grpc 1.42.0 → 1.52.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_wrapper.cc

@@ -1,51 +1,75 @@
-/*
- *
- * Copyright 2016 gRPC authors.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- */
+//
+//
+// Copyright 2016 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+//
 
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+#include <grpc/grpc.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/status_helper.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
+
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <arpa/inet.h>
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <arpa/nameser.h>
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <inttypes.h>
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <netdb.h>
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <netinet/in.h>
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <stdlib.h>
+// IWYU pragma: no_include <sys/socket.h>
+
 #if GRPC_ARES == 1
 
 #include <string.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
+
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include <address_sorting/address_sorting.h>
 #include <ares.h>
 
-#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/status/status.h"
+#include "absl/status/statusor.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 
 #include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
 #include <grpc/support/log.h>
 #include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
-#include <grpc/support/time.h>
+#include <grpc/support/sync.h>
 
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_ev_driver.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_wrapper.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/debug_location.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/host_port.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/executor.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_internal.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/nameser.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/nameser.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/resolved_address.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
 
 using grpc_core::ServerAddress;
@@ -57,76 +81,86 @@ grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_trace_cares_address_sorting(false,
 grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_trace_cares_resolver(false, "cares_resolver");
 
 typedef struct fd_node {
-  /** the owner of this fd node */
-  grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver;
-  /** a closure wrapping on_readable_locked, which should be
-     invoked when the grpc_fd in this node becomes readable. */
-  grpc_closure read_closure;
-  /** a closure wrapping on_writable_locked, which should be
-     invoked when the grpc_fd in this node becomes writable. */
-  grpc_closure write_closure;
-  /** next fd node in the list */
-  struct fd_node* next;
-
-  /** wrapped fd that's polled by grpc's poller for the current platform */
-  grpc_core::GrpcPolledFd* grpc_polled_fd;
-  /** if the readable closure has been registered */
-  bool readable_registered;
-  /** if the writable closure has been registered */
-  bool writable_registered;
-  /** if the fd has been shutdown yet from grpc iomgr perspective */
-  bool already_shutdown;
+  // default constructor exists only for linked list manipulation
+  fd_node() : ev_driver(nullptr) {}
+
+  explicit fd_node(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) : ev_driver(ev_driver) {}
+
+  /// the owner of this fd node
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver* const ev_driver;
+  /// a closure wrapping on_readable_locked, which should be
+  /// invoked when the grpc_fd in this node becomes readable.
+  grpc_closure read_closure ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// a closure wrapping on_writable_locked, which should be
+  /// invoked when the grpc_fd in this node becomes writable.
+  grpc_closure write_closure ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// next fd node in the list
+  struct fd_node* next ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+
+  /// wrapped fd that's polled by grpc's poller for the current platform
+  grpc_core::GrpcPolledFd* grpc_polled_fd
+      ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// if the readable closure has been registered
+  bool readable_registered ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// if the writable closure has been registered
+  bool writable_registered ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// if the fd has been shutdown yet from grpc iomgr perspective
+  bool already_shutdown ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
 } fd_node;
 
 struct grpc_ares_ev_driver {
-  /** the ares_channel owned by this event driver */
-  ares_channel channel;
-  /** pollset set for driving the IO events of the channel */
-  grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set;
-  /** refcount of the event driver */
+  explicit grpc_ares_ev_driver(grpc_ares_request* request) : request(request) {}
+
+  /// the ares_channel owned by this event driver
+  ares_channel channel ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// pollset set for driving the IO events of the channel
+  grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// refcount of the event driver
   gpr_refcount refs;
 
-  /** work_serializer to synchronize c-ares and I/O callbacks on */
-  std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer;
-  /** a list of grpc_fd that this event driver is currently using. */
-  fd_node* fds;
-  /** is this event driver being shut down */
-  bool shutting_down;
-  /** request object that's using this ev driver */
-  grpc_ares_request* request;
-  /** Owned by the ev_driver. Creates new GrpcPolledFd's */
-  std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::GrpcPolledFdFactory> polled_fd_factory;
-  /** query timeout in milliseconds */
-  int query_timeout_ms;
-  /** alarm to cancel active queries */
-  grpc_timer query_timeout;
-  /** cancels queries on a timeout */
-  grpc_closure on_timeout_locked;
-  /** alarm to poll ares_process on in case fd events don't happen */
-  grpc_timer ares_backup_poll_alarm;
-  /** polls ares_process on a periodic timer */
-  grpc_closure on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked;
+  /// a list of grpc_fd that this event driver is currently using.
+  fd_node* fds ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// is this event driver being shut down
+  bool shutting_down ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// request object that's using this ev driver
+  grpc_ares_request* const request;
+  /// Owned by the ev_driver. Creates new GrpcPolledFd's
+  std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::GrpcPolledFdFactory> polled_fd_factory
+      ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// query timeout in milliseconds
+  int query_timeout_ms ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// alarm to cancel active queries
+  grpc_timer query_timeout ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// cancels queries on a timeout
+  grpc_closure on_timeout_locked ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// alarm to poll ares_process on in case fd events don't happen
+  grpc_timer ares_backup_poll_alarm ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+  /// polls ares_process on a periodic timer
+  grpc_closure on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked
+      ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
 };
 
 // TODO(apolcyn): make grpc_ares_hostbyname_request a sub-class
 // of GrpcAresQuery.
 typedef struct grpc_ares_hostbyname_request {
-  /** following members are set in create_hostbyname_request_locked
-   */
-  /** the top-level request instance */
+  /// following members are set in create_hostbyname_request_locked
+  ///
+  /// the top-level request instance
   grpc_ares_request* parent_request;
-  /** host to resolve, parsed from the name to resolve */
+  /// host to resolve, parsed from the name to resolve
   char* host;
-  /** port to fill in sockaddr_in, parsed from the name to resolve */
+  /// port to fill in sockaddr_in, parsed from the name to resolve
   uint16_t port;
-  /** is it a grpclb address */
+  /// is it a grpclb address
   bool is_balancer;
-  /** for logging and errors: the query type ("A" or "AAAA") */
+  /// for logging and errors: the query type ("A" or "AAAA")
   const char* qtype;
 } grpc_ares_hostbyname_request;
 
-static void grpc_ares_request_ref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r);
-static void grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r);
+static void grpc_ares_request_ref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu);
+static void grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu);
 
 // TODO(apolcyn): as a part of C++-ification, find a way to
 // organize per-query and per-resolution information in such a way
@@ -146,21 +180,26 @@ class GrpcAresQuery {
   const std::string& name() { return name_; }
 
  private:
-  /* the top level request instance */
+  // the top level request instance
   grpc_ares_request* r_;
-  /** for logging and errors */
+  /// for logging and errors
   const std::string name_;
 };
 
 static grpc_ares_ev_driver* grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(
-    grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p Ref ev_driver %p", ev_driver->request,
                        ev_driver);
   gpr_ref(&ev_driver->refs);
   return ev_driver;
 }
 
-static void grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+static void grpc_ares_complete_request_locked(grpc_ares_request* r)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu);
+
+static void grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p Unref ev_driver %p", ev_driver->request,
                        ev_driver);
   if (gpr_unref(&ev_driver->refs)) {
@@ -173,26 +212,28 @@ static void grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
   }
 }
 
-static void fd_node_destroy_locked(fd_node* fdn) {
+static void fd_node_destroy_locked(fd_node* fdn)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p delete fd: %s", fdn->ev_driver->request,
                        fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
   GPR_ASSERT(!fdn->readable_registered);
   GPR_ASSERT(!fdn->writable_registered);
   GPR_ASSERT(fdn->already_shutdown);
   delete fdn->grpc_polled_fd;
-  gpr_free(fdn);
+  delete fdn;
 }
 
-static void fd_node_shutdown_locked(fd_node* fdn, const char* reason) {
+static void fd_node_shutdown_locked(fd_node* fdn, const char* reason)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   if (!fdn->already_shutdown) {
     fdn->already_shutdown = true;
-    fdn->grpc_polled_fd->ShutdownLocked(
-        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(reason));
+    fdn->grpc_polled_fd->ShutdownLocked(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(reason));
   }
 }
 
 void grpc_ares_ev_driver_on_queries_complete_locked(
-    grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   // We mark the event driver as being shut down.
   // grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked will shut down any remaining
   // fds.
@@ -202,7 +243,8 @@ void grpc_ares_ev_driver_on_queries_complete_locked(
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(ev_driver);
 }
 
-void grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+void grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   ev_driver->shutting_down = true;
   fd_node* fn = ev_driver->fds;
   while (fn != nullptr) {
@@ -213,7 +255,8 @@ void grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
 
 // Search fd in the fd_node list head. This is an O(n) search, the max possible
 // value of n is ARES_GETSOCK_MAXNUM (16). n is typically 1 - 2 in our tests.
-static fd_node* pop_fd_node_locked(fd_node** head, ares_socket_t as) {
+static fd_node* pop_fd_node_locked(fd_node** head, ares_socket_t as)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   fd_node phony_head;
   phony_head.next = *head;
   fd_node* node = &phony_head;
@@ -229,72 +272,57 @@ static fd_node* pop_fd_node_locked(fd_node** head, ares_socket_t as) {
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-static grpc_millis calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(
-    grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver) {
+static grpc_core::Timestamp calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm(
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   // An alternative here could be to use ares_timeout to try to be more
   // accurate, but that would require using "struct timeval"'s, which just makes
   // things a bit more complicated. So just poll every second, as suggested
   // by the c-ares code comments.
-  grpc_millis ms_until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm = 1000;
+  grpc_core::Duration until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
+      grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1);
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
       "request:%p ev_driver=%p. next ares process poll time in "
       "%" PRId64 " ms",
-      driver->request, driver, ms_until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm);
-  return ms_until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm +
-         grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+      driver->request, driver, until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm.millis());
+  return grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm;
 }
 
-static void on_timeout_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
-                              grpc_error_handle error) {
+static void on_timeout(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver = static_cast<grpc_ares_ev_driver*>(arg);
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&driver->request->mu);
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
       "request:%p ev_driver=%p on_timeout_locked. driver->shutting_down=%d. "
       "err=%s",
       driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down,
-      grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
-  if (!driver->shutting_down && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      grpc_core::StatusToString(error).c_str());
+  if (!driver->shutting_down && error.ok()) {
     grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(driver);
   }
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(driver);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void on_timeout(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
-  grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver = static_cast<grpc_ares_ev_driver*>(arg);
-  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
-  driver->work_serializer->Run(
-      [driver, error]() { on_timeout_locked(driver, error); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
-}
-
-static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver);
-
-static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
-                                             grpc_error_handle error);
-
+static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu);
+
+// In case of non-responsive DNS servers, dropped packets, etc., c-ares has
+// intelligent timeout and retry logic, which we can take advantage of by
+// polling ares_process_fd on time intervals. Overall, the c-ares library is
+// meant to be called into and given a chance to proceed name resolution:
+//   a) when fd events happen
+//   b) when some time has passed without fd events having happened
+// For the latter, we use this backup poller. Also see
+// https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/17688 description for more details.
 static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver = static_cast<grpc_ares_ev_driver*>(arg);
-  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
-  driver->work_serializer->Run(
-      [driver, error]() { on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(driver, error); },
-      DEBUG_LOCATION);
-}
-
-/* In case of non-responsive DNS servers, dropped packets, etc., c-ares has
- * intelligent timeout and retry logic, which we can take advantage of by
- * polling ares_process_fd on time intervals. Overall, the c-ares library is
- * meant to be called into and given a chance to proceed name resolution:
- *   a) when fd events happen
- *   b) when some time has passed without fd events having happened
- * For the latter, we use this backup poller. Also see
- * https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/17688 description for more details. */
-static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
-                                             grpc_error_handle error) {
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&driver->request->mu);
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
       "request:%p ev_driver=%p on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked. "
       "driver->shutting_down=%d. "
       "err=%s",
       driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down,
-      grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
-  if (!driver->shutting_down && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      grpc_core::StatusToString(error).c_str());
+  if (!driver->shutting_down && error.ok()) {
     fd_node* fdn = driver->fds;
     while (fdn != nullptr) {
       if (!fdn->already_shutdown) {
@@ -312,8 +340,8 @@ static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
       // in a loop while draining the currently-held WorkSerializer.
       // Also see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/26079.
       grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
-      grpc_millis next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
-          calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(driver);
+      grpc_core::Timestamp next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
+          calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm(driver);
       grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(driver);
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked,
                         on_ares_backup_poll_alarm, driver,
@@ -325,74 +353,62 @@ static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
     grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(driver);
   }
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(driver);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void on_readable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error_handle error) {
+static void on_readable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  fd_node* fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(arg);
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&fdn->ev_driver->request->mu);
   GPR_ASSERT(fdn->readable_registered);
   grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver = fdn->ev_driver;
   const ares_socket_t as = fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked();
   fdn->readable_registered = false;
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p readable on %s", fdn->ev_driver->request,
                        fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
-  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+  if (error.ok() && !ev_driver->shutting_down) {
     do {
       ares_process_fd(ev_driver->channel, as, ARES_SOCKET_BAD);
     } while (fdn->grpc_polled_fd->IsFdStillReadableLocked());
   } else {
-    // If error is not GRPC_ERROR_NONE, it means the fd has been shutdown or
-    // timed out. The pending lookups made on this ev_driver will be cancelled
-    // by the following ares_cancel() and the on_done callbacks will be invoked
-    // with a status of ARES_ECANCELLED. The remaining file descriptors in this
-    // ev_driver will be cleaned up in the follwing
-    // grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked().
+    // If error is not absl::OkStatus() or the resolution was cancelled, it
+    // means the fd has been shutdown or timed out. The pending lookups made on
+    // this ev_driver will be cancelled by the following ares_cancel() and the
+    // on_done callbacks will be invoked with a status of ARES_ECANCELLED. The
+    // remaining file descriptors in this ev_driver will be cleaned up in the
+    // follwing grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked().
     ares_cancel(ev_driver->channel);
   }
   grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(ev_driver);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void on_readable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+static void on_writable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   fd_node* fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(arg);
-  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error); /* ref owned by lambda */
-  fdn->ev_driver->work_serializer->Run(
-      [fdn, error]() { on_readable_locked(fdn, error); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
-}
-
-static void on_writable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&fdn->ev_driver->request->mu);
   GPR_ASSERT(fdn->writable_registered);
   grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver = fdn->ev_driver;
   const ares_socket_t as = fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked();
   fdn->writable_registered = false;
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p writable on %s", ev_driver->request,
                        fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
-  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+  if (error.ok() && !ev_driver->shutting_down) {
     ares_process_fd(ev_driver->channel, ARES_SOCKET_BAD, as);
   } else {
-    // If error is not GRPC_ERROR_NONE, it means the fd has been shutdown or
-    // timed out. The pending lookups made on this ev_driver will be cancelled
-    // by the following ares_cancel() and the on_done callbacks will be invoked
-    // with a status of ARES_ECANCELLED. The remaining file descriptors in this
-    // ev_driver will be cleaned up in the follwing
-    // grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked().
+    // If error is not absl::OkStatus() or the resolution was cancelled, it
+    // means the fd has been shutdown or timed out. The pending lookups made on
+    // this ev_driver will be cancelled by the following ares_cancel() and the
+    // on_done callbacks will be invoked with a status of ARES_ECANCELLED. The
+    // remaining file descriptors in this ev_driver will be cleaned up in the
+    // follwing grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked().
     ares_cancel(ev_driver->channel);
   }
   grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(ev_driver);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
-}
-
-static void on_writable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
-  fd_node* fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(arg);
-  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error); /* ref owned by lambda */
-  fdn->ev_driver->work_serializer->Run(
-      [fdn, error]() { on_writable_locked(fdn, error); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
 // Get the file descriptors used by the ev_driver's ares channel, register
 // driver_closure with these filedescriptors.
-static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   fd_node* new_list = nullptr;
   if (!ev_driver->shutting_down) {
     ares_socket_t socks[ARES_GETSOCK_MAXNUM];
@@ -404,13 +420,12 @@ static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
         fd_node* fdn = pop_fd_node_locked(&ev_driver->fds, socks[i]);
         // Create a new fd_node if sock[i] is not in the fd_node list.
         if (fdn == nullptr) {
-          fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(gpr_malloc(sizeof(fd_node)));
+          fdn = new fd_node(ev_driver);
           fdn->grpc_polled_fd =
               ev_driver->polled_fd_factory->NewGrpcPolledFdLocked(
-                  socks[i], ev_driver->pollset_set, ev_driver->work_serializer);
+                  socks[i], ev_driver->pollset_set);
           GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p new fd: %s", ev_driver->request,
                                fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
-          fdn->ev_driver = ev_driver;
           fdn->readable_registered = false;
           fdn->writable_registered = false;
           fdn->already_shutdown = false;
@@ -466,25 +481,27 @@ static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
   ev_driver->fds = new_list;
 }
 
-void grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+void grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&grpc_ares_request::mu) {
   grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
   // Initialize overall DNS resolution timeout alarm
-  grpc_millis timeout =
+  grpc_core::Duration timeout =
       ev_driver->query_timeout_ms == 0
-          ? GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE
-          : ev_driver->query_timeout_ms + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+          ? grpc_core::Duration::Infinity()
+          : grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(ev_driver->query_timeout_ms);
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
       "request:%p ev_driver=%p grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked. timeout in "
       "%" PRId64 " ms",
-      ev_driver->request, ev_driver, timeout);
+      ev_driver->request, ev_driver, timeout.millis());
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_timeout_locked, on_timeout, ev_driver,
                     grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->query_timeout, timeout,
+  grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->query_timeout,
+                  grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + timeout,
                   &ev_driver->on_timeout_locked);
   // Initialize the backup poll alarm
-  grpc_millis next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
-      calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(ev_driver);
+  grpc_core::Timestamp next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
+      calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm(ev_driver);
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked,
                     on_ares_backup_poll_alarm, ev_driver,
@@ -501,10 +518,9 @@ void (*grpc_ares_test_only_inject_config)(ares_channel channel) =
 
 grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(
     grpc_ares_ev_driver** ev_driver, grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set,
-    int query_timeout_ms,
-    std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer,
-    grpc_ares_request* request) {
-  *ev_driver = new grpc_ares_ev_driver();
+    int query_timeout_ms, grpc_ares_request* request)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(request->mu) {
+  *ev_driver = new grpc_ares_ev_driver(request);
   ares_options opts;
   memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
   opts.flags |= ARES_FLAG_STAYOPEN;
@@ -512,35 +528,34 @@ grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(
   grpc_ares_test_only_inject_config((*ev_driver)->channel);
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked", request);
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-    grpc_error_handle err = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrCat(
+    grpc_error_handle err = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(absl::StrCat(
         "Failed to init ares channel. C-ares error: ", ares_strerror(status)));
-    gpr_free(*ev_driver);
+    delete *ev_driver;
     return err;
   }
-  (*ev_driver)->work_serializer = std::move(work_serializer);
   gpr_ref_init(&(*ev_driver)->refs, 1);
   (*ev_driver)->pollset_set = pollset_set;
   (*ev_driver)->fds = nullptr;
   (*ev_driver)->shutting_down = false;
-  (*ev_driver)->request = request;
   (*ev_driver)->polled_fd_factory =
-      grpc_core::NewGrpcPolledFdFactory((*ev_driver)->work_serializer);
+      grpc_core::NewGrpcPolledFdFactory(&(*ev_driver)->request->mu);
   (*ev_driver)
       ->polled_fd_factory->ConfigureAresChannelLocked((*ev_driver)->channel);
   (*ev_driver)->query_timeout_ms = query_timeout_ms;
-  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  return absl::OkStatus();
 }
 
 static void log_address_sorting_list(const grpc_ares_request* r,
                                      const ServerAddressList& addresses,
                                      const char* input_output_str) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < addresses.size(); i++) {
-    std::string addr_str =
-        grpc_sockaddr_to_string(&addresses[i].address(), true);
+    auto addr_str = grpc_sockaddr_to_string(&addresses[i].address(), true);
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "(c-ares resolver) request:%p c-ares address sorting: %s[%" PRIuPTR
             "]=%s",
-            r, input_output_str, i, addr_str.c_str());
+            r, input_output_str, i,
+            addr_str.ok() ? addr_str->c_str()
+                          : addr_str.status().ToString().c_str());
   }
 }
 
@@ -570,26 +585,26 @@ void grpc_cares_wrapper_address_sorting_sort(const grpc_ares_request* r,
   }
 }
 
-static void grpc_ares_request_ref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r) {
+static void grpc_ares_request_ref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu) {
   r->pending_queries++;
 }
 
-static void grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r) {
+static void grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(grpc_ares_request* r)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu) {
   r->pending_queries--;
   if (r->pending_queries == 0u) {
     grpc_ares_ev_driver_on_queries_complete_locked(r->ev_driver);
   }
 }
 
-void grpc_ares_complete_request_locked(grpc_ares_request* r) {
-  /* Invoke on_done callback and destroy the
-     request */
+void grpc_ares_complete_request_locked(grpc_ares_request* r)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu) {
+  // Invoke on_done callback and destroy the request
   r->ev_driver = nullptr;
-  ServerAddressList* addresses = r->addresses_out->get();
-  if (addresses != nullptr) {
-    grpc_cares_wrapper_address_sorting_sort(r, addresses);
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(r->error);
-    r->error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  if (r->addresses_out != nullptr && *r->addresses_out != nullptr) {
+    grpc_cares_wrapper_address_sorting_sort(r, r->addresses_out->get());
+    r->error = absl::OkStatus();
     // TODO(apolcyn): allow c-ares to return a service config
     // with no addresses along side it
   }
@@ -602,11 +617,12 @@ void grpc_ares_complete_request_locked(grpc_ares_request* r) {
   grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_done, r->error);
 }
 
-/* Note that the returned object takes a reference to qtype, so
- * qtype must outlive it. */
+// Note that the returned object takes a reference to qtype, so
+// qtype must outlive it.
 static grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* create_hostbyname_request_locked(
     grpc_ares_request* parent_request, const char* host, uint16_t port,
-    bool is_balancer, const char* qtype) {
+    bool is_balancer, const char* qtype)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(parent_request->mu) {
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
       "request:%p create_hostbyname_request_locked host:%s port:%d "
       "is_balancer:%d qtype:%s",
@@ -621,15 +637,18 @@ static grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* create_hostbyname_request_locked(
   return hr;
 }
 
-static void destroy_hostbyname_request_locked(
-    grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr) {
+static void destroy_hostbyname_request_locked(grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(hr->parent_request->mu) {
   grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(hr->parent_request);
   gpr_free(hr->host);
   delete hr;
 }
 
 static void on_hostbyname_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
-                                      struct hostent* hostent) {
+                                      struct hostent* hostent)
+    ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  // This callback is invoked from the c-ares library, so disable thread safety
+  // analysis. Note that we are guaranteed to be holding r->mu, though.
   grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr =
       static_cast<grpc_ares_hostbyname_request*>(arg);
   grpc_ares_request* r = hr->parent_request;
@@ -640,17 +659,14 @@ static void on_hostbyname_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
     std::unique_ptr<ServerAddressList>* address_list_ptr =
         hr->is_balancer ? r->balancer_addresses_out : r->addresses_out;
     if (*address_list_ptr == nullptr) {
-      *address_list_ptr = absl::make_unique<ServerAddressList>();
+      *address_list_ptr = std::make_unique<ServerAddressList>();
     }
     ServerAddressList& addresses = **address_list_ptr;
     for (size_t i = 0; hostent->h_addr_list[i] != nullptr; ++i) {
-      absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 1> args_to_add;
+      grpc_core::ChannelArgs args;
       if (hr->is_balancer) {
-        args_to_add.emplace_back(grpc_channel_arg_string_create(
-            const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY), hr->host));
+        args = args.Set(GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY, hr->host);
       }
-      grpc_channel_args* args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add(
-          nullptr, args_to_add.data(), args_to_add.size());
       switch (hostent->h_addrtype) {
         case AF_INET6: {
           size_t addr_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
@@ -694,15 +710,17 @@ static void on_hostbyname_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
         hr->qtype, hr->host, hr->is_balancer, ares_strerror(status));
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_hostbyname_done_locked: %s", r,
                          error_msg.c_str());
-    grpc_error_handle error =
-        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(std::move(error_msg));
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(error_msg);
     r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
   }
   destroy_hostbyname_request_locked(hr);
 }
 
 static void on_srv_query_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
-                                     unsigned char* abuf, int alen) {
+                                     unsigned char* abuf,
+                                     int alen) ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  // This callback is invoked from the c-ares library, so disable thread safety
+  // analysis. Note that we are guaranteed to be holding r->mu, though.
   GrpcAresQuery* q = static_cast<GrpcAresQuery*>(arg);
   grpc_ares_request* r = q->parent_request();
   if (status == ARES_SUCCESS) {
@@ -727,7 +745,6 @@ static void on_srv_query_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
             r, srv_it->host, htons(srv_it->port), true /* is_balancer */, "A");
         ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET,
                            on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
-        grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(r->ev_driver);
       }
     }
     if (reply != nullptr) {
@@ -739,8 +756,7 @@ static void on_srv_query_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
         ares_strerror(status));
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_srv_query_done_locked: %s", r,
                          error_msg.c_str());
-    grpc_error_handle error =
-        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(std::move(error_msg));
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(error_msg);
     r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
   }
   delete q;
@@ -749,14 +765,17 @@ static void on_srv_query_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
 static const char g_service_config_attribute_prefix[] = "grpc_config=";
 
 static void on_txt_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
-                               unsigned char* buf, int len) {
+                               unsigned char* buf,
+                               int len) ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  // This callback is invoked from the c-ares library, so disable thread safety
+  // analysis. Note that we are guaranteed to be holding r->mu, though.
   GrpcAresQuery* q = static_cast<GrpcAresQuery*>(arg);
   std::unique_ptr<GrpcAresQuery> query_deleter(q);
   grpc_ares_request* r = q->parent_request();
   const size_t prefix_len = sizeof(g_service_config_attribute_prefix) - 1;
   struct ares_txt_ext* result = nullptr;
   struct ares_txt_ext* reply = nullptr;
-  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) goto fail;
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_txt_done_locked name=%s ARES_SUCCESS", r,
                        q->name().c_str());
@@ -792,6 +811,7 @@ static void on_txt_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
   }
   // Clean up.
   ares_free_data(reply);
+  grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(r);
   return;
 fail:
   std::string error_msg =
@@ -799,44 +819,18 @@ fail:
                       q->name(), ares_strerror(status));
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_txt_done_locked %s", r,
                        error_msg.c_str());
-  error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(std::move(error_msg));
+  error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(error_msg);
   r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
 }
 
-void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
-    grpc_ares_request* r, const char* dns_server, const char* name,
-    const char* default_port, grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties,
-    int query_timeout_ms,
-    std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer) {
-  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr = nullptr;
-  /* parse name, splitting it into host and port parts */
-  std::string host;
-  std::string port;
-  grpc_core::SplitHostPort(name, &host, &port);
-  if (host.empty()) {
-    error = grpc_error_set_str(
-        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("unparseable host:port"),
-        GRPC_ERROR_STR_TARGET_ADDRESS, name);
-    goto error_cleanup;
-  } else if (port.empty()) {
-    if (default_port == nullptr) {
-      error = grpc_error_set_str(
-          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("no port in name"),
-          GRPC_ERROR_STR_TARGET_ADDRESS, name);
-      goto error_cleanup;
-    }
-    port = default_port;
-  }
-  error = grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(&r->ev_driver, interested_parties,
-                                            query_timeout_ms,
-                                            std::move(work_serializer), r);
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) goto error_cleanup;
-  // If dns_server is specified, use it.
-  if (dns_server != nullptr && dns_server[0] != '\0') {
-    GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p Using DNS server %s", r, dns_server);
+grpc_error_handle set_request_dns_server(grpc_ares_request* r,
+                                         absl::string_view dns_server)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu) {
+  if (!dns_server.empty()) {
+    GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p Using DNS server %s", r,
+                         dns_server.data());
     grpc_resolved_address addr;
-    if (grpc_parse_ipv4_hostport(dns_server, &addr, false /* log_errors */)) {
+    if (grpc_parse_ipv4_hostport(dns_server, &addr, /*log_errors=*/false)) {
       r->dns_server_addr.family = AF_INET;
       struct sockaddr_in* in = reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr_in*>(addr.addr);
       memcpy(&r->dns_server_addr.addr.addr4, &in->sin_addr,
@@ -844,7 +838,7 @@ void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
       r->dns_server_addr.tcp_port = grpc_sockaddr_get_port(&addr);
       r->dns_server_addr.udp_port = grpc_sockaddr_get_port(&addr);
     } else if (grpc_parse_ipv6_hostport(dns_server, &addr,
-                                        false /* log_errors */)) {
+                                        /*log_errors=*/false)) {
       r->dns_server_addr.family = AF_INET6;
       struct sockaddr_in6* in6 =
           reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr_in6*>(addr.addr);
@@ -853,51 +847,49 @@ void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
       r->dns_server_addr.tcp_port = grpc_sockaddr_get_port(&addr);
       r->dns_server_addr.udp_port = grpc_sockaddr_get_port(&addr);
     } else {
-      error = grpc_error_set_str(
-          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("cannot parse authority"),
-          GRPC_ERROR_STR_TARGET_ADDRESS, name);
-      goto error_cleanup;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(
+          absl::StrCat("cannot parse authority ", dns_server));
     }
     int status =
         ares_set_servers_ports(r->ev_driver->channel, &r->dns_server_addr);
     if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-      error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrCat(
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(absl::StrCat(
           "C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS: ", ares_strerror(status)));
-      goto error_cleanup;
     }
   }
-  r->pending_queries = 1;
-  if (grpc_ares_query_ipv6()) {
-    hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(r, host.c_str(),
-                                          grpc_strhtons(port.c_str()),
-                                          /*is_balancer=*/false, "AAAA");
-    ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET6,
-                       on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
-  }
-  hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(r, host.c_str(),
-                                        grpc_strhtons(port.c_str()),
-                                        /*is_balancer=*/false, "A");
-  ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET,
-                     on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
-  if (r->balancer_addresses_out != nullptr) {
-    /* Query the SRV record */
-    std::string service_name = absl::StrCat("_grpclb._tcp.", host);
-    GrpcAresQuery* srv_query = new GrpcAresQuery(r, service_name);
-    ares_query(r->ev_driver->channel, service_name.c_str(), ns_c_in, ns_t_srv,
-               on_srv_query_done_locked, srv_query);
-  }
-  if (r->service_config_json_out != nullptr) {
-    std::string config_name = absl::StrCat("_grpc_config.", host);
-    GrpcAresQuery* txt_query = new GrpcAresQuery(r, config_name);
-    ares_search(r->ev_driver->channel, config_name.c_str(), ns_c_in, ns_t_txt,
-                on_txt_done_locked, txt_query);
-  }
-  grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(r->ev_driver);
-  grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(r);
-  return;
+  return absl::OkStatus();
+}
 
-error_cleanup:
-  grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_done, error);
+// Common logic for all lookup methods.
+// If an error occurs, callers must run the client callback.
+grpc_error_handle grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continued(
+    grpc_ares_request* r, const char* dns_server, const char* name,
+    const char* default_port, grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties,
+    int query_timeout_ms, std::string* host, std::string* port, bool check_port)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(r->mu) {
+  grpc_error_handle error;
+  // parse name, splitting it into host and port parts
+  grpc_core::SplitHostPort(name, host, port);
+  if (host->empty()) {
+    error =
+        grpc_error_set_str(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("unparseable host:port"),
+                           grpc_core::StatusStrProperty::kTargetAddress, name);
+    return error;
+  } else if (check_port && port->empty()) {
+    if (default_port == nullptr || strlen(default_port) == 0) {
+      error = grpc_error_set_str(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("no port in name"),
+                                 grpc_core::StatusStrProperty::kTargetAddress,
+                                 name);
+      return error;
+    }
+    *port = default_port;
+  }
+  error = grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(&r->ev_driver, interested_parties,
+                                            query_timeout_ms, r);
+  if (!error.ok()) return error;
+  // If dns_server is specified, use it.
+  error = set_request_dns_server(r, dns_server);
+  return error;
 }
 
 static bool inner_resolve_as_ip_literal_locked(
@@ -912,7 +904,7 @@ static bool inner_resolve_as_ip_literal_locked(
     return false;
   }
   if (port->empty()) {
-    if (default_port == nullptr) {
+    if (default_port == nullptr || strlen(default_port) == 0) {
       gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
               "No port or default port for %s while attempting to resolve as "
               "ip literal.",
@@ -928,8 +920,8 @@ static bool inner_resolve_as_ip_literal_locked(
       grpc_parse_ipv6_hostport(hostport->c_str(), &addr,
                                false /* log errors */)) {
     GPR_ASSERT(*addrs == nullptr);
-    *addrs = absl::make_unique<ServerAddressList>();
-    (*addrs)->emplace_back(addr.addr, addr.len, nullptr /* args */);
+    *addrs = std::make_unique<ServerAddressList>();
+    (*addrs)->emplace_back(addr.addr, addr.len, grpc_core::ChannelArgs());
     return true;
   }
   return false;
@@ -975,7 +967,7 @@ static bool inner_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
     return false;
   }
   if (port->empty()) {
-    if (default_port == nullptr) {
+    if (default_port == nullptr || strlen(default_port) == 0) {
       gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
               "No port or default port for %s during manual localhost "
               "resolution check.",
@@ -986,7 +978,7 @@ static bool inner_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
   }
   if (gpr_stricmp(host->c_str(), "localhost") == 0) {
     GPR_ASSERT(*addrs == nullptr);
-    *addrs = absl::make_unique<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>();
+    *addrs = std::make_unique<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>();
     uint16_t numeric_port = grpc_strhtons(port->c_str());
     // Append the ipv6 loopback address.
     struct sockaddr_in6 ipv6_loopback_addr;
@@ -995,7 +987,7 @@ static bool inner_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
     ipv6_loopback_addr.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
     ipv6_loopback_addr.sin6_port = numeric_port;
     (*addrs)->emplace_back(&ipv6_loopback_addr, sizeof(ipv6_loopback_addr),
-                           nullptr /* args */);
+                           grpc_core::ChannelArgs() /* args */);
     // Append the ipv4 loopback address.
     struct sockaddr_in ipv4_loopback_addr;
     memset(&ipv4_loopback_addr, 0, sizeof(ipv4_loopback_addr));
@@ -1004,7 +996,7 @@ static bool inner_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
     ipv4_loopback_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
     ipv4_loopback_addr.sin_port = numeric_port;
     (*addrs)->emplace_back(&ipv4_loopback_addr, sizeof(ipv4_loopback_addr),
-                           nullptr /* args */);
+                           grpc_core::ChannelArgs() /* args */);
     // Let the address sorter figure out which one should be tried first.
     grpc_cares_wrapper_address_sorting_sort(r, addrs->get());
     return true;
@@ -1020,30 +1012,27 @@ static bool grpc_ares_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
   return inner_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(r, name, default_port,
                                                        addrs, &host, &port);
 }
-#else  /* GRPC_ARES_RESOLVE_LOCALHOST_MANUALLY */
+#else   // GRPC_ARES_RESOLVE_LOCALHOST_MANUALLY
 static bool grpc_ares_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
     const grpc_ares_request* /*r*/, const char* /*name*/,
     const char* /*default_port*/,
     std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* /*addrs*/) {
   return false;
 }
-#endif /* GRPC_ARES_RESOLVE_LOCALHOST_MANUALLY */
+#endif  // GRPC_ARES_RESOLVE_LOCALHOST_MANUALLY
 
-static grpc_ares_request* grpc_dns_lookup_ares_locked_impl(
+static grpc_ares_request* grpc_dns_lookup_hostname_ares_impl(
     const char* dns_server, const char* name, const char* default_port,
     grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties, grpc_closure* on_done,
     std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* addrs,
-    std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* balancer_addrs,
-    char** service_config_json, int query_timeout_ms,
-    std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer) {
+    int query_timeout_ms) {
   grpc_ares_request* r = new grpc_ares_request();
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&r->mu);
   r->ev_driver = nullptr;
   r->on_done = on_done;
   r->addresses_out = addrs;
-  r->balancer_addresses_out = balancer_addrs;
-  r->service_config_json_out = service_config_json;
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
-      "request:%p c-ares grpc_dns_lookup_ares_locked_impl name=%s, "
+      "request:%p c-ares grpc_dns_lookup_hostname_ares_impl name=%s, "
       "default_port=%s",
       r, name, default_port);
   // Early out if the target is an ipv4 or ipv6 literal.
@@ -1057,38 +1046,142 @@ static grpc_ares_request* grpc_dns_lookup_ares_locked_impl(
     grpc_ares_complete_request_locked(r);
     return r;
   }
-  // Don't query for SRV and TXT records if the target is "localhost", so
-  // as to cut down on lookups over the network, especially in tests:
-  // https://github.com/grpc/proposal/pull/79
+  // Look up name using c-ares lib.
+  std::string host;
+  std::string port;
+  grpc_error_handle error = grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continued(
+      r, dns_server, name, default_port, interested_parties, query_timeout_ms,
+      &host, &port, true);
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_done, error);
+    return r;
+  }
+  r->pending_queries = 1;
+  grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr = nullptr;
+  if (grpc_ares_query_ipv6()) {
+    hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(r, host.c_str(),
+                                          grpc_strhtons(port.c_str()),
+                                          /*is_balancer=*/false, "AAAA");
+    ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET6,
+                       on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
+  }
+  hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(r, host.c_str(),
+                                        grpc_strhtons(port.c_str()),
+                                        /*is_balancer=*/false, "A");
+  ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET,
+                     on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(r->ev_driver);
+  grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(r);
+  return r;
+}
+
+grpc_ares_request* grpc_dns_lookup_srv_ares_impl(
+    const char* dns_server, const char* name,
+    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties, grpc_closure* on_done,
+    std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* balancer_addresses,
+    int query_timeout_ms) {
+  grpc_ares_request* r = new grpc_ares_request();
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&r->mu);
+  r->ev_driver = nullptr;
+  r->on_done = on_done;
+  r->balancer_addresses_out = balancer_addresses;
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+      "request:%p c-ares grpc_dns_lookup_srv_ares_impl name=%s", r, name);
+  grpc_error_handle error;
+  // Don't query for SRV records if the target is "localhost"
   if (target_matches_localhost(name)) {
-    r->balancer_addresses_out = nullptr;
-    r->service_config_json_out = nullptr;
+    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_done, error);
+    return r;
   }
   // Look up name using c-ares lib.
-  grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
-      r, dns_server, name, default_port, interested_parties, query_timeout_ms,
-      std::move(work_serializer));
+  std::string host;
+  std::string port;
+  error = grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continued(r, dns_server, name, nullptr,
+                                         interested_parties, query_timeout_ms,
+                                         &host, &port, false);
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_done, error);
+    return r;
+  }
+  r->pending_queries = 1;
+  // Query the SRV record
+  std::string service_name = absl::StrCat("_grpclb._tcp.", host);
+  GrpcAresQuery* srv_query = new GrpcAresQuery(r, service_name);
+  ares_query(r->ev_driver->channel, service_name.c_str(), ns_c_in, ns_t_srv,
+             on_srv_query_done_locked, srv_query);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(r->ev_driver);
+  grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(r);
+  return r;
+}
+
+grpc_ares_request* grpc_dns_lookup_txt_ares_impl(
+    const char* dns_server, const char* name,
+    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties, grpc_closure* on_done,
+    char** service_config_json, int query_timeout_ms) {
+  grpc_ares_request* r = new grpc_ares_request();
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&r->mu);
+  r->ev_driver = nullptr;
+  r->on_done = on_done;
+  r->service_config_json_out = service_config_json;
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+      "request:%p c-ares grpc_dns_lookup_txt_ares_impl name=%s", r, name);
+  grpc_error_handle error;
+  // Don't query for TXT records if the target is "localhost"
+  if (target_matches_localhost(name)) {
+    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_done, error);
+    return r;
+  }
+  // Look up name using c-ares lib.
+  std::string host;
+  std::string port;
+  error = grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continued(r, dns_server, name, nullptr,
+                                         interested_parties, query_timeout_ms,
+                                         &host, &port, false);
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_done, error);
+    return r;
+  }
+  r->pending_queries = 1;
+  // Query the TXT record
+  std::string config_name = absl::StrCat("_grpc_config.", host);
+  GrpcAresQuery* txt_query = new GrpcAresQuery(r, config_name);
+  ares_search(r->ev_driver->channel, config_name.c_str(), ns_c_in, ns_t_txt,
+              on_txt_done_locked, txt_query);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(r->ev_driver);
+  grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(r);
   return r;
 }
 
-grpc_ares_request* (*grpc_dns_lookup_ares_locked)(
+grpc_ares_request* (*grpc_dns_lookup_hostname_ares)(
     const char* dns_server, const char* name, const char* default_port,
     grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties, grpc_closure* on_done,
     std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* addrs,
-    std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* balancer_addrs,
-    char** service_config_json, int query_timeout_ms,
-    std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer) =
-    grpc_dns_lookup_ares_locked_impl;
+    int query_timeout_ms) = grpc_dns_lookup_hostname_ares_impl;
 
-static void grpc_cancel_ares_request_locked_impl(grpc_ares_request* r) {
+grpc_ares_request* (*grpc_dns_lookup_srv_ares)(
+    const char* dns_server, const char* name,
+    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties, grpc_closure* on_done,
+    std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* balancer_addresses,
+    int query_timeout_ms) = grpc_dns_lookup_srv_ares_impl;
+
+grpc_ares_request* (*grpc_dns_lookup_txt_ares)(
+    const char* dns_server, const char* name,
+    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties, grpc_closure* on_done,
+    char** service_config_json,
+    int query_timeout_ms) = grpc_dns_lookup_txt_ares_impl;
+
+static void grpc_cancel_ares_request_impl(grpc_ares_request* r) {
   GPR_ASSERT(r != nullptr);
+  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&r->mu);
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p grpc_cancel_ares_request ev_driver:%p", r,
+                       r->ev_driver);
   if (r->ev_driver != nullptr) {
     grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(r->ev_driver);
   }
 }
 
-void (*grpc_cancel_ares_request_locked)(grpc_ares_request* r) =
-    grpc_cancel_ares_request_locked_impl;
+void (*grpc_cancel_ares_request)(grpc_ares_request* r) =
+    grpc_cancel_ares_request_impl;
 
 // ares_library_init and ares_library_cleanup are currently no-op except under
 // Windows. Calling them may cause race conditions when other parts of the
@@ -1097,107 +1190,16 @@ void (*grpc_cancel_ares_request_locked)(grpc_ares_request* r) =
 grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_init(void) {
   int status = ares_library_init(ARES_LIB_INIT_ALL);
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(
         absl::StrCat("ares_library_init failed: ", ares_strerror(status)));
   }
-  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  return absl::OkStatus();
 }
 
 void grpc_ares_cleanup(void) { ares_library_cleanup(); }
 #else
-grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_init(void) { return GRPC_ERROR_NONE; }
+grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_init(void) { return absl::OkStatus(); }
 void grpc_ares_cleanup(void) {}
 #endif  // GPR_WINDOWS
 
-/*
- * grpc_resolve_address_ares related structs and functions
- */
-
-typedef struct grpc_resolve_address_ares_request {
-  /* work_serializer that queries and related callbacks run under */
-  std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer;
-  /** the pointer to receive the resolved addresses */
-  grpc_resolved_addresses** addrs_out;
-  /** currently resolving addresses */
-  std::unique_ptr<ServerAddressList> addresses;
-  /** closure to call when the resolve_address_ares request completes */
-  grpc_closure* on_resolve_address_done;
-  /** a closure wrapping on_resolve_address_done, which should be invoked when
-     the grpc_dns_lookup_ares_locked operation is done. */
-  grpc_closure on_dns_lookup_done_locked;
-  /* target name */
-  const char* name;
-  /* default port to use if none is specified */
-  const char* default_port;
-  /* pollset_set to be driven by */
-  grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties;
-  /* underlying ares_request that the query is performed on */
-  grpc_ares_request* ares_request = nullptr;
-} grpc_resolve_address_ares_request;
-
-static void on_dns_lookup_done_locked(grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r,
-                                      grpc_error_handle error) {
-  delete r->ares_request;
-  grpc_resolved_addresses** resolved_addresses = r->addrs_out;
-  if (r->addresses == nullptr || r->addresses->empty()) {
-    *resolved_addresses = nullptr;
-  } else {
-    *resolved_addresses = static_cast<grpc_resolved_addresses*>(
-        gpr_zalloc(sizeof(grpc_resolved_addresses)));
-    (*resolved_addresses)->naddrs = r->addresses->size();
-    (*resolved_addresses)->addrs =
-        static_cast<grpc_resolved_address*>(gpr_zalloc(
-            sizeof(grpc_resolved_address) * (*resolved_addresses)->naddrs));
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < (*resolved_addresses)->naddrs; ++i) {
-      memcpy(&(*resolved_addresses)->addrs[i], &(*r->addresses)[i].address(),
-             sizeof(grpc_resolved_address));
-    }
-  }
-  grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, r->on_resolve_address_done, error);
-  delete r;
-}
-
-static void on_dns_lookup_done(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
-  grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r =
-      static_cast<grpc_resolve_address_ares_request*>(arg);
-  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
-  r->work_serializer->Run([r, error]() { on_dns_lookup_done_locked(r, error); },
-                          DEBUG_LOCATION);
-}
-
-static void grpc_resolve_address_invoke_dns_lookup_ares_locked(void* arg) {
-  grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r =
-      static_cast<grpc_resolve_address_ares_request*>(arg);
-  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&r->on_dns_lookup_done_locked, on_dns_lookup_done, r,
-                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  r->ares_request = grpc_dns_lookup_ares_locked(
-      nullptr /* dns_server */, r->name, r->default_port, r->interested_parties,
-      &r->on_dns_lookup_done_locked, &r->addresses,
-      nullptr /* balancer_addresses */, nullptr /* service_config_json */,
-      GRPC_DNS_ARES_DEFAULT_QUERY_TIMEOUT_MS, r->work_serializer);
-}
-
-static void grpc_resolve_address_ares_impl(const char* name,
-                                           const char* default_port,
-                                           grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties,
-                                           grpc_closure* on_done,
-                                           grpc_resolved_addresses** addrs) {
-  grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r =
-      new grpc_resolve_address_ares_request();
-  r->work_serializer = std::make_shared<grpc_core::WorkSerializer>();
-  r->addrs_out = addrs;
-  r->on_resolve_address_done = on_done;
-  r->name = name;
-  r->default_port = default_port;
-  r->interested_parties = interested_parties;
-  r->work_serializer->Run(
-      [r]() { grpc_resolve_address_invoke_dns_lookup_ares_locked(r); },
-      DEBUG_LOCATION);
-}
-
-void (*grpc_resolve_address_ares)(
-    const char* name, const char* default_port,
-    grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties, grpc_closure* on_done,
-    grpc_resolved_addresses** addrs) = grpc_resolve_address_ares_impl;
-
-#endif /* GRPC_ARES == 1 */
+#endif  // GRPC_ARES == 1