grpc 1.42.0 → 1.51.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.cc

@@ -20,60 +20,70 @@
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <limits.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <new>
 #include <set>
+#include <vector>
 
-#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/status/status.h"
+#include "absl/status/statusor.h"
+#include "absl/strings/cord.h"
 #include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/types/optional.h"
+#include "absl/types/variant.h"
 
-#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/event_engine/event_engine.h>
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/gpr_types.h>
+#include <grpc/slice.h>
+#include <grpc/status.h>
 #include <grpc/support/log.h>
 #include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
-#include <grpc/support/sync.h>
 
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/backend_metric.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/backup_poller.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel_channelz.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel_service_config.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/config_selector.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/dynamic_filters.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/global_subchannel_pool.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/http_connect_handshaker.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/child_policy_handler.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy_registry.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/local_subchannel_pool.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/proxy_mapper_registry.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver_registry.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver_result_parsing.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/retry_filter.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_interface_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/deadline/deadline_filter.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/service_config/service_config.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/service_config/service_config_call_data.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/channel/connected_channel.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_trace.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/status_util.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/config/core_configuration.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/debug_location.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/status_helper.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/work_serializer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/handshaker/proxy_mapper_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/polling_entity.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/work_serializer.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/json/json.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/load_balancing/lb_policy_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/load_balancing/subchannel_interface.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/resolver/resolver_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/resolver/server_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/service_config/service_config_call_data.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/service_config/service_config_impl.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_string_helpers.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/connectivity_state.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/error_utils.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata_batch.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/transport/static_metadata.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/transport/status_metadata.h"
 
 //
 // Client channel filter
@@ -84,12 +94,11 @@
 
 namespace grpc_core {
 
-using internal::ClientChannelGlobalParsedConfig;
 using internal::ClientChannelMethodParsedConfig;
-using internal::ClientChannelServiceConfigParser;
 
+TraceFlag grpc_client_channel_trace(false, "client_channel");
 TraceFlag grpc_client_channel_call_trace(false, "client_channel_call");
-TraceFlag grpc_client_channel_routing_trace(false, "client_channel_routing");
+TraceFlag grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace(false, "client_channel_lb_call");
 
 //
 // ClientChannel::CallData definition
@@ -178,8 +187,6 @@ class ClientChannel::CallData {
 
   static void RecvTrailingMetadataReadyForConfigSelectorCommitCallback(
       void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
-  void InjectRecvTrailingMetadataReadyForConfigSelectorCommitCallback(
-      grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch);
 
   void CreateDynamicCall(grpc_call_element* elem);
 
@@ -193,7 +200,7 @@ class ClientChannel::CallData {
 
   grpc_slice path_;  // Request path.
   gpr_cycle_counter call_start_time_;
-  grpc_millis deadline_;
+  Timestamp deadline_;
   Arena* arena_;
   grpc_call_stack* owning_call_;
   CallCombiner* call_combiner_;
@@ -227,7 +234,7 @@ class ClientChannel::CallData {
   grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* pending_batches_[MAX_PENDING_BATCHES] = {};
 
   // Set when we get a cancel_stream op.
-  grpc_error_handle cancel_error_ = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle cancel_error_;
 };
 
 //
@@ -236,6 +243,7 @@ class ClientChannel::CallData {
 
 const grpc_channel_filter ClientChannel::kFilterVtable = {
     ClientChannel::CallData::StartTransportStreamOpBatch,
+    nullptr,
     ClientChannel::StartTransportOp,
     sizeof(ClientChannel::CallData),
     ClientChannel::CallData::Init,
@@ -243,6 +251,7 @@ const grpc_channel_filter ClientChannel::kFilterVtable = {
     ClientChannel::CallData::Destroy,
     sizeof(ClientChannel),
     ClientChannel::Init,
+    grpc_channel_stack_no_post_init,
     ClientChannel::Destroy,
     ClientChannel::GetChannelInfo,
     "client-channel",
@@ -254,28 +263,6 @@ const grpc_channel_filter ClientChannel::kFilterVtable = {
 
 namespace {
 
-// Channel arg pointer vtable for GRPC_ARG_CLIENT_CHANNEL.
-void* ClientChannelArgCopy(void* p) { return p; }
-void ClientChannelArgDestroy(void* /*p*/) {}
-int ClientChannelArgCmp(void* p, void* q) { return QsortCompare(p, q); }
-const grpc_arg_pointer_vtable kClientChannelArgPointerVtable = {
-    ClientChannelArgCopy, ClientChannelArgDestroy, ClientChannelArgCmp};
-
-// Channel arg pointer vtable for GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG_OBJ.
-void* ServiceConfigObjArgCopy(void* p) {
-  auto* service_config = static_cast<ServiceConfig*>(p);
-  service_config->Ref().release();
-  return p;
-}
-void ServiceConfigObjArgDestroy(void* p) {
-  auto* service_config = static_cast<ServiceConfig*>(p);
-  service_config->Unref();
-}
-int ServiceConfigObjArgCmp(void* p, void* q) { return QsortCompare(p, q); }
-const grpc_arg_pointer_vtable kServiceConfigObjArgPointerVtable = {
-    ServiceConfigObjArgCopy, ServiceConfigObjArgDestroy,
-    ServiceConfigObjArgCmp};
-
 class DynamicTerminationFilter {
  public:
   class CallData;
@@ -287,7 +274,7 @@ class DynamicTerminationFilter {
     GPR_ASSERT(args->is_last);
     GPR_ASSERT(elem->filter == &kFilterVtable);
     new (elem->channel_data) DynamicTerminationFilter(args->channel_args);
-    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    return absl::OkStatus();
   }
 
   static void Destroy(grpc_channel_element* elem) {
@@ -314,7 +301,7 @@ class DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData {
   static grpc_error_handle Init(grpc_call_element* elem,
                                 const grpc_call_element_args* args) {
     new (elem->call_data) CallData(*args);
-    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    return absl::OkStatus();
   }
 
   static void Destroy(grpc_call_element* elem,
@@ -330,7 +317,7 @@ class DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData {
       subchannel_call->SetAfterCallStackDestroy(then_schedule_closure);
     } else {
       // TODO(yashkt) : This can potentially be a Closure::Run
-      ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, then_schedule_closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+      ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, then_schedule_closure, absl::OkStatus());
     }
   }
 
@@ -356,7 +343,7 @@ class DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData {
         args, pollent, nullptr,
         service_config_call_data->call_dispatch_controller(),
         /*is_transparent_retry=*/false);
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p dynamic_termination_calld=%p: create lb_call=%p", chand,
               client_channel, calld->lb_call_.get());
@@ -365,17 +352,17 @@ class DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData {
 
  private:
   explicit CallData(const grpc_call_element_args& args)
-      : path_(grpc_slice_ref_internal(args.path)),
+      : path_(CSliceRef(args.path)),
         deadline_(args.deadline),
         arena_(args.arena),
         owning_call_(args.call_stack),
         call_combiner_(args.call_combiner),
         call_context_(args.context) {}
 
-  ~CallData() { grpc_slice_unref_internal(path_); }
+  ~CallData() { CSliceUnref(path_); }
 
   grpc_slice path_;  // Request path.
-  grpc_millis deadline_;
+  Timestamp deadline_;
   Arena* arena_;
   grpc_call_stack* owning_call_;
   CallCombiner* call_combiner_;
@@ -386,6 +373,7 @@ class DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData {
 
 const grpc_channel_filter DynamicTerminationFilter::kFilterVtable = {
     DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData::StartTransportStreamOpBatch,
+    nullptr,
     DynamicTerminationFilter::StartTransportOp,
     sizeof(DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData),
     DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData::Init,
@@ -393,6 +381,7 @@ const grpc_channel_filter DynamicTerminationFilter::kFilterVtable = {
     DynamicTerminationFilter::CallData::Destroy,
     sizeof(DynamicTerminationFilter),
     DynamicTerminationFilter::Init,
+    grpc_channel_stack_no_post_init,
     DynamicTerminationFilter::Destroy,
     DynamicTerminationFilter::GetChannelInfo,
     "dynamic_filter_termination",
@@ -411,22 +400,17 @@ class ClientChannel::ResolverResultHandler : public Resolver::ResultHandler {
   }
 
   ~ResolverResultHandler() override {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: resolver shutdown complete", chand_);
     }
     GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand_->owning_stack_, "ResolverResultHandler");
   }
 
-  void ReturnResult(Resolver::Result result) override
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+  void ReportResult(Resolver::Result result) override
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     chand_->OnResolverResultChangedLocked(std::move(result));
   }
 
-  void ReturnError(grpc_error_handle error) override
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
-    chand_->OnResolverErrorLocked(error);
-  }
-
  private:
   ClientChannel* chand_;
 };
@@ -447,14 +431,13 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
  public:
   SubchannelWrapper(ClientChannel* chand, RefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel,
                     absl::optional<std::string> health_check_service_name)
-      : SubchannelInterface(
-            GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)
-                ? "SubchannelWrapper"
-                : nullptr),
+      : SubchannelInterface(GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)
+                                ? "SubchannelWrapper"
+                                : nullptr),
         chand_(chand),
         subchannel_(std::move(subchannel)),
         health_check_service_name_(std::move(health_check_service_name)) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p: creating subchannel wrapper %p for subchannel %p",
               chand, this, subchannel_.get());
@@ -476,7 +459,7 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
   }
 
   ~SubchannelWrapper() override {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p: destroying subchannel wrapper %p for subchannel %p",
               chand_, this, subchannel_.get());
@@ -498,27 +481,21 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
     GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand_->owning_stack_, "SubchannelWrapper");
   }
 
-  grpc_connectivity_state CheckConnectivityState() override {
-    return subchannel_->CheckConnectivityState(health_check_service_name_);
-  }
-
   void WatchConnectivityState(
-      grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
       std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher) override
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     auto& watcher_wrapper = watcher_map_[watcher.get()];
     GPR_ASSERT(watcher_wrapper == nullptr);
     watcher_wrapper = new WatcherWrapper(std::move(watcher),
-                                         Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "WatcherWrapper"),
-                                         initial_state);
+                                         Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "WatcherWrapper"));
     subchannel_->WatchConnectivityState(
-        initial_state, health_check_service_name_,
+        health_check_service_name_,
         RefCountedPtr<Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>(
             watcher_wrapper));
   }
 
   void CancelConnectivityStateWatch(ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface* watcher)
-      override ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      override ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     auto it = watcher_map_.find(watcher);
     GPR_ASSERT(it != watcher_map_.end());
     subchannel_->CancelConnectivityStateWatch(health_check_service_name_,
@@ -530,12 +507,17 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
     return subchannel_->connected_subchannel();
   }
 
-  void AttemptToConnect() override { subchannel_->AttemptToConnect(); }
+  void RequestConnection() override { subchannel_->RequestConnection(); }
 
   void ResetBackoff() override { subchannel_->ResetBackoff(); }
 
-  const grpc_channel_args* channel_args() override {
-    return subchannel_->channel_args();
+  void AddDataWatcher(std::unique_ptr<DataWatcherInterface> watcher) override
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
+    std::unique_ptr<InternalSubchannelDataWatcherInterface> internal_watcher(
+        static_cast<InternalSubchannelDataWatcherInterface*>(
+            watcher.release()));
+    internal_watcher->SetSubchannel(subchannel_.get());
+    data_watchers_.push_back(std::move(internal_watcher));
   }
 
   void ThrottleKeepaliveTime(int new_keepalive_time) {
@@ -562,24 +544,21 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
     WatcherWrapper(
         std::unique_ptr<SubchannelInterface::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>
             watcher,
-        RefCountedPtr<SubchannelWrapper> parent,
-        grpc_connectivity_state initial_state)
-        : watcher_(std::move(watcher)),
-          parent_(std::move(parent)),
-          last_seen_state_(initial_state) {}
+        RefCountedPtr<SubchannelWrapper> parent)
+        : watcher_(std::move(watcher)), parent_(std::move(parent)) {}
 
     ~WatcherWrapper() override {
       auto* parent = parent_.release();  // ref owned by lambda
       parent->chand_->work_serializer_->Run(
-          [parent]()
-              ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(parent_->chand_->work_serializer_) {
-                parent->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "WatcherWrapper");
-              },
+          [parent]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(
+              *parent_->chand_->work_serializer_) {
+            parent->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "WatcherWrapper");
+          },
           DEBUG_LOCATION);
     }
 
     void OnConnectivityStateChange() override {
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
         gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                 "chand=%p: connectivity change for subchannel wrapper %p "
                 "subchannel %p; hopping into work_serializer",
@@ -587,11 +566,11 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
       }
       Ref().release();  // ref owned by lambda
       parent_->chand_->work_serializer_->Run(
-          [this]()
-              ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(parent_->chand_->work_serializer_) {
-                ApplyUpdateInControlPlaneWorkSerializer();
-                Unref();
-              },
+          [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(
+              *parent_->chand_->work_serializer_) {
+            ApplyUpdateInControlPlaneWorkSerializer();
+            Unref();
+          },
           DEBUG_LOCATION);
     }
 
@@ -603,18 +582,15 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
     }
 
     WatcherWrapper* MakeReplacement() {
-      auto* replacement =
-          new WatcherWrapper(std::move(watcher_), parent_, last_seen_state_);
+      auto* replacement = new WatcherWrapper(std::move(watcher_), parent_);
       replacement_ = replacement;
       return replacement;
     }
 
-    grpc_connectivity_state last_seen_state() const { return last_seen_state_; }
-
    private:
     void ApplyUpdateInControlPlaneWorkSerializer()
-        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(parent_->chand_->work_serializer_) {
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*parent_->chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
         gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                 "chand=%p: processing connectivity change in work serializer "
                 "for subchannel wrapper %p subchannel %p "
@@ -631,7 +607,7 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
                              &new_keepalive_time)) {
           if (new_keepalive_time > parent_->chand_->keepalive_time_) {
             parent_->chand_->keepalive_time_ = new_keepalive_time;
-            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
               gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: throttling keepalive time to %d",
                       parent_->chand_, parent_->chand_->keepalive_time_);
             }
@@ -652,15 +628,21 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
       // Ignore update if the parent WatcherWrapper has been replaced
       // since this callback was scheduled.
       if (watcher_ != nullptr) {
-        last_seen_state_ = state_change.state;
-        watcher_->OnConnectivityStateChange(state_change.state);
+        // Propagate status only in state TF.
+        // We specifically want to avoid propagating the status for
+        // state IDLE that the real subchannel gave us only for the
+        // purpose of keepalive propagation.
+        if (state_change.state != GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE) {
+          state_change.status = absl::OkStatus();
+        }
+        watcher_->OnConnectivityStateChange(state_change.state,
+                                            state_change.status);
       }
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<SubchannelInterface::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>
         watcher_;
     RefCountedPtr<SubchannelWrapper> parent_;
-    grpc_connectivity_state last_seen_state_;
     WatcherWrapper* replacement_ = nullptr;
   };
 
@@ -673,7 +655,9 @@ class ClientChannel::SubchannelWrapper : public SubchannelInterface {
   // CancelConnectivityStateWatch() with its watcher, we know the
   // corresponding WrapperWatcher to cancel on the underlying subchannel.
   std::map<ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface*, WatcherWrapper*> watcher_map_
-      ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&ClientChannel::work_serializer_);
+      ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*chand_->work_serializer_);
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InternalSubchannelDataWatcherInterface>>
+      data_watchers_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*chand_->work_serializer_);
 };
 
 //
@@ -703,7 +687,7 @@ ClientChannel::ExternalConnectivityWatcher::ExternalConnectivityWatcher(
   }
   // Pass the ref from creating the object to Start().
   chand_->work_serializer_->Run(
-      [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
         // The ref is passed to AddWatcherLocked().
         AddWatcherLocked();
       },
@@ -747,14 +731,18 @@ void ClientChannel::ExternalConnectivityWatcher::Notify(
       chand_, on_complete_, /*cancel=*/false);
   // Report new state to the user.
   *state_ = state;
-  ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, on_complete_, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, on_complete_, absl::OkStatus());
   // Hop back into the work_serializer to clean up.
   // Not needed in state SHUTDOWN, because the tracker will
   // automatically remove all watchers in that case.
+  // Note: The callback takes a ref in case the ref inside the state tracker
+  // gets removed before the callback runs via a SHUTDOWN notification.
   if (state != GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN) {
+    Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RemoveWatcherLocked()").release();
     chand_->work_serializer_->Run(
-        [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+        [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
           RemoveWatcherLocked();
+          Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RemoveWatcherLocked()");
         },
         DEBUG_LOCATION);
   }
@@ -766,17 +754,21 @@ void ClientChannel::ExternalConnectivityWatcher::Cancel() {
                                      std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     return;  // Already done.
   }
-  ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, on_complete_, GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
+  ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, on_complete_, absl::CancelledError());
   // Hop back into the work_serializer to clean up.
+  // Note: The callback takes a ref in case the ref inside the state tracker
+  // gets removed before the callback runs via a SHUTDOWN notification.
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RemoveWatcherLocked()").release();
   chand_->work_serializer_->Run(
-      [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
         RemoveWatcherLocked();
+        Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RemoveWatcherLocked()");
       },
       DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::ExternalConnectivityWatcher::AddWatcherLocked() {
-  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, watcher_timer_init_, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, watcher_timer_init_, absl::OkStatus());
   // Add new watcher. Pass the ref of the object from creation to OrphanablePtr.
   chand_->state_tracker_.AddWatcher(
       initial_state_, OrphanablePtr<ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>(this));
@@ -800,7 +792,7 @@ class ClientChannel::ConnectivityWatcherAdder {
         watcher_(std::move(watcher)) {
     GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand_->owning_stack_, "ConnectivityWatcherAdder");
     chand_->work_serializer_->Run(
-        [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+        [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
           AddWatcherLocked();
         },
         DEBUG_LOCATION);
@@ -808,7 +800,7 @@ class ClientChannel::ConnectivityWatcherAdder {
 
  private:
   void AddWatcherLocked()
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     chand_->state_tracker_.AddWatcher(initial_state_, std::move(watcher_));
     GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand_->owning_stack_, "ConnectivityWatcherAdder");
     delete this;
@@ -830,7 +822,7 @@ class ClientChannel::ConnectivityWatcherRemover {
       : chand_(chand), watcher_(watcher) {
     GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand_->owning_stack_, "ConnectivityWatcherRemover");
     chand_->work_serializer_->Run(
-        [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+        [this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
           RemoveWatcherLocked();
         },
         DEBUG_LOCATION);
@@ -838,7 +830,7 @@ class ClientChannel::ConnectivityWatcherRemover {
 
  private:
   void RemoveWatcherLocked()
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     chand_->state_tracker_.RemoveWatcher(watcher_);
     GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand_->owning_stack_,
                              "ConnectivityWatcherRemover");
@@ -866,67 +858,23 @@ class ClientChannel::ClientChannelControlHelper
   }
 
   RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> CreateSubchannel(
-      ServerAddress address, const grpc_channel_args& args) override
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      ServerAddress address, const ChannelArgs& args) override
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     if (chand_->resolver_ == nullptr) return nullptr;  // Shutting down.
     // Determine health check service name.
     absl::optional<std::string> health_check_service_name;
-    const char* health_check_service_name_arg = grpc_channel_args_find_string(
-        &args, GRPC_ARG_HEALTH_CHECK_SERVICE_NAME);
-    if (health_check_service_name_arg != nullptr) {
-      bool inhibit_health_checking = grpc_channel_args_find_bool(
-          &args, GRPC_ARG_INHIBIT_HEALTH_CHECKING, false);
-      if (!inhibit_health_checking) {
-        health_check_service_name = health_check_service_name_arg;
-      }
+    if (!args.GetBool(GRPC_ARG_INHIBIT_HEALTH_CHECKING).value_or(false)) {
+      health_check_service_name =
+          args.GetOwnedString(GRPC_ARG_HEALTH_CHECK_SERVICE_NAME);
     }
     // Construct channel args for subchannel.
-    // Remove channel args that should not affect subchannel uniqueness.
-    absl::InlinedVector<const char*, 4> args_to_remove = {
-        GRPC_ARG_HEALTH_CHECK_SERVICE_NAME,
-        GRPC_ARG_INHIBIT_HEALTH_CHECKING,
-        GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_CHANNEL_NODE,
-    };
-    // Add channel args needed for the subchannel.
-    absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 2> args_to_add = {
-        SubchannelPoolInterface::CreateChannelArg(
-            chand_->subchannel_pool_.get()),
-    };
-    // Check if default authority arg is already set.
-    const char* default_authority =
-        grpc_channel_args_find_string(&args, GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY);
-    // Add args from subchannel address.
-    if (address.args() != nullptr) {
-      for (size_t j = 0; j < address.args()->num_args; ++j) {
-        grpc_arg& arg = address.args()->args[j];
-        if (strcmp(arg.key, GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY) == 0) {
-          // Don't add default authority arg from subchannel address if
-          // it's already set at the channel level -- the value from the
-          // application should take precedence over what is set by the
-          // resolver.
-          if (default_authority != nullptr) continue;
-          default_authority = arg.value.string;
-        }
-        args_to_add.emplace_back(arg);
-      }
-    }
-    // If we haven't already set the default authority arg, add it from
-    // the channel.
-    if (default_authority == nullptr) {
-      // Remove it, just in case it's actually present but is the wrong type.
-      args_to_remove.push_back(GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY);
-      args_to_add.push_back(grpc_channel_arg_string_create(
-          const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY),
-          const_cast<char*>(chand_->default_authority_.c_str())));
-    }
-    grpc_channel_args* new_args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add_and_remove(
-        &args, args_to_remove.data(), args_to_remove.size(), args_to_add.data(),
-        args_to_add.size());
+    ChannelArgs subchannel_args = ClientChannel::MakeSubchannelArgs(
+        args, address.args(), chand_->subchannel_pool_,
+        chand_->default_authority_);
     // Create subchannel.
     RefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel =
         chand_->client_channel_factory_->CreateSubchannel(address.address(),
-                                                          new_args);
-    grpc_channel_args_destroy(new_args);
+                                                          subchannel_args);
     if (subchannel == nullptr) return nullptr;
     // Make sure the subchannel has updated keepalive time.
     subchannel->ThrottleKeepaliveTime(chand_->keepalive_time_);
@@ -938,10 +886,10 @@ class ClientChannel::ClientChannelControlHelper
   void UpdateState(
       grpc_connectivity_state state, const absl::Status& status,
       std::unique_ptr<LoadBalancingPolicy::SubchannelPicker> picker) override
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     if (chand_->resolver_ == nullptr) return;  // Shutting down.
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
-      const char* extra = chand_->disconnect_error_ == GRPC_ERROR_NONE
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
+      const char* extra = chand_->disconnect_error_.ok()
                               ? ""
                               : " (ignoring -- channel shutting down)";
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: update: state=%s status=(%s) picker=%p%s",
@@ -949,16 +897,16 @@ class ClientChannel::ClientChannelControlHelper
               picker.get(), extra);
     }
     // Do update only if not shutting down.
-    if (chand_->disconnect_error_ == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (chand_->disconnect_error_.ok()) {
       chand_->UpdateStateAndPickerLocked(state, status, "helper",
                                          std::move(picker));
     }
   }
 
   void RequestReresolution() override
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     if (chand_->resolver_ == nullptr) return;  // Shutting down.
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: started name re-resolving", chand_);
     }
     chand_->resolver_->RequestReresolutionLocked();
@@ -968,8 +916,12 @@ class ClientChannel::ClientChannelControlHelper
     return chand_->default_authority_;
   }
 
+  grpc_event_engine::experimental::EventEngine* GetEventEngine() override {
+    return chand_->owning_stack_->EventEngine();
+  }
+
   void AddTraceEvent(TraceSeverity severity, absl::string_view message) override
-      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand_->work_serializer_) {
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand_->work_serializer_) {
     if (chand_->resolver_ == nullptr) return;  // Shutting down.
     if (chand_->channelz_node_ != nullptr) {
       chand_->channelz_node_->AddTraceEvent(
@@ -993,9 +945,9 @@ class ClientChannel::ClientChannelControlHelper
 // ClientChannel implementation
 //
 
-ClientChannel* ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(grpc_channel* channel) {
+ClientChannel* ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(Channel* channel) {
   grpc_channel_element* elem =
-      grpc_channel_stack_last_element(grpc_channel_get_channel_stack(channel));
+      grpc_channel_stack_last_element(channel->channel_stack());
   if (elem->filter != &kFilterVtable) return nullptr;
   return static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
 }
@@ -1004,7 +956,7 @@ grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::Init(grpc_channel_element* elem,
                                       grpc_channel_element_args* args) {
   GPR_ASSERT(args->is_last);
   GPR_ASSERT(elem->filter == &kFilterVtable);
-  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
   new (elem->channel_data) ClientChannel(args, &error);
   return error;
 }
@@ -1017,35 +969,29 @@ void ClientChannel::Destroy(grpc_channel_element* elem) {
 namespace {
 
 RefCountedPtr<SubchannelPoolInterface> GetSubchannelPool(
-    const grpc_channel_args* args) {
-  const bool use_local_subchannel_pool = grpc_channel_args_find_bool(
-      args, GRPC_ARG_USE_LOCAL_SUBCHANNEL_POOL, false);
-  if (use_local_subchannel_pool) {
+    const ChannelArgs& args) {
+  if (args.GetBool(GRPC_ARG_USE_LOCAL_SUBCHANNEL_POOL).value_or(false)) {
     return MakeRefCounted<LocalSubchannelPool>();
   }
   return GlobalSubchannelPool::instance();
 }
 
-channelz::ChannelNode* GetChannelzNode(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
-  return grpc_channel_args_find_pointer<channelz::ChannelNode>(
-      args, GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_CHANNEL_NODE);
-}
-
 }  // namespace
 
 ClientChannel::ClientChannel(grpc_channel_element_args* args,
                              grpc_error_handle* error)
-    : deadline_checking_enabled_(
-          grpc_deadline_checking_enabled(args->channel_args)),
+    : channel_args_(ChannelArgs::FromC(args->channel_args)),
+      deadline_checking_enabled_(grpc_deadline_checking_enabled(channel_args_)),
       owning_stack_(args->channel_stack),
-      client_channel_factory_(
-          ClientChannelFactory::GetFromChannelArgs(args->channel_args)),
-      channelz_node_(GetChannelzNode(args->channel_args)),
+      client_channel_factory_(channel_args_.GetObject<ClientChannelFactory>()),
+      channelz_node_(channel_args_.GetObject<channelz::ChannelNode>()),
       interested_parties_(grpc_pollset_set_create()),
+      service_config_parser_index_(
+          internal::ClientChannelServiceConfigParser::ParserIndex()),
       work_serializer_(std::make_shared<WorkSerializer>()),
       state_tracker_("client_channel", GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE),
-      subchannel_pool_(GetSubchannelPool(args->channel_args)) {
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+      subchannel_pool_(GetSubchannelPool(channel_args_)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: creating client_channel for channel stack %p",
             this, owning_stack_);
   }
@@ -1053,80 +999,76 @@ ClientChannel::ClientChannel(grpc_channel_element_args* args,
   grpc_client_channel_start_backup_polling(interested_parties_);
   // Check client channel factory.
   if (client_channel_factory_ == nullptr) {
-    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(
         "Missing client channel factory in args for client channel filter");
     return;
   }
   // Get default service config.  If none is specified via the client API,
   // we use an empty config.
-  const char* service_config_json = grpc_channel_args_find_string(
-      args->channel_args, GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG);
-  if (service_config_json == nullptr) service_config_json = "{}";
-  *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  default_service_config_ =
-      ServiceConfig::Create(args->channel_args, service_config_json, error);
-  if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    default_service_config_.reset();
+  absl::optional<absl::string_view> service_config_json =
+      channel_args_.GetString(GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG);
+  if (!service_config_json.has_value()) service_config_json = "{}";
+  *error = absl::OkStatus();
+  auto service_config =
+      ServiceConfigImpl::Create(channel_args_, *service_config_json);
+  if (!service_config.ok()) {
+    *error = absl_status_to_grpc_error(service_config.status());
     return;
   }
+  default_service_config_ = std::move(*service_config);
   // Get URI to resolve, using proxy mapper if needed.
-  const char* server_uri =
-      grpc_channel_args_find_string(args->channel_args, GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
-  if (server_uri == nullptr) {
-    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+  absl::optional<std::string> server_uri =
+      channel_args_.GetOwnedString(GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
+  if (!server_uri.has_value()) {
+    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(
         "target URI channel arg missing or wrong type in client channel "
         "filter");
     return;
   }
-  uri_to_resolve_ = server_uri;
-  char* proxy_name = nullptr;
-  grpc_channel_args* new_args = nullptr;
-  ProxyMapperRegistry::MapName(server_uri, args->channel_args, &proxy_name,
-                               &new_args);
-  if (proxy_name != nullptr) {
-    uri_to_resolve_ = proxy_name;
-    gpr_free(proxy_name);
-  }
+  uri_to_resolve_ = CoreConfiguration::Get()
+                        .proxy_mapper_registry()
+                        .MapName(*server_uri, &channel_args_)
+                        .value_or(*server_uri);
   // Make sure the URI to resolve is valid, so that we know that
   // resolver creation will succeed later.
-  if (!ResolverRegistry::IsValidTarget(uri_to_resolve_)) {
-    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
-        absl::StrCat("the target uri is not valid: ", uri_to_resolve_.c_str()));
+  if (!CoreConfiguration::Get().resolver_registry().IsValidTarget(
+          uri_to_resolve_)) {
+    *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE(
+        absl::StrCat("the target uri is not valid: ", uri_to_resolve_));
     return;
   }
   // Strip out service config channel arg, so that it doesn't affect
   // subchannel uniqueness when the args flow down to that layer.
-  const char* arg_to_remove = GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG;
-  channel_args_ = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_remove(
-      new_args != nullptr ? new_args : args->channel_args, &arg_to_remove, 1);
-  grpc_channel_args_destroy(new_args);
+  channel_args_ = channel_args_.Remove(GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG);
   // Set initial keepalive time.
-  keepalive_time_ = grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
-      channel_args_, GRPC_ARG_KEEPALIVE_TIME_MS,
-      {-1 /* default value, unset */, 1, INT_MAX});
+  auto keepalive_arg = channel_args_.GetInt(GRPC_ARG_KEEPALIVE_TIME_MS);
+  if (keepalive_arg.has_value()) {
+    keepalive_time_ = Clamp(*keepalive_arg, 1, INT_MAX);
+  } else {
+    keepalive_time_ = -1;  // unset
+  }
   // Set default authority.
-  const char* default_authority =
-      grpc_channel_args_find_string(channel_args_, GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY);
-  if (default_authority == nullptr) {
-    default_authority_ = ResolverRegistry::GetDefaultAuthority(server_uri);
+  absl::optional<std::string> default_authority =
+      channel_args_.GetOwnedString(GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY);
+  if (!default_authority.has_value()) {
+    default_authority_ =
+        CoreConfiguration::Get().resolver_registry().GetDefaultAuthority(
+            *server_uri);
   } else {
-    default_authority_ = default_authority;
+    default_authority_ = std::move(*default_authority);
   }
   // Success.
-  *error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  *error = absl::OkStatus();
 }
 
 ClientChannel::~ClientChannel() {
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: destroying channel", this);
   }
   DestroyResolverAndLbPolicyLocked();
-  grpc_channel_args_destroy(channel_args_);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(resolver_transient_failure_error_);
   // Stop backup polling.
   grpc_client_channel_stop_backup_polling(interested_parties_);
   grpc_pollset_set_destroy(interested_parties_);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(disconnect_error_);
 }
 
 OrphanablePtr<ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall>
@@ -1140,6 +1082,29 @@ ClientChannel::CreateLoadBalancedCall(
       call_dispatch_controller, is_transparent_retry));
 }
 
+ChannelArgs ClientChannel::MakeSubchannelArgs(
+    const ChannelArgs& channel_args, const ChannelArgs& address_args,
+    const RefCountedPtr<SubchannelPoolInterface>& subchannel_pool,
+    const std::string& channel_default_authority) {
+  // Note that we start with the channel-level args and then apply the
+  // per-address args, so that if a value is present in both, the one
+  // in the channel-level args is used.  This is particularly important
+  // for the GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY arg, which we want to allow
+  // resolvers to set on a per-address basis only if the application
+  // did not explicitly set it at the channel level.
+  return channel_args.UnionWith(address_args)
+      .SetObject(subchannel_pool)
+      // If we haven't already set the default authority arg (i.e., it
+      // was not explicitly set by the application nor overridden by
+      // the resolver), add it from the channel's default.
+      .SetIfUnset(GRPC_ARG_DEFAULT_AUTHORITY, channel_default_authority)
+      // Remove channel args that should not affect subchannel
+      // uniqueness.
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_HEALTH_CHECK_SERVICE_NAME)
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_INHIBIT_HEALTH_CHECKING)
+      .Remove(GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_CHANNEL_NODE);
+}
+
 namespace {
 
 RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> ChooseLbPolicy(
@@ -1151,38 +1116,52 @@ RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> ChooseLbPolicy(
   }
   // Try the deprecated LB policy name from the service config.
   // If not, try the setting from channel args.
-  const char* policy_name = nullptr;
+  absl::optional<absl::string_view> policy_name;
   if (!parsed_service_config->parsed_deprecated_lb_policy().empty()) {
-    policy_name = parsed_service_config->parsed_deprecated_lb_policy().c_str();
+    policy_name = parsed_service_config->parsed_deprecated_lb_policy();
   } else {
-    policy_name = grpc_channel_args_find_string(resolver_result.args,
-                                                GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME);
+    policy_name = resolver_result.args.GetString(GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME);
+    bool requires_config = false;
+    if (policy_name.has_value() &&
+        (!CoreConfiguration::Get()
+              .lb_policy_registry()
+              .LoadBalancingPolicyExists(*policy_name, &requires_config) ||
+         requires_config)) {
+      if (requires_config) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+                "LB policy: %s passed through channel_args must not "
+                "require a config. Using pick_first instead.",
+                std::string(*policy_name).c_str());
+      } else {
+        gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+                "LB policy: %s passed through channel_args does not exist. "
+                "Using pick_first instead.",
+                std::string(*policy_name).c_str());
+      }
+      policy_name = "pick_first";
+    }
   }
   // Use pick_first if nothing was specified and we didn't select grpclb
   // above.
-  if (policy_name == nullptr) policy_name = "pick_first";
+  if (!policy_name.has_value()) policy_name = "pick_first";
   // Now that we have the policy name, construct an empty config for it.
   Json config_json = Json::Array{Json::Object{
-      {policy_name, Json::Object{}},
+      {std::string(*policy_name), Json::Object{}},
   }};
-  grpc_error_handle parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  auto lb_policy_config = LoadBalancingPolicyRegistry::ParseLoadBalancingConfig(
-      config_json, &parse_error);
+  auto lb_policy_config =
+      CoreConfiguration::Get().lb_policy_registry().ParseLoadBalancingConfig(
+          config_json);
   // The policy name came from one of three places:
   // - The deprecated loadBalancingPolicy field in the service config,
   //   in which case the code in ClientChannelServiceConfigParser
   //   already verified that the policy does not require a config.
   // - One of the hard-coded values here, all of which are known to not
   //   require a config.
-  // - A channel arg, in which case the application did something that
-  //   is a misuse of our API.
-  // In the first two cases, these assertions will always be true.  In
-  // the last case, this is probably fine for now.
-  // TODO(roth): If the last case becomes a problem, add better error
-  // handling here.
-  GPR_ASSERT(lb_policy_config != nullptr);
-  GPR_ASSERT(parse_error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-  return lb_policy_config;
+  // - A channel arg, in which case we check that the specified policy exists
+  //   and accepts an empty config. If not, we revert to using pick_first
+  //   lb_policy
+  GPR_ASSERT(lb_policy_config.ok());
+  return std::move(*lb_policy_config);
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -1190,9 +1169,12 @@ RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> ChooseLbPolicy(
 void ClientChannel::OnResolverResultChangedLocked(Resolver::Result result) {
   // Handle race conditions.
   if (resolver_ == nullptr) return;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: got resolver result", this);
   }
+  // Grab resolver result health callback.
+  auto resolver_callback = std::move(result.result_health_callback);
+  absl::Status resolver_result_status;
   // We only want to trace the address resolution in the follow cases:
   // (a) Address resolution resulted in service config change.
   // (b) Address resolution that causes number of backends to go from
@@ -1202,32 +1184,35 @@ void ClientChannel::OnResolverResultChangedLocked(Resolver::Result result) {
   // (d) Address resolution that causes a new LB policy to be created.
   //
   // We track a list of strings to eventually be concatenated and traced.
-  absl::InlinedVector<const char*, 3> trace_strings;
-  if (result.addresses.empty() && previous_resolution_contained_addresses_) {
+  std::vector<const char*> trace_strings;
+  const bool resolution_contains_addresses =
+      result.addresses.ok() && !result.addresses->empty();
+  if (!resolution_contains_addresses &&
+      previous_resolution_contained_addresses_) {
     trace_strings.push_back("Address list became empty");
-  } else if (!result.addresses.empty() &&
+  } else if (resolution_contains_addresses &&
              !previous_resolution_contained_addresses_) {
     trace_strings.push_back("Address list became non-empty");
   }
-  previous_resolution_contained_addresses_ = !result.addresses.empty();
+  previous_resolution_contained_addresses_ = resolution_contains_addresses;
   std::string service_config_error_string_storage;
-  if (result.service_config_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+  if (!result.service_config.ok()) {
     service_config_error_string_storage =
-        grpc_error_std_string(result.service_config_error);
+        result.service_config.status().ToString();
     trace_strings.push_back(service_config_error_string_storage.c_str());
   }
   // Choose the service config.
   RefCountedPtr<ServiceConfig> service_config;
   RefCountedPtr<ConfigSelector> config_selector;
-  if (result.service_config_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (!result.service_config.ok()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: resolver returned service config error: %s",
-              this, grpc_error_std_string(result.service_config_error).c_str());
+              this, result.service_config.status().ToString().c_str());
     }
     // If the service config was invalid, then fallback to the
     // previously returned service config.
     if (saved_service_config_ != nullptr) {
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
         gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                 "chand=%p: resolver returned invalid service config. "
                 "Continuing to use previous service config.",
@@ -1236,15 +1221,17 @@ void ClientChannel::OnResolverResultChangedLocked(Resolver::Result result) {
       service_config = saved_service_config_;
       config_selector = saved_config_selector_;
     } else {
-      // We received an invalid service config and we don't have a
+      // We received a service config error and we don't have a
       // previous service config to fall back to.  Put the channel into
       // TRANSIENT_FAILURE.
-      OnResolverErrorLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(result.service_config_error));
+      OnResolverErrorLocked(result.service_config.status());
       trace_strings.push_back("no valid service config");
+      resolver_result_status =
+          absl::UnavailableError("no valid service config");
     }
-  } else if (result.service_config == nullptr) {
+  } else if (*result.service_config == nullptr) {
     // Resolver did not return any service config.
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p: resolver returned no service config. Using default "
               "service config for channel.",
@@ -1253,15 +1240,18 @@ void ClientChannel::OnResolverResultChangedLocked(Resolver::Result result) {
     service_config = default_service_config_;
   } else {
     // Use ServiceConfig and ConfigSelector returned by resolver.
-    service_config = result.service_config;
-    config_selector = ConfigSelector::GetFromChannelArgs(*result.args);
+    service_config = std::move(*result.service_config);
+    config_selector = result.args.GetObjectRef<ConfigSelector>();
   }
+  // Note: The only case in which service_config is null here is if the resolver
+  // returned a service config error and we don't have a previous service
+  // config to fall back to.
   if (service_config != nullptr) {
     // Extract global config for client channel.
     const internal::ClientChannelGlobalParsedConfig* parsed_service_config =
         static_cast<const internal::ClientChannelGlobalParsedConfig*>(
             service_config->GetGlobalParsedConfig(
-                internal::ClientChannelServiceConfigParser::ParserIndex()));
+                service_config_parser_index_));
     // Choose LB policy config.
     RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> lb_policy_config =
         ChooseLbPolicy(result, parsed_service_config);
@@ -1275,14 +1265,14 @@ void ClientChannel::OnResolverResultChangedLocked(Resolver::Result result) {
     // If either has changed, apply the global parameters now.
     if (service_config_changed || config_selector_changed) {
       // Update service config in control plane.
-      UpdateServiceConfigInControlPlaneLocked(std::move(service_config),
-                                              std::move(config_selector),
-                                              lb_policy_config->name());
-    } else if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+      UpdateServiceConfigInControlPlaneLocked(
+          std::move(service_config), std::move(config_selector),
+          std::string(lb_policy_config->name()));
+    } else if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: service config not changed", this);
     }
     // Create or update LB policy, as needed.
-    CreateOrUpdateLbPolicyLocked(
+    resolver_result_status = CreateOrUpdateLbPolicyLocked(
         std::move(lb_policy_config),
         parsed_service_config->health_check_service_name(), std::move(result));
     if (service_config_changed || config_selector_changed) {
@@ -1296,6 +1286,10 @@ void ClientChannel::OnResolverResultChangedLocked(Resolver::Result result) {
       trace_strings.push_back("Service config changed");
     }
   }
+  // Invoke resolver callback if needed.
+  if (resolver_callback != nullptr) {
+    resolver_callback(std::move(resolver_result_status));
+  }
   // Add channel trace event.
   if (!trace_strings.empty()) {
     std::string message =
@@ -1307,34 +1301,28 @@ void ClientChannel::OnResolverResultChangedLocked(Resolver::Result result) {
   }
 }
 
-void ClientChannel::OnResolverErrorLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
-  if (resolver_ == nullptr) {
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
-    return;
-  }
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+void ClientChannel::OnResolverErrorLocked(absl::Status status) {
+  if (resolver_ == nullptr) return;
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: resolver transient failure: %s", this,
-            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+            status.ToString().c_str());
   }
   // If we already have an LB policy from a previous resolution
   // result, then we continue to let it set the connectivity state.
   // Otherwise, we go into TRANSIENT_FAILURE.
   if (lb_policy_ == nullptr) {
-    grpc_error_handle state_error =
-        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
-            "Resolver transient failure", &error, 1);
-    absl::Status status = grpc_error_to_absl_status(state_error);
+    grpc_error_handle error = absl_status_to_grpc_error(status);
     {
       MutexLock lock(&resolution_mu_);
       // Update resolver transient failure.
-      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(resolver_transient_failure_error_);
-      resolver_transient_failure_error_ = state_error;
+      resolver_transient_failure_error_ =
+          MaybeRewriteIllegalStatusCode(status, "resolver");
       // Process calls that were queued waiting for the resolver result.
       for (ResolverQueuedCall* call = resolver_queued_calls_; call != nullptr;
            call = call->next) {
         grpc_call_element* elem = call->elem;
         CallData* calld = static_cast<CallData*>(elem->call_data);
-        grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+        grpc_error_handle error;
         if (calld->CheckResolutionLocked(elem, &error)) {
           calld->AsyncResolutionDone(elem, error);
         }
@@ -1343,12 +1331,11 @@ void ClientChannel::OnResolverErrorLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     // Update connectivity state.
     UpdateStateAndPickerLocked(
         GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE, status, "resolver failure",
-        absl::make_unique<LoadBalancingPolicy::TransientFailurePicker>(status));
+        std::make_unique<LoadBalancingPolicy::TransientFailurePicker>(status));
   }
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-void ClientChannel::CreateOrUpdateLbPolicyLocked(
+absl::Status ClientChannel::CreateOrUpdateLbPolicyLocked(
     RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> lb_policy_config,
     const absl::optional<std::string>& health_check_service_name,
     Resolver::Result result) {
@@ -1356,43 +1343,40 @@ void ClientChannel::CreateOrUpdateLbPolicyLocked(
   LoadBalancingPolicy::UpdateArgs update_args;
   update_args.addresses = std::move(result.addresses);
   update_args.config = std::move(lb_policy_config);
-  // Add health check service name to channel args.
-  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 1> args_to_add;
-  if (health_check_service_name.has_value()) {
-    args_to_add.push_back(grpc_channel_arg_string_create(
-        const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_HEALTH_CHECK_SERVICE_NAME),
-        const_cast<char*>(health_check_service_name->c_str())));
-  }
+  update_args.resolution_note = std::move(result.resolution_note);
   // Remove the config selector from channel args so that we're not holding
   // unnecessary refs that cause it to be destroyed somewhere other than in the
   // WorkSerializer.
-  const char* arg_to_remove = GRPC_ARG_CONFIG_SELECTOR;
-  update_args.args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add_and_remove(
-      result.args, &arg_to_remove, 1, args_to_add.data(), args_to_add.size());
+  update_args.args = result.args.Remove(GRPC_ARG_CONFIG_SELECTOR);
+  // Add health check service name to channel args.
+  if (health_check_service_name.has_value()) {
+    update_args.args = update_args.args.Set(GRPC_ARG_HEALTH_CHECK_SERVICE_NAME,
+                                            *health_check_service_name);
+  }
   // Create policy if needed.
   if (lb_policy_ == nullptr) {
-    lb_policy_ = CreateLbPolicyLocked(*update_args.args);
+    lb_policy_ = CreateLbPolicyLocked(update_args.args);
   }
   // Update the policy.
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: Updating child policy %p", this,
             lb_policy_.get());
   }
-  lb_policy_->UpdateLocked(std::move(update_args));
+  return lb_policy_->UpdateLocked(std::move(update_args));
 }
 
 // Creates a new LB policy.
 OrphanablePtr<LoadBalancingPolicy> ClientChannel::CreateLbPolicyLocked(
-    const grpc_channel_args& args) {
+    const ChannelArgs& args) {
   LoadBalancingPolicy::Args lb_policy_args;
   lb_policy_args.work_serializer = work_serializer_;
   lb_policy_args.channel_control_helper =
-      absl::make_unique<ClientChannelControlHelper>(this);
-  lb_policy_args.args = &args;
+      std::make_unique<ClientChannelControlHelper>(this);
+  lb_policy_args.args = args;
   OrphanablePtr<LoadBalancingPolicy> lb_policy =
       MakeOrphanable<ChildPolicyHandler>(std::move(lb_policy_args),
-                                         &grpc_client_channel_routing_trace);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+                                         &grpc_client_channel_trace);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: created new LB policy %p", this,
             lb_policy.get());
   }
@@ -1427,26 +1411,23 @@ void ClientChannel::RemoveResolverQueuedCall(ResolverQueuedCall* to_remove,
 
 void ClientChannel::UpdateServiceConfigInControlPlaneLocked(
     RefCountedPtr<ServiceConfig> service_config,
-    RefCountedPtr<ConfigSelector> config_selector, const char* lb_policy_name) {
-  UniquePtr<char> service_config_json(
-      gpr_strdup(service_config->json_string().c_str()));
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-            "chand=%p: resolver returned updated service config: \"%s\"", this,
-            service_config_json.get());
+    RefCountedPtr<ConfigSelector> config_selector, std::string lb_policy_name) {
+  std::string service_config_json(service_config->json_string());
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: using service config: \"%s\"", this,
+            service_config_json.c_str());
   }
   // Save service config.
   saved_service_config_ = std::move(service_config);
   // Swap out the data used by GetChannelInfo().
-  UniquePtr<char> lb_policy_name_owned(gpr_strdup(lb_policy_name));
   {
     MutexLock lock(&info_mu_);
-    info_lb_policy_name_ = std::move(lb_policy_name_owned);
+    info_lb_policy_name_ = std::move(lb_policy_name);
     info_service_config_json_ = std::move(service_config_json);
   }
   // Save config selector.
   saved_config_selector_ = std::move(config_selector);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: using ConfigSelector %p", this,
             saved_config_selector_.get());
   }
@@ -1457,7 +1438,7 @@ void ClientChannel::UpdateServiceConfigInDataPlaneLocked() {
   RefCountedPtr<ServiceConfig> service_config = saved_service_config_;
   // Grab ref to config selector.  Use default if resolver didn't supply one.
   RefCountedPtr<ConfigSelector> config_selector = saved_config_selector_;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: switching to ConfigSelector %p", this,
             saved_config_selector_.get());
   }
@@ -1465,19 +1446,11 @@ void ClientChannel::UpdateServiceConfigInDataPlaneLocked() {
     config_selector =
         MakeRefCounted<DefaultConfigSelector>(saved_service_config_);
   }
-  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 2> args_to_add = {
-      grpc_channel_arg_pointer_create(
-          const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_CLIENT_CHANNEL), this,
-          &kClientChannelArgPointerVtable),
-      grpc_channel_arg_pointer_create(
-          const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG_OBJ), service_config.get(),
-          &kServiceConfigObjArgPointerVtable),
-  };
-  grpc_channel_args* new_args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add(
-      channel_args_, args_to_add.data(), args_to_add.size());
-  new_args = config_selector->ModifyChannelArgs(new_args);
+  ChannelArgs new_args = config_selector->ModifyChannelArgs(
+      channel_args_.SetObject(this).SetObject(service_config));
   bool enable_retries =
-      grpc_channel_args_find_bool(new_args, GRPC_ARG_ENABLE_RETRIES, true);
+      !new_args.WantMinimalStack() &&
+      new_args.GetBool(GRPC_ARG_ENABLE_RETRIES).value_or(true);
   // Construct dynamic filter stack.
   std::vector<const grpc_channel_filter*> filters =
       config_selector->GetFilters();
@@ -1489,15 +1462,13 @@ void ClientChannel::UpdateServiceConfigInDataPlaneLocked() {
   RefCountedPtr<DynamicFilters> dynamic_filters =
       DynamicFilters::Create(new_args, std::move(filters));
   GPR_ASSERT(dynamic_filters != nullptr);
-  grpc_channel_args_destroy(new_args);
   // Grab data plane lock to update service config.
   //
   // We defer unreffing the old values (and deallocating memory) until
   // after releasing the lock to keep the critical section small.
   {
     MutexLock lock(&resolution_mu_);
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(resolver_transient_failure_error_);
-    resolver_transient_failure_error_ = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    resolver_transient_failure_error_ = absl::OkStatus();
     // Update service config.
     received_service_config_data_ = true;
     // Old values will be unreffed after lock is released.
@@ -1518,7 +1489,7 @@ void ClientChannel::UpdateServiceConfigInDataPlaneLocked() {
       ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
       grpc_call_element* elem = call->elem;
       CallData* calld = static_cast<CallData*>(elem->call_data);
-      grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      grpc_error_handle error;
       if (calld->CheckResolutionLocked(elem, &error)) {
         calld->AsyncResolutionDone(elem, error);
       }
@@ -1529,33 +1500,33 @@ void ClientChannel::UpdateServiceConfigInDataPlaneLocked() {
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::CreateResolverLocked() {
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: starting name resolution", this);
   }
-  resolver_ = ResolverRegistry::CreateResolver(
+  resolver_ = CoreConfiguration::Get().resolver_registry().CreateResolver(
       uri_to_resolve_.c_str(), channel_args_, interested_parties_,
-      work_serializer_, absl::make_unique<ResolverResultHandler>(this));
+      work_serializer_, std::make_unique<ResolverResultHandler>(this));
   // Since the validity of the args was checked when the channel was created,
   // CreateResolver() must return a non-null result.
   GPR_ASSERT(resolver_ != nullptr);
   UpdateStateAndPickerLocked(
       GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING, absl::Status(), "started resolving",
-      absl::make_unique<LoadBalancingPolicy::QueuePicker>(nullptr));
+      std::make_unique<LoadBalancingPolicy::QueuePicker>(nullptr));
   resolver_->StartLocked();
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: created resolver=%p", this, resolver_.get());
   }
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::DestroyResolverAndLbPolicyLocked() {
   if (resolver_ != nullptr) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: shutting down resolver=%p", this,
               resolver_.get());
     }
     resolver_.reset();
     if (lb_policy_ != nullptr) {
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
         gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: shutting down lb_policy=%p", this,
                 lb_policy_.get());
       }
@@ -1616,7 +1587,7 @@ void ClientChannel::UpdateStateAndPickerLocked(
       // on the stale value, which results in the timer firing too early. To
       // avoid this, we invalidate the cached value for each call we process.
       ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
-      grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      grpc_error_handle error;
       if (call->lb_call->PickSubchannelLocked(&error)) {
         call->lb_call->AsyncPickDone(error);
       }
@@ -1660,7 +1631,7 @@ T HandlePickResult(
 
 grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::DoPingLocked(grpc_transport_op* op) {
   if (state_tracker_.state() != GRPC_CHANNEL_READY) {
-    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("channel not connected");
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("channel not connected");
   }
   LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult result;
   {
@@ -1671,18 +1642,21 @@ grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::DoPingLocked(grpc_transport_op* op) {
       &result,
       // Complete pick.
       [op](LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult::Complete* complete_pick)
-          ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&ClientChannel::work_serializer_) {
+          ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*ClientChannel::work_serializer_) {
             SubchannelWrapper* subchannel = static_cast<SubchannelWrapper*>(
                 complete_pick->subchannel.get());
             RefCountedPtr<ConnectedSubchannel> connected_subchannel =
                 subchannel->connected_subchannel();
+            if (connected_subchannel == nullptr) {
+              return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("LB pick for ping not connected");
+            }
             connected_subchannel->Ping(op->send_ping.on_initiate,
                                        op->send_ping.on_ack);
-            return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+            return absl::OkStatus();
           },
       // Queue pick.
       [](LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult::Queue* /*queue_pick*/) {
-        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("LB picker queued call");
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE("LB picker queued call");
       },
       // Fail pick.
       [](LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult::Fail* fail_pick) {
@@ -1706,9 +1680,8 @@ void ClientChannel::StartTransportOpLocked(grpc_transport_op* op) {
   // Ping.
   if (op->send_ping.on_initiate != nullptr || op->send_ping.on_ack != nullptr) {
     grpc_error_handle error = DoPingLocked(op);
-    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-      ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, op->send_ping.on_initiate,
-                   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+    if (!error.ok()) {
+      ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, op->send_ping.on_initiate, error);
       ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, op->send_ping.on_ack, error);
     }
     op->bind_pollset = nullptr;
@@ -1722,34 +1695,34 @@ void ClientChannel::StartTransportOpLocked(grpc_transport_op* op) {
     }
   }
   // Disconnect or enter IDLE.
-  if (op->disconnect_with_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+  if (!op->disconnect_with_error.ok()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p: disconnect_with_error: %s", this,
-              grpc_error_std_string(op->disconnect_with_error).c_str());
+              StatusToString(op->disconnect_with_error).c_str());
     }
     DestroyResolverAndLbPolicyLocked();
     intptr_t value;
     if (grpc_error_get_int(op->disconnect_with_error,
-                           GRPC_ERROR_INT_CHANNEL_CONNECTIVITY_STATE, &value) &&
+                           StatusIntProperty::ChannelConnectivityState,
+                           &value) &&
         static_cast<grpc_connectivity_state>(value) == GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE) {
-      if (disconnect_error_ == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      if (disconnect_error_.ok()) {
         // Enter IDLE state.
         UpdateStateAndPickerLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE, absl::Status(),
                                    "channel entering IDLE", nullptr);
       }
-      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(op->disconnect_with_error);
     } else {
       // Disconnect.
-      GPR_ASSERT(disconnect_error_ == GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+      GPR_ASSERT(disconnect_error_.ok());
       disconnect_error_ = op->disconnect_with_error;
       UpdateStateAndPickerLocked(
           GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN, absl::Status(), "shutdown from API",
-          absl::make_unique<LoadBalancingPolicy::TransientFailurePicker>(
+          std::make_unique<LoadBalancingPolicy::TransientFailurePicker>(
               grpc_error_to_absl_status(op->disconnect_with_error)));
     }
   }
   GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(owning_stack_, "start_transport_op");
-  ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, op->on_consumed, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, op->on_consumed, absl::OkStatus());
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::StartTransportOp(grpc_channel_element* elem,
@@ -1763,7 +1736,7 @@ void ClientChannel::StartTransportOp(grpc_channel_element* elem,
   // Pop into control plane work_serializer for remaining ops.
   GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack_, "start_transport_op");
   chand->work_serializer_->Run(
-      [chand, op]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand->work_serializer_) {
+      [chand, op]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand->work_serializer_) {
         chand->StartTransportOpLocked(op);
       },
       DEBUG_LOCATION);
@@ -1774,11 +1747,11 @@ void ClientChannel::GetChannelInfo(grpc_channel_element* elem,
   ClientChannel* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
   MutexLock lock(&chand->info_mu_);
   if (info->lb_policy_name != nullptr) {
-    *info->lb_policy_name = gpr_strdup(chand->info_lb_policy_name_.get());
+    *info->lb_policy_name = gpr_strdup(chand->info_lb_policy_name_.c_str());
   }
   if (info->service_config_json != nullptr) {
     *info->service_config_json =
-        gpr_strdup(chand->info_service_config_json_.get());
+        gpr_strdup(chand->info_service_config_json_.c_str());
   }
 }
 
@@ -1825,7 +1798,7 @@ grpc_connectivity_state ClientChannel::CheckConnectivityState(
   if (out == GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE && try_to_connect) {
     GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(owning_stack_, "TryToConnect");
     work_serializer_->Run([this]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(
-                              work_serializer_) { TryToConnectLocked(); },
+                              *work_serializer_) { TryToConnectLocked(); },
                           DEBUG_LOCATION);
   }
   return out;
@@ -1852,8 +1825,8 @@ ClientChannel::CallData::CallData(grpc_call_element* elem,
     : deadline_state_(elem, args,
                       GPR_LIKELY(chand.deadline_checking_enabled_)
                           ? args.deadline
-                          : GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE),
-      path_(grpc_slice_ref_internal(args.path)),
+                          : Timestamp::InfFuture()),
+      path_(CSliceRef(args.path)),
       call_start_time_(args.start_time),
       deadline_(args.deadline),
       arena_(args.arena),
@@ -1866,8 +1839,7 @@ ClientChannel::CallData::CallData(grpc_call_element* elem,
 }
 
 ClientChannel::CallData::~CallData() {
-  grpc_slice_unref_internal(path_);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(cancel_error_);
+  CSliceUnref(path_);
   // Make sure there are no remaining pending batches.
   for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(pending_batches_); ++i) {
     GPR_ASSERT(pending_batches_[i] == nullptr);
@@ -1878,7 +1850,7 @@ grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::CallData::Init(
     grpc_call_element* elem, const grpc_call_element_args* args) {
   ClientChannel* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
   new (elem->call_data) CallData(elem, *chand, *args);
-  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  return absl::OkStatus();
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::CallData::Destroy(
@@ -1892,15 +1864,19 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::Destroy(
     dynamic_call->SetAfterCallStackDestroy(then_schedule_closure);
   } else {
     // TODO(yashkt) : This can potentially be a Closure::Run
-    ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, then_schedule_closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, then_schedule_closure, absl::OkStatus());
   }
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::CallData::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
     grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch", 0);
   CallData* calld = static_cast<CallData*>(elem->call_data);
   ClientChannel* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace) &&
+      !GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_channel)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: batch started from above: %s", chand,
+            calld, grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_string(batch).c_str());
+  }
   if (GPR_LIKELY(chand->deadline_checking_enabled_)) {
     grpc_deadline_state_client_start_transport_stream_op_batch(elem, batch);
   }
@@ -1908,8 +1884,13 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
   // in case we wind up failing the call before we get down to the retry
   // or LB call layer.
   if (batch->recv_trailing_metadata) {
-    calld->InjectRecvTrailingMetadataReadyForConfigSelectorCommitCallback(
-        batch);
+    calld->original_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_ =
+        batch->payload->recv_trailing_metadata.recv_trailing_metadata_ready;
+    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&calld->recv_trailing_metadata_ready_,
+                      RecvTrailingMetadataReadyForConfigSelectorCommitCallback,
+                      elem, nullptr);
+    batch->payload->recv_trailing_metadata.recv_trailing_metadata_ready =
+        &calld->recv_trailing_metadata_ready_;
   }
   // If we already have a dynamic call, pass the batch down to it.
   // Note that once we have done so, we do not need to acquire the channel's
@@ -1925,15 +1906,14 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
   // We do not yet have a dynamic call.
   //
   // If we've previously been cancelled, immediately fail any new batches.
-  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(calld->cancel_error_ != GRPC_ERROR_NONE)) {
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(!calld->cancel_error_.ok())) {
     if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: failing batch with error: %s",
-              chand, calld,
-              grpc_error_std_string(calld->cancel_error_).c_str());
+              chand, calld, StatusToString(calld->cancel_error_).c_str());
     }
     // Note: This will release the call combiner.
     grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
-        batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(calld->cancel_error_), calld->call_combiner_);
+        batch, calld->cancel_error_, calld->call_combiner_);
     return;
   }
   // Handle cancellation.
@@ -1943,19 +1923,16 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
     // cancelled before any batches are passed down (e.g., if the deadline
     // is in the past when the call starts), we can return the right
     // error to the caller when the first batch does get passed down.
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(calld->cancel_error_);
-    calld->cancel_error_ =
-        GRPC_ERROR_REF(batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error);
+    calld->cancel_error_ = batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error;
     if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: recording cancel_error=%s", chand,
-              calld, grpc_error_std_string(calld->cancel_error_).c_str());
+              calld, StatusToString(calld->cancel_error_).c_str());
     }
     // Fail all pending batches.
-    calld->PendingBatchesFail(elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(calld->cancel_error_),
-                              NoYieldCallCombiner);
+    calld->PendingBatchesFail(elem, calld->cancel_error_, NoYieldCallCombiner);
     // Note: This will release the call combiner.
     grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
-        batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(calld->cancel_error_), calld->call_combiner_);
+        batch, calld->cancel_error_, calld->call_combiner_);
     return;
   }
   // Add the batch to the pending list.
@@ -1970,7 +1947,7 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
               "config",
               chand, calld);
     }
-    CheckResolution(elem, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    CheckResolution(elem, absl::OkStatus());
   } else {
     // For all other batches, release the call combiner.
     if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
@@ -2029,24 +2006,23 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::FailPendingBatchInCallCombiner(
       static_cast<grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*>(arg);
   CallData* calld = static_cast<CallData*>(batch->handler_private.extra_arg);
   // Note: This will release the call combiner.
-  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
-      batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), calld->call_combiner_);
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(batch, error,
+                                                     calld->call_combiner_);
 }
 
 // This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
 void ClientChannel::CallData::PendingBatchesFail(
     grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_error_handle error,
     YieldCallCombinerPredicate yield_call_combiner_predicate) {
-  GPR_ASSERT(error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  GPR_ASSERT(!error.ok());
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
     size_t num_batches = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(pending_batches_); ++i) {
       if (pending_batches_[i] != nullptr) ++num_batches;
     }
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-            "chand=%p calld=%p: failing %" PRIuPTR " pending batches: %s",
-            elem->channel_data, this, num_batches,
-            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: failing %" PRIuPTR " pending batches: %s",
+        elem->channel_data, this, num_batches, StatusToString(error).c_str());
   }
   CallCombinerClosureList closures;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(pending_batches_); ++i) {
@@ -2056,7 +2032,7 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::PendingBatchesFail(
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure,
                         FailPendingBatchInCallCombiner, batch,
                         grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error),
+      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, error,
                    "PendingBatchesFail");
       batch = nullptr;
     }
@@ -2066,7 +2042,6 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::PendingBatchesFail(
   } else {
     closures.RunClosuresWithoutYielding(call_combiner_);
   }
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
 // This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
@@ -2102,7 +2077,7 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::PendingBatchesResume(grpc_call_element* elem) {
       batch->handler_private.extra_arg = elem;
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure,
                         ResumePendingBatchInCallCombiner, batch, nullptr);
-      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE,
+      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, absl::OkStatus(),
                    "resuming pending batch from client channel call");
       batch = nullptr;
     }
@@ -2134,18 +2109,18 @@ class ClientChannel::CallData::ResolverQueuedCallCanceller {
     auto* calld = static_cast<CallData*>(self->elem_->call_data);
     {
       MutexLock lock(&chand->resolution_mu_);
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
         gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                 "chand=%p calld=%p: cancelling resolver queued pick: "
                 "error=%s self=%p calld->resolver_pick_canceller=%p",
-                chand, calld, grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str(), self,
+                chand, calld, StatusToString(error).c_str(), self,
                 calld->resolver_call_canceller_);
       }
-      if (calld->resolver_call_canceller_ == self && error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      if (calld->resolver_call_canceller_ == self && !error.ok()) {
         // Remove pick from list of queued picks.
         calld->MaybeRemoveCallFromResolverQueuedCallsLocked(self->elem_);
         // Fail pending batches on the call.
-        calld->PendingBatchesFail(self->elem_, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error),
+        calld->PendingBatchesFail(self->elem_, error,
                                   YieldCallCombinerIfPendingBatchesFound);
       }
     }
@@ -2161,7 +2136,7 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::MaybeRemoveCallFromResolverQueuedCallsLocked(
     grpc_call_element* elem) {
   if (!queued_pending_resolver_result_) return;
   auto* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "chand=%p calld=%p: removing from resolver queued picks list",
             chand, this);
@@ -2176,7 +2151,7 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::MaybeAddCallToResolverQueuedCallsLocked(
     grpc_call_element* elem) {
   if (queued_pending_resolver_result_) return;
   auto* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: adding to resolver queued picks list",
             chand, this);
   }
@@ -2190,7 +2165,7 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::MaybeAddCallToResolverQueuedCallsLocked(
 grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::CallData::ApplyServiceConfigToCallLocked(
     grpc_call_element* elem, grpc_metadata_batch* initial_metadata) {
   ClientChannel* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: applying service config to call",
             chand, this);
   }
@@ -2199,7 +2174,10 @@ grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::CallData::ApplyServiceConfigToCallLocked(
     // Use the ConfigSelector to determine the config for the call.
     ConfigSelector::CallConfig call_config =
         config_selector->GetCallConfig({&path_, initial_metadata, arena_});
-    if (call_config.error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return call_config.error;
+    if (!call_config.status.ok()) {
+      return absl_status_to_grpc_error(MaybeRewriteIllegalStatusCode(
+          std::move(call_config.status), "ConfigSelector"));
+    }
     // Create a ClientChannelServiceConfigCallData for the call.  This stores
     // a ref to the ServiceConfig and caches the right set of parsed configs
     // to use for the call.  The ClientChannelServiceConfigCallData will store
@@ -2213,13 +2191,14 @@ grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::CallData::ApplyServiceConfigToCallLocked(
     // Apply our own method params to the call.
     auto* method_params = static_cast<ClientChannelMethodParsedConfig*>(
         service_config_call_data->GetMethodParsedConfig(
-            internal::ClientChannelServiceConfigParser::ParserIndex()));
+            chand->service_config_parser_index_));
     if (method_params != nullptr) {
       // If the deadline from the service config is shorter than the one
       // from the client API, reset the deadline timer.
-      if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled_ && method_params->timeout() != 0) {
-        const grpc_millis per_method_deadline =
-            grpc_cycle_counter_to_millis_round_up(call_start_time_) +
+      if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled_ &&
+          method_params->timeout() != Duration::Zero()) {
+        const Timestamp per_method_deadline =
+            Timestamp::FromCycleCounterRoundUp(call_start_time_) +
             method_params->timeout();
         if (per_method_deadline < deadline_) {
           deadline_ = per_method_deadline;
@@ -2228,50 +2207,43 @@ grpc_error_handle ClientChannel::CallData::ApplyServiceConfigToCallLocked(
       }
       // If the service config set wait_for_ready and the application
       // did not explicitly set it, use the value from the service config.
-      uint32_t* send_initial_metadata_flags =
-          &pending_batches_[0]
-               ->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata_flags;
+      auto* wait_for_ready =
+          pending_batches_[0]
+              ->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata
+              ->GetOrCreatePointer(WaitForReady());
       if (method_params->wait_for_ready().has_value() &&
-          !(*send_initial_metadata_flags &
-            GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY_EXPLICITLY_SET)) {
-        if (method_params->wait_for_ready().value()) {
-          *send_initial_metadata_flags |= GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY;
-        } else {
-          *send_initial_metadata_flags &= ~GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY;
-        }
+          !wait_for_ready->explicitly_set) {
+        wait_for_ready->value = method_params->wait_for_ready().value();
       }
     }
     // Set the dynamic filter stack.
     dynamic_filters_ = chand->dynamic_filters_;
   }
-  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  return absl::OkStatus();
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::CallData::
     RecvTrailingMetadataReadyForConfigSelectorCommitCallback(
         void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
-  auto* self = static_cast<CallData*>(arg);
+  auto* elem = static_cast<grpc_call_element*>(arg);
+  auto* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
+  auto* calld = static_cast<CallData*>(elem->call_data);
   auto* service_config_call_data =
       static_cast<ClientChannelServiceConfigCallData*>(
-          self->call_context_[GRPC_CONTEXT_SERVICE_CONFIG_CALL_DATA].value);
+          calld->call_context_[GRPC_CONTEXT_SERVICE_CONFIG_CALL_DATA].value);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "chand=%p calld=%p: got recv_trailing_metadata_ready: error=%s "
+            "service_config_call_data=%p",
+            chand, calld, StatusToString(error).c_str(),
+            service_config_call_data);
+  }
   if (service_config_call_data != nullptr) {
     service_config_call_data->call_dispatch_controller()->Commit();
   }
   // Chain to original callback.
-  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, self->original_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_,
-               GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
-}
-
-void ClientChannel::CallData::
-    InjectRecvTrailingMetadataReadyForConfigSelectorCommitCallback(
-        grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
-  original_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_ =
-      batch->payload->recv_trailing_metadata.recv_trailing_metadata_ready;
-  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&recv_trailing_metadata_ready_,
-                    RecvTrailingMetadataReadyForConfigSelectorCommitCallback,
-                    this, nullptr);
-  batch->payload->recv_trailing_metadata.recv_trailing_metadata_ready =
-      &recv_trailing_metadata_ready_;
+  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, calld->original_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_,
+               error);
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::CallData::AsyncResolutionDone(grpc_call_element* elem,
@@ -2286,13 +2258,13 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::ResolutionDone(void* arg,
   grpc_call_element* elem = static_cast<grpc_call_element*>(arg);
   ClientChannel* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
   CallData* calld = static_cast<CallData*>(elem->call_data);
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p calld=%p: error applying config to call: error=%s",
-              chand, calld, grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+              chand, calld, StatusToString(error).c_str());
     }
-    calld->PendingBatchesFail(elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), YieldCallCombiner);
+    calld->PendingBatchesFail(elem, error, YieldCallCombiner);
     return;
   }
   calld->CreateDynamicCall(elem);
@@ -2310,7 +2282,6 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::CheckResolution(void* arg,
   }
   if (resolution_complete) {
     ResolutionDone(elem, error);
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
   }
 }
 
@@ -2319,6 +2290,9 @@ bool ClientChannel::CallData::CheckResolutionLocked(grpc_call_element* elem,
   ClientChannel* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(elem->channel_data);
   // If we're still in IDLE, we need to start resolving.
   if (GPR_UNLIKELY(chand->CheckConnectivityState(false) == GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: triggering exit idle", chand, this);
+    }
     // Bounce into the control plane work serializer to start resolving,
     // in case we are still in IDLE state.  Since we are holding on to the
     // resolution mutex here, we offload it on the ExecCtx so that we don't
@@ -2331,7 +2305,7 @@ bool ClientChannel::CallData::CheckResolutionLocked(grpc_call_element* elem,
               auto* chand = static_cast<ClientChannel*>(arg);
               chand->work_serializer_->Run(
                   [chand]()
-                      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(chand->work_serializer_) {
+                      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*chand->work_serializer_) {
                         chand->CheckConnectivityState(/*try_to_connect=*/true);
                         GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(chand->owning_stack_,
                                                  "CheckResolutionLocked");
@@ -2339,31 +2313,36 @@ bool ClientChannel::CallData::CheckResolutionLocked(grpc_call_element* elem,
                   DEBUG_LOCATION);
             },
             chand, nullptr),
-        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+        absl::OkStatus());
   }
   // Get send_initial_metadata batch and flags.
   auto& send_initial_metadata =
       pending_batches_[0]->payload->send_initial_metadata;
   grpc_metadata_batch* initial_metadata_batch =
       send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata;
-  const uint32_t send_initial_metadata_flags =
-      send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata_flags;
   // If we don't yet have a resolver result, we need to queue the call
   // until we get one.
   if (GPR_UNLIKELY(!chand->received_service_config_data_)) {
     // If the resolver returned transient failure before returning the
     // first service config, fail any non-wait_for_ready calls.
-    grpc_error_handle resolver_error = chand->resolver_transient_failure_error_;
-    if (resolver_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE &&
-        (send_initial_metadata_flags & GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY) ==
-            0) {
+    absl::Status resolver_error = chand->resolver_transient_failure_error_;
+    if (!resolver_error.ok() &&
+        !initial_metadata_batch->GetOrCreatePointer(WaitForReady())->value) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: resolution failed, failing call",
+                chand, this);
+      }
       MaybeRemoveCallFromResolverQueuedCallsLocked(elem);
-      *error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(resolver_error);
+      *error = absl_status_to_grpc_error(resolver_error);
       return true;
     }
     // Either the resolver has not yet returned a result, or it has
     // returned transient failure but the call is wait_for_ready.  In
     // either case, queue the call.
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p calld=%p: queuing to wait for resolution",
+              chand, this);
+    }
     MaybeAddCallToResolverQueuedCallsLocked(elem);
     return false;
   }
@@ -2386,20 +2365,20 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::CreateDynamicCall(grpc_call_element* elem) {
                                      arena_,
                                      call_context_,
                                      call_combiner_};
-  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
   DynamicFilters* channel_stack = args.channel_stack.get();
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(
         GPR_INFO,
         "chand=%p calld=%p: creating dynamic call stack on channel_stack=%p",
         chand, this, channel_stack);
   }
   dynamic_call_ = channel_stack->CreateCall(std::move(args), &error);
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p calld=%p: failed to create dynamic call: error=%s",
-              chand, this, grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+              chand, this, StatusToString(error).c_str());
     }
     PendingBatchesFail(elem, error, YieldCallCombiner);
     return;
@@ -2414,39 +2393,71 @@ void ClientChannel::CallData::CreateDynamicCall(grpc_call_element* elem) {
 class ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::Metadata
     : public LoadBalancingPolicy::MetadataInterface {
  public:
-  Metadata(LoadBalancedCall* lb_call, grpc_metadata_batch* batch)
-      : lb_call_(lb_call), batch_(batch) {}
+  explicit Metadata(grpc_metadata_batch* batch) : batch_(batch) {}
 
   void Add(absl::string_view key, absl::string_view value) override {
-    grpc_linked_mdelem* linked_mdelem = static_cast<grpc_linked_mdelem*>(
-        lb_call_->arena_->Alloc(sizeof(grpc_linked_mdelem)));
-    linked_mdelem->md = grpc_mdelem_from_slices(
-        ExternallyManagedSlice(key.data(), key.size()),
-        ExternallyManagedSlice(value.data(), value.size()));
-    GPR_ASSERT(batch_->LinkTail(linked_mdelem) == GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    if (batch_ == nullptr) return;
+    // Gross, egregious hack to support legacy grpclb behavior.
+    // TODO(ctiller): Use a promise context for this once that plumbing is done.
+    if (key == GrpcLbClientStatsMetadata::key()) {
+      batch_->Set(
+          GrpcLbClientStatsMetadata(),
+          const_cast<GrpcLbClientStats*>(
+              reinterpret_cast<const GrpcLbClientStats*>(value.data())));
+      return;
+    }
+    batch_->Append(key, Slice::FromStaticString(value),
+                   [key](absl::string_view error, const Slice& value) {
+                     gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "%s",
+                             absl::StrCat(error, " key:", key,
+                                          " value:", value.as_string_view())
+                                 .c_str());
+                   });
   }
 
   std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> TestOnlyCopyToVector()
       override {
-    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> result;
-    batch_->ForEach([&](grpc_mdelem md) {
-      auto key = std::string(StringViewFromSlice(GRPC_MDKEY(md)));
-      if (key != ":path") {
-        result.push_back(
-            std::make_pair(std::move(key),
-                           std::string(StringViewFromSlice(GRPC_MDVALUE(md)))));
-      }
-    });
-    return result;
+    if (batch_ == nullptr) return {};
+    Encoder encoder;
+    batch_->Encode(&encoder);
+    return encoder.Take();
   }
 
   absl::optional<absl::string_view> Lookup(absl::string_view key,
                                            std::string* buffer) const override {
-    return batch_->GetValue(key, buffer);
+    if (batch_ == nullptr) return absl::nullopt;
+    return batch_->GetStringValue(key, buffer);
   }
 
  private:
-  LoadBalancedCall* lb_call_;
+  class Encoder {
+   public:
+    void Encode(const Slice& key, const Slice& value) {
+      out_.emplace_back(std::string(key.as_string_view()),
+                        std::string(value.as_string_view()));
+    }
+
+    template <class Which>
+    void Encode(Which, const typename Which::ValueType& value) {
+      auto value_slice = Which::Encode(value);
+      out_.emplace_back(std::string(Which::key()),
+                        std::string(value_slice.as_string_view()));
+    }
+
+    void Encode(GrpcTimeoutMetadata,
+                const typename GrpcTimeoutMetadata::ValueType&) {}
+    void Encode(HttpPathMetadata, const Slice&) {}
+    void Encode(HttpMethodMetadata,
+                const typename HttpMethodMetadata::ValueType&) {}
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> Take() {
+      return std::move(out_);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> out_;
+  };
+
   grpc_metadata_batch* batch_;
 };
 
@@ -2454,41 +2465,62 @@ class ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::Metadata
 // ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::LbCallState
 //
 
-class ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::LbCallState
-    : public LoadBalancingPolicy::CallState {
- public:
-  explicit LbCallState(LoadBalancedCall* lb_call) : lb_call_(lb_call) {}
+absl::string_view
+ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::LbCallState::GetCallAttribute(
+    UniqueTypeName type) {
+  auto* service_config_call_data = static_cast<ServiceConfigCallData*>(
+      lb_call_->call_context_[GRPC_CONTEXT_SERVICE_CONFIG_CALL_DATA].value);
+  auto& call_attributes = service_config_call_data->call_attributes();
+  auto it = call_attributes.find(type);
+  if (it == call_attributes.end()) return absl::string_view();
+  return it->second;
+}
 
-  void* Alloc(size_t size) override { return lb_call_->arena_->Alloc(size); }
+//
+// ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::BackendMetricAccessor
+//
 
-  const LoadBalancingPolicy::BackendMetricData* GetBackendMetricData()
-      override {
-    if (lb_call_->backend_metric_data_ == nullptr) {
-      grpc_linked_mdelem* md = lb_call_->recv_trailing_metadata_->legacy_index()
-                                   ->named.x_endpoint_load_metrics_bin;
-      if (md != nullptr) {
+class ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::BackendMetricAccessor
+    : public LoadBalancingPolicy::BackendMetricAccessor {
+ public:
+  explicit BackendMetricAccessor(LoadBalancedCall* lb_call)
+      : lb_call_(lb_call) {}
+
+  const BackendMetricData* GetBackendMetricData() override {
+    if (lb_call_->backend_metric_data_ == nullptr &&
+        lb_call_->recv_trailing_metadata_ != nullptr) {
+      if (const auto* md = lb_call_->recv_trailing_metadata_->get_pointer(
+              EndpointLoadMetricsBinMetadata())) {
+        BackendMetricAllocator allocator(lb_call_->arena_);
         lb_call_->backend_metric_data_ =
-            ParseBackendMetricData(GRPC_MDVALUE(md->md), lb_call_->arena_);
+            ParseBackendMetricData(md->as_string_view(), &allocator);
       }
     }
     return lb_call_->backend_metric_data_;
   }
 
-  absl::string_view ExperimentalGetCallAttribute(const char* key) override {
-    auto* service_config_call_data = static_cast<ServiceConfigCallData*>(
-        lb_call_->call_context_[GRPC_CONTEXT_SERVICE_CONFIG_CALL_DATA].value);
-    auto& call_attributes = service_config_call_data->call_attributes();
-    auto it = call_attributes.find(key);
-    if (it == call_attributes.end()) return absl::string_view();
-    return it->second;
-  }
-
  private:
+  class BackendMetricAllocator : public BackendMetricAllocatorInterface {
+   public:
+    explicit BackendMetricAllocator(Arena* arena) : arena_(arena) {}
+
+    BackendMetricData* AllocateBackendMetricData() override {
+      return arena_->New<BackendMetricData>();
+    }
+
+    char* AllocateString(size_t size) override {
+      return static_cast<char*>(arena_->Alloc(size));
+    }
+
+   private:
+    Arena* arena_;
+  };
+
   LoadBalancedCall* lb_call_;
 };
 
 //
-// LoadBalancedCall
+// ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall
 //
 
 namespace {
@@ -2509,11 +2541,11 @@ ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::LoadBalancedCall(
     ConfigSelector::CallDispatchController* call_dispatch_controller,
     bool is_transparent_retry)
     : InternallyRefCounted(
-          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)
               ? "LoadBalancedCall"
               : nullptr),
       chand_(chand),
-      path_(grpc_slice_ref_internal(args.path)),
+      path_(CSliceRef(args.path)),
       deadline_(args.deadline),
       arena_(args.arena),
       owning_call_(args.call_stack),
@@ -2523,15 +2555,15 @@ ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::LoadBalancedCall(
       on_call_destruction_complete_(on_call_destruction_complete),
       call_dispatch_controller_(call_dispatch_controller),
       call_attempt_tracer_(
-          GetCallAttemptTracer(args.context, is_transparent_retry)) {}
+          GetCallAttemptTracer(args.context, is_transparent_retry)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: created", chand_, this);
+  }
+}
 
 ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::~LoadBalancedCall() {
-  grpc_slice_unref_internal(path_);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(cancel_error_);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(failure_error_);
   if (backend_metric_data_ != nullptr) {
-    backend_metric_data_
-        ->LoadBalancingPolicy::BackendMetricData::~BackendMetricData();
+    backend_metric_data_->BackendMetricData::~BackendMetricData();
   }
   // Make sure there are no remaining pending batches.
   for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(pending_batches_); ++i) {
@@ -2539,11 +2571,17 @@ ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::~LoadBalancedCall() {
   }
   if (on_call_destruction_complete_ != nullptr) {
     ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, on_call_destruction_complete_,
-                 GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+                 absl::OkStatus());
   }
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::Orphan() {
+  // If the recv_trailing_metadata op was never started, then notify
+  // about call completion here, as best we can.  We assume status
+  // CANCELLED in this case.
+  if (recv_trailing_metadata_ == nullptr) {
+    RecordCallCompletion(absl::CancelledError("call cancelled"));
+  }
   // Compute latency and report it to the tracer.
   if (call_attempt_tracer_ != nullptr) {
     gpr_timespec latency =
@@ -2570,7 +2608,7 @@ size_t ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::GetBatchIndex(
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PendingBatchesAdd(
     grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
   const size_t idx = GetBatchIndex(batch);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "chand=%p lb_call=%p: adding pending batch at index %" PRIuPTR,
             chand_, this, idx);
@@ -2586,25 +2624,24 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::FailPendingBatchInCallCombiner(
       static_cast<grpc_transport_stream_op_batch*>(arg);
   auto* self = static_cast<LoadBalancedCall*>(batch->handler_private.extra_arg);
   // Note: This will release the call combiner.
-  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
-      batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), self->call_combiner_);
+  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(batch, error,
+                                                     self->call_combiner_);
 }
 
 // This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PendingBatchesFail(
     grpc_error_handle error,
     YieldCallCombinerPredicate yield_call_combiner_predicate) {
-  GPR_ASSERT(error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(failure_error_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(!error.ok());
   failure_error_ = error;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
     size_t num_batches = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(pending_batches_); ++i) {
       if (pending_batches_[i] != nullptr) ++num_batches;
     }
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "chand=%p lb_call=%p: failing %" PRIuPTR " pending batches: %s",
-            chand_, this, num_batches, grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+            chand_, this, num_batches, StatusToString(error).c_str());
   }
   CallCombinerClosureList closures;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(pending_batches_); ++i) {
@@ -2614,7 +2651,7 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PendingBatchesFail(
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure,
                         FailPendingBatchInCallCombiner, batch,
                         grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error),
+      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, error,
                    "PendingBatchesFail");
       batch = nullptr;
     }
@@ -2639,7 +2676,7 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::ResumePendingBatchInCallCombiner(
 
 // This is called via the call combiner, so access to calld is synchronized.
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PendingBatchesResume() {
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
     size_t num_batches = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(pending_batches_); ++i) {
       if (pending_batches_[i] != nullptr) ++num_batches;
@@ -2657,7 +2694,7 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PendingBatchesResume() {
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure,
                         ResumePendingBatchInCallCombiner, batch,
                         grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE,
+      closures.Add(&batch->handler_private.closure, absl::OkStatus(),
                    "resuming pending batch from LB call");
       batch = nullptr;
     }
@@ -2668,17 +2705,24 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PendingBatchesResume() {
 
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
     grpc_transport_stream_op_batch* batch) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace) ||
+      GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_channel)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "chand=%p lb_call=%p: batch started from above: %s, "
+            "call_attempt_tracer_=%p",
+            chand_, this, grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_string(batch).c_str(),
+            call_attempt_tracer_);
+  }
   // Handle call tracing.
   if (call_attempt_tracer_ != nullptr) {
     // Record send ops in tracer.
     if (batch->cancel_stream) {
       call_attempt_tracer_->RecordCancel(
-          GRPC_ERROR_REF(batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error));
+          batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error);
     }
     if (batch->send_initial_metadata) {
       call_attempt_tracer_->RecordSendInitialMetadata(
-          batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata,
-          batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata_flags);
+          batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata);
       peer_string_ = batch->payload->send_initial_metadata.peer_string;
       original_send_initial_metadata_on_complete_ = batch->on_complete;
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&send_initial_metadata_on_complete_,
@@ -2731,7 +2775,7 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
   // the channel's data plane mutex, which is more efficient (especially for
   // streaming calls).
   if (subchannel_call_ != nullptr) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p lb_call=%p: starting batch on subchannel_call=%p",
               chand_, this, subchannel_call_.get());
@@ -2742,14 +2786,14 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
   // We do not yet have a subchannel call.
   //
   // If we've previously been cancelled, immediately fail any new batches.
-  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(cancel_error_ != GRPC_ERROR_NONE)) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(!cancel_error_.ok())) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: failing batch with error: %s",
-              chand_, this, grpc_error_std_string(cancel_error_).c_str());
+              chand_, this, StatusToString(cancel_error_).c_str());
     }
     // Note: This will release the call combiner.
-    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
-        batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(cancel_error_), call_combiner_);
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(batch, cancel_error_,
+                                                       call_combiner_);
     return;
   }
   // Handle cancellation.
@@ -2759,17 +2803,16 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
     // cancelled before any batches are passed down (e.g., if the deadline
     // is in the past when the call starts), we can return the right
     // error to the caller when the first batch does get passed down.
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(cancel_error_);
-    cancel_error_ = GRPC_ERROR_REF(batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error);
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+    cancel_error_ = batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error;
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: recording cancel_error=%s",
-              chand_, this, grpc_error_std_string(cancel_error_).c_str());
+              chand_, this, StatusToString(cancel_error_).c_str());
     }
     // Fail all pending batches.
-    PendingBatchesFail(GRPC_ERROR_REF(cancel_error_), NoYieldCallCombiner);
+    PendingBatchesFail(cancel_error_, NoYieldCallCombiner);
     // Note: This will release the call combiner.
-    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
-        batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(cancel_error_), call_combiner_);
+    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(batch, cancel_error_,
+                                                       call_combiner_);
     return;
   }
   // Add the batch to the pending list.
@@ -2777,15 +2820,15 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
   // For batches containing a send_initial_metadata op, acquire the
   // channel's data plane mutex to pick a subchannel.
   if (GPR_LIKELY(batch->send_initial_metadata)) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p lb_call=%p: grabbing data plane mutex to perform pick",
               chand_, this);
     }
-    PickSubchannel(this, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+    PickSubchannel(this, absl::OkStatus());
   } else {
     // For all other batches, release the call combiner.
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_call_trace)) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p lb_call=%p: saved batch, yielding call combiner",
               chand_, this);
@@ -2798,44 +2841,66 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::StartTransportStreamOpBatch(
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::SendInitialMetadataOnComplete(
     void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   auto* self = static_cast<LoadBalancedCall*>(arg);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "chand=%p lb_call=%p: got on_complete for send_initial_metadata: "
+            "error=%s",
+            self->chand_, self, StatusToString(error).c_str());
+  }
   self->call_attempt_tracer_->RecordOnDoneSendInitialMetadata(
       self->peer_string_);
   Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION,
-               self->original_send_initial_metadata_on_complete_,
-               GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+               self->original_send_initial_metadata_on_complete_, error);
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::RecvInitialMetadataReady(
     void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   auto* self = static_cast<LoadBalancedCall*>(arg);
-  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "chand=%p lb_call=%p: got recv_initial_metadata_ready: error=%s",
+            self->chand_, self, StatusToString(error).c_str());
+  }
+  if (error.ok()) {
     // recv_initial_metadata_flags is not populated for clients
     self->call_attempt_tracer_->RecordReceivedInitialMetadata(
         self->recv_initial_metadata_, 0 /* recv_initial_metadata_flags */);
   }
   Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, self->original_recv_initial_metadata_ready_,
-               GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+               error);
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::RecvMessageReady(
     void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   auto* self = static_cast<LoadBalancedCall*>(arg);
-  if (*self->recv_message_ != nullptr) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: got recv_message_ready: error=%s",
+            self->chand_, self, StatusToString(error).c_str());
+  }
+  if (self->recv_message_->has_value()) {
     self->call_attempt_tracer_->RecordReceivedMessage(**self->recv_message_);
   }
-  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, self->original_recv_message_ready_,
-               GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, self->original_recv_message_ready_, error);
 }
 
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::RecvTrailingMetadataReady(
     void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   auto* self = static_cast<LoadBalancedCall*>(arg);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "chand=%p lb_call=%p: got recv_trailing_metadata_ready: error=%s "
+            "call_attempt_tracer_=%p lb_subchannel_call_tracker_=%p "
+            "failure_error_=%s",
+            self->chand_, self, StatusToString(error).c_str(),
+            self->call_attempt_tracer_, self->lb_subchannel_call_tracker_.get(),
+            StatusToString(self->failure_error_).c_str());
+  }
   // Check if we have a tracer or an LB callback to invoke.
   if (self->call_attempt_tracer_ != nullptr ||
-      self->lb_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_ != nullptr) {
+      self->lb_subchannel_call_tracker_ != nullptr) {
     // Get the call's status.
     absl::Status status;
-    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (!error.ok()) {
       // Get status from error.
       grpc_status_code code;
       std::string message;
@@ -2844,63 +2909,66 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::RecvTrailingMetadataReady(
       status = absl::Status(static_cast<absl::StatusCode>(code), message);
     } else {
       // Get status from headers.
-      const auto& fields = self->recv_trailing_metadata_->legacy_index()->named;
-      GPR_ASSERT(fields.grpc_status != nullptr);
+      const auto& md = *self->recv_trailing_metadata_;
       grpc_status_code code =
-          grpc_get_status_code_from_metadata(fields.grpc_status->md);
+          md.get(GrpcStatusMetadata()).value_or(GRPC_STATUS_UNKNOWN);
       if (code != GRPC_STATUS_OK) {
         absl::string_view message;
-        if (fields.grpc_message != nullptr) {
-          message = StringViewFromSlice(GRPC_MDVALUE(fields.grpc_message->md));
+        if (const auto* grpc_message = md.get_pointer(GrpcMessageMetadata())) {
+          message = grpc_message->as_string_view();
         }
         status = absl::Status(static_cast<absl::StatusCode>(code), message);
       }
     }
-    // If we have a tracer, notify it.
-    if (self->call_attempt_tracer_ != nullptr) {
-      self->call_attempt_tracer_->RecordReceivedTrailingMetadata(
-          status, self->recv_trailing_metadata_,
-          *self->transport_stream_stats_);
-    }
-    // If the LB policy requested a callback for trailing metadata, invoke
-    // the callback.
-    if (self->lb_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_ != nullptr) {
-      Metadata trailing_metadata(self, self->recv_trailing_metadata_);
-      LbCallState lb_call_state(self);
-      self->lb_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_(status, &trailing_metadata,
-                                             &lb_call_state);
-    }
+    self->RecordCallCompletion(status);
   }
   // Chain to original callback.
-  if (self->failure_error_ != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+  if (!self->failure_error_.ok()) {
     error = self->failure_error_;
-    self->failure_error_ = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  } else {
-    error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+    self->failure_error_ = absl::OkStatus();
   }
   Closure::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, self->original_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_,
                error);
 }
 
+void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::RecordCallCompletion(
+    absl::Status status) {
+  // If we have a tracer, notify it.
+  if (call_attempt_tracer_ != nullptr) {
+    call_attempt_tracer_->RecordReceivedTrailingMetadata(
+        status, recv_trailing_metadata_, transport_stream_stats_);
+  }
+  // If the LB policy requested a callback for trailing metadata, invoke
+  // the callback.
+  if (lb_subchannel_call_tracker_ != nullptr) {
+    Metadata trailing_metadata(recv_trailing_metadata_);
+    BackendMetricAccessor backend_metric_accessor(this);
+    LoadBalancingPolicy::SubchannelCallTrackerInterface::FinishArgs args = {
+        status, &trailing_metadata, &backend_metric_accessor};
+    lb_subchannel_call_tracker_->Finish(args);
+    lb_subchannel_call_tracker_.reset();
+  }
+}
+
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::CreateSubchannelCall() {
   SubchannelCall::Args call_args = {
-      std::move(connected_subchannel_), pollent_, path_, /*start_time=*/0,
+      std::move(connected_subchannel_), pollent_, path_.Ref(), /*start_time=*/0,
       deadline_, arena_,
       // TODO(roth): When we implement hedging support, we will probably
       // need to use a separate call context for each subchannel call.
       call_context_, call_combiner_};
-  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
   subchannel_call_ = SubchannelCall::Create(std::move(call_args), &error);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "chand=%p lb_call=%p: create subchannel_call=%p: error=%s", chand_,
-            this, subchannel_call_.get(), grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+            this, subchannel_call_.get(), StatusToString(error).c_str());
   }
   if (on_call_destruction_complete_ != nullptr) {
     subchannel_call_->SetAfterCallStackDestroy(on_call_destruction_complete_);
     on_call_destruction_complete_ = nullptr;
   }
-  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE)) {
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(!error.ok())) {
     PendingBatchesFail(error, YieldCallCombiner);
   } else {
     PendingBatchesResume();
@@ -2930,19 +2998,19 @@ class ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::LbQueuedCallCanceller {
     auto* chand = lb_call->chand_;
     {
       MutexLock lock(&chand->data_plane_mu_);
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
         gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                 "chand=%p lb_call=%p: cancelling queued pick: "
                 "error=%s self=%p calld->pick_canceller=%p",
-                chand, lb_call, grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str(), self,
+                chand, lb_call, StatusToString(error).c_str(), self,
                 lb_call->lb_call_canceller_);
       }
-      if (lb_call->lb_call_canceller_ == self && error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      if (lb_call->lb_call_canceller_ == self && !error.ok()) {
         lb_call->call_dispatch_controller_->Commit();
         // Remove pick from list of queued picks.
         lb_call->MaybeRemoveCallFromLbQueuedCallsLocked();
         // Fail pending batches on the call.
-        lb_call->PendingBatchesFail(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error),
+        lb_call->PendingBatchesFail(error,
                                     YieldCallCombinerIfPendingBatchesFound);
       }
     }
@@ -2956,7 +3024,7 @@ class ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::LbQueuedCallCanceller {
 
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::MaybeRemoveCallFromLbQueuedCallsLocked() {
   if (!queued_pending_lb_pick_) return;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: removing from queued picks list",
             chand_, this);
   }
@@ -2968,7 +3036,7 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::MaybeRemoveCallFromLbQueuedCallsLocked() {
 
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::MaybeAddCallToLbQueuedCallsLocked() {
   if (queued_pending_lb_pick_) return;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: adding to queued picks list",
             chand_, this);
   }
@@ -2988,13 +3056,13 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::AsyncPickDone(grpc_error_handle error) {
 void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PickDone(void* arg,
                                                grpc_error_handle error) {
   auto* self = static_cast<LoadBalancedCall*>(arg);
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+  if (!error.ok()) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p lb_call=%p: failed to pick subchannel: error=%s",
-              self->chand_, self, grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+              self->chand_, self, StatusToString(error).c_str());
     }
-    self->PendingBatchesFail(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), YieldCallCombiner);
+    self->PendingBatchesFail(error, YieldCallCombiner);
     return;
   }
   self->call_dispatch_controller_->Commit();
@@ -3011,7 +3079,6 @@ void ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PickSubchannel(void* arg,
   }
   if (pick_complete) {
     PickDone(self, error);
-    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
   }
 }
 
@@ -3024,14 +3091,12 @@ bool ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PickSubchannelLocked(
       pending_batches_[0]->payload->send_initial_metadata;
   grpc_metadata_batch* initial_metadata_batch =
       send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata;
-  const uint32_t send_initial_metadata_flags =
-      send_initial_metadata.send_initial_metadata_flags;
   // Perform LB pick.
   LoadBalancingPolicy::PickArgs pick_args;
-  pick_args.path = StringViewFromSlice(path_);
+  pick_args.path = path_.as_string_view();
   LbCallState lb_call_state(this);
   pick_args.call_state = &lb_call_state;
-  Metadata initial_metadata(this, initial_metadata_batch);
+  Metadata initial_metadata(initial_metadata_batch);
   pick_args.initial_metadata = &initial_metadata;
   auto result = chand_->picker_->Pick(pick_args);
   return HandlePickResult<bool>(
@@ -3039,7 +3104,7 @@ bool ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PickSubchannelLocked(
       // CompletePick
       [this](LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult::Complete* complete_pick)
           ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&ClientChannel::data_plane_mu_) {
-            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
               gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                       "chand=%p lb_call=%p: LB pick succeeded: subchannel=%p",
                       chand_, this, complete_pick->subchannel.get());
@@ -3054,22 +3119,28 @@ bool ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PickSubchannelLocked(
             // subchannel has moved out of state READY but the LB policy hasn't
             // yet seen that change and given us a new picker), then just
             // queue the pick.  We'll try again as soon as we get a new picker.
-            // TODO(roth): In this case, we need to invoke the LB
-            // policy's recv_trailing_metadata_ready callback to tell it
-            // that the pick has been abandoned.
             if (connected_subchannel_ == nullptr) {
+              if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
+                gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                        "chand=%p lb_call=%p: subchannel returned by LB picker "
+                        "has no connected subchannel; queueing pick",
+                        chand_, this);
+              }
               MaybeAddCallToLbQueuedCallsLocked();
               return false;
             }
-            lb_recv_trailing_metadata_ready_ =
-                std::move(complete_pick->recv_trailing_metadata_ready);
+            lb_subchannel_call_tracker_ =
+                std::move(complete_pick->subchannel_call_tracker);
+            if (lb_subchannel_call_tracker_ != nullptr) {
+              lb_subchannel_call_tracker_->Start();
+            }
             MaybeRemoveCallFromLbQueuedCallsLocked();
             return true;
           },
       // QueuePick
       [this](LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult::Queue* /*queue_pick*/)
           ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&ClientChannel::data_plane_mu_) {
-            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
               gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: LB pick queued", chand_,
                       this);
             }
@@ -3077,22 +3148,19 @@ bool ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PickSubchannelLocked(
             return false;
           },
       // FailPick
-      [this, send_initial_metadata_flags,
+      [this, initial_metadata_batch,
        &error](LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult::Fail* fail_pick)
           ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&ClientChannel::data_plane_mu_) {
-            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
               gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: LB pick failed: %s",
                       chand_, this, fail_pick->status.ToString().c_str());
             }
             // If wait_for_ready is false, then the error indicates the RPC
             // attempt's final status.
-            if ((send_initial_metadata_flags &
-                 GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY) == 0) {
-              grpc_error_handle lb_error =
-                  absl_status_to_grpc_error(fail_pick->status);
-              *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
-                  "Failed to pick subchannel", &lb_error, 1);
-              GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(lb_error);
+            if (!initial_metadata_batch->GetOrCreatePointer(WaitForReady())
+                     ->value) {
+              *error = absl_status_to_grpc_error(MaybeRewriteIllegalStatusCode(
+                  std::move(fail_pick->status), "LB pick"));
               MaybeRemoveCallFromLbQueuedCallsLocked();
               return true;
             }
@@ -3104,13 +3172,14 @@ bool ClientChannel::LoadBalancedCall::PickSubchannelLocked(
       // DropPick
       [this, &error](LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult::Drop* drop_pick)
           ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&ClientChannel::data_plane_mu_) {
-            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_routing_trace)) {
+            if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_client_channel_lb_call_trace)) {
               gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "chand=%p lb_call=%p: LB pick dropped: %s",
                       chand_, this, drop_pick->status.ToString().c_str());
             }
-            *error =
-                grpc_error_set_int(absl_status_to_grpc_error(drop_pick->status),
-                                   GRPC_ERROR_INT_LB_POLICY_DROP, 1);
+            *error = grpc_error_set_int(
+                absl_status_to_grpc_error(MaybeRewriteIllegalStatusCode(
+                    std::move(drop_pick->status), "LB drop")),
+                StatusIntProperty::kLbPolicyDrop, 1);
             MaybeRemoveCallFromLbQueuedCallsLocked();
             return true;
           });