx = 0;
-  char *p = NULL;
-
-  *outptr = NULL;
-
-  if (ares__getplatform() != WIN_NT)
-    return 0;
-
-  /* 1. Global DNS Suffix Search List */
-  if (RegOpenKeyExA(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, WIN_NS_NT_KEY, 0,
-      KEY_READ, &hKey) == ERROR_SUCCESS)
-  {
-    get_REG_SZ(hKey, SEARCHLIST_KEY, outptr);
-    if (get_REG_SZ(hKey, DOMAIN_KEY, &p))
-    {
-      commajoin(outptr, p);
-      ares_free(p);
-      p = NULL;
-    }
-    RegCloseKey(hKey);
-  }
-
-  if (RegOpenKeyExA(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, WIN_NT_DNSCLIENT, 0,
-      KEY_READ, &hKey) == ERROR_SUCCESS)
-  {
-    if (get_REG_SZ(hKey, SEARCHLIST_KEY, &p))
-    {
-      commajoin(outptr, p);
-      ares_free(p);
-      p = NULL;
-    }
-    RegCloseKey(hKey);
-  }
-
-  /* 2. Connection Specific Search List composed of:
-   *  a. Primary DNS Suffix */
-  if (RegOpenKeyExA(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, WIN_DNSCLIENT, 0,
-      KEY_READ, &hKey) == ERROR_SUCCESS)
-  {
-    if (get_REG_SZ(hKey, PRIMARYDNSSUFFIX_KEY, &p))
-    {
-      commajoin(outptr, p);
-      ares_free(p);
-      p = NULL;
-    }
-    RegCloseKey(hKey);
-  }
-
-  /*  b. Interface SearchList, Domain, DhcpDomain */
-  if (RegOpenKeyExA(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, WIN_NS_NT_KEY "\\" INTERFACES_KEY, 0,
-      KEY_READ, &hKey) == ERROR_SUCCESS)
-  {
-    for(;;)
-    {
-      keyNameBuffSize = sizeof(keyName);
-      if (RegEnumKeyExA(hKey, keyIdx++, keyName, &keyNameBuffSize,
-          0, NULL, NULL, NULL)
-          != ERROR_SUCCESS)
-        break;
-      if (RegOpenKeyExA(hKey, keyName, 0, KEY_QUERY_VALUE, &hKeyEnum)
-          != ERROR_SUCCESS)
-        continue;
-      /* p can be comma separated (SearchList) */
-      if (get_REG_SZ(hKeyEnum, SEARCHLIST_KEY, &p))
-      {
-        commajoin(outptr, p);
-        ares_free(p);
-        p = NULL;
-      }
-      if (get_REG_SZ(hKeyEnum, DOMAIN_KEY, &p))
-      {
-        commajoin(outptr, p);
-        ares_free(p);
-        p = NULL;
-      }
-      if (get_REG_SZ(hKeyEnum, DHCPDOMAIN_KEY, &p))
-      {
-        commajoin(outptr, p);
-        ares_free(p);
-        p = NULL;
-      }
-      RegCloseKey(hKeyEnum);
-    }
-    RegCloseKey(hKey);
-  }
-
-  return *outptr != NULL;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-static int init_by_resolv_conf(ares_channel channel)
-{
-#if !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(WATT32) && \
-    !defined(CARES_USE_LIBRESOLV)
-  char *line = NULL;
-#endif
-  int status = -1, nservers = 0, nsort = 0;
-  struct server_state *servers = NULL;
-  struct apattern *sortlist = NULL;
-
-#ifdef WIN32
-
-  if (channel->nservers > -1)  /* don't override ARES_OPT_SERVER */
-     return ARES_SUCCESS;
-
-  if (get_DNS_Windows(&line))
-  {
-    status = config_nameserver(&servers, &nservers, line);
-    ares_free(line);
-  }
-
-  if (channel->ndomains == -1 && get_SuffixList_Windows(&line))
-  {
-      status = set_search(channel, line);
-      ares_free(line);
-  }
-
-  if (status == ARES_SUCCESS)
-    status = ARES_EOF;
-  else
-    /* Catch the case when all the above checks fail (which happens when there
-       is no network card or the cable is unplugged) */
-    status = ARES_EFILE;
-#elif defined(__MVS__)
-
-  struct __res_state *res = 0;
-  int count4, count6;
-  __STATEEXTIPV6 *v6;
-  struct server_state *pserver;
-  if (0 == res) {
-    int rc = res_init();
-    while (rc == -1 && h_errno == TRY_AGAIN) {
-      rc = res_init();
-    }
-    if (rc == -1) {
-      return ARES_ENOMEM;
-    }
-    res = __res();
-  }
-
-  v6 = res->__res_extIPv6;
-  count4 = res->nscount;
-  if (v6) {
-    count6 = v6->__stat_nscount;
-  } else {
-    count6 = 0;
-  }
-
-  nservers = count4 + count6;
-  servers = ares_malloc(nservers * sizeof(struct server_state));
-  if (!servers)
-    return ARES_ENOMEM;
-
-  memset(servers, 0, nservers * sizeof(struct server_state));
-
-  pserver = servers;
-  for (int i = 0; i < count4; ++i, ++pserver) {
-    struct sockaddr_in *addr_in = &(res->nsaddr_list[i]);
-    pserver->addr.addrV4.s_addr = addr_in->sin_addr.s_addr;
-    pserver->addr.family = AF_INET;
-    pserver->addr.udp_port = addr_in->sin_port;
-    pserver->addr.tcp_port = addr_in->sin_port;
-  }
-
-  for (int j = 0; j < count6; ++j, ++pserver) {
-    struct sockaddr_in6 *addr_in = &(v6->__stat_nsaddr_list[j]);
-    memcpy(&(pserver->addr.addr.addr6), &(addr_in->sin6_addr),
-           sizeof(addr_in->sin6_addr));
-    pserver->addr.family = AF_INET6;
-    pserver->addr.udp_port = addr_in->sin6_port;
-    pserver->addr.tcp_port = addr_in->sin6_port;
-  }
-
-  status = ARES_EOF;
-
-#elif defined(__riscos__)
-
-  /* Under RISC OS, name servers are listed in the
-     system variable Inet$Resolvers, space separated. */
+static int ares_query_timeout_cmp_cb(const void *arg1, const void *arg2)
+{
+  const ares_query_t *q1 = arg1;
+  const ares_query_t *q2 = arg2;
 
-  line = getenv("Inet$Resolvers");
-  status = ARES_EOF;
-  if (line) {
-    char *resolvers = ares_strdup(line), *pos, *space;
+  if (q1->timeout.sec > q2->timeout.sec) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (q1->timeout.sec < q2->timeout.sec) {
+    return -1;
+  }
 
-    if (!resolvers)
-      return ARES_ENOMEM;
+  if (q1->timeout.usec > q2->timeout.usec) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (q1->timeout.usec < q2->timeout.usec) {
+    return -1;
+  }
 
-    pos = resolvers;
-    do {
-      space = strchr(pos, ' ');
-      if (space)
-        *space = '\0';
-      status = config_nameserver(&servers, &nservers, pos);
-      if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-        break;
-      pos = space + 1;
-    } while (space);
+  return 0;
+}
 
-    if (status == ARES_SUCCESS)
-      status = ARES_EOF;
+static int server_sort_cb(const void *data1, const void *data2)
+{
+  const ares_server_t *s1 = data1;
+  const ares_server_t *s2 = data2;
 
-    ares_free(resolvers);
+  if (s1->consec_failures < s2->consec_failures) {
+    return -1;
   }
-
-#elif defined(WATT32)
-  int i;
-
-  sock_init();
-  for (i = 0; def_nameservers[i]; i++)
-      ;
-  if (i == 0)
-    return ARES_SUCCESS; /* use localhost DNS server */
-
-  nservers = i;
-  servers = ares_malloc(sizeof(struct server_state));
-  if (!servers)
-     return ARES_ENOMEM;
-  memset(servers, 0, sizeof(struct server_state));
-
-  for (i = 0; def_nameservers[i]; i++)
-  {
-    servers[i].addr.addrV4.s_addr = htonl(def_nameservers[i]);
-    servers[i].addr.family = AF_INET;
-    servers[i].addr.udp_port = 0;
-    servers[i].addr.tcp_port = 0;
+  if (s1->consec_failures > s2->consec_failures) {
+    return 1;
   }
-  status = ARES_EOF;
-
-#elif defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__)
-  unsigned int i;
-  char **dns_servers;
-  char *domains;
-  size_t num_servers;
-
-  /* Use the Android connectivity manager to get a list
-   * of DNS servers. As of Android 8 (Oreo) net.dns#
-   * system properties are no longer available. Google claims this
-   * improves privacy. Apps now need the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
-   * permission and must use the ConnectivityManager which
-   * is Java only. */
-  dns_servers = ares_get_android_server_list(MAX_DNS_PROPERTIES, &num_servers);
-  if (dns_servers != NULL)
-  {
-    for (i = 0; i < num_servers; i++)
-    {
-      status = config_nameserver(&servers, &nservers, dns_servers[i]);
-      if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-        break;
-      status = ARES_EOF;
-    }
-    for (i = 0; i < num_servers; i++)
-    {
-      ares_free(dns_servers[i]);
-    }
-    ares_free(dns_servers);
+  if (s1->idx < s2->idx) {
+    return -1;
   }
-  if (channel->ndomains == -1)
-  {
-    domains = ares_get_android_search_domains_list();
-    set_search(channel, domains);
-    ares_free(domains);
+  if (s1->idx > s2->idx) {
+    return 1;
   }
+  return 0;
+}
 
-#  ifdef HAVE___SYSTEM_PROPERTY_GET
-  /* Old way using the system property still in place as
-   * a fallback. Older android versions can still use this.
-   * it's possible for older apps not not have added the new
-   * permission and we want to try to avoid breaking those.
-   *
-   * We'll only run this if we don't have any dns servers
-   * because this will get the same ones (if it works). */
-  if (status != ARES_EOF) {
-    char propname[PROP_NAME_MAX];
-    char propvalue[PROP_VALUE_MAX]="";
-    for (i = 1; i <= MAX_DNS_PROPERTIES; i++) {
-      snprintf(propname, sizeof(propname), "%s%u", DNS_PROP_NAME_PREFIX, i);
-      if (__system_property_get(propname, propvalue) < 1) {
-        status = ARES_EOF;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      status = config_nameserver(&servers, &nservers, propvalue);
-      if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-        break;
-      status = ARES_EOF;
-    }
+static void server_destroy_cb(void *data)
+{
+  if (data == NULL) {
+    return; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: DefensiveCoding */
   }
-#  endif /* HAVE___SYSTEM_PROPERTY_GET */
-#elif defined(CARES_USE_LIBRESOLV)
-  struct __res_state res;
-  memset(&res, 0, sizeof(res));
-  int result = res_ninit(&res);
-  if (result == 0 && (res.options & RES_INIT)) {
-    status = ARES_EOF;
-
-    if (channel->nservers == -1) {
-      union res_sockaddr_union addr[MAXNS];
-      int nscount = res_getservers(&res, addr, MAXNS);
-      int i;
-      for (i = 0; i < nscount; ++i) {
-        char str[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
-        int config_status;
-        sa_family_t family = addr[i].sin.sin_family;
-        if (family == AF_INET) {
-          ares_inet_ntop(family, &addr[i].sin.sin_addr, str, sizeof(str));
-        } else if (family == AF_INET6) {
-          ares_inet_ntop(family, &addr[i].sin6.sin6_addr, str, sizeof(str));
-        } else {
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        config_status = config_nameserver(&servers, &nservers, str);
-        if (config_status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-          status = config_status;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (channel->ndomains == -1) {
-      int entries = 0;
-      while ((entries < MAXDNSRCH) && res.dnsrch[entries])
-        entries++;
-      if(entries) {
-        channel->domains = ares_malloc(entries * sizeof(char *));
-        if (!channel->domains) {
-          status = ARES_ENOMEM;
-        } else {
-          int i;
-          channel->ndomains = entries;
-          for (i = 0; i < channel->ndomains; ++i) {
-            channel->domains[i] = ares_strdup(res.dnsrch[i]);
-            if (!channel->domains[i])
-              status = ARES_ENOMEM;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (channel->ndots == -1)
-      channel->ndots = res.ndots;
-    if (channel->tries == -1)
-      channel->tries = res.retry;
-    if (channel->rotate == -1)
-      channel->rotate = res.options & RES_ROTATE;
-    if (channel->timeout == -1) {
-      channel->timeout = res.retrans * 1000;
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-      channel->timeout /= (res.retry + 1) * (res.nscount > 0 ? res.nscount : 1);
+  ares_destroy_server(data);
+}
+
+static ares_status_t init_by_defaults(ares_channel_t *channel)
+{
+  char         *hostname = NULL;
+  ares_status_t rc       = ARES_SUCCESS;
+#ifdef HAVE_GETHOSTNAME
+  const char *dot;
 #endif
-    }
+  struct ares_addr addr;
+  ares_llist_t    *sconfig = NULL;
 
-    res_ndestroy(&res);
+  /* Enable EDNS by default */
+  if (!(channel->optmask & ARES_OPT_FLAGS)) {
+    channel->flags = ARES_FLAG_EDNS;
+  }
+  if (channel->ednspsz == 0) {
+    channel->ednspsz = EDNSPACKETSZ;
   }
-#else
-  {
-    char *p;
-    FILE *fp;
-    size_t linesize;
-    int error;
-    int update_domains;
-    const char *resolvconf_path;
-
-    /* Don't read resolv.conf and friends if we don't have to */
-    if (ARES_CONFIG_CHECK(channel))
-        return ARES_SUCCESS;
-
-    /* Only update search domains if they're not already specified */
-    update_domains = (channel->ndomains == -1);
-
-    /* Support path for resolvconf filename set by ares_init_options */
-    if(channel->resolvconf_path) {
-      resolvconf_path = channel->resolvconf_path;
-    } else {
-      resolvconf_path = PATH_RESOLV_CONF;
-    }
-
-    fp = fopen(resolvconf_path, "r");
-    if (fp) {
-      while ((status = ares__read_line(fp, &line, &linesize)) == ARES_SUCCESS)
-      {
-        if ((p = try_config(line, "domain", ';')) && update_domains)
-          status = config_domain(channel, p);
-        else if ((p = try_config(line, "lookup", ';')) && !channel->lookups)
-          status = config_lookup(channel, p, "bind", NULL, "file");
-        else if ((p = try_config(line, "search", ';')) && update_domains)
-          status = set_search(channel, p);
-        else if ((p = try_config(line, "nameserver", ';')) &&
-                channel->nservers == -1)
-          status = config_nameserver(&servers, &nservers, p);
-        else if ((p = try_config(line, "sortlist", ';')) &&
-                channel->nsort == -1)
-          status = config_sortlist(&sortlist, &nsort, p);
-        else if ((p = try_config(line, "options", ';')))
-          status = set_options(channel, p);
-        else
-          status = ARES_SUCCESS;
-        if (status != ARES_SUCCESS)
-          break;
-      }
-      fclose(fp);
-    }
-    else {
-      error = ERRNO;
-      switch(error) {
-      case ENOENT:
-      case ESRCH:
-        status = ARES_EOF;
-        break;
-      default:
-        DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "fopen() failed with error: %d %s\n",
-                      error, strerror(error)));
-        DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file: %s\n", PATH_RESOLV_CONF));
-        status = ARES_EFILE;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if ((status == ARES_EOF) && (!channel->lookups)) {
-      /* Many systems (Solaris, Linux, BSD's) use nsswitch.conf */
-      fp = fopen("/etc/nsswitch.conf", "r");
-      if (fp) {
-        while ((status = ares__read_line(fp, &line, &linesize)) ==
-               ARES_SUCCESS)
-        {
-          if ((p = try_config(line, "hosts:", '\0')) && !channel->lookups)
-            (void)config_lookup(channel, p, "dns", "resolve", "files");
-        }
-        fclose(fp);
-      }
-      else {
-        error = ERRNO;
-        switch(error) {
-        case ENOENT:
-        case ESRCH:
-          break;
-        default:
-          DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "fopen() failed with error: %d %s\n",
-                         error, strerror(error)));
-          DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file: %s\n",
-                         "/etc/nsswitch.conf"));
-        }
-
-        /* ignore error, maybe we will get luck in next if clause */
-        status = ARES_EOF;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if ((status == ARES_EOF) && (!channel->lookups)) {
-      /* Linux / GNU libc 2.x and possibly others have host.conf */
-      fp = fopen("/etc/host.conf", "r");
-      if (fp) {
-        while ((status = ares__read_line(fp, &line, &linesize)) ==
-               ARES_SUCCESS)
-        {
-          if ((p = try_config(line, "order", '\0')) && !channel->lookups)
-            /* ignore errors */
-            (void)config_lookup(channel, p, "bind", NULL, "hosts");
-        }
-        fclose(fp);
-      }
-      else {
-        error = ERRNO;
-        switch(error) {
-        case ENOENT:
-        case ESRCH:
-          break;
-        default:
-          DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "fopen() failed with error: %d %s\n",
-                         error, strerror(error)));
-          DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file: %s\n",
-                         "/etc/host.conf"));
-        }
-
-        /* ignore error, maybe we will get luck in next if clause */
-        status = ARES_EOF;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if ((status == ARES_EOF) && (!channel->lookups)) {
-      /* Tru64 uses /etc/svc.conf */
-      fp = fopen("/etc/svc.conf", "r");
-      if (fp) {
-        while ((status = ares__read_line(fp, &line, &linesize)) ==
-               ARES_SUCCESS)
-        {
-          if ((p = try_config(line, "hosts=", '\0')) && !channel->lookups)
-            /* ignore errors */
-            (void)config_lookup(channel, p, "bind", NULL, "local");
-        }
-        fclose(fp);
-      }
-      else {
-        error = ERRNO;
-        switch(error) {
-        case ENOENT:
-        case ESRCH:
-          break;
-        default:
-          DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "fopen() failed with error: %d %s\n",
-                         error, strerror(error)));
-          DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file: %s\n", "/etc/svc.conf"));
-        }
-
-        /* ignore error, default value will be chosen for `channel->lookups` */
-        status = ARES_EOF;
-      }
-    }
 
-    if(line)
-      ares_free(line);
+  if (channel->timeout == 0) {
+    channel->timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT;
   }
 
-#endif
+  if (channel->tries == 0) {
+    channel->tries = DEFAULT_TRIES;
+  }
 
-  /* Handle errors. */
-  if (status != ARES_EOF)
-    {
-      if (servers != NULL)
-        ares_free(servers);
-      if (sortlist != NULL)
-        ares_free(sortlist);
-      return status;
+  if (ares_slist_len(channel->servers) == 0) {
+    /* Add a default local named server to the channel unless configured not
+     * to (in which case return an error).
+     */
+    if (channel->flags & ARES_FLAG_NO_DFLT_SVR) {
+      rc = ARES_ENOSERVER;
+      goto error;
     }
 
-  /* If we got any name server entries, fill them in. */
-  if (servers)
-    {
-      channel->servers = servers;
-      channel->nservers = nservers;
-    }
+    addr.family            = AF_INET;
+    addr.addr.addr4.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
 
-  /* If we got any sortlist entries, fill them in. */
-  if (sortlist)
-    {
-      channel->sortlist = sortlist;
-      channel->nsort = nsort;
+    rc = ares_sconfig_append(channel, &sconfig, &addr, 0, 0, NULL);
+    if (rc != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+      goto error; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
     }
 
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int init_by_defaults(ares_channel channel)
-{
-  char *hostname = NULL;
-  int rc = ARES_SUCCESS;
-#ifdef HAVE_GETHOSTNAME
-  char *dot;
-#endif
-
-  if (channel->flags == -1)
-    channel->flags = 0;
-  if (channel->timeout == -1)
-    channel->timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT;
-  if (channel->tries == -1)
-    channel->tries = DEFAULT_TRIES;
-  if (channel->ndots == -1)
-    channel->ndots = 1;
-  if (channel->rotate == -1)
-    channel->rotate = 0;
-  if (channel->udp_port == -1)
-    channel->udp_port = htons(NAMESERVER_PORT);
-  if (channel->tcp_port == -1)
-    channel->tcp_port = htons(NAMESERVER_PORT);
-
-  if (channel->ednspsz == -1)
-    channel->ednspsz = EDNSPACKETSZ;
+    rc = ares_servers_update(channel, sconfig, ARES_FALSE);
+    ares_llist_destroy(sconfig);
 
-  if (channel->nservers == -1) {
-    /* If nobody specified servers, try a local named. */
-    channel->servers = ares_malloc(sizeof(struct server_state));
-    if (!channel->servers) {
-      rc = ARES_ENOMEM;
+    if (rc != ARES_SUCCESS) {
       goto error;
     }
-    channel->servers[0].addr.family = AF_INET;
-    channel->servers[0].addr.addrV4.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
-    channel->servers[0].addr.udp_port = 0;
-    channel->servers[0].addr.tcp_port = 0;
-    channel->nservers = 1;
   }
 
-#if defined(USE_WINSOCK)
-#define toolong(x) (x == -1) &&  (SOCKERRNO == WSAEFAULT)
-#elif defined(ENAMETOOLONG)
-#define toolong(x) (x == -1) && ((SOCKERRNO == ENAMETOOLONG) || \
-                                 (SOCKERRNO == EINVAL))
-#else
-#define toolong(x) (x == -1) &&  (SOCKERRNO == EINVAL)
-#endif
-
-  if (channel->ndomains == -1) {
+  if (channel->ndomains == 0) {
     /* Derive a default domain search list from the kernel hostname,
      * or set it to empty if the hostname isn't helpful.
      */
 #ifndef HAVE_GETHOSTNAME
     channel->ndomains = 0; /* default to none */
 #else
-    GETHOSTNAME_TYPE_ARG2 lenv = 64;
-    size_t len = 64;
-    int res;
+    size_t len        = 256;
     channel->ndomains = 0; /* default to none */
 
     hostname = ares_malloc(len);
-    if(!hostname) {
-      rc = ARES_ENOMEM;
-      goto error;
+    if (!hostname) {
+      rc = ARES_ENOMEM; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
+      goto error;       /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
     }
 
-    do {
-      res = gethostname(hostname, lenv);
-
-      if(toolong(res)) {
-        char *p;
-        len *= 2;
-        lenv *= 2;
-        p = ares_realloc(hostname, len);
-        if(!p) {
-          rc = ARES_ENOMEM;
-          goto error;
-        }
-        hostname = p;
-        continue;
-      }
-      else if(res) {
-        /* Lets not treat a gethostname failure as critical, since we
-         * are ok if gethostname doesn't even exist */
-        *hostname = '\0';
-        break;
-      }
-
-    } while (res != 0);
+    if (gethostname(hostname, (GETHOSTNAME_TYPE_ARG2)len) != 0) {
+      /* Lets not treat a gethostname failure as critical, since we
+       * are ok if gethostname doesn't even exist */
+      *hostname = '\0';
+    }
 
     dot = strchr(hostname, '.');
     if (dot) {
       /* a dot was found */
       channel->domains = ares_malloc(sizeof(char *));
       if (!channel->domains) {
-        rc = ARES_ENOMEM;
-        goto error;
+        rc = ARES_ENOMEM; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
+        goto error;       /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
       }
       channel->domains[0] = ares_strdup(dot + 1);
       if (!channel->domains[0]) {
-        rc = ARES_ENOMEM;
-        goto error;
+        rc = ARES_ENOMEM; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
+        goto error;       /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
       }
       channel->ndomains = 1;
     }
 #endif
   }
 
-  if (channel->nsort == -1) {
+  if (channel->nsort == 0) {
     channel->sortlist = NULL;
-    channel->nsort = 0;
   }
 
   if (!channel->lookups) {
     channel->lookups = ares_strdup("fb");
-    if (!channel->lookups)
-      rc = ARES_ENOMEM;
-  }
-
-  error:
-  if(rc) {
-    if(channel->servers) {
-      ares_free(channel->servers);
-      channel->servers = NULL;
-    }
-
-    if(channel->domains && channel->domains[0])
-      ares_free(channel->domains[0]);
-    if(channel->domains) {
-      ares_free(channel->domains);
-      channel->domains = NULL;
-    }
-
-    if(channel->lookups) {
-      ares_free(channel->lookups);
-      channel->lookups = NULL;
-    }
-
-    if(channel->resolvconf_path) {
-      ares_free(channel->resolvconf_path);
-      channel->resolvconf_path = NULL;
+    if (!channel->lookups) {
+      rc = ARES_ENOMEM; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
     }
+  }
 
-    if(channel->hosts_path) {
-      ares_free(channel->hosts_path);
-      channel->hosts_path = NULL;
-    }
+  /* Set default fields for server failover behavior */
+  if (!(channel->optmask & ARES_OPT_SERVER_FAILOVER)) {
+    channel->server_retry_chance = DEFAULT_SERVER_RETRY_CHANCE;
+    channel->server_retry_delay  = DEFAULT_SERVER_RETRY_DELAY;
   }
 
-  if(hostname)
+error:
+  if (hostname) {
     ares_free(hostname);
+  }
 
   return rc;
 }
 
-#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(WATT32) && \
-    !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(CARES_USE_LIBRESOLV)
-static int config_domain(ares_channel channel, char *str)
+int ares_init_options(ares_channel_t           **channelptr,
+                      const struct ares_options *options, int optmask)
 {
-  char *q;
-
-  /* Set a single search domain. */
-  q = str;
-  while (*q && !ISSPACE(*q))
-    q++;
-  *q = '\0';
-  return set_search(channel, str);
-}
+  ares_channel_t *channel;
+  ares_status_t   status = ARES_SUCCESS;
 
-#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && (__INTEL_COMPILER == 910) && \
-    defined(__OPTIMIZE__) && defined(__unix__) &&  defined(__i386__)
-  /* workaround icc 9.1 optimizer issue */
-# define vqualifier volatile
-#else
-# define vqualifier
-#endif
+  if (ares_library_initialized() != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    return ARES_ENOTINITIALIZED; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: n/a on non-WinSock */
+  }
 
-static int config_lookup(ares_channel channel, const char *str,
-                         const char *bindch, const char *altbindch,
-                         const char *filech)
-{
-  char lookups[3], *l;
-  const char *vqualifier p;
-  int found;
+  channel = ares_malloc_zero(sizeof(*channel));
+  if (!channel) {
+    *channelptr = NULL;
+    return ARES_ENOMEM;
+  }
 
-  if (altbindch == NULL)
-    altbindch = bindch;
+  /* We are in a good state */
+  channel->sys_up = ARES_TRUE;
 
-  /* Set the lookup order.  Only the first letter of each work
-   * is relevant, and it has to be "b" for DNS or "f" for the
-   * host file.  Ignore everything else.
-   */
-  l = lookups;
-  p = str;
-  found = 0;
-  while (*p)
-    {
-      if ((*p == *bindch || *p == *altbindch || *p == *filech) && l < lookups + 2) {
-        if (*p == *bindch || *p == *altbindch) *l++ = 'b';
-        else *l++ = 'f';
-        found = 1;
-      }
-      while (*p && !ISSPACE(*p) && (*p != ','))
-        p++;
-      while (*p && (ISSPACE(*p) || (*p == ',')))
-        p++;
-    }
-  if (!found)
-    return ARES_ENOTINITIALIZED;
-  *l = '\0';
-  channel->lookups = ares_strdup(lookups);
-  return (channel->lookups) ? ARES_SUCCESS : ARES_ENOMEM;
-}
-#endif  /* !WIN32 & !WATT32 & !ANDROID & !__ANDROID__ & !CARES_USE_LIBRESOLV */
+  /* One option where zero is valid, so set default value here */
+  channel->ndots = 1;
 
-#ifndef WATT32
-/* Validate that the ip address matches the subnet (network base and network
- * mask) specified. Addresses are specified in standard Network Byte Order as
- * 16 bytes, and the netmask is 0 to 128 (bits).
- */
-static int ares_ipv6_subnet_matches(const unsigned char netbase[16],
-                                    unsigned char netmask,
-                                    const unsigned char ipaddr[16])
-{
-  unsigned char mask[16] = { 0 };
-  unsigned char i;
+  status = ares_channel_threading_init(channel);
+  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    goto done;
+  }
+
+  /* Generate random key */
+  channel->rand_state = ares_init_rand_state();
+  if (channel->rand_state == NULL) {
+    status = ARES_ENOMEM;
+    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_id_key failed: %s\n",
+                   ares_strerror(status)));
+    goto done;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize Server List */
+  channel->servers =
+    ares_slist_create(channel->rand_state, server_sort_cb, server_destroy_cb);
+  if (channel->servers == NULL) {
+    status = ARES_ENOMEM;
+    goto done;
+  }
 
-  /* Misuse */
-  if (netmask > 128)
-    return 0;
+  /* Initialize our lists of queries */
+  channel->all_queries = ares_llist_create(NULL);
+  if (channel->all_queries == NULL) {
+    status = ARES_ENOMEM;
+    goto done;
+  }
 
-  /* Quickly set whole bytes */
-  memset(mask, 0xFF, netmask / 8);
+  channel->queries_by_qid = ares_htable_szvp_create(NULL);
+  if (channel->queries_by_qid == NULL) {
+    status = ARES_ENOMEM;
+    goto done;
+  }
 
-  /* Set remaining bits */
-  if(netmask % 8) {
-    mask[netmask / 8] = (unsigned char)(0xff << (8 - (netmask % 8)));
+  channel->queries_by_timeout =
+    ares_slist_create(channel->rand_state, ares_query_timeout_cmp_cb, NULL);
+  if (channel->queries_by_timeout == NULL) {
+    status = ARES_ENOMEM;
+    goto done;
   }
 
-  for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
-    if ((netbase[i] & mask[i]) != (ipaddr[i] & mask[i]))
-      return 0;
+  channel->connnode_by_socket = ares_htable_asvp_create(NULL);
+  if (channel->connnode_by_socket == NULL) {
+    status = ARES_ENOMEM;
+    goto done;
   }
 
-  return 1;
-}
+  /* Initialize configuration by each of the four sources, from highest
+   * precedence to lowest.
+   */
 
-/* Return true iff the IPv6 ipaddr is blacklisted. */
-static int ares_ipv6_server_blacklisted(const unsigned char ipaddr[16])
-{
-  /* A list of blacklisted IPv6 subnets. */
-  const struct {
-    const unsigned char netbase[16];
-    unsigned char netmask;
-  } blacklist[] = {
-    /* fec0::/10 was deprecated by [RFC3879] in September 2004. Formerly a
-     * Site-Local scoped address prefix.  These are never valid DNS servers,
-     * but are known to be returned at least sometimes on Windows and Android.
+  status = ares_init_by_options(channel, options, optmask);
+  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_options failed: %s\n",
+                   ares_strerror(status)));
+    /* If we fail to apply user-specified options, fail the whole init process
      */
-    {
-      {
-        0xfe, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
-      },
-      10
+    goto done;
+  }
+
+  /* Go ahead and let it initialize the query cache even if the ttl is 0 and
+   * completely unused.  This reduces the number of different code paths that
+   * might be followed even if there is a minor performance hit. */
+  status = ares_qcache_create(channel->rand_state, channel->qcache_max_ttl,
+                              &channel->qcache);
+  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    goto done; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: OutOfMemory */
+  }
+
+  if (status == ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    status = ares_init_by_sysconfig(channel);
+    if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+      DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_sysconfig failed: %s\n",
+                     ares_strerror(status)));
     }
-  };
-  size_t i;
-
-  /* See if ipaddr matches any of the entries in the blacklist. */
-  for (i = 0; i < sizeof(blacklist) / sizeof(blacklist[0]); ++i) {
-    if (ares_ipv6_subnet_matches(
-          blacklist[i].netbase, blacklist[i].netmask, ipaddr))
-      return 1;
   }
-  return 0;
-}
 
-/* Add the IPv4 or IPv6 nameservers in str (separated by commas) to the
- * servers list, updating servers and nservers as required.
- *
- * This will silently ignore blacklisted IPv6 nameservers as detected by
- * ares_ipv6_server_blacklisted().
- *
- * Returns an error code on failure, else ARES_SUCCESS.
- */
-static int config_nameserver(struct server_state **servers, int *nservers,
-                             char *str)
-{
-  struct ares_addr host;
-  struct server_state *newserv;
-  char *p, *txtaddr;
-  /* On Windows, there may be more than one nameserver specified in the same
-   * registry key, so we parse input as a space or comma seperated list.
+  /*
+   * No matter what failed or succeeded, seed defaults to provide
+   * useful behavior for things that we missed.
    */
-  for (p = str; p;)
-    {
-      /* Skip whitespace and commas. */
-      while (*p && (ISSPACE(*p) || (*p == ',')))
-        p++;
-      if (!*p)
-        /* No more input, done. */
-        break;
-
-      /* Pointer to start of IPv4 or IPv6 address part. */
-      txtaddr = p;
-
-      /* Advance past this address. */
-      while (*p && !ISSPACE(*p) && (*p != ','))
-        p++;
-      if (*p)
-        /* Null terminate this address. */
-        *p++ = '\0';
-      else
-        /* Reached end of input, done when this address is processed. */
-        p = NULL;
-
-      /* Convert textual address to binary format. */
-      if (ares_inet_pton(AF_INET, txtaddr, &host.addrV4) == 1)
-        host.family = AF_INET;
-      else if (ares_inet_pton(AF_INET6, txtaddr, &host.addrV6) == 1
-               /* Silently skip blacklisted IPv6 servers. */
-               && !ares_ipv6_server_blacklisted(
-                    (const unsigned char *)&host.addrV6))
-        host.family = AF_INET6;
-      else
-        continue;
-
-      /* Resize servers state array. */
-      newserv = ares_realloc(*servers, (*nservers + 1) *
-                             sizeof(struct server_state));
-      if (!newserv)
-        return ARES_ENOMEM;
-
-      /* Store address data. */
-      newserv[*nservers].addr.family = host.family;
-      newserv[*nservers].addr.udp_port = 0;
-      newserv[*nservers].addr.tcp_port = 0;
-      if (host.family == AF_INET)
-        memcpy(&newserv[*nservers].addr.addrV4, &host.addrV4,
-               sizeof(host.addrV4));
-      else
-        memcpy(&newserv[*nservers].addr.addrV6, &host.addrV6,
-               sizeof(host.addrV6));
-
-      /* Update arguments. */
-      *servers = newserv;
-      *nservers += 1;
-    }
+  status = init_by_defaults(channel);
+  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_defaults failed: %s\n",
+                   ares_strerror(status)));
+    goto done;
+  }
 
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
-}
-#endif  /* !WATT32 */
+  ares_set_socket_functions_def(channel);
 
-static int config_sortlist(struct apattern **sortlist, int *nsort,
-                           const char *str)
-{
-  struct apattern pat;
-  const char *q;
-
-  /* Add sortlist entries. */
-  while (*str && *str != ';')
-    {
-      int bits;
-      char ipbuf[16], ipbufpfx[32];
-      /* Find just the IP */
-      q = str;
-      while (*q && *q != '/' && *q != ';' && !ISSPACE(*q))
-        q++;
-      if (q-str >= 16)
-        return ARES_EBADSTR;
-      memcpy(ipbuf, str, q-str);
-      ipbuf[q-str] = '\0';
-      /* Find the prefix */
-      if (*q == '/')
-        {
-          const char *str2 = q+1;
-          while (*q && *q != ';' && !ISSPACE(*q))
-            q++;
-          if (q-str >= 32)
-            return ARES_EBADSTR;
-          memcpy(ipbufpfx, str, q-str);
-          ipbufpfx[q-str] = '\0';
-          str = str2;
-        }
-      else
-        ipbufpfx[0] = '\0';
-      /* Lets see if it is CIDR */
-      /* First we'll try IPv6 */
-      if ((bits = ares_inet_net_pton(AF_INET6, ipbufpfx[0] ? ipbufpfx : ipbuf,
-                                     &pat.addrV6,
-                                     sizeof(pat.addrV6))) > 0)
-        {
-          pat.type = PATTERN_CIDR;
-          pat.mask.bits = (unsigned short)bits;
-          pat.family = AF_INET6;
-          if (!sortlist_alloc(sortlist, nsort, &pat)) {
-            ares_free(*sortlist);
-            *sortlist = NULL;
-            return ARES_ENOMEM;
-          }
-        }
-      else if (ipbufpfx[0] &&
-               (bits = ares_inet_net_pton(AF_INET, ipbufpfx, &pat.addrV4,
-                                          sizeof(pat.addrV4))) > 0)
-        {
-          pat.type = PATTERN_CIDR;
-          pat.mask.bits = (unsigned short)bits;
-          pat.family = AF_INET;
-          if (!sortlist_alloc(sortlist, nsort, &pat)) {
-            ares_free(*sortlist);
-            *sortlist = NULL;
-            return ARES_ENOMEM;
-          }
-        }
-      /* See if it is just a regular IP */
-      else if (ip_addr(ipbuf, q-str, &pat.addrV4) == 0)
-        {
-          if (ipbufpfx[0])
-            {
-              memcpy(ipbuf, str, q-str);
-              ipbuf[q-str] = '\0';
-              if (ip_addr(ipbuf, q-str, &pat.mask.addr4) != 0)
-                natural_mask(&pat);
-            }
-          else
-            natural_mask(&pat);
-          pat.family = AF_INET;
-          pat.type = PATTERN_MASK;
-          if (!sortlist_alloc(sortlist, nsort, &pat)) {
-            ares_free(*sortlist);
-            *sortlist = NULL;
-            return ARES_ENOMEM;
-          }
-        }
-      else
-        {
-          while (*q && *q != ';' && !ISSPACE(*q))
-            q++;
-        }
-      str = q;
-      while (ISSPACE(*str))
-        str++;
+  /* Initialize the event thread */
+  if (channel->optmask & ARES_OPT_EVENT_THREAD) {
+    ares_event_thread_t *e = NULL;
+
+    status = ares_event_thread_init(channel);
+    if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+      goto done; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: UntestablePath */
+    }
+
+    /* Initialize monitor for configuration changes.  In some rare cases,
+     * ARES_ENOTIMP may occur (OpenWatcom), ignore this. */
+    e      = channel->sock_state_cb_data;
+    status = ares_event_configchg_init(&e->configchg, e);
+    if (status != ARES_SUCCESS && status != ARES_ENOTIMP) {
+      goto done; /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE: UntestablePath */
     }
+    status = ARES_SUCCESS;
+  }
+
+done:
+  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    ares_destroy(channel);
+    return (int)status;
+  }
 
+  *channelptr = channel;
   return ARES_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static int set_search(ares_channel channel, const char *str)
+static void *ares_reinit_thread(void *arg)
 {
-  size_t cnt;
-
-  if(channel->ndomains != -1) {
-    /* LCOV_EXCL_START: all callers check ndomains == -1 */
-    /* if we already have some domains present, free them first */
-    ares__strsplit_free(channel->domains, channel->ndomains);
-    channel->domains = NULL;
-    channel->ndomains = -1;
-  } /* LCOV_EXCL_STOP */
-
-  channel->domains  = ares__strsplit(str, ", ", &cnt);
-  channel->ndomains = (int)cnt;
-  if (channel->domains == NULL || channel->ndomains == 0) {
-    channel->domains  = NULL;
-    channel->ndomains = -1;
+  ares_channel_t *channel = arg;
+  ares_status_t   status;
+
+  /* ares_init_by_sysconfig() will lock when applying the config, but not
+   * when retrieving. */
+  status = ares_init_by_sysconfig(channel);
+  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "Error: init_by_sysconfig failed: %s\n",
+                   ares_strerror(status)));
   }
 
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
+  ares_channel_lock(channel);
+
+  /* Flush cached queries on reinit */
+  if (status == ARES_SUCCESS && channel->qcache) {
+    ares_qcache_flush(channel->qcache);
+  }
+
+  channel->reinit_pending = ARES_FALSE;
+  ares_channel_unlock(channel);
+
+  return NULL;
 }
 
-static int set_options(ares_channel channel, const char *str)
+ares_status_t ares_reinit(ares_channel_t *channel)
 {
-  const char *p, *q, *val;
-
-  p = str;
-  while (*p)
-    {
-      q = p;
-      while (*q && !ISSPACE(*q))
-        q++;
-      val = try_option(p, q, "ndots:");
-      if (val && channel->ndots == -1)
-        channel->ndots = aresx_sltosi(strtol(val, NULL, 10));
-      val = try_option(p, q, "retrans:");
-      if (val && channel->timeout == -1)
-        channel->timeout = aresx_sltosi(strtol(val, NULL, 10));
-      val = try_option(p, q, "retry:");
-      if (val && channel->tries == -1)
-        channel->tries = aresx_sltosi(strtol(val, NULL, 10));
-      val = try_option(p, q, "rotate");
-      if (val && channel->rotate == -1)
-        channel->rotate = 1;
-      p = q;
-      while (ISSPACE(*p))
-        p++;
+  ares_status_t status = ARES_SUCCESS;
+
+  if (channel == NULL) {
+    return ARES_EFORMERR;
+  }
+
+  ares_channel_lock(channel);
+
+  /* If a reinit is already in process, lets not do it again. Or if we are
+   * shutting down, skip. */
+  if (!channel->sys_up || channel->reinit_pending) {
+    ares_channel_unlock(channel);
+    return ARES_SUCCESS;
+  }
+  channel->reinit_pending = ARES_TRUE;
+  ares_channel_unlock(channel);
+
+  if (ares_threadsafety()) {
+    /* clean up the prior reinit process's thread.  We know the thread isn't
+     * running since reinit_pending was false */
+    if (channel->reinit_thread != NULL) {
+      void *rv;
+      ares_thread_join(channel->reinit_thread, &rv);
+      channel->reinit_thread = NULL;
     }
 
-  return ARES_SUCCESS;
-}
+    /* Spawn a new thread */
+    status =
+      ares_thread_create(&channel->reinit_thread, ares_reinit_thread, channel);
+    if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+      /* LCOV_EXCL_START: UntestablePath */
+      ares_channel_lock(channel);
+      channel->reinit_pending = ARES_FALSE;
+      ares_channel_unlock(channel);
+      /* LCOV_EXCL_STOP */
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* Threading support not available, call directly */
+    ares_reinit_thread(channel);
+  }
 
-static const char *try_option(const char *p, const char *q, const char *opt)
-{
-  size_t len = strlen(opt);
-  return ((size_t)(q - p) >= len && !strncmp(p, opt, len)) ? &p[len] : NULL;
+  return status;
 }
 
-#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(WATT32) && \
-    !defined(ANDROID) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(CARES_USE_LIBRESOLV)
-static char *try_config(char *s, const char *opt, char scc)
+/* ares_dup() duplicates a channel handle with all its options and returns a
+   new channel handle */
+int ares_dup(ares_channel_t **dest, const ares_channel_t *src)
 {
-  size_t len;
-  char *p;
-  char *q;
-
-  if (!s || !opt)
-    /* no line or no option */
-    return NULL;  /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
-
-  /* Hash '#' character is always used as primary comment char, additionally
-     a not-NUL secondary comment char will be considered when specified. */
-
-  /* trim line comment */
-  p = s;
-  if(scc)
-    while (*p && (*p != '#') && (*p != scc))
-      p++;
-  else
-    while (*p && (*p != '#'))
-      p++;
-  *p = '\0';
-
-  /* trim trailing whitespace */
-  q = p - 1;
-  while ((q >= s) && ISSPACE(*q))
-    q--;
-  *++q = '\0';
-
-  /* skip leading whitespace */
-  p = s;
-  while (*p && ISSPACE(*p))
-    p++;
-
-  if (!*p)
-    /* empty line */
-    return NULL;
-
-  if ((len = strlen(opt)) == 0)
-    /* empty option */
-    return NULL;  /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
-
-  if (strncmp(p, opt, len) != 0)
-    /* line and option do not match */
-    return NULL;
-
-  /* skip over given option name */
-  p += len;
-
-  if (!*p)
-    /* no option value */
-    return NULL;  /* LCOV_EXCL_LINE */
-
-  if ((opt[len-1] != ':') && (opt[len-1] != '=') && !ISSPACE(*p))
-    /* whitespace between option name and value is mandatory
-       for given option names which do not end with ':' or '=' */
-    return NULL;
-
-  /* skip over whitespace */
-  while (*p && ISSPACE(*p))
-    p++;
-
-  if (!*p)
-    /* no option value */
-    return NULL;
-
-  /* return pointer to option value */
-  return p;
-}
-#endif  /* !WIN32 & !WATT32 & !ANDROID & !__ANDROID__ */
+  struct ares_options opts;
+  ares_status_t       rc;
+  int                 optmask;
 
-static int ip_addr(const char *ipbuf, ares_ssize_t len, struct in_addr *addr)
-{
+  if (dest == NULL || src == NULL) {
+    return ARES_EFORMERR;
+  }
 
-  /* Four octets and three periods yields at most 15 characters. */
-  if (len > 15)
-    return -1;
+  *dest = NULL; /* in case of failure return NULL explicitly */
 
-  if (ares_inet_pton(AF_INET, ipbuf, addr) < 1)
-    return -1;
+  /* First get the options supported by the old ares_save_options() function,
+     which is most of them */
+  rc = (ares_status_t)ares_save_options(src, &opts, &optmask);
+  if (rc != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    ares_destroy_options(&opts);
+    goto done;
+  }
 
-  return 0;
-}
+  /* Then create the new channel with those options */
+  rc = (ares_status_t)ares_init_options(dest, &opts, optmask);
 
-static void natural_mask(struct apattern *pat)
-{
-  struct in_addr addr;
+  /* destroy the options copy to not leak any memory */
+  ares_destroy_options(&opts);
 
-  /* Store a host-byte-order copy of pat in a struct in_addr.  Icky,
-   * but portable.
-   */
-  addr.s_addr = ntohl(pat->addrV4.s_addr);
+  if (rc != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    goto done;
+  }
+
+  ares_channel_lock(src);
+  /* Now clone the options that ares_save_options() doesn't support, but are
+   * user-provided */
+  (*dest)->sock_create_cb            = src->sock_create_cb;
+  (*dest)->sock_create_cb_data       = src->sock_create_cb_data;
+  (*dest)->sock_config_cb            = src->sock_config_cb;
+  (*dest)->sock_config_cb_data       = src->sock_config_cb_data;
+  memcpy(&(*dest)->sock_funcs, &(src->sock_funcs), sizeof((*dest)->sock_funcs));
+  (*dest)->sock_func_cb_data         = src->sock_func_cb_data;
+  (*dest)->legacy_sock_funcs         = src->legacy_sock_funcs;
+  (*dest)->legacy_sock_funcs_cb_data = src->legacy_sock_funcs_cb_data;
+  (*dest)->server_state_cb           = src->server_state_cb;
+  (*dest)->server_state_cb_data      = src->server_state_cb_data;
+
+  ares_strcpy((*dest)->local_dev_name, src->local_dev_name,
+              sizeof((*dest)->local_dev_name));
+  (*dest)->local_ip4 = src->local_ip4;
+  memcpy((*dest)->local_ip6, src->local_ip6, sizeof(src->local_ip6));
+  ares_channel_unlock(src);
 
-  /* This is out of date in the CIDR world, but some people might
-   * still rely on it.
+  /* Servers are a bit unique as ares_init_options() only allows ipv4 servers
+   * and not a port per server, but there are other user specified ways, that
+   * too will toggle the optmask ARES_OPT_SERVERS to let us know.  If that's
+   * the case, pull them in.
+   *
+   * We don't want to clone system-configuration servers though.
+   *
+   * We must use the "csv" format to get things like link-local address support
    */
-  if (IN_CLASSA(addr.s_addr))
-    pat->mask.addr4.s_addr = htonl(IN_CLASSA_NET);
-  else if (IN_CLASSB(addr.s_addr))
-    pat->mask.addr4.s_addr = htonl(IN_CLASSB_NET);
-  else
-    pat->mask.addr4.s_addr = htonl(IN_CLASSC_NET);
-}
 
-static int sortlist_alloc(struct apattern **sortlist, int *nsort,
-                          struct apattern *pat)
-{
-  struct apattern *newsort;
-  newsort = ares_realloc(*sortlist, (*nsort + 1) * sizeof(struct apattern));
-  if (!newsort)
-    return 0;
-  newsort[*nsort] = *pat;
-  *sortlist = newsort;
-  (*nsort)++;
-  return 1;
-}
+  if (optmask & ARES_OPT_SERVERS) {
+    char *csv = ares_get_servers_csv(src);
+    if (csv == NULL) {
+      /* LCOV_EXCL_START: OutOfMemory */
+      ares_destroy(*dest);
+      *dest = NULL;
+      rc    = ARES_ENOMEM;
+      goto done;
+      /* LCOV_EXCL_STOP */
+    }
+
+    rc = (ares_status_t)ares_set_servers_ports_csv(*dest, csv);
+    ares_free_string(csv);
+    if (rc != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+      /* LCOV_EXCL_START: OutOfMemory */
+      ares_destroy(*dest);
+      *dest = NULL;
+      goto done;
+      /* LCOV_EXCL_STOP */
+    }
+  }
 
+  rc = ARES_SUCCESS;
+done:
+  return (int)rc; /* everything went fine */
+}
 
-void ares_set_local_ip4(ares_channel channel, unsigned int local_ip)
+void ares_set_local_ip4(ares_channel_t *channel, unsigned int local_ip)
 {
+  if (channel == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  ares_channel_lock(channel);
   channel->local_ip4 = local_ip;
+  ares_channel_unlock(channel);
 }
 
 /* local_ip6 should be 16 bytes in length */
-void ares_set_local_ip6(ares_channel channel,
-                        const unsigned char* local_ip6)
+void ares_set_local_ip6(ares_channel_t *channel, const unsigned char *local_ip6)
 {
+  if (channel == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  ares_channel_lock(channel);
   memcpy(&channel->local_ip6, local_ip6, sizeof(channel->local_ip6));
+  ares_channel_unlock(channel);
 }
 
 /* local_dev_name should be null terminated. */
-void ares_set_local_dev(ares_channel channel,
-                        const char* local_dev_name)
-{
-  strncpy(channel->local_dev_name, local_dev_name,
-          sizeof(channel->local_dev_name));
-  channel->local_dev_name[sizeof(channel->local_dev_name) - 1] = 0;
-}
-
-
-void ares_set_socket_callback(ares_channel channel,
-                              ares_sock_create_callback cb,
-                              void *data)
-{
-  channel->sock_create_cb = cb;
-  channel->sock_create_cb_data = data;
-}
-
-void ares_set_socket_configure_callback(ares_channel channel,
-                                        ares_sock_config_callback cb,
-                                        void *data)
+void ares_set_local_dev(ares_channel_t *channel, const char *local_dev_name)
 {
-  channel->sock_config_cb = cb;
-  channel->sock_config_cb_data = data;
-}
+  if (channel == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
 
-void ares_set_socket_functions(ares_channel channel,
-                               const struct ares_socket_functions * funcs,
-                               void *data)
-{
-  channel->sock_funcs = funcs;
-  channel->sock_func_cb_data = data;
+  ares_channel_lock(channel);
+  ares_strcpy(channel->local_dev_name, local_dev_name,
+              sizeof(channel->local_dev_name));
+  channel->local_dev_name[sizeof(channel->local_dev_name) - 1] = 0;
+  ares_channel_unlock(channel);
 }
 
-int ares_set_sortlist(ares_channel channel, const char *sortstr)
+int ares_set_sortlist(ares_channel_t *channel, const char *sortstr)
 {
-  int nsort = 0;
+  size_t           nsort    = 0;
   struct apattern *sortlist = NULL;
-  int status;
+  ares_status_t    status;
 
-  if (!channel)
+  if (!channel) {
     return ARES_ENODATA;
+  }
+  ares_channel_lock(channel);
 
-  status = config_sortlist(&sortlist, &nsort, sortstr);
+  status = ares_parse_sortlist(&sortlist, &nsort, sortstr);
   if (status == ARES_SUCCESS && sortlist) {
-    if (channel->sortlist)
+    if (channel->sortlist) {
       ares_free(channel->sortlist);
+    }
     channel->sortlist = sortlist;
-    channel->nsort = nsort;
-  }
-  return status;
-}
+    channel->nsort    = nsort;
 
-void ares__init_servers_state(ares_channel channel)
-{
-  struct server_state *server;
-  int i;
-
-  for (i = 0; i < channel->nservers; i++)
-    {
-      server = &channel->servers[i];
-      server->udp_socket = ARES_SOCKET_BAD;
-      server->tcp_socket = ARES_SOCKET_BAD;
-      server->tcp_connection_generation = ++channel->tcp_connection_generation;
-      server->tcp_lenbuf_pos = 0;
-      server->tcp_buffer_pos = 0;
-      server->tcp_buffer = NULL;
-      server->tcp_length = 0;
-      server->qhead = NULL;
-      server->qtail = NULL;
-      ares__init_list_head(&server->queries_to_server);
-      server->channel = channel;
-      server->is_broken = 0;
-    }
+    /* Save sortlist as if it was passed in as an option */
+    channel->optmask |= ARES_OPT_SORTLIST;
+  }
+  ares_channel_unlock(channel);
+  return (int)status;
 }