grpc 1.7.3 → 1.8.0

data/src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epoll1_linux.h

@@ -22,8 +22,16 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_posix.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/port.h"
 
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
 // a polling engine that utilizes a singleton epoll set and turnstile polling
 
-const grpc_event_engine_vtable *grpc_init_epoll1_linux(bool explicit_request);
+const grpc_event_engine_vtable* grpc_init_epoll1_linux(bool explicit_request);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
 
 #endif /* GRPC_CORE_LIB_IOMGR_EV_EPOLL1_LINUX_H */

data/src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epollex_linux.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,1488 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2017 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/port.h"
+
+#include <grpc/support/log.h>
+
+/* This polling engine is only relevant on linux kernels supporting epoll() */
+#ifdef GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL
+
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epollex_linux.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+#include <grpc/support/tls.h>
+#include <grpc/support/useful.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/stats.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/block_annotate.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/is_epollexclusive_available.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/lockfree_event.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sys_epoll_wrapper.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/wakeup_fd_posix.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/support/manual_constructor.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/support/spinlock.h"
+
+// debug aid: create workers on the heap (allows asan to spot
+// use-after-destruction)
+//#define GRPC_EPOLLEX_CREATE_WORKERS_ON_HEAP 1
+
+#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS 100
+#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS_HANDLED_EACH_POLL_CALL 5
+
+grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_pollable_refcount(false,
+                                                           "pollable_refcount");
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * pollable Declarations
+ */
+
+typedef enum { PO_MULTI, PO_FD, PO_EMPTY } pollable_type;
+
+typedef struct pollable pollable;
+
+/// A pollable is something that can be polled: it has an epoll set to poll on,
+/// and a wakeup fd for kicks
+/// There are three broad types:
+///  - PO_EMPTY - the empty pollable, used before file descriptors are added to
+///               a pollset
+///  - PO_FD - a pollable containing only one FD - used to optimize single-fd
+///            pollsets (which are common with synchronous api usage)
+///  - PO_MULTI - a pollable containing many fds
+struct pollable {
+  pollable_type type;  // immutable
+  gpr_refcount refs;
+
+  int epfd;
+  grpc_wakeup_fd wakeup;
+
+  // only for type fd... one ref to the owner fd
+  grpc_fd* owner_fd;
+
+  grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set;
+  pollable* next;
+  pollable* prev;
+
+  gpr_mu mu;
+  grpc_pollset_worker* root_worker;
+
+  int event_cursor;
+  int event_count;
+  struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS];
+};
+
+static const char* pollable_type_string(pollable_type t) {
+  switch (t) {
+    case PO_MULTI:
+      return "pollset";
+    case PO_FD:
+      return "fd";
+    case PO_EMPTY:
+      return "empty";
+  }
+  return "<invalid>";
+}
+
+static char* pollable_desc(pollable* p) {
+  char* out;
+  gpr_asprintf(&out, "type=%s epfd=%d wakeup=%d", pollable_type_string(p->type),
+               p->epfd, p->wakeup.read_fd);
+  return out;
+}
+
+/// Shared empty pollable - used by pollset to poll on until the first fd is
+/// added
+static pollable* g_empty_pollable;
+
+static grpc_error* pollable_create(pollable_type type, pollable** p);
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+static pollable* pollable_ref(pollable* p);
+static void pollable_unref(pollable* p);
+#define POLLABLE_REF(p, r) pollable_ref(p)
+#define POLLABLE_UNREF(p, r) pollable_unref(p)
+#else
+static pollable* pollable_ref(pollable* p, int line, const char* reason);
+static void pollable_unref(pollable* p, int line, const char* reason);
+#define POLLABLE_REF(p, r) pollable_ref((p), __LINE__, (r))
+#define POLLABLE_UNREF(p, r) pollable_unref((p), __LINE__, (r))
+#endif
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Fd Declarations
+ */
+
+struct grpc_fd {
+  int fd;
+  /* refst format:
+       bit 0    : 1=Active / 0=Orphaned
+       bits 1-n : refcount
+     Ref/Unref by two to avoid altering the orphaned bit */
+  gpr_atm refst;
+
+  gpr_mu orphan_mu;
+
+  gpr_mu pollable_mu;
+  pollable* pollable_obj;
+
+  grpc_core::ManualConstructor<grpc_core::LockfreeEvent> read_closure;
+  grpc_core::ManualConstructor<grpc_core::LockfreeEvent> write_closure;
+
+  struct grpc_fd* freelist_next;
+  grpc_closure* on_done_closure;
+
+  /* The pollset that last noticed that the fd is readable. The actual type
+   * stored in this is (grpc_pollset *) */
+  gpr_atm read_notifier_pollset;
+
+  grpc_iomgr_object iomgr_object;
+};
+
+static void fd_global_init(void);
+static void fd_global_shutdown(void);
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset Declarations
+ */
+
+typedef struct {
+  grpc_pollset_worker* next;
+  grpc_pollset_worker* prev;
+} pwlink;
+
+typedef enum { PWLINK_POLLABLE = 0, PWLINK_POLLSET, PWLINK_COUNT } pwlinks;
+
+struct grpc_pollset_worker {
+  bool kicked;
+  bool initialized_cv;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  // debug aid: which thread started this worker
+  pid_t originator;
+#endif
+  gpr_cv cv;
+  grpc_pollset* pollset;
+  pollable* pollable_obj;
+
+  pwlink links[PWLINK_COUNT];
+};
+
+struct grpc_pollset {
+  gpr_mu mu;
+  pollable* active_pollable;
+  bool kicked_without_poller;
+  grpc_closure* shutdown_closure;
+  grpc_pollset_worker* root_worker;
+  int containing_pollset_set_count;
+};
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset-set Declarations
+ */
+
+struct grpc_pollset_set {
+  gpr_refcount refs;
+  gpr_mu mu;
+  grpc_pollset_set* parent;
+
+  size_t pollset_count;
+  size_t pollset_capacity;
+  grpc_pollset** pollsets;
+
+  size_t fd_count;
+  size_t fd_capacity;
+  grpc_fd** fds;
+};
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Common helpers
+ */
+
+static bool append_error(grpc_error** composite, grpc_error* error,
+                         const char* desc) {
+  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return true;
+  if (*composite == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    *composite = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(desc);
+  }
+  *composite = grpc_error_add_child(*composite, error);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Fd Definitions
+ */
+
+/* We need to keep a freelist not because of any concerns of malloc performance
+ * but instead so that implementations with multiple threads in (for example)
+ * epoll_wait deal with the race between pollset removal and incoming poll
+ * notifications.
+ *
+ * The problem is that the poller ultimately holds a reference to this
+ * object, so it is very difficult to know when is safe to free it, at least
+ * without some expensive synchronization.
+ *
+ * If we keep the object freelisted, in the worst case losing this race just
+ * becomes a spurious read notification on a reused fd.
+ */
+
+static grpc_fd* fd_freelist = nullptr;
+static gpr_mu fd_freelist_mu;
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define REF_BY(fd, n, reason) ref_by(fd, n, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define UNREF_BY(ec, fd, n, reason) \
+  unref_by(ec, fd, n, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+static void ref_by(grpc_fd* fd, int n, const char* reason, const char* file,
+                   int line) {
+  if (grpc_trace_fd_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "FD %d %p   ref %d %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s; %s:%d]",
+            fd->fd, fd, n, gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst),
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst) + n, reason, file, line);
+  }
+#else
+#define REF_BY(fd, n, reason) ref_by(fd, n)
+#define UNREF_BY(ec, fd, n, reason) unref_by(ec, fd, n)
+static void ref_by(grpc_fd* fd, int n) {
+#endif
+  GPR_ASSERT(gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&fd->refst, n) > 0);
+}
+
+static void fd_destroy(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  grpc_fd* fd = (grpc_fd*)arg;
+  /* Add the fd to the freelist */
+  grpc_iomgr_unregister_object(&fd->iomgr_object);
+  POLLABLE_UNREF(fd->pollable_obj, "fd_pollable");
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&fd->pollable_mu);
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&fd->orphan_mu);
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  fd->freelist_next = fd_freelist;
+  fd_freelist = fd;
+
+  fd->read_closure->DestroyEvent();
+  fd->write_closure->DestroyEvent();
+
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+static void unref_by(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd, int n,
+                     const char* reason, const char* file, int line) {
+  if (grpc_trace_fd_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "FD %d %p unref %d %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s; %s:%d]",
+            fd->fd, fd, n, gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst),
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst) - n, reason, file, line);
+  }
+#else
+static void unref_by(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd, int n) {
+#endif
+  gpr_atm old = gpr_atm_full_fetch_add(&fd->refst, -n);
+  if (old == n) {
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
+        exec_ctx,
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(fd_destroy, fd, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
+        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  } else {
+    GPR_ASSERT(old > n);
+  }
+}
+
+static void fd_global_init(void) { gpr_mu_init(&fd_freelist_mu); }
+
+static void fd_global_shutdown(void) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  while (fd_freelist != nullptr) {
+    grpc_fd* fd = fd_freelist;
+    fd_freelist = fd_freelist->freelist_next;
+    gpr_free(fd);
+  }
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&fd_freelist_mu);
+}
+
+static grpc_fd* fd_create(int fd, const char* name) {
+  grpc_fd* new_fd = nullptr;
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+  if (fd_freelist != nullptr) {
+    new_fd = fd_freelist;
+    fd_freelist = fd_freelist->freelist_next;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
+
+  if (new_fd == nullptr) {
+    new_fd = (grpc_fd*)gpr_malloc(sizeof(grpc_fd));
+    new_fd->read_closure.Init();
+    new_fd->write_closure.Init();
+  }
+
+  gpr_mu_init(&new_fd->pollable_mu);
+  gpr_mu_init(&new_fd->orphan_mu);
+  new_fd->pollable_obj = nullptr;
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&new_fd->refst, (gpr_atm)1);
+  new_fd->fd = fd;
+  new_fd->read_closure->InitEvent();
+  new_fd->write_closure->InitEvent();
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&new_fd->read_notifier_pollset, (gpr_atm)NULL);
+
+  new_fd->freelist_next = nullptr;
+  new_fd->on_done_closure = nullptr;
+
+  char* fd_name;
+  gpr_asprintf(&fd_name, "%s fd=%d", name, fd);
+  grpc_iomgr_register_object(&new_fd->iomgr_object, fd_name);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if (grpc_trace_fd_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "FD %d %p create %s", fd, new_fd, fd_name);
+  }
+#endif
+  gpr_free(fd_name);
+  return new_fd;
+}
+
+static int fd_wrapped_fd(grpc_fd* fd) {
+  int ret_fd = fd->fd;
+  return (gpr_atm_acq_load(&fd->refst) & 1) ? ret_fd : -1;
+}
+
+static void fd_orphan(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd,
+                      grpc_closure* on_done, int* release_fd,
+                      bool already_closed, const char* reason) {
+  bool is_fd_closed = already_closed;
+
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->orphan_mu);
+
+  fd->on_done_closure = on_done;
+
+  /* If release_fd is not NULL, we should be relinquishing control of the file
+     descriptor fd->fd (but we still own the grpc_fd structure). */
+  if (release_fd != nullptr) {
+    *release_fd = fd->fd;
+  } else if (!is_fd_closed) {
+    close(fd->fd);
+    is_fd_closed = true;
+  }
+
+  if (!is_fd_closed) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "TODO: handle fd removal?");
+  }
+
+  /* Remove the active status but keep referenced. We want this grpc_fd struct
+     to be alive (and not added to freelist) until the end of this function */
+  REF_BY(fd, 1, reason);
+
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(exec_ctx, fd->on_done_closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->orphan_mu);
+
+  UNREF_BY(exec_ctx, fd, 2, reason); /* Drop the reference */
+}
+
+static grpc_pollset* fd_get_read_notifier_pollset(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                                  grpc_fd* fd) {
+  gpr_atm notifier = gpr_atm_acq_load(&fd->read_notifier_pollset);
+  return (grpc_pollset*)notifier;
+}
+
+static bool fd_is_shutdown(grpc_fd* fd) {
+  return fd->read_closure->IsShutdown();
+}
+
+/* Might be called multiple times */
+static void fd_shutdown(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd, grpc_error* why) {
+  if (fd->read_closure->SetShutdown(exec_ctx, GRPC_ERROR_REF(why))) {
+    shutdown(fd->fd, SHUT_RDWR);
+    fd->write_closure->SetShutdown(exec_ctx, GRPC_ERROR_REF(why));
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(why);
+}
+
+static void fd_notify_on_read(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd,
+                              grpc_closure* closure) {
+  fd->read_closure->NotifyOn(exec_ctx, closure);
+}
+
+static void fd_notify_on_write(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd,
+                               grpc_closure* closure) {
+  fd->write_closure->NotifyOn(exec_ctx, closure);
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollable Definitions
+ */
+
+static grpc_error* pollable_create(pollable_type type, pollable** p) {
+  *p = nullptr;
+
+  int epfd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
+  if (epfd == -1) {
+    return GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_create1");
+  }
+  *p = (pollable*)gpr_malloc(sizeof(**p));
+  grpc_error* err = grpc_wakeup_fd_init(&(*p)->wakeup);
+  if (err != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    close(epfd);
+    gpr_free(*p);
+    *p = nullptr;
+    return err;
+  }
+  struct epoll_event ev;
+  ev.events = (uint32_t)(EPOLLIN | EPOLLET);
+  ev.data.ptr = (void*)(1 | (intptr_t) & (*p)->wakeup);
+  if (epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, (*p)->wakeup.read_fd, &ev) != 0) {
+    err = GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_ctl");
+    close(epfd);
+    grpc_wakeup_fd_destroy(&(*p)->wakeup);
+    gpr_free(*p);
+    *p = nullptr;
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  (*p)->type = type;
+  gpr_ref_init(&(*p)->refs, 1);
+  gpr_mu_init(&(*p)->mu);
+  (*p)->epfd = epfd;
+  (*p)->owner_fd = nullptr;
+  (*p)->pollset_set = nullptr;
+  (*p)->next = (*p)->prev = *p;
+  (*p)->root_worker = nullptr;
+  (*p)->event_cursor = 0;
+  (*p)->event_count = 0;
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+static pollable* pollable_ref(pollable* p) {
+#else
+static pollable* pollable_ref(pollable* p, int line, const char* reason) {
+  if (grpc_trace_pollable_refcount.enabled()) {
+    int r = (int)gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&p->refs.count);
+    gpr_log(__FILE__, line, GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG,
+            "POLLABLE:%p   ref %d->%d %s", p, r, r + 1, reason);
+  }
+#endif
+  gpr_ref(&p->refs);
+  return p;
+}
+
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+static void pollable_unref(pollable* p) {
+#else
+static void pollable_unref(pollable* p, int line, const char* reason) {
+  if (p == nullptr) return;
+  if (grpc_trace_pollable_refcount.enabled()) {
+    int r = (int)gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&p->refs.count);
+    gpr_log(__FILE__, line, GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG,
+            "POLLABLE:%p unref %d->%d %s", p, r, r - 1, reason);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (p != nullptr && gpr_unref(&p->refs)) {
+    close(p->epfd);
+    grpc_wakeup_fd_destroy(&p->wakeup);
+    gpr_free(p);
+  }
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollable_add_fd(pollable* p, grpc_fd* fd) {
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollable_add_fd";
+  const int epfd = p->epfd;
+
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "add fd %p (%d) to pollable %p", fd, fd->fd, p);
+  }
+
+  struct epoll_event ev_fd;
+  ev_fd.events = (uint32_t)(EPOLLET | EPOLLIN | EPOLLOUT | EPOLLEXCLUSIVE);
+  ev_fd.data.ptr = fd;
+  if (epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd->fd, &ev_fd) != 0) {
+    switch (errno) {
+      case EEXIST:
+        break;
+      default:
+        append_error(&error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_ctl"), err_desc);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return error;
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset Definitions
+ */
+
+GPR_TLS_DECL(g_current_thread_pollset);
+GPR_TLS_DECL(g_current_thread_worker);
+
+/* Global state management */
+static grpc_error* pollset_global_init(void) {
+  gpr_tls_init(&g_current_thread_pollset);
+  gpr_tls_init(&g_current_thread_worker);
+  return pollable_create(PO_EMPTY, &g_empty_pollable);
+}
+
+static void pollset_global_shutdown(void) {
+  POLLABLE_UNREF(g_empty_pollable, "g_empty_pollable");
+  gpr_tls_destroy(&g_current_thread_pollset);
+  gpr_tls_destroy(&g_current_thread_worker);
+}
+
+/* pollset->mu must be held while calling this function */
+static void pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                          grpc_pollset* pollset) {
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "PS:%p (pollable:%p) maybe_finish_shutdown sc=%p (target:!NULL) "
+            "rw=%p (target:NULL) cpsc=%d (target:0)",
+            pollset, pollset->active_pollable, pollset->shutdown_closure,
+            pollset->root_worker, pollset->containing_pollset_set_count);
+  }
+  if (pollset->shutdown_closure != nullptr && pollset->root_worker == nullptr &&
+      pollset->containing_pollset_set_count == 0) {
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(exec_ctx, pollset->shutdown_closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    pollset->shutdown_closure = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+/* pollset->mu must be held before calling this function,
+ * pollset->active_pollable->mu & specific_worker->pollable_obj->mu must not be
+ * held */
+static grpc_error* kick_one_worker(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                   grpc_pollset_worker* specific_worker) {
+  pollable* p = specific_worker->pollable_obj;
+  grpc_core::mu_guard lock(&p->mu);
+  GPR_ASSERT(specific_worker != nullptr);
+  if (specific_worker->kicked) {
+    if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p kicked_specific_but_already_kicked", p);
+    }
+    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICKED_AGAIN(exec_ctx);
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  if (gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_worker) == (intptr_t)specific_worker) {
+    if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p kicked_specific_but_awake", p);
+    }
+    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_OWN_THREAD(exec_ctx);
+    specific_worker->kicked = true;
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  if (specific_worker == p->root_worker) {
+    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_WAKEUP_FD(exec_ctx);
+    if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p kicked_specific_via_wakeup_fd", p);
+    }
+    specific_worker->kicked = true;
+    grpc_error* error = grpc_wakeup_fd_wakeup(&p->wakeup);
+    return error;
+  }
+  if (specific_worker->initialized_cv) {
+    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_WAKEUP_CV(exec_ctx);
+    if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p kicked_specific_via_cv", p);
+    }
+    specific_worker->kicked = true;
+    gpr_cv_signal(&specific_worker->cv);
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  // we can get here during end_worker after removing specific_worker from the
+  // pollable list but before removing it from the pollset list
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollset_kick(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                                grpc_pollset_worker* specific_worker) {
+  GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK(exec_ctx);
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "PS:%p kick %p tls_pollset=%p tls_worker=%p pollset.root_worker=%p",
+            pollset, specific_worker,
+            (void*)gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_pollset),
+            (void*)gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_worker), pollset->root_worker);
+  }
+  if (specific_worker == nullptr) {
+    if (gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_pollset) != (intptr_t)pollset) {
+      if (pollset->root_worker == nullptr) {
+        if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p kicked_any_without_poller", pollset);
+        }
+        GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICKED_WITHOUT_POLLER(exec_ctx);
+        pollset->kicked_without_poller = true;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      } else {
+        // We've been asked to kick a poller, but we haven't been told which one
+        // ... any will do
+        // We look at the pollset worker list because:
+        // 1. the pollable list may include workers from other pollers, so we'd
+        //    need to do an O(N) search
+        // 2. we'd additionally need to take the pollable lock, which we've so
+        //    far avoided
+        // Now, we would prefer to wake a poller in cv_wait, and not in
+        // epoll_wait (since the latter would imply the need to do an additional
+        // wakeup)
+        // We know that if a worker is at the root of a pollable, it's (likely)
+        // also the root of a pollset, and we know that if a worker is NOT at
+        // the root of a pollset, it's (likely) not at the root of a pollable,
+        // so we take our chances and choose the SECOND worker enqueued against
+        // the pollset as a worker that's likely to be in cv_wait
+        return kick_one_worker(
+            exec_ctx, pollset->root_worker->links[PWLINK_POLLSET].next);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p kicked_any_but_awake", pollset);
+      }
+      GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_OWN_THREAD(exec_ctx);
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+  } else {
+    return kick_one_worker(exec_ctx, specific_worker);
+  }
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollset_kick_all(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                    grpc_pollset* pollset) {
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  const char* err_desc = "pollset_kick_all";
+  grpc_pollset_worker* w = pollset->root_worker;
+  if (w != nullptr) {
+    do {
+      GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK(exec_ctx);
+      append_error(&error, kick_one_worker(exec_ctx, w), err_desc);
+      w = w->links[PWLINK_POLLSET].next;
+    } while (w != pollset->root_worker);
+  }
+  return error;
+}
+
+static void pollset_init(grpc_pollset* pollset, gpr_mu** mu) {
+  gpr_mu_init(&pollset->mu);
+  pollset->active_pollable = POLLABLE_REF(g_empty_pollable, "pollset");
+  *mu = &pollset->mu;
+}
+
+static int poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                           grpc_millis millis) {
+  if (millis == GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE) return -1;
+  grpc_millis delta = millis - grpc_exec_ctx_now(exec_ctx);
+  if (delta > INT_MAX)
+    return INT_MAX;
+  else if (delta < 0)
+    return 0;
+  else
+    return (int)delta;
+}
+
+static void fd_become_readable(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd,
+                               grpc_pollset* notifier) {
+  fd->read_closure->SetReady(exec_ctx);
+
+  /* Note, it is possible that fd_become_readable might be called twice with
+     different 'notifier's when an fd becomes readable and it is in two epoll
+     sets (This can happen briefly during polling island merges). In such cases
+     it does not really matter which notifer is set as the read_notifier_pollset
+     (They would both point to the same polling island anyway) */
+  /* Use release store to match with acquire load in fd_get_read_notifier */
+  gpr_atm_rel_store(&fd->read_notifier_pollset, (gpr_atm)notifier);
+}
+
+static void fd_become_writable(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd* fd) {
+  fd->write_closure->SetReady(exec_ctx);
+}
+
+static grpc_error* fd_get_or_become_pollable(grpc_fd* fd, pollable** p) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->pollable_mu);
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  static const char* err_desc = "fd_get_or_become_pollable";
+  if (fd->pollable_obj == nullptr) {
+    if (append_error(&error, pollable_create(PO_FD, &fd->pollable_obj),
+                     err_desc)) {
+      fd->pollable_obj->owner_fd = fd;
+      if (!append_error(&error, pollable_add_fd(fd->pollable_obj, fd),
+                        err_desc)) {
+        POLLABLE_UNREF(fd->pollable_obj, "fd_pollable");
+        fd->pollable_obj = nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(fd->pollable_obj != nullptr);
+    *p = POLLABLE_REF(fd->pollable_obj, "pollset");
+  } else {
+    GPR_ASSERT(fd->pollable_obj == nullptr);
+    *p = nullptr;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->pollable_mu);
+  return error;
+}
+
+/* pollset->po.mu lock must be held by the caller before calling this */
+static void pollset_shutdown(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                             grpc_closure* closure) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(pollset->shutdown_closure == nullptr);
+  pollset->shutdown_closure = closure;
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_shutdown", pollset_kick_all(exec_ctx, pollset));
+  pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(exec_ctx, pollset);
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollable_process_events(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                           grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                                           pollable* pollable_obj, bool drain) {
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_process_events";
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  for (int i = 0; (drain || i < MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS_HANDLED_EACH_POLL_CALL) &&
+                  pollable_obj->event_cursor != pollable_obj->event_count;
+       i++) {
+    int n = pollable_obj->event_cursor++;
+    struct epoll_event* ev = &pollable_obj->events[n];
+    void* data_ptr = ev->data.ptr;
+    if (1 & (intptr_t)data_ptr) {
+      if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p got pollset_wakeup %p", pollset, data_ptr);
+      }
+      append_error(&error,
+                   grpc_wakeup_fd_consume_wakeup(
+                       (grpc_wakeup_fd*)((~(intptr_t)1) & (intptr_t)data_ptr)),
+                   err_desc);
+    } else {
+      grpc_fd* fd = (grpc_fd*)data_ptr;
+      bool cancel = (ev->events & (EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP)) != 0;
+      bool read_ev = (ev->events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI)) != 0;
+      bool write_ev = (ev->events & EPOLLOUT) != 0;
+      if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "PS:%p got fd %p: cancel=%d read=%d "
+                "write=%d",
+                pollset, fd, cancel, read_ev, write_ev);
+      }
+      if (read_ev || cancel) {
+        fd_become_readable(exec_ctx, fd, pollset);
+      }
+      if (write_ev || cancel) {
+        fd_become_writable(exec_ctx, fd);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return error;
+}
+
+/* pollset_shutdown is guaranteed to be called before pollset_destroy. */
+static void pollset_destroy(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset) {
+  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
+  pollset->active_pollable = nullptr;
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollable_epoll(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, pollable* p,
+                                  grpc_millis deadline) {
+  int timeout = poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(exec_ctx, deadline);
+
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    char* desc = pollable_desc(p);
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "POLLABLE:%p[%s] poll for %dms", p, desc, timeout);
+    gpr_free(desc);
+  }
+
+  if (timeout != 0) {
+    GRPC_SCHEDULING_START_BLOCKING_REGION;
+  }
+  int r;
+  do {
+    GRPC_STATS_INC_SYSCALL_POLL(exec_ctx);
+    r = epoll_wait(p->epfd, p->events, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS, timeout);
+  } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+  if (timeout != 0) {
+    GRPC_SCHEDULING_END_BLOCKING_REGION_WITH_EXEC_CTX(exec_ctx);
+  }
+
+  if (r < 0) return GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_wait");
+
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "POLLABLE:%p got %d events", p, r);
+  }
+
+  p->event_cursor = 0;
+  p->event_count = r;
+
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+/* Return true if first in list */
+static bool worker_insert(grpc_pollset_worker** root_worker,
+                          grpc_pollset_worker* worker, pwlinks link) {
+  if (*root_worker == nullptr) {
+    *root_worker = worker;
+    worker->links[link].next = worker->links[link].prev = worker;
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    worker->links[link].next = *root_worker;
+    worker->links[link].prev = worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev;
+    worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev = worker;
+    worker->links[link].prev->links[link].next = worker;
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/* returns the new root IFF the root changed */
+typedef enum { WRR_NEW_ROOT, WRR_EMPTIED, WRR_REMOVED } worker_remove_result;
+
+static worker_remove_result worker_remove(grpc_pollset_worker** root_worker,
+                                          grpc_pollset_worker* worker,
+                                          pwlinks link) {
+  if (worker == *root_worker) {
+    if (worker == worker->links[link].next) {
+      *root_worker = nullptr;
+      return WRR_EMPTIED;
+    } else {
+      *root_worker = worker->links[link].next;
+      worker->links[link].prev->links[link].next = worker->links[link].next;
+      worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev = worker->links[link].prev;
+      return WRR_NEW_ROOT;
+    }
+  } else {
+    worker->links[link].prev->links[link].next = worker->links[link].next;
+    worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev = worker->links[link].prev;
+    return WRR_REMOVED;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Return true if this thread should poll */
+static bool begin_worker(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                         grpc_pollset_worker* worker,
+                         grpc_pollset_worker** worker_hdl,
+                         grpc_millis deadline) {
+  bool do_poll = (pollset->shutdown_closure == nullptr);
+  if (worker_hdl != nullptr) *worker_hdl = worker;
+  worker->initialized_cv = false;
+  worker->kicked = false;
+  worker->pollset = pollset;
+  worker->pollable_obj =
+      POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_worker");
+  worker_insert(&pollset->root_worker, worker, PWLINK_POLLSET);
+  gpr_mu_lock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
+  if (!worker_insert(&worker->pollable_obj->root_worker, worker,
+                     PWLINK_POLLABLE)) {
+    worker->initialized_cv = true;
+    gpr_cv_init(&worker->cv);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pollset->mu);
+    if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled() &&
+        worker->pollable_obj->root_worker != worker) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p wait %p w=%p for %dms", pollset,
+              worker->pollable_obj, worker,
+              poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(exec_ctx, deadline));
+    }
+    while (do_poll && worker->pollable_obj->root_worker != worker) {
+      if (gpr_cv_wait(&worker->cv, &worker->pollable_obj->mu,
+                      grpc_millis_to_timespec(deadline, GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME))) {
+        if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p timeout_wait %p w=%p", pollset,
+                  worker->pollable_obj, worker);
+        }
+        do_poll = false;
+      } else if (worker->kicked) {
+        if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p wakeup %p w=%p", pollset,
+                  worker->pollable_obj, worker);
+        }
+        do_poll = false;
+      } else if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled() &&
+                 worker->pollable_obj->root_worker != worker) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PS:%p spurious_wakeup %p w=%p", pollset,
+                worker->pollable_obj, worker);
+      }
+    }
+    grpc_exec_ctx_invalidate_now(exec_ctx);
+  } else {
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pollset->mu);
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
+
+  return do_poll;
+}
+
+static void end_worker(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                       grpc_pollset_worker* worker,
+                       grpc_pollset_worker** worker_hdl) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&pollset->mu);
+  gpr_mu_lock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
+  switch (worker_remove(&worker->pollable_obj->root_worker, worker,
+                        PWLINK_POLLABLE)) {
+    case WRR_NEW_ROOT: {
+      // wakeup new poller
+      grpc_pollset_worker* new_root = worker->pollable_obj->root_worker;
+      GPR_ASSERT(new_root->initialized_cv);
+      gpr_cv_signal(&new_root->cv);
+      break;
+    }
+    case WRR_EMPTIED:
+      if (pollset->active_pollable != worker->pollable_obj) {
+        // pollable no longer being polled: flush events
+        pollable_process_events(exec_ctx, pollset, worker->pollable_obj, true);
+      }
+      break;
+    case WRR_REMOVED:
+      break;
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
+  POLLABLE_UNREF(worker->pollable_obj, "pollset_worker");
+  if (worker_remove(&pollset->root_worker, worker, PWLINK_POLLSET) ==
+      WRR_EMPTIED) {
+    pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(exec_ctx, pollset);
+  }
+  if (worker->initialized_cv) {
+    gpr_cv_destroy(&worker->cv);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+static long gettid(void) { return syscall(__NR_gettid); }
+#endif
+
+/* pollset->mu lock must be held by the caller before calling this.
+   The function pollset_work() may temporarily release the lock (pollset->po.mu)
+   during the course of its execution but it will always re-acquire the lock and
+   ensure that it is held by the time the function returns */
+static grpc_error* pollset_work(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                                grpc_pollset_worker** worker_hdl,
+                                grpc_millis deadline) {
+#ifdef GRPC_EPOLLEX_CREATE_WORKERS_ON_HEAP
+  grpc_pollset_worker* worker =
+      (grpc_pollset_worker*)gpr_malloc(sizeof(*worker));
+#define WORKER_PTR (worker)
+#else
+  grpc_pollset_worker worker;
+#define WORKER_PTR (&worker)
+#endif
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  WORKER_PTR->originator = gettid();
+#endif
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "PS:%p work hdl=%p worker=%p now=%" PRIdPTR " deadline=%" PRIdPTR
+            " kwp=%d pollable=%p",
+            pollset, worker_hdl, WORKER_PTR, grpc_exec_ctx_now(exec_ctx),
+            deadline, pollset->kicked_without_poller, pollset->active_pollable);
+  }
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_work";
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  if (pollset->kicked_without_poller) {
+    pollset->kicked_without_poller = false;
+  } else {
+    if (begin_worker(exec_ctx, pollset, WORKER_PTR, worker_hdl, deadline)) {
+      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_pollset, (intptr_t)pollset);
+      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_worker, (intptr_t)WORKER_PTR);
+      if (WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj->event_cursor ==
+          WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj->event_count) {
+        append_error(
+            &error,
+            pollable_epoll(exec_ctx, WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj, deadline),
+            err_desc);
+      }
+      append_error(&error,
+                   pollable_process_events(exec_ctx, pollset,
+                                           WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj, false),
+                   err_desc);
+      grpc_exec_ctx_flush(exec_ctx);
+      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_pollset, 0);
+      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_worker, 0);
+    }
+    end_worker(exec_ctx, pollset, WORKER_PTR, worker_hdl);
+  }
+#ifdef GRPC_EPOLLEX_CREATE_WORKERS_ON_HEAP
+  gpr_free(worker);
+#endif
+#undef WORKER_PTR
+  return error;
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd_locked(
+    grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_fd* fd) {
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd";
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+            "PS:%p add fd %p (%d); transition pollable from empty to fd",
+            pollset, fd, fd->fd);
+  }
+  append_error(&error, pollset_kick_all(exec_ctx, pollset), err_desc);
+  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
+  append_error(&error, fd_get_or_become_pollable(fd, &pollset->active_pollable),
+               err_desc);
+  return error;
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi_locked(
+    grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_fd* and_add_fd) {
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi";
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_DEBUG,
+        "PS:%p add fd %p (%d); transition pollable from fd %p to multipoller",
+        pollset, and_add_fd, and_add_fd ? and_add_fd->fd : -1,
+        pollset->active_pollable->owner_fd);
+  }
+  append_error(&error, pollset_kick_all(exec_ctx, pollset), err_desc);
+  grpc_fd* initial_fd = pollset->active_pollable->owner_fd;
+  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
+  pollset->active_pollable = nullptr;
+  if (append_error(&error, pollable_create(PO_MULTI, &pollset->active_pollable),
+                   err_desc)) {
+    append_error(&error, pollable_add_fd(pollset->active_pollable, initial_fd),
+                 err_desc);
+    if (and_add_fd != nullptr) {
+      append_error(&error,
+                   pollable_add_fd(pollset->active_pollable, and_add_fd),
+                   err_desc);
+    }
+  }
+  return error;
+}
+
+/* expects pollsets locked, flag whether fd is locked or not */
+static grpc_error* pollset_add_fd_locked(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                         grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_fd* fd) {
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  pollable* po_at_start =
+      POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_add_fd");
+  switch (pollset->active_pollable->type) {
+    case PO_EMPTY:
+      /* empty pollable --> single fd pollable */
+      error = pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd_locked(exec_ctx,
+                                                                  pollset, fd);
+      break;
+    case PO_FD:
+      gpr_mu_lock(&po_at_start->owner_fd->orphan_mu);
+      if ((gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pollset->active_pollable->owner_fd->refst) &
+           1) == 0) {
+        error = pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd_locked(
+            exec_ctx, pollset, fd);
+      } else {
+        /* fd --> multipoller */
+        error = pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi_locked(
+            exec_ctx, pollset, fd);
+      }
+      gpr_mu_unlock(&po_at_start->owner_fd->orphan_mu);
+      break;
+    case PO_MULTI:
+      error = pollable_add_fd(pollset->active_pollable, fd);
+      break;
+  }
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
+    pollset->active_pollable = po_at_start;
+  } else {
+    POLLABLE_UNREF(po_at_start, "pollset_add_fd");
+  }
+  return error;
+}
+
+static grpc_error* pollset_as_multipollable_locked(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                                   grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                                                   pollable** pollable_obj) {
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  pollable* po_at_start =
+      POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_as_multipollable");
+  switch (pollset->active_pollable->type) {
+    case PO_EMPTY:
+      POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
+      error = pollable_create(PO_MULTI, &pollset->active_pollable);
+      break;
+    case PO_FD:
+      gpr_mu_lock(&po_at_start->owner_fd->orphan_mu);
+      if ((gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pollset->active_pollable->owner_fd->refst) &
+           1) == 0) {
+        POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
+        error = pollable_create(PO_MULTI, &pollset->active_pollable);
+      } else {
+        error = pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi_locked(
+            exec_ctx, pollset, nullptr);
+      }
+      gpr_mu_unlock(&po_at_start->owner_fd->orphan_mu);
+      break;
+    case PO_MULTI:
+      break;
+  }
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
+    pollset->active_pollable = po_at_start;
+    *pollable_obj = nullptr;
+  } else {
+    *pollable_obj = POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_set");
+    POLLABLE_UNREF(po_at_start, "pollset_as_multipollable");
+  }
+  return error;
+}
+
+static void pollset_add_fd(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset* pollset,
+                           grpc_fd* fd) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&pollset->mu);
+  grpc_error* error = pollset_add_fd_locked(exec_ctx, pollset, fd);
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pollset->mu);
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_add_fd", error);
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Pollset-set Definitions
+ */
+
+static grpc_pollset_set* pss_lock_adam(grpc_pollset_set* pss) {
+  gpr_mu_lock(&pss->mu);
+  while (pss->parent != nullptr) {
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
+    pss = pss->parent;
+    gpr_mu_lock(&pss->mu);
+  }
+  return pss;
+}
+
+static grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set_create(void) {
+  grpc_pollset_set* pss = (grpc_pollset_set*)gpr_zalloc(sizeof(*pss));
+  gpr_mu_init(&pss->mu);
+  gpr_ref_init(&pss->refs, 1);
+  return pss;
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_unref(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset_set* pss) {
+  if (pss == nullptr) return;
+  if (!gpr_unref(&pss->refs)) return;
+  pollset_set_unref(exec_ctx, pss->parent);
+  gpr_mu_destroy(&pss->mu);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < pss->pollset_count; i++) {
+    gpr_mu_lock(&pss->pollsets[i]->mu);
+    if (0 == --pss->pollsets[i]->containing_pollset_set_count) {
+      pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(exec_ctx, pss->pollsets[i]);
+    }
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->pollsets[i]->mu);
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < pss->fd_count; i++) {
+    UNREF_BY(exec_ctx, pss->fds[i], 2, "pollset_set");
+  }
+  gpr_free(pss->pollsets);
+  gpr_free(pss->fds);
+  gpr_free(pss);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_add_fd(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset_set* pss,
+                               grpc_fd* fd) {
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PSS:%p: add fd %p (%d)", pss, fd, fd->fd);
+  }
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_set_add_fd";
+  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < pss->pollset_count; i++) {
+    append_error(&error, pollable_add_fd(pss->pollsets[i]->active_pollable, fd),
+                 err_desc);
+  }
+  if (pss->fd_count == pss->fd_capacity) {
+    pss->fd_capacity = GPR_MAX(pss->fd_capacity * 2, 8);
+    pss->fds =
+        (grpc_fd**)gpr_realloc(pss->fds, pss->fd_capacity * sizeof(*pss->fds));
+  }
+  REF_BY(fd, 2, "pollset_set");
+  pss->fds[pss->fd_count++] = fd;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
+
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(err_desc, error);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_del_fd(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_pollset_set* pss,
+                               grpc_fd* fd) {
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PSS:%p: del fd %p", pss, fd);
+  }
+  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = 0; i < pss->fd_count; i++) {
+    if (pss->fds[i] == fd) {
+      UNREF_BY(exec_ctx, fd, 2, "pollset_set");
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  GPR_ASSERT(i != pss->fd_count);
+  for (; i < pss->fd_count - 1; i++) {
+    pss->fds[i] = pss->fds[i + 1];
+  }
+  pss->fd_count--;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_del_pollset(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                    grpc_pollset_set* pss, grpc_pollset* ps) {
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PSS:%p: del pollset %p", pss, ps);
+  }
+  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = 0; i < pss->pollset_count; i++) {
+    if (pss->pollsets[i] == ps) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  GPR_ASSERT(i != pss->pollset_count);
+  for (; i < pss->pollset_count - 1; i++) {
+    pss->pollsets[i] = pss->pollsets[i + 1];
+  }
+  pss->pollset_count--;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
+  gpr_mu_lock(&ps->mu);
+  if (0 == --ps->containing_pollset_set_count) {
+    pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(exec_ctx, ps);
+  }
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&ps->mu);
+}
+
+// add all fds to pollables, and output a new array of unorphaned out_fds
+// assumes pollsets are multipollable
+static grpc_error* add_fds_to_pollsets(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx, grpc_fd** fds,
+                                       size_t fd_count, grpc_pollset** pollsets,
+                                       size_t pollset_count,
+                                       const char* err_desc, grpc_fd** out_fds,
+                                       size_t* out_fd_count) {
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < fd_count; i++) {
+    gpr_mu_lock(&fds[i]->orphan_mu);
+    if ((gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fds[i]->refst) & 1) == 0) {
+      gpr_mu_unlock(&fds[i]->orphan_mu);
+      UNREF_BY(exec_ctx, fds[i], 2, "pollset_set");
+    } else {
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < pollset_count; j++) {
+        append_error(&error,
+                     pollable_add_fd(pollsets[j]->active_pollable, fds[i]),
+                     err_desc);
+      }
+      gpr_mu_unlock(&fds[i]->orphan_mu);
+      out_fds[(*out_fd_count)++] = fds[i];
+    }
+  }
+  return error;
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_add_pollset(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                    grpc_pollset_set* pss, grpc_pollset* ps) {
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PSS:%p: add pollset %p", pss, ps);
+  }
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_set_add_pollset";
+  pollable* pollable_obj = nullptr;
+  gpr_mu_lock(&ps->mu);
+  if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(err_desc, pollset_as_multipollable_locked(
+                                       exec_ctx, ps, &pollable_obj))) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(pollable_obj == nullptr);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(&ps->mu);
+    return;
+  }
+  ps->containing_pollset_set_count++;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&ps->mu);
+  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
+  size_t initial_fd_count = pss->fd_count;
+  pss->fd_count = 0;
+  append_error(&error,
+               add_fds_to_pollsets(exec_ctx, pss->fds, initial_fd_count, &ps, 1,
+                                   err_desc, pss->fds, &pss->fd_count),
+               err_desc);
+  if (pss->pollset_count == pss->pollset_capacity) {
+    pss->pollset_capacity = GPR_MAX(pss->pollset_capacity * 2, 8);
+    pss->pollsets = (grpc_pollset**)gpr_realloc(
+        pss->pollsets, pss->pollset_capacity * sizeof(*pss->pollsets));
+  }
+  pss->pollsets[pss->pollset_count++] = ps;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
+  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollable_obj, "pollset_set");
+
+  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(err_desc, error);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_add_pollset_set(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set* a,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set* b) {
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PSS: merge (%p, %p)", a, b);
+  }
+  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_set_add_fd";
+  for (;;) {
+    if (a == b) {
+      // pollset ancestors are the same: nothing to do
+      return;
+    }
+    if (a > b) {
+      GPR_SWAP(grpc_pollset_set*, a, b);
+    }
+    gpr_mu* a_mu = &a->mu;
+    gpr_mu* b_mu = &b->mu;
+    gpr_mu_lock(a_mu);
+    gpr_mu_lock(b_mu);
+    if (a->parent != nullptr) {
+      a = a->parent;
+    } else if (b->parent != nullptr) {
+      b = b->parent;
+    } else {
+      break;  // exit loop, both pollsets locked
+    }
+    gpr_mu_unlock(a_mu);
+    gpr_mu_unlock(b_mu);
+  }
+  // try to do the least copying possible
+  // TODO(ctiller): there's probably a better heuristic here
+  const size_t a_size = a->fd_count + a->pollset_count;
+  const size_t b_size = b->fd_count + b->pollset_count;
+  if (b_size > a_size) {
+    GPR_SWAP(grpc_pollset_set*, a, b);
+  }
+  if (grpc_polling_trace.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "PSS: parent %p to %p", b, a);
+  }
+  gpr_ref(&a->refs);
+  b->parent = a;
+  if (a->fd_capacity < a->fd_count + b->fd_count) {
+    a->fd_capacity = GPR_MAX(2 * a->fd_capacity, a->fd_count + b->fd_count);
+    a->fds = (grpc_fd**)gpr_realloc(a->fds, a->fd_capacity * sizeof(*a->fds));
+  }
+  size_t initial_a_fd_count = a->fd_count;
+  a->fd_count = 0;
+  append_error(
+      &error,
+      add_fds_to_pollsets(exec_ctx, a->fds, initial_a_fd_count, b->pollsets,
+                          b->pollset_count, "merge_a2b", a->fds, &a->fd_count),
+      err_desc);
+  append_error(
+      &error,
+      add_fds_to_pollsets(exec_ctx, b->fds, b->fd_count, a->pollsets,
+                          a->pollset_count, "merge_b2a", a->fds, &a->fd_count),
+      err_desc);
+  if (a->pollset_capacity < a->pollset_count + b->pollset_count) {
+    a->pollset_capacity =
+        GPR_MAX(2 * a->pollset_capacity, a->pollset_count + b->pollset_count);
+    a->pollsets = (grpc_pollset**)gpr_realloc(
+        a->pollsets, a->pollset_capacity * sizeof(*a->pollsets));
+  }
+  if (b->pollset_count > 0) {
+    memcpy(a->pollsets + a->pollset_count, b->pollsets,
+           b->pollset_count * sizeof(*b->pollsets));
+  }
+  a->pollset_count += b->pollset_count;
+  gpr_free(b->fds);
+  gpr_free(b->pollsets);
+  b->fds = nullptr;
+  b->pollsets = nullptr;
+  b->fd_count = b->fd_capacity = b->pollset_count = b->pollset_capacity = 0;
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&a->mu);
+  gpr_mu_unlock(&b->mu);
+}
+
+static void pollset_set_del_pollset_set(grpc_exec_ctx* exec_ctx,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set* bag,
+                                        grpc_pollset_set* item) {}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Event engine binding
+ */
+
+static void shutdown_engine(void) {
+  fd_global_shutdown();
+  pollset_global_shutdown();
+}
+
+static const grpc_event_engine_vtable vtable = {
+    sizeof(grpc_pollset),
+
+    fd_create,
+    fd_wrapped_fd,
+    fd_orphan,
+    fd_shutdown,
+    fd_notify_on_read,
+    fd_notify_on_write,
+    fd_is_shutdown,
+    fd_get_read_notifier_pollset,
+
+    pollset_init,
+    pollset_shutdown,
+    pollset_destroy,
+    pollset_work,
+    pollset_kick,
+    pollset_add_fd,
+
+    pollset_set_create,
+    pollset_set_unref,  // destroy ==> unref 1 public ref
+    pollset_set_add_pollset,
+    pollset_set_del_pollset,
+    pollset_set_add_pollset_set,
+    pollset_set_del_pollset_set,
+    pollset_set_add_fd,
+    pollset_set_del_fd,
+
+    shutdown_engine,
+};
+
+const grpc_event_engine_vtable* grpc_init_epollex_linux(
+    bool explicitly_requested) {
+  if (!explicitly_requested) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (!grpc_has_wakeup_fd()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Skipping epollex because of no wakeup fd.");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (!grpc_is_epollexclusive_available()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Skipping epollex because it is not supported.");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  fd_global_init();
+
+  if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_global_init", pollset_global_init())) {
+    pollset_global_shutdown();
+    fd_global_shutdown();
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return &vtable;
+}
+
+#else /* defined(GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL) */
+#if defined(GRPC_POSIX_SOCKET)
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epollex_linux.h"
+/* If GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL is not defined, it means epoll is not available. Return
+ * NULL */
+const grpc_event_engine_vtable* grpc_init_epollex_linux(
+    bool explicitly_requested) {
+  gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+          "Skipping epollex becuase GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL is not defined.");
+  return NULL;
+}
+#endif /* defined(GRPC_POSIX_SOCKET) */
+
+#endif /* !defined(GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL) */