grpc 1.47.0 → 1.48.0.pre1

data/third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/cord_buffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: cord_buffer.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file defines an `absl::CordBuffer` data structure to hold data for
+// eventual inclusion within an existing `Cord` data structure. Cord buffers are
+// useful for building large Cords that may require custom allocation of its
+// associated memory.
+//
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_CORD_BUFFER_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_CORD_BUFFER_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_flat.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+class Cord;
+class CordBufferTestPeer;
+
+// CordBuffer
+//
+// CordBuffer manages memory buffers for purposes such as zero-copy APIs as well
+// as applications building cords with large data requiring granular control
+// over the allocation and size of cord data. For example, a function creating
+// a cord of random data could use a CordBuffer as follows:
+//
+//   absl::Cord CreateRandomCord(size_t length) {
+//     absl::Cord cord;
+//     while (length > 0) {
+//       CordBuffer buffer = CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(length);
+//       absl::Span<char> data = buffer.available_up_to(length);
+//       FillRandomValues(data.data(), data.size());
+//       buffer.IncreaseLengthBy(data.size());
+//       cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
+//       length -= data.size();
+//     }
+//     return cord;
+//   }
+//
+// CordBuffer instances are by default limited to a capacity of `kDefaultLimit`
+// bytes. `kDefaultLimit` is currently just under 4KiB, but this default may
+// change in the future and/or for specific architectures. The default limit is
+// aimed to provide a good trade-off between performance and memory overhead.
+// Smaller buffers typically incur more compute cost while larger buffers are
+// more CPU efficient but create significant memory overhead because of such
+// allocations being less granular. Using larger buffers may also increase the
+// risk of memory fragmentation.
+//
+// Applications create a buffer using one of the `CreateWithDefaultLimit()` or
+// `CreateWithCustomLimit()` methods. The returned instance will have a non-zero
+// capacity and a zero length. Applications use the `data()` method to set the
+// contents of the managed memory, and once done filling the buffer, use the
+// `IncreaseLengthBy()` or 'SetLength()' method to specify the length of the
+// initialized data before adding the buffer to a Cord.
+//
+// The `CreateWithCustomLimit()` method is intended for applications needing
+// larger buffers than the default memory limit, allowing the allocation of up
+// to a capacity of `kCustomLimit` bytes minus some minimum internal overhead.
+// The usage of `CreateWithCustomLimit()` should be limited to only those use
+// cases where the distribution of the input is relatively well known, and/or
+// where the trade-off between the efficiency gains outweigh the risk of memory
+// fragmentation. See the documentation for `CreateWithCustomLimit()` for more
+// information on using larger custom limits.
+//
+// The capacity of a `CordBuffer` returned by one of the `Create` methods may
+// be larger than the requested capacity due to rounding, alignment and
+// granularity of the memory allocator. Applications should use the `capacity`
+// method to obtain the effective capacity of the returned instance as
+// demonstrated in the provided example above.
+//
+// CordBuffer is a move-only class. All references into the managed memory are
+// invalidated when an instance is moved into either another CordBuffer instance
+// or a Cord. Writing to a location obtained by a previous call to `data()`
+// after an instance was moved will lead to undefined behavior.
+//
+// A `moved from` CordBuffer instance will have a valid, but empty state.
+// CordBuffer is thread compatible.
+class CordBuffer {
+ public:
+  // kDefaultLimit
+  //
+  // Default capacity limits of allocated CordBuffers.
+  // See the class comments for more information on allocation limits.
+  static constexpr size_t kDefaultLimit = cord_internal::kMaxFlatLength;
+
+  // kCustomLimit
+  //
+  // Maximum size for CreateWithCustomLimit() allocated buffers.
+  // Note that the effective capacity may be slightly less
+  // because of internal overhead of internal cord buffers.
+  static constexpr size_t kCustomLimit = 64U << 10;
+
+  // Constructors, Destructors and Assignment Operators
+
+  // Creates an empty CordBuffer.
+  CordBuffer() = default;
+
+  // Destroys this CordBuffer instance and, if not empty, releases any memory
+  // managed by this instance, invalidating previously returned references.
+  ~CordBuffer();
+
+  // CordBuffer is move-only
+  CordBuffer(CordBuffer&& rhs) noexcept;
+  CordBuffer& operator=(CordBuffer&&) noexcept;
+  CordBuffer(const CordBuffer&) = delete;
+  CordBuffer& operator=(const CordBuffer&) = delete;
+
+  // CordBuffer::MaximumPayload()
+  //
+  // Returns the guaranteed maximum payload for a CordBuffer returned by the
+  // `CreateWithDefaultLimit()` method. While small, each internal buffer inside
+  // a Cord incurs an overhead to manage the length, type and reference count
+  // for the buffer managed inside the cord tree. Applications can use this
+  // method to get approximate number of buffers required for a given byte
+  // size, etc.
+  //
+  // For example:
+  //   const size_t payload = absl::CordBuffer::MaximumPayload();
+  //   const size_t buffer_count = (total_size + payload - 1) / payload;
+  //   buffers.reserve(buffer_count);
+  static constexpr size_t MaximumPayload();
+
+  // Overload to the above `MaximumPayload()` except that it returns the
+  // maximum payload for a CordBuffer returned by the `CreateWithCustomLimit()`
+  // method given the provided `block_size`.
+  static constexpr size_t MaximumPayload(size_t block_size);
+
+  // CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit()
+  //
+  // Creates a CordBuffer instance of the desired `capacity`, capped at the
+  // default limit `kDefaultLimit`. The returned buffer has a guaranteed
+  // capacity of at least `min(kDefaultLimit, capacity)`. See the class comments
+  // for more information on buffer capacities and intended usage.
+  static CordBuffer CreateWithDefaultLimit(size_t capacity);
+
+
+  // CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit()
+  //
+  // Creates a CordBuffer instance of the desired `capacity` rounded to an
+  // appropriate power of 2 size less than, or equal to `block_size`.
+  // Requires `block_size` to be a power of 2.
+  //
+  // If `capacity` is less than or equal to `kDefaultLimit`, then this method
+  // behaves identical to `CreateWithDefaultLimit`, which means that the caller
+  // is guaranteed to get a buffer of at least the requested capacity.
+  //
+  // If `capacity` is greater than or equal to `block_size`, then this method
+  // returns a buffer with an `allocated size` of `block_size` bytes. Otherwise,
+  // this methods returns a buffer with a suitable smaller power of 2 block size
+  // to satisfy the request. The actual size depends on a number of factors, and
+  // is typically (but not necessarily) the highest or second highest power of 2
+  // value less than or equal to `capacity`.
+  //
+  // The 'allocated size' includes a small amount of overhead required for
+  // internal state, which is currently 13 bytes on 64-bit platforms. For
+  // example: a buffer created with `block_size` and `capacity' set to 8KiB
+  // will have an allocated size of 8KiB, and an effective internal `capacity`
+  // of 8KiB - 13 = 8179 bytes.
+  //
+  // To demonstrate this in practice, let's assume we want to read data from
+  // somewhat larger files using approximately 64KiB buffers:
+  //
+  //   absl::Cord ReadFromFile(int fd, size_t n) {
+  //     absl::Cord cord;
+  //     while (n > 0) {
+  //       CordBuffer buffer = CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(64 << 10, n);
+  //       absl::Span<char> data = buffer.available_up_to(n);
+  //       ReadFileDataOrDie(fd, data.data(), data.size());
+  //       buffer.IncreaseLengthBy(data.size());
+  //       cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
+  //       n -= data.size();
+  //     }
+  //     return cord;
+  //   }
+  //
+  // If we'd use this function to read a file of 659KiB, we may get the
+  // following pattern of allocated cord buffer sizes:
+  //
+  //   CreateWithCustomLimit(64KiB, 674816) --> ~64KiB (65523)
+  //   CreateWithCustomLimit(64KiB, 674816) --> ~64KiB (65523)
+  //   ...
+  //   CreateWithCustomLimit(64KiB,  19586) --> ~16KiB (16371)
+  //   CreateWithCustomLimit(64KiB,   3215) -->   3215 (at least 3215)
+  //
+  // The reason the method returns a 16K buffer instead of a roughly 19K buffer
+  // is to reduce memory overhead and fragmentation risks. Using carefully
+  // chosen power of 2 values reduces the entropy of allocated memory sizes.
+  //
+  // Additionally, let's assume we'd use the above function on files that are
+  // generally smaller than 64K. If we'd use 'precise' sized buffers for such
+  // files, than we'd get a very wide distribution of allocated memory sizes
+  // rounded to 4K page sizes, and we'd end up with a lot of unused capacity.
+  //
+  // In general, application should only use custom sizes if the data they are
+  // consuming or storing is expected to be many times the chosen block size,
+  // and be based on objective data and performance metrics. For example, a
+  // compress function may work faster and consume less CPU when using larger
+  // buffers. Such an application should pick a size offering a reasonable
+  // trade-off between expected data size, compute savings with larger buffers,
+  // and the cost or fragmentation effect of larger buffers.
+  // Applications must pick a reasonable spot on that curve, and make sure their
+  // data meets their expectations in size distributions such as "mostly large".
+  static CordBuffer CreateWithCustomLimit(size_t block_size, size_t capacity);
+
+  // CordBuffer::available()
+  //
+  // Returns the span delineating the available capacity in this buffer
+  // which is defined as `{ data() + length(), capacity() - length() }`.
+  absl::Span<char> available();
+
+  // CordBuffer::available_up_to()
+  //
+  // Returns the span delineating the available capacity in this buffer limited
+  // to `size` bytes. This is equivalent to `available().subspan(0, size)`.
+  absl::Span<char> available_up_to(size_t size);
+
+  // CordBuffer::data()
+  //
+  // Returns a non-null reference to the data managed by this instance.
+  // Applications are allowed to write up to `capacity` bytes of instance data.
+  // CordBuffer data is uninitialized by default. Reading data from an instance
+  // that has not yet been initialized will lead to undefined behavior.
+  char* data();
+  const char* data() const;
+
+  // CordBuffer::length()
+  //
+  // Returns the length of this instance. The default length of a CordBuffer is
+  // 0, indicating an 'empty' CordBuffer. Applications must specify the length
+  // of the data in a CordBuffer before adding it to a Cord.
+  size_t length() const;
+
+  // CordBuffer::capacity()
+  //
+  // Returns the capacity of this instance. All instances have a non-zero
+  // capacity: default and `moved from` instances have a small internal buffer.
+  size_t capacity() const;
+
+  // CordBuffer::IncreaseLengthBy()
+  //
+  // Increases the length of this buffer by the specified 'n' bytes.
+  // Applications must make sure all data in this buffer up to the new length
+  // has been initialized before adding a CordBuffer to a Cord: failure to do so
+  // will lead to undefined behavior.  Requires `length() + n <= capacity()`.
+  // Typically, applications will use 'available_up_to()` to get a span of the
+  // desired capacity, and use `span.size()` to increase the length as in:
+  //   absl::Span<char> span = buffer.available_up_to(desired);
+  //   buffer.IncreaseLengthBy(span.size());
+  //   memcpy(span.data(), src, span.size());
+  //   etc...
+  void IncreaseLengthBy(size_t n);
+
+  // CordBuffer::SetLength()
+  //
+  // Sets the data length of this instance. Applications must make sure all data
+  // of the specified length has been initialized before adding a CordBuffer to
+  // a Cord: failure to do so will lead to undefined behavior.
+  // Setting the length to a small value or zero does not release any memory
+  // held by this CordBuffer instance. Requires `length <= capacity()`.
+  // Applications should preferably use the `IncreaseLengthBy()` method above
+  // in combination with the 'available()` or `available_up_to()` methods.
+  void SetLength(size_t length);
+
+ private:
+  // Make sure we don't accidentally over promise.
+  static_assert(kCustomLimit <= cord_internal::kMaxLargeFlatSize, "");
+
+  // Assume the cost of an 'uprounded' allocation to CeilPow2(size) versus
+  // the cost of allocating at least 1 extra flat <= 4KB:
+  // - Flat overhead = 13 bytes
+  // - Btree amortized cost / node =~ 13 bytes
+  // - 64 byte granularity of tcmalloc at 4K =~ 32 byte average
+  // CPU cost and efficiency requires we should at least 'save' something by
+  // splitting, as a poor man's measure, we say the slop needs to be
+  // at least double the cost offset to make it worth splitting: ~128 bytes.
+  static constexpr size_t kMaxPageSlop = 128;
+
+  // Overhead for allocation a flat.
+  static constexpr size_t kOverhead = cord_internal::kFlatOverhead;
+
+  using CordRepFlat = cord_internal::CordRepFlat;
+
+  // `Rep` is the internal data representation of a CordBuffer. The internal
+  // representation has an internal small size optimization similar to
+  // std::string (SSO).
+  struct Rep {
+    // Inline SSO size of a CordBuffer
+    static constexpr size_t kInlineCapacity = sizeof(intptr_t) * 2 - 1;
+
+    // Creates a default instance with kInlineCapacity.
+    Rep() : short_rep{} {}
+
+    // Creates an instance managing an allocated non zero CordRep.
+    explicit Rep(cord_internal::CordRepFlat* rep) : long_rep{rep} {
+      assert(rep != nullptr);
+    }
+
+    // Returns true if this instance manages the SSO internal buffer.
+    bool is_short() const {
+      constexpr size_t offset = offsetof(Short, raw_size);
+      return (reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this)[offset] & 1) != 0;
+    }
+
+    // Returns the available area of the internal SSO data
+    absl::Span<char> short_available() {
+      assert(is_short());
+      const size_t length = (short_rep.raw_size >> 1);
+      return absl::Span<char>(short_rep.data + length,
+                              kInlineCapacity - length);
+    }
+
+    // Returns the available area of the internal SSO data
+    absl::Span<char> long_available() {
+      assert(!is_short());
+      const size_t length = long_rep.rep->length;
+      return absl::Span<char>(long_rep.rep->Data() + length,
+                              long_rep.rep->Capacity() - length);
+    }
+
+    // Returns the length of the internal SSO data.
+    size_t short_length() const {
+      assert(is_short());
+      return short_rep.raw_size >> 1;
+    }
+
+    // Sets the length of the internal SSO data.
+    // Disregards any previously set CordRep instance.
+    void set_short_length(size_t length) {
+      short_rep.raw_size = static_cast<char>((length << 1) + 1);
+    }
+
+    // Adds `n` to the current short length.
+    void add_short_length(size_t n) {
+      assert(is_short());
+      short_rep.raw_size += static_cast<char>(n << 1);
+    }
+
+    // Returns reference to the internal SSO data buffer.
+    char* data() {
+      assert(is_short());
+      return short_rep.data;
+    }
+    const char* data() const {
+      assert(is_short());
+      return short_rep.data;
+    }
+
+    // Returns a pointer the external CordRep managed by this instance.
+    cord_internal::CordRepFlat* rep() const {
+      assert(!is_short());
+      return long_rep.rep;
+    }
+
+    // The internal representation takes advantage of the fact that allocated
+    // memory is always on an even address, and uses the least significant bit
+    // of the first or last byte (depending on endianness) as the inline size
+    // indicator overlapping with the least significant byte of the CordRep*.
+#if defined(ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN)
+    struct Long {
+      explicit Long(cord_internal::CordRepFlat* rep_arg) : rep(rep_arg) {}
+      void* padding;
+      cord_internal::CordRepFlat* rep;
+    };
+    struct Short {
+      char data[sizeof(Long) - 1];
+      char raw_size = 1;
+    };
+#else
+    struct Long {
+      explicit Long(cord_internal::CordRepFlat* rep_arg) : rep(rep_arg) {}
+      cord_internal::CordRepFlat* rep;
+      void* padding;
+    };
+    struct Short {
+      char raw_size = 1;
+      char data[sizeof(Long) - 1];
+    };
+#endif
+
+    union {
+      Long long_rep;
+      Short short_rep;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Power2 functions
+  static bool IsPow2(size_t size) { return absl::has_single_bit(size); }
+  static size_t Log2Floor(size_t size) { return absl::bit_width(size) - 1; }
+  static size_t Log2Ceil(size_t size) { return absl::bit_width(size - 1); }
+
+  // Implementation of `CreateWithCustomLimit()`.
+  // This implementation allows for future memory allocation hints to
+  // be passed down into the CordRepFlat allocation function.
+  template <typename... AllocationHints>
+  static CordBuffer CreateWithCustomLimitImpl(size_t block_size,
+                                              size_t capacity,
+                                              AllocationHints... hints);
+
+  // Consumes the value contained in this instance and resets the instance.
+  // This method returns a non-null Cordrep* if the current instances manages a
+  // CordRep*, and resets the instance to an empty SSO instance. If the current
+  // instance is an SSO instance, then this method returns nullptr and sets
+  // `short_value` to the inlined data value. In either case, the current
+  // instance length is reset to zero.
+  // This method is intended to be used by Cord internal functions only.
+  cord_internal::CordRep* ConsumeValue(absl::string_view& short_value) {
+    cord_internal::CordRep* rep = nullptr;
+    if (rep_.is_short()) {
+      short_value = absl::string_view(rep_.data(), rep_.short_length());
+    } else {
+      rep = rep_.rep();
+    }
+    rep_.set_short_length(0);
+    return rep;
+  }
+
+  // Internal constructor.
+  explicit CordBuffer(cord_internal::CordRepFlat* rep) : rep_(rep) {
+    assert(rep != nullptr);
+  }
+
+  Rep rep_;
+
+  friend class Cord;
+  friend class CordBufferTestPeer;
+};
+
+inline constexpr size_t CordBuffer::MaximumPayload() {
+  return cord_internal::kMaxFlatLength;
+}
+
+inline constexpr size_t CordBuffer::MaximumPayload(size_t block_size) {
+  // TODO(absl-team): Use std::min when C++11 support is dropped.
+  return (kCustomLimit < block_size ? kCustomLimit : block_size) -
+         cord_internal::kFlatOverhead;
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(size_t capacity) {
+  if (capacity > Rep::kInlineCapacity) {
+    auto* rep = cord_internal::CordRepFlat::New(capacity);
+    rep->length = 0;
+    return CordBuffer(rep);
+  }
+  return CordBuffer();
+}
+
+template <typename... AllocationHints>
+inline CordBuffer CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimitImpl(
+    size_t block_size, size_t capacity, AllocationHints... hints) {
+  assert(IsPow2(block_size));
+  capacity = (std::min)(capacity, kCustomLimit);
+  block_size = (std::min)(block_size, kCustomLimit);
+  if (capacity + kOverhead >= block_size) {
+    capacity = block_size;
+  } else if (capacity <= kDefaultLimit) {
+    capacity = capacity + kOverhead;
+  } else if (!IsPow2(capacity)) {
+    // Check if rounded up to next power 2 is a good enough fit
+    // with limited waste making it an acceptable direct fit.
+    const size_t rounded_up = size_t{1} << Log2Ceil(capacity);
+    const size_t slop = rounded_up - capacity;
+    if (slop >= kOverhead && slop <= kMaxPageSlop + kOverhead) {
+      capacity = rounded_up;
+    } else {
+      // Round down to highest power of 2 <= capacity.
+      // Consider a more aggressive step down if that may reduce the
+      // risk of fragmentation where 'people are holding it wrong'.
+      const size_t rounded_down = size_t{1} << Log2Floor(capacity);
+      capacity = rounded_down;
+    }
+  }
+  const size_t length = capacity - kOverhead;
+  auto* rep = CordRepFlat::New(CordRepFlat::Large(), length, hints...);
+  rep->length = 0;
+  return CordBuffer(rep);
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(size_t block_size,
+                                                    size_t capacity) {
+  return CreateWithCustomLimitImpl(block_size, capacity);
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer::~CordBuffer() {
+  if (!rep_.is_short()) {
+    cord_internal::CordRepFlat::Delete(rep_.rep());
+  }
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer::CordBuffer(CordBuffer&& rhs) noexcept : rep_(rhs.rep_) {
+  rhs.rep_.set_short_length(0);
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer& CordBuffer::operator=(CordBuffer&& rhs) noexcept {
+  if (!rep_.is_short()) cord_internal::CordRepFlat::Delete(rep_.rep());
+  rep_ = rhs.rep_;
+  rhs.rep_.set_short_length(0);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline absl::Span<char> CordBuffer::available() {
+  return rep_.is_short() ? rep_.short_available() : rep_.long_available();
+}
+
+inline absl::Span<char> CordBuffer::available_up_to(size_t size) {
+  return available().subspan(0, size);
+}
+
+inline char* CordBuffer::data() {
+  return rep_.is_short() ? rep_.data() : rep_.rep()->Data();
+}
+
+inline const char* CordBuffer::data() const {
+  return rep_.is_short() ? rep_.data() : rep_.rep()->Data();
+}
+
+inline size_t CordBuffer::capacity() const {
+  return rep_.is_short() ? Rep::kInlineCapacity : rep_.rep()->Capacity();
+}
+
+inline size_t CordBuffer::length() const {
+  return rep_.is_short() ? rep_.short_length() : rep_.rep()->length;
+}
+
+inline void CordBuffer::SetLength(size_t length) {
+  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(length <= capacity());
+  if (rep_.is_short()) {
+    rep_.set_short_length(length);
+  } else {
+    rep_.rep()->length = length;
+  }
+}
+
+inline void CordBuffer::IncreaseLengthBy(size_t n) {
+  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(n <= capacity() && length() + n <= capacity());
+  if (rep_.is_short()) {
+    rep_.add_short_length(n);
+  } else {
+    rep_.rep()->length += n;
+  }
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_CORD_BUFFER_H_

data/third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/strings/internal/cord_data_edge.h

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORD_DATA_EDGE_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORD_DATA_EDGE_H_
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_flat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace cord_internal {
+
+// Returns true if the provided rep is a FLAT, EXTERNAL or a SUBSTRING node
+// holding a FLAT or EXTERNAL child rep. Requires `rep != nullptr`.
+inline bool IsDataEdge(const CordRep* edge) {
+  assert(edge != nullptr);
+
+  // The fast path is that `edge` is an EXTERNAL or FLAT node, making the below
+  // if a single, well predicted branch. We then repeat the FLAT or EXTERNAL
+  // check in the slow path of the SUBSTRING check to optimize for the hot path.
+  if (edge->tag == EXTERNAL || edge->tag >= FLAT) return true;
+  if (edge->tag == SUBSTRING) edge = edge->substring()->child;
+  return edge->tag == EXTERNAL || edge->tag >= FLAT;
+}
+
+// Returns the `absl::string_view` data reference for the provided data edge.
+// Requires 'IsDataEdge(edge) == true`.
+inline absl::string_view EdgeData(const CordRep* edge) {
+  assert(IsDataEdge(edge));
+
+  size_t offset = 0;
+  const size_t length = edge->length;
+  if (edge->IsSubstring()) {
+    offset = edge->substring()->start;
+    edge = edge->substring()->child;
+  }
+  return edge->tag >= FLAT
+             ? absl::string_view{edge->flat()->Data() + offset, length}
+             : absl::string_view{edge->external()->base + offset, length};
+}
+
+}  // namespace cord_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORD_DATA_EDGE_H_