grpc 1.48.0 → 1.49.0.pre1

data/src/core/lib/iomgr/error.cc

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 
 #include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
 
 grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_error_refcount(false,
@@ -50,8 +49,6 @@ void grpc_enable_error_creation() {
   gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&g_error_creation_allowed, true);
 }
 
-#ifdef GRPC_ERROR_IS_ABSEIL_STATUS
-
 absl::Status grpc_status_create(absl::StatusCode code, absl::string_view msg,
                                 const grpc_core::DebugLocation& location,
                                 size_t children_count, absl::Status* children) {
@@ -218,773 +215,3 @@ bool grpc_log_error(const char* what, grpc_error_handle error, const char* file,
           grpc_core::StatusToString(error).c_str());
   return false;
 }
-
-#else  // GRPC_ERROR_IS_ABSEIL_STATUS
-
-static const char* error_int_name(grpc_error_ints key) {
-  switch (key) {
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_ERRNO:
-      return "errno";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_FILE_LINE:
-      return "file_line";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_STREAM_ID:
-      return "stream_id";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS:
-      return "grpc_status";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_OFFSET:
-      return "offset";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_INDEX:
-      return "index";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_SIZE:
-      return "size";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_HTTP2_ERROR:
-      return "http2_error";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_TSI_CODE:
-      return "tsi_code";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_FD:
-      return "fd";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_WSA_ERROR:
-      return "wsa_error";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_HTTP_STATUS:
-      return "http_status";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_OCCURRED_DURING_WRITE:
-      return "occurred_during_write";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_CHANNEL_CONNECTIVITY_STATE:
-      return "channel_connectivity_state";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_LB_POLICY_DROP:
-      return "lb_policy_drop";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX:
-      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
-  }
-  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
-}
-
-static const char* error_str_name(grpc_error_strs key) {
-  switch (key) {
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_KEY:
-      return "key";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_VALUE:
-      return "value";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION:
-      return "description";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR:
-      return "os_error";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_TARGET_ADDRESS:
-      return "target_address";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL:
-      return "syscall";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILE:
-      return "file";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE:
-      return "grpc_message";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_RAW_BYTES:
-      return "raw_bytes";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_TSI_ERROR:
-      return "tsi_error";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILENAME:
-      return "filename";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX:
-      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
-  }
-  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
-}
-
-static const char* error_time_name(grpc_error_times key) {
-  switch (key) {
-    case GRPC_ERROR_TIME_CREATED:
-      return "created";
-    case GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX:
-      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
-  }
-  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
-}
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-grpc_error_handle grpc_error_do_ref(grpc_error_handle err, const char* file,
-                                    int line) {
-  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p: %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s:%d]", err,
-            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count),
-            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count) + 1, file, line);
-  }
-  gpr_ref(&err->atomics.refs);
-  return err;
-}
-#else
-grpc_error_handle grpc_error_do_ref(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  gpr_ref(&err->atomics.refs);
-  return err;
-}
-#endif
-
-static void unref_errs(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
-  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
-        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(lerr->err);
-    GPR_ASSERT(err->last_err == slot ? lerr->next == UINT8_MAX
-                                     : lerr->next != UINT8_MAX);
-    slot = lerr->next;
-  }
-}
-
-static void unref_strs(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++which) {
-    uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
-    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-      grpc_slice_unref_internal(
-          *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static void error_destroy(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  GPR_ASSERT(!grpc_error_is_special(err));
-  unref_errs(err);
-  unref_strs(err);
-  gpr_free(
-      reinterpret_cast<void*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string)));
-  gpr_free(err);
-}
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-void grpc_error_do_unref(grpc_error_handle err, const char* file, int line) {
-  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p: %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s:%d]", err,
-            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count),
-            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count) - 1, file, line);
-  }
-  if (gpr_unref(&err->atomics.refs)) {
-    error_destroy(err);
-  }
-}
-#else
-void grpc_error_do_unref(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  if (gpr_unref(&err->atomics.refs)) {
-    error_destroy(err);
-  }
-}
-#endif
-
-static uint8_t get_placement(grpc_error_handle* err, size_t size) {
-  GPR_ASSERT(*err);
-  uint8_t slots = static_cast<uint8_t>(size / sizeof(intptr_t));
-  if ((*err)->arena_size + slots > (*err)->arena_capacity) {
-    (*err)->arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::min(
-        size_t(UINT8_MAX - 1), size_t(3 * (*err)->arena_capacity / 2)));
-    if ((*err)->arena_size + slots > (*err)->arena_capacity) {
-      return UINT8_MAX;
-    }
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    grpc_error_handle orig = *err;
-#endif
-    *err = static_cast<grpc_error_handle>(gpr_realloc(
-        *err, sizeof(grpc_error) + (*err)->arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
-      if (*err != orig) {
-        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "realloc %p -> %p", orig, *err);
-      }
-    }
-#endif
-  }
-  uint8_t placement = (*err)->arena_size;
-  (*err)->arena_size = static_cast<uint8_t>((*err)->arena_size + slots);
-  return placement;
-}
-
-static void internal_set_int(grpc_error_handle* err, grpc_error_ints which,
-                             intptr_t value) {
-  uint8_t slot = (*err)->ints[which];
-  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
-    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
-    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping int {\"%s\":%" PRIiPTR "}",
-              *err, error_int_name(which), value);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  (*err)->ints[which] = slot;
-  (*err)->arena[slot] = value;
-}
-
-static void internal_set_str(grpc_error_handle* err, grpc_error_strs which,
-                             const grpc_slice& value) {
-  uint8_t slot = (*err)->strs[which];
-  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
-    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
-    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
-      char* str = grpc_slice_to_c_string(value);
-      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping string {\"%s\":\"%s\"}",
-              *err, error_str_name(which), str);
-      gpr_free(str);
-      return;
-    }
-  } else {
-    grpc_slice_unref_internal(
-        *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>((*err)->arena + slot));
-  }
-  (*err)->strs[which] = slot;
-  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &value, sizeof(value));
-}
-
-static char* fmt_time(gpr_timespec tm);
-static void internal_set_time(grpc_error_handle* err, grpc_error_times which,
-                              gpr_timespec value) {
-  uint8_t slot = (*err)->times[which];
-  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
-    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
-    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
-      char* time_str = fmt_time(value);
-      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping \"%s\":\"%s\"}", *err,
-              error_time_name(which), time_str);
-      gpr_free(time_str);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  (*err)->times[which] = slot;
-  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &value, sizeof(value));
-}
-
-const char* grpc_error_string(grpc_error_handle err);
-
-static void internal_add_error(grpc_error_handle* err,
-                               grpc_error_handle new_err) {
-  grpc_linked_error new_last = {new_err, UINT8_MAX};
-  uint8_t slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(grpc_linked_error));
-  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping error %p = %s", *err,
-            new_err, grpc_error_string(new_err));
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(new_err);
-    return;
-  }
-  if ((*err)->first_err == UINT8_MAX) {
-    GPR_ASSERT((*err)->last_err == UINT8_MAX);
-    (*err)->last_err = slot;
-    (*err)->first_err = slot;
-  } else {
-    GPR_ASSERT((*err)->last_err != UINT8_MAX);
-    grpc_linked_error* old_last =
-        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>((*err)->arena + (*err)->last_err);
-    old_last->next = slot;
-    (*err)->last_err = slot;
-  }
-  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &new_last, sizeof(grpc_linked_error));
-}
-
-#define SLOTS_PER_INT (1)  // == (sizeof(intptr_t) / sizeof(intptr_t))
-#define SLOTS_PER_STR (sizeof(grpc_slice) / sizeof(intptr_t))
-#define SLOTS_PER_TIME (sizeof(gpr_timespec) / sizeof(intptr_t))
-#define SLOTS_PER_LINKED_ERROR (sizeof(grpc_linked_error) / sizeof(intptr_t))
-
-// size of storing one int and two slices and a timespec. For line, desc, file,
-// and time created
-#define DEFAULT_ERROR_CAPACITY \
-  (SLOTS_PER_INT + (SLOTS_PER_STR * 2) + SLOTS_PER_TIME)
-
-// It is very common to include and extra int and string in an error
-#define SURPLUS_CAPACITY (2 * SLOTS_PER_INT + SLOTS_PER_TIME)
-
-grpc_error_handle grpc_error_create(const char* file, int line,
-                                    const grpc_slice& desc,
-                                    grpc_error_handle* referencing,
-                                    size_t num_referencing) {
-  uint8_t initial_arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(
-      DEFAULT_ERROR_CAPACITY +
-      static_cast<uint8_t>(num_referencing * SLOTS_PER_LINKED_ERROR) +
-      SURPLUS_CAPACITY);
-  grpc_error_handle err = static_cast<grpc_error_handle>(
-      gpr_malloc(sizeof(*err) + initial_arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
-  if (err == nullptr) {  // TODO(ctiller): make gpr_malloc return NULL
-    return GRPC_ERROR_OOM;
-  }
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  if (!gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&g_error_creation_allowed)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
-            "Error creation occurred when error creation was disabled [%s:%d]",
-            file, line);
-    abort();
-  }
-  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p create [%s:%d]", err, file, line);
-  }
-#endif
-
-  err->arena_size = 0;
-  err->arena_capacity = initial_arena_capacity;
-  err->first_err = UINT8_MAX;
-  err->last_err = UINT8_MAX;
-
-  memset(err->ints, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX);
-  memset(err->strs, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX);
-  memset(err->times, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX);
-
-  internal_set_int(&err, GRPC_ERROR_INT_FILE_LINE, line);
-  internal_set_str(&err, GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILE,
-                   grpc_slice_from_static_string(file));
-  internal_set_str(&err, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION, desc);
-
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_referencing; ++i) {
-    if (referencing[i] == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) continue;
-    internal_add_error(
-        &err,
-        GRPC_ERROR_REF(
-            referencing[i]));  // TODO(ncteisen), change ownership semantics
-  }
-
-  internal_set_time(&err, GRPC_ERROR_TIME_CREATED, gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME));
-
-  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&err->atomics.error_string, 0);
-  gpr_ref_init(&err->atomics.refs, 1);
-  return err;
-}
-
-static void ref_strs(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++i) {
-    uint8_t slot = err->strs[i];
-    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-      grpc_slice_ref_internal(
-          *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static void ref_errs(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
-  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
-        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
-    (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(lerr->err);
-    slot = lerr->next;
-  }
-}
-
-static grpc_error_handle copy_error_and_unref(grpc_error_handle in) {
-  grpc_error_handle out;
-  if (grpc_error_is_special(in)) {
-    out = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("unknown");
-    if (GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(in)) {
-      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
-                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("no error"));
-      internal_set_int(&out, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_OK);
-    } else if (in == GRPC_ERROR_OOM) {
-      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
-                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("oom"));
-    } else if (in == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED) {
-      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
-                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("cancelled"));
-      internal_set_int(&out, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED);
-    }
-  } else if (gpr_ref_is_unique(&in->atomics.refs)) {
-    out = in;
-  } else {
-    uint8_t new_arena_capacity = in->arena_capacity;
-    // the returned err will be added to, so we ensure this is room to avoid
-    // unneeded allocations.
-    if (in->arena_capacity - in->arena_size <
-        static_cast<uint8_t> SLOTS_PER_STR) {
-      new_arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(3 * new_arena_capacity / 2);
-    }
-    out = static_cast<grpc_error_handle>(
-        gpr_malloc(sizeof(*in) + new_arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p create copying %p", out, in);
-    }
-#endif
-    // bulk memcpy of the rest of the struct.
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-sizeof-expression)
-    size_t skip = sizeof(&out->atomics);
-    memcpy(reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out) + skip),
-           reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in) + skip),
-           sizeof(*in) + (in->arena_size * sizeof(intptr_t)) - skip);
-    // manually set the atomics and the new capacity
-    gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&out->atomics.error_string, 0);
-    gpr_ref_init(&out->atomics.refs, 1);
-    out->arena_capacity = new_arena_capacity;
-    ref_strs(out);
-    ref_errs(out);
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(in);
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-grpc_error_handle grpc_error_set_int(grpc_error_handle src,
-                                     grpc_error_ints which, intptr_t value) {
-  grpc_error_handle new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
-  internal_set_int(&new_err, which, value);
-  return new_err;
-}
-
-struct special_error_status_map {
-  grpc_status_code code;
-  const char* msg;
-  size_t len;
-};
-const special_error_status_map error_status_map[] = {
-    {GRPC_STATUS_OK, "", 0},                // GRPC_ERROR_NONE
-    {GRPC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT, "", 0},  // GRPC_ERROR_RESERVED_1
-    {GRPC_STATUS_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED, "RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED",
-     strlen("RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED")},         // GRPC_ERROR_OOM
-    {GRPC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT, "", 0},  // GRPC_ERROR_RESERVED_2
-    {GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED, "CANCELLED",
-     strlen("CANCELLED")},  // GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED
-};
-
-bool grpc_error_get_int(grpc_error_handle err, grpc_error_ints which,
-                        intptr_t* p) {
-  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) {
-    if (which != GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS) return false;
-    *p = error_status_map[reinterpret_cast<size_t>(err)].code;
-    return true;
-  }
-  uint8_t slot = err->ints[which];
-  if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-    if (p != nullptr) *p = err->arena[slot];
-    return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-grpc_error_handle grpc_error_set_str(grpc_error_handle src,
-                                     grpc_error_strs which,
-                                     absl::string_view str) {
-  grpc_error_handle new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
-  internal_set_str(&new_err, which,
-                   grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(str.data(), str.length()));
-  return new_err;
-}
-
-bool grpc_error_get_str(grpc_error_handle err, grpc_error_strs which,
-                        std::string* s) {
-  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) {
-    if (which != GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE) return false;
-    const special_error_status_map& msg =
-        error_status_map[reinterpret_cast<size_t>(err)];
-    *s = std::string(msg.msg, msg.len);
-    return true;
-  }
-  uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
-  if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-    grpc_slice* slice = reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot);
-    *s = std::string(grpc_core::StringViewFromSlice(*slice));
-    return true;
-  } else {
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-
-grpc_error_handle grpc_error_add_child(grpc_error_handle src,
-                                       grpc_error_handle child) {
-  if (!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(src)) {
-    if (GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(child)) {
-      /* \a child is empty. Simply return the ref to \a src */
-      return src;
-    } else if (child != src) {
-      grpc_error_handle new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
-      internal_add_error(&new_err, child);
-      return new_err;
-    } else {
-      /* \a src and \a child are the same. Drop one of the references and return
-       * the other */
-      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(child);
-      return src;
-    }
-  } else {
-    /* \a src is empty. Simply return the ref to \a child */
-    return child;
-  }
-}
-
-static const char* no_error_string = "\"OK\"";
-static const char* oom_error_string = "\"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED\"";
-static const char* cancelled_error_string = "\"CANCELLED\"";
-
-struct kv_pair {
-  char* key;
-  char* value;
-};
-struct kv_pairs {
-  kv_pair* kvs;
-  size_t num_kvs;
-  size_t cap_kvs;
-};
-static void append_chr(char c, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
-  if (*sz == *cap) {
-    *cap = std::max(size_t(8), 3 * *cap / 2);
-    *s = static_cast<char*>(gpr_realloc(*s, *cap));
-  }
-  (*s)[(*sz)++] = c;
-}
-
-static void append_str(const char* str, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
-  for (const char* c = str; *c; c++) {
-    append_chr(*c, s, sz, cap);
-  }
-}
-
-static void append_esc_str(const uint8_t* str, size_t len, char** s, size_t* sz,
-                           size_t* cap) {
-  static const char* hex = "0123456789abcdef";
-  append_chr('"', s, sz, cap);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++, str++) {
-    if (*str < 32 || *str >= 127) {
-      append_chr('\\', s, sz, cap);
-      switch (*str) {
-        case '\b':
-          append_chr('b', s, sz, cap);
-          break;
-        case '\f':
-          append_chr('f', s, sz, cap);
-          break;
-        case '\n':
-          append_chr('n', s, sz, cap);
-          break;
-        case '\r':
-          append_chr('r', s, sz, cap);
-          break;
-        case '\t':
-          append_chr('t', s, sz, cap);
-          break;
-        default:
-          append_chr('u', s, sz, cap);
-          append_chr('0', s, sz, cap);
-          append_chr('0', s, sz, cap);
-          append_chr(hex[*str >> 4], s, sz, cap);
-          append_chr(hex[*str & 0x0f], s, sz, cap);
-          break;
-      }
-    } else {
-      append_chr(static_cast<char>(*str), s, sz, cap);
-    }
-  }
-  append_chr('"', s, sz, cap);
-}
-
-static void append_kv(kv_pairs* kvs, char* key, char* value) {
-  if (kvs->num_kvs == kvs->cap_kvs) {
-    kvs->cap_kvs = std::max(3 * kvs->cap_kvs / 2, size_t(4));
-    kvs->kvs = static_cast<kv_pair*>(
-        gpr_realloc(kvs->kvs, sizeof(*kvs->kvs) * kvs->cap_kvs));
-  }
-  kvs->kvs[kvs->num_kvs].key = key;
-  kvs->kvs[kvs->num_kvs].value = value;
-  kvs->num_kvs++;
-}
-
-static char* key_int(grpc_error_ints which) {
-  return gpr_strdup(error_int_name(which));
-}
-
-static char* fmt_int(intptr_t p) {
-  char* s;
-  gpr_asprintf(&s, "%" PRIdPTR, p);
-  return s;
-}
-
-static void collect_ints_kvs(grpc_error_handle err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
-  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX; ++which) {
-    uint8_t slot = err->ints[which];
-    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-      append_kv(kvs, key_int(static_cast<grpc_error_ints>(which)),
-                fmt_int(err->arena[slot]));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static char* key_str(grpc_error_strs which) {
-  return gpr_strdup(error_str_name(which));
-}
-
-static char* fmt_str(const grpc_slice& slice) {
-  char* s = nullptr;
-  size_t sz = 0;
-  size_t cap = 0;
-  append_esc_str(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(slice), GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(slice), &s, &sz,
-                 &cap);
-  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
-  return s;
-}
-
-static void collect_strs_kvs(grpc_error_handle err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
-  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++which) {
-    uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
-    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-      append_kv(kvs, key_str(static_cast<grpc_error_strs>(which)),
-                fmt_str(*reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot)));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static char* key_time(grpc_error_times which) {
-  return gpr_strdup(error_time_name(which));
-}
-
-static char* fmt_time(gpr_timespec tm) {
-  char* out;
-  const char* pfx = "!!";
-  switch (tm.clock_type) {
-    case GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
-      pfx = "@monotonic:";
-      break;
-    case GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME:
-      pfx = "@";
-      break;
-    case GPR_CLOCK_PRECISE:
-      pfx = "@precise:";
-      break;
-    case GPR_TIMESPAN:
-      pfx = "";
-      break;
-  }
-  gpr_asprintf(&out, "\"%s%" PRId64 ".%09d\"", pfx, tm.tv_sec, tm.tv_nsec);
-  return out;
-}
-
-static void collect_times_kvs(grpc_error_handle err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
-  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX; ++which) {
-    uint8_t slot = err->times[which];
-    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-      append_kv(kvs, key_time(static_cast<grpc_error_times>(which)),
-                fmt_time(*reinterpret_cast<gpr_timespec*>(err->arena + slot)));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static void add_errs(grpc_error_handle err, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
-  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
-  bool first = true;
-  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
-    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
-        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
-    if (!first) append_chr(',', s, sz, cap);
-    first = false;
-    const char* e = grpc_error_string(lerr->err);
-    append_str(e, s, sz, cap);
-    GPR_ASSERT(err->last_err == slot ? lerr->next == UINT8_MAX
-                                     : lerr->next != UINT8_MAX);
-    slot = lerr->next;
-  }
-}
-
-static char* errs_string(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  char* s = nullptr;
-  size_t sz = 0;
-  size_t cap = 0;
-  append_chr('[', &s, &sz, &cap);
-  add_errs(err, &s, &sz, &cap);
-  append_chr(']', &s, &sz, &cap);
-  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
-  return s;
-}
-
-static int cmp_kvs(const void* a, const void* b) {
-  const kv_pair* ka = static_cast<const kv_pair*>(a);
-  const kv_pair* kb = static_cast<const kv_pair*>(b);
-  return strcmp(ka->key, kb->key);
-}
-
-static char* finish_kvs(kv_pairs* kvs) {
-  char* s = nullptr;
-  size_t sz = 0;
-  size_t cap = 0;
-
-  append_chr('{', &s, &sz, &cap);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < kvs->num_kvs; i++) {
-    if (i != 0) append_chr(',', &s, &sz, &cap);
-    append_esc_str(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(kvs->kvs[i].key),
-                   strlen(kvs->kvs[i].key), &s, &sz, &cap);
-    gpr_free(kvs->kvs[i].key);
-    append_chr(':', &s, &sz, &cap);
-    append_str(kvs->kvs[i].value, &s, &sz, &cap);
-    gpr_free(kvs->kvs[i].value);
-  }
-  append_chr('}', &s, &sz, &cap);
-  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
-
-  gpr_free(kvs->kvs);
-  return s;
-}
-
-const char* grpc_error_string(grpc_error_handle err) {
-  if (GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(err)) return no_error_string;
-  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_OOM) return oom_error_string;
-  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED) return cancelled_error_string;
-
-  void* p =
-      reinterpret_cast<void*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string));
-  if (p != nullptr) {
-    return static_cast<const char*>(p);
-  }
-
-  kv_pairs kvs;
-  memset(&kvs, 0, sizeof(kvs));
-
-  collect_ints_kvs(err, &kvs);
-  collect_strs_kvs(err, &kvs);
-  collect_times_kvs(err, &kvs);
-  if (err->first_err != UINT8_MAX) {
-    append_kv(&kvs, gpr_strdup("referenced_errors"), errs_string(err));
-  }
-
-  qsort(kvs.kvs, kvs.num_kvs, sizeof(kv_pair), cmp_kvs);
-
-  char* out = finish_kvs(&kvs);
-
-  if (!gpr_atm_rel_cas(&err->atomics.error_string, 0,
-                       reinterpret_cast<gpr_atm>(out))) {
-    gpr_free(out);
-    out = reinterpret_cast<char*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string));
-  }
-
-  return out;
-}
-
-std::string grpc_error_std_string(grpc_error_handle error) {
-  return std::string(grpc_error_string(error));
-}
-
-grpc_error_handle grpc_os_error(const char* file, int line, int err,
-                                const char* call_name) {
-  return grpc_error_set_str(
-      grpc_error_set_str(
-          grpc_error_set_int(
-              grpc_error_create(file, line,
-                                grpc_slice_from_static_string(strerror(err)),
-                                nullptr, 0),
-              GRPC_ERROR_INT_ERRNO, err),
-          GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR, strerror(err)),
-      GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL, call_name);
-}
-
-#ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
-grpc_error_handle grpc_wsa_error(const char* file, int line, int err,
-                                 const char* call_name) {
-  char* utf8_message = gpr_format_message(err);
-  grpc_error_handle error = grpc_error_set_int(
-      grpc_error_set_str(
-          grpc_error_set_str(
-              grpc_error_set_int(
-                  grpc_error_create(file, line,
-                                    grpc_slice_from_static_string("OS Error"),
-                                    NULL, 0),
-                  GRPC_ERROR_INT_WSA_ERROR, err),
-              GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR, utf8_message),
-          GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL, call_name),
-      GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE);
-  gpr_free(utf8_message);
-  return error;
-}
-#endif
-
-bool grpc_log_error(const char* what, grpc_error_handle error, const char* file,
-                    int line) {
-  GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(!GRPC_ERROR_IS_NONE(error));
-  const char* msg = grpc_error_string(error);
-  gpr_log(file, line, GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_ERROR, "%s: %s", what, msg);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
-  return false;
-}
-
-#endif  // GRPC_ERROR_IS_ABSEIL_STATUS