grpc 1.37.0 → 1.45.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb.cc

@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
-/*
- *
- * Copyright 2016 gRPC authors.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- */
+//
+// Copyright 2016 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
 
 /// Implementation of the gRPC LB policy.
 ///
@@ -51,14 +49,9 @@
 /// \see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/master/doc/load-balancing.md for the
 /// high level design and details.
 
-// With the addition of a libuv endpoint, sockaddr.h now includes uv.h when
-// using that endpoint. Because of various transitive includes in uv.h,
-// including windows.h on Windows, uv.h must be included before other system
-// headers. Therefore, sockaddr.h must always be included first.
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/socket_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb.h"
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <limits.h>
@@ -69,11 +62,11 @@
 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
 #include "absl/strings/strip.h"
-
 #include "upb/upb.hpp"
 
 #include <grpc/byte_buffer_reader.h>
 #include <grpc/grpc.h>
+#include <grpc/grpc_security.h>
 #include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
 #include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
 #include <grpc/support/time.h>
@@ -81,50 +74,45 @@
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/child_policy_handler.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/client_load_reporting_filter.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb_balancer_addresses.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb_channel.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb_client_stats.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/load_balancer_api.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy_factory.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy_registry.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/fake/fake_resolver.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/server_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack_builder.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/config/core_configuration.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/manual_constructor.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/memory.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/orphanable.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/parse_address.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/socket_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/resolver/server_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/security/credentials/credentials.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_string_helpers.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/call.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel_init.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/transport/static_metadata.h"
 
 #define GRPC_GRPCLB_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS 1
 #define GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER 1.6
 #define GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS 120
 #define GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_JITTER 0.2
 #define GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS 10000
-
-#define GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_ADDRESS_LB_TOKEN "grpc.grpclb_address_lb_token"
-#define GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_ADDRESS_CLIENT_STATS "grpc.grpclb_address_client_stats"
+#define GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_SUBCHANNEL_DELETION_DELAY_MS 10000
 
 namespace grpc_core {
 
 TraceFlag grpc_lb_glb_trace(false, "glb");
 
-const char kGrpcLbClientStatsMetadataKey[] = "grpclb_client_stats";
-const char kGrpcLbLbTokenMetadataKey[] = "lb-token";
-
 const char kGrpcLbAddressAttributeKey[] = "grpclb";
 
 namespace {
@@ -186,17 +174,17 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
     void ScheduleNextClientLoadReportLocked();
     void SendClientLoadReportLocked();
 
-    static void MaybeSendClientLoadReport(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-    static void ClientLoadReportDone(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-    static void OnInitialRequestSent(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-    static void OnBalancerMessageReceived(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-    static void OnBalancerStatusReceived(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
+    static void MaybeSendClientLoadReport(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    static void ClientLoadReportDone(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    static void OnInitialRequestSent(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    static void OnBalancerMessageReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    static void OnBalancerStatusReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
 
-    void MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(grpc_error* error);
-    void ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(grpc_error* error);
+    void MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
+    void ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
     void OnInitialRequestSentLocked();
     void OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked();
-    void OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(grpc_error* error);
+    void OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
 
     // The owning LB policy.
     RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy> grpclb_policy_;
@@ -226,7 +214,7 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
     // The stats for client-side load reporting associated with this LB call.
     // Created after the first serverlist is received.
     RefCountedPtr<GrpcLbClientStats> client_stats_;
-    grpc_millis client_stats_report_interval_ = 0;
+    Duration client_stats_report_interval_;
     grpc_timer client_load_report_timer_;
     bool client_load_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
     bool last_client_load_report_counters_were_zero_ = false;
@@ -239,16 +227,24 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   class SubchannelWrapper : public DelegatingSubchannel {
    public:
     SubchannelWrapper(RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> subchannel,
-                      std::string lb_token,
+                      RefCountedPtr<GrpcLb> lb_policy, std::string lb_token,
                       RefCountedPtr<GrpcLbClientStats> client_stats)
         : DelegatingSubchannel(std::move(subchannel)),
+          lb_policy_(std::move(lb_policy)),
           lb_token_(std::move(lb_token)),
           client_stats_(std::move(client_stats)) {}
 
+    ~SubchannelWrapper() override {
+      if (!lb_policy_->shutting_down_) {
+        lb_policy_->CacheDeletedSubchannelLocked(wrapped_subchannel());
+      }
+    }
+
     const std::string& lb_token() const { return lb_token_; }
     GrpcLbClientStats* client_stats() const { return client_stats_.get(); }
 
    private:
+    RefCountedPtr<GrpcLb> lb_policy_;
     std::string lb_token_;
     RefCountedPtr<GrpcLbClientStats> client_stats_;
   };
@@ -271,7 +267,7 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
           static_cast<const TokenAndClientStatsAttribute*>(other_base);
       int r = lb_token_.compare(other->lb_token_);
       if (r != 0) return r;
-      return GPR_ICMP(client_stats_.get(), other->client_stats_.get());
+      return QsortCompare(client_stats_.get(), other->client_stats_.get());
     }
 
     std::string ToString() const override {
@@ -357,6 +353,7 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
     void UpdateState(grpc_connectivity_state state, const absl::Status& status,
                      std::unique_ptr<SubchannelPicker> picker) override;
     void RequestReresolution() override;
+    absl::string_view GetAuthority() override;
     void AddTraceEvent(TraceSeverity severity,
                        absl::string_view message) override;
 
@@ -401,23 +398,20 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   void ShutdownLocked() override;
 
   // Helper functions used in UpdateLocked().
-  void ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(const ServerAddressList& addresses,
-                                            const grpc_channel_args& args);
-  static ServerAddressList AddNullLbTokenToAddresses(
-      const ServerAddressList& addresses);
+  void UpdateBalancerChannelLocked(const grpc_channel_args& args);
 
   void CancelBalancerChannelConnectivityWatchLocked();
 
   // Methods for dealing with fallback state.
   void MaybeEnterFallbackModeAfterStartup();
-  static void OnFallbackTimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-  void OnFallbackTimerLocked(grpc_error* error);
+  static void OnFallbackTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnFallbackTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
 
   // Methods for dealing with the balancer call.
   void StartBalancerCallLocked();
   void StartBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked();
-  static void OnBalancerCallRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error);
-  void OnBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error* error);
+  static void OnBalancerCallRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
 
   // Methods for dealing with the child policy.
   grpc_channel_args* CreateChildPolicyArgsLocked(
@@ -426,6 +420,13 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
       const grpc_channel_args* args);
   void CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked();
 
+  // Subchannel caching.
+  void CacheDeletedSubchannelLocked(
+      RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> subchannel);
+  void StartSubchannelCacheTimerLocked();
+  static void OnSubchannelCacheTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnSubchannelCacheTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
+
   // Who the client is trying to communicate with.
   std::string server_name_;
   // Configurations for the policy.
@@ -451,8 +452,8 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   // is shutting down, or the LB call has ended). A non-NULL lb_calld_ always
   // contains a non-NULL lb_call_.
   OrphanablePtr<BalancerCallState> lb_calld_;
-  // Timeout in milliseconds for the LB call. 0 means no deadline.
-  int lb_call_timeout_ms_ = 0;
+  // Timeout for the LB call. 0 means no deadline.
+  const Duration lb_call_timeout_;
   // Balancer call retry state.
   BackOff lb_call_backoff_;
   bool retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
@@ -466,11 +467,14 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   // Whether we're in fallback mode.
   bool fallback_mode_ = false;
   // The backend addresses from the resolver.
-  ServerAddressList fallback_backend_addresses_;
+  absl::StatusOr<ServerAddressList> fallback_backend_addresses_;
+  // The last resolution note from our parent.
+  // To be passed to child policy when fallback_backend_addresses_ is empty.
+  std::string resolution_note_;
   // State for fallback-at-startup checks.
   // Timeout after startup after which we will go into fallback mode if
   // we have not received a serverlist from the balancer.
-  int fallback_at_startup_timeout_ = 0;
+  const Duration fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
   bool fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_ = false;
   grpc_timer lb_fallback_timer_;
   grpc_closure lb_on_fallback_;
@@ -479,6 +483,15 @@ class GrpcLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
   OrphanablePtr<LoadBalancingPolicy> child_policy_;
   // Child policy in state READY.
   bool child_policy_ready_ = false;
+
+  // Deleted subchannel caching.
+  const Duration subchannel_cache_interval_;
+  std::map<Timestamp /*deletion time*/,
+           std::vector<RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface>>>
+      cached_subchannels_;
+  grpc_timer subchannel_cache_timer_;
+  grpc_closure on_subchannel_cache_timer_;
+  bool subchannel_cache_timer_pending_ = false;
 };
 
 //
@@ -606,7 +619,6 @@ const char* GrpcLb::Serverlist::ShouldDrop() {
 //
 
 GrpcLb::PickResult GrpcLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
-  PickResult result;
   // Check if we should drop the call.
   const char* drop_token =
       serverlist_ == nullptr ? nullptr : serverlist_->ShouldDrop();
@@ -619,16 +631,16 @@ GrpcLb::PickResult GrpcLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
     if (client_stats_ != nullptr) {
       client_stats_->AddCallDropped(drop_token);
     }
-    result.type = PickResult::PICK_COMPLETE;
-    return result;
+    return PickResult::Drop(
+        absl::UnavailableError("drop directed by grpclb balancer"));
   }
   // Forward pick to child policy.
-  result = child_picker_->Pick(args);
+  PickResult result = child_picker_->Pick(args);
   // If pick succeeded, add LB token to initial metadata.
-  if (result.type == PickResult::PICK_COMPLETE &&
-      result.subchannel != nullptr) {
+  auto* complete_pick = absl::get_if<PickResult::Complete>(&result.result);
+  if (complete_pick != nullptr) {
     const SubchannelWrapper* subchannel_wrapper =
-        static_cast<SubchannelWrapper*>(result.subchannel.get());
+        static_cast<SubchannelWrapper*>(complete_pick->subchannel.get());
     // Encode client stats object into metadata for use by
     // client_load_reporting filter.
     GrpcLbClientStats* client_stats = subchannel_wrapper->client_stats();
@@ -638,7 +650,7 @@ GrpcLb::PickResult GrpcLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
       // a string and rely on the client_load_reporting filter to know
       // how to interpret it.
       args.initial_metadata->Add(
-          kGrpcLbClientStatsMetadataKey,
+          GrpcLbClientStatsMetadata::key(),
           absl::string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(client_stats), 0));
       // Update calls-started.
       client_stats->AddCallStarted();
@@ -651,10 +663,10 @@ GrpcLb::PickResult GrpcLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
       char* lb_token = static_cast<char*>(
           args.call_state->Alloc(subchannel_wrapper->lb_token().size() + 1));
       strcpy(lb_token, subchannel_wrapper->lb_token().c_str());
-      args.initial_metadata->Add(kGrpcLbLbTokenMetadataKey, lb_token);
+      args.initial_metadata->Add(LbTokenMetadata::key(), lb_token);
     }
     // Unwrap subchannel to pass up to the channel.
-    result.subchannel = subchannel_wrapper->wrapped_subchannel();
+    complete_pick->subchannel = subchannel_wrapper->wrapped_subchannel();
   }
   return result;
 }
@@ -680,7 +692,8 @@ RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> GrpcLb::Helper::CreateSubchannel(
   return MakeRefCounted<SubchannelWrapper>(
       parent_->channel_control_helper()->CreateSubchannel(std::move(address),
                                                           args),
-      std::move(lb_token), std::move(client_stats));
+      parent_->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "SubchannelWrapper"), std::move(lb_token),
+      std::move(client_stats));
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::Helper::UpdateState(grpc_connectivity_state state,
@@ -736,6 +749,10 @@ void GrpcLb::Helper::RequestReresolution() {
   }
 }
 
+absl::string_view GrpcLb::Helper::GetAuthority() {
+  return parent_->channel_control_helper()->GetAuthority();
+}
+
 void GrpcLb::Helper::AddTraceEvent(TraceSeverity severity,
                                    absl::string_view message) {
   if (parent_->shutting_down_) return;
@@ -767,14 +784,14 @@ GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::BalancerCallState(
                     this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&client_load_report_closure_, MaybeSendClientLoadReport,
                     this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  const grpc_millis deadline =
-      grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_ms_ == 0
-          ? GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE
-          : ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_ms_;
+  const Timestamp deadline =
+      grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_ == Duration::Zero()
+          ? Timestamp::InfFuture()
+          : ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_;
   lb_call_ = grpc_channel_create_pollset_set_call(
       grpclb_policy()->lb_channel_, nullptr, GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEFAULTS,
       grpclb_policy_->interested_parties(),
-      GRPC_MDSTR_SLASH_GRPC_DOT_LB_DOT_V1_DOT_LOADBALANCER_SLASH_BALANCELOAD,
+      Slice::FromStaticString("/grpc.lb.v1.LoadBalancer/BalanceLoad").c_slice(),
       nullptr, deadline, nullptr);
   // Init the LB call request payload.
   upb::Arena arena;
@@ -893,7 +910,11 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::StartQuery() {
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ScheduleNextClientLoadReportLocked() {
-  const grpc_millis next_client_load_report_time =
+  // InvalidateNow to avoid getting stuck re-initializing this timer
+  // in a loop while draining the currently-held WorkSerializer.
+  // Also see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/26079.
+  ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
+  const Timestamp next_client_load_report_time =
       ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + client_stats_report_interval_;
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&client_load_report_closure_, MaybeSendClientLoadReport,
                     this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
@@ -902,17 +923,17 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ScheduleNextClientLoadReportLocked() {
   client_load_report_timer_callback_pending_ = true;
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::MaybeSendClientLoadReport(void* arg,
-                                                          grpc_error* error) {
+void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::MaybeSendClientLoadReport(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   BalancerCallState* lb_calld = static_cast<BalancerCallState*>(arg);
-  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
+  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
   lb_calld->grpclb_policy()->work_serializer()->Run(
       [lb_calld, error]() { lb_calld->MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(error); },
       DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::MaybeSendClientLoadReportLocked(
-    grpc_error* error) {
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
   client_load_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || this != grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.get()) {
     Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "client_load_report");
@@ -982,15 +1003,16 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::SendClientLoadReportLocked() {
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ClientLoadReportDone(void* arg,
-                                                     grpc_error* error) {
+                                                     grpc_error_handle error) {
   BalancerCallState* lb_calld = static_cast<BalancerCallState*>(arg);
-  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
+  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
   lb_calld->grpclb_policy()->work_serializer()->Run(
       [lb_calld, error]() { lb_calld->ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(error); },
       DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
   send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || this != grpclb_policy()->lb_calld_.get()) {
@@ -1001,8 +1023,8 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::ClientLoadReportDoneLocked(grpc_error* error) {
   ScheduleNextClientLoadReportLocked();
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnInitialRequestSent(void* arg,
-                                                     grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnInitialRequestSent(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   BalancerCallState* lb_calld = static_cast<BalancerCallState*>(arg);
   lb_calld->grpclb_policy()->work_serializer()->Run(
       [lb_calld]() { lb_calld->OnInitialRequestSentLocked(); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
@@ -1021,7 +1043,7 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnInitialRequestSentLocked() {
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerMessageReceived(
-    void* arg, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   BalancerCallState* lb_calld = static_cast<BalancerCallState*>(arg);
   lb_calld->grpclb_policy()->work_serializer()->Run(
       [lb_calld]() { lb_calld->OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked(); },
@@ -1055,15 +1077,16 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked() {
   } else {
     switch (response.type) {
       case response.INITIAL: {
-        if (response.client_stats_report_interval != 0) {
-          client_stats_report_interval_ =
-              GPR_MAX(GPR_MS_PER_SEC, response.client_stats_report_interval);
+        if (response.client_stats_report_interval != Duration::Zero()) {
+          client_stats_report_interval_ = std::max(
+              Duration::Seconds(1), response.client_stats_report_interval);
           if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
             gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                     "[grpclb %p] lb_calld=%p: Received initial LB response "
                     "message; client load reporting interval = %" PRId64
                     " milliseconds",
-                    grpclb_policy(), this, client_stats_report_interval_);
+                    grpclb_policy(), this,
+                    client_stats_report_interval_.millis());
           }
         } else if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
           gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
@@ -1089,7 +1112,8 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked() {
         seen_serverlist_ = true;
         // Start sending client load report only after we start using the
         // serverlist returned from the current LB call.
-        if (client_stats_report_interval_ > 0 && client_stats_ == nullptr) {
+        if (client_stats_report_interval_ > Duration::Zero() &&
+            client_stats_ == nullptr) {
           client_stats_ = MakeRefCounted<GrpcLbClientStats>();
           // Ref held by callback.
           Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "client_load_report").release();
@@ -1183,17 +1207,17 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerMessageReceivedLocked() {
   }
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerStatusReceived(void* arg,
-                                                         grpc_error* error) {
+void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerStatusReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   BalancerCallState* lb_calld = static_cast<BalancerCallState*>(arg);
-  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // owned by lambda
+  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // owned by lambda
   lb_calld->grpclb_policy()->work_serializer()->Run(
       [lb_calld, error]() { lb_calld->OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(error); },
       DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(
-    grpc_error* error) {
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
   GPR_ASSERT(lb_call_ != nullptr);
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
     char* status_details = grpc_slice_to_c_string(lb_call_status_details_);
@@ -1201,7 +1225,7 @@ void GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::OnBalancerStatusReceivedLocked(
             "[grpclb %p] lb_calld=%p: Status from LB server received. "
             "Status = %d, details = '%s', (lb_call: %p), error '%s'",
             grpclb_policy(), this, lb_call_status_, status_details, lb_call_,
-            grpc_error_string(error));
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
     gpr_free(status_details);
   }
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
@@ -1292,67 +1316,87 @@ grpc_channel_args* BuildBalancerChannelArgs(
       // Don't want to pass down channelz node from parent; the balancer
       // channel will get its own.
       GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_CHANNEL_NODE,
+      // Remove the channel args for channel credentials and replace it
+      // with a version that does not contain call credentials. The loadbalancer
+      // is not necessarily trusted to handle bearer token credentials.
+      GRPC_ARG_CHANNEL_CREDENTIALS,
   };
+  // Create channel args for channel credentials that does not contain bearer
+  // token credentials.
+  grpc_channel_credentials* channel_credentials =
+      grpc_channel_credentials_find_in_args(args);
+  GPR_ASSERT(channel_credentials != nullptr);
+  RefCountedPtr<grpc_channel_credentials> creds_sans_call_creds =
+      channel_credentials->duplicate_without_call_credentials();
+  GPR_ASSERT(creds_sans_call_creds != nullptr);
   // Channel args to add.
-  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 3> args_to_add = {
+  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 4> args_to_add = {
       // The fake resolver response generator, which we use to inject
       // address updates into the LB channel.
-      grpc_core::FakeResolverResponseGenerator::MakeChannelArg(
-          response_generator),
+      FakeResolverResponseGenerator::MakeChannelArg(response_generator),
       // A channel arg indicating the target is a grpclb load balancer.
       grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
           const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_ADDRESS_IS_GRPCLB_LOAD_BALANCER), 1),
       // Tells channelz that this is an internal channel.
       grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
           const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_CHANNELZ_IS_INTERNAL_CHANNEL), 1),
+      // A channel args for new channel credentials that does not contain bearer
+      // tokens.
+      grpc_channel_credentials_to_arg(creds_sans_call_creds.get()),
   };
-  // Construct channel args.
-  grpc_channel_args* new_args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add_and_remove(
+  return grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add_and_remove(
       args, args_to_remove, GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(args_to_remove), args_to_add.data(),
       args_to_add.size());
-  // Make any necessary modifications for security.
-  return ModifyGrpclbBalancerChannelArgs(new_args);
 }
 
 //
 // ctor and dtor
 //
 
+std::string GetServerNameFromChannelArgs(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  const char* server_uri =
+      grpc_channel_args_find_string(args, GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
+  GPR_ASSERT(server_uri != nullptr);
+  absl::StatusOr<URI> uri = URI::Parse(server_uri);
+  GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok() && !uri->path().empty());
+  return std::string(absl::StripPrefix(uri->path(), "/"));
+}
+
 GrpcLb::GrpcLb(Args args)
     : LoadBalancingPolicy(std::move(args)),
+      server_name_(GetServerNameFromChannelArgs(args.args)),
       response_generator_(MakeRefCounted<FakeResolverResponseGenerator>()),
+      lb_call_timeout_(Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
+          args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS, {0, 0, INT_MAX}))),
       lb_call_backoff_(
           BackOff::Options()
-              .set_initial_backoff(GRPC_GRPCLB_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS *
-                                   1000)
+              .set_initial_backoff(Duration::Seconds(
+                  GRPC_GRPCLB_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS))
               .set_multiplier(GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER)
               .set_jitter(GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_JITTER)
-              .set_max_backoff(GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS *
-                               1000)) {
-  // Closure Initialization
-  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&lb_on_fallback_, &GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimer, this,
-                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&lb_on_call_retry_, &GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimer, this,
-                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-  // Record server name.
-  const grpc_arg* arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args.args, GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
-  const char* server_uri = grpc_channel_arg_get_string(arg);
-  GPR_ASSERT(server_uri != nullptr);
-  absl::StatusOr<URI> uri = URI::Parse(server_uri);
-  GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok() && !uri->path().empty());
-  server_name_ = std::string(absl::StripPrefix(uri->path(), "/"));
+              .set_max_backoff(Duration::Seconds(
+                  GRPC_GRPCLB_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS))),
+      fallback_at_startup_timeout_(
+          Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
+              args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS,
+              {GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, 0, INT_MAX}))),
+      subchannel_cache_interval_(
+          Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
+              args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_SUBCHANNEL_CACHE_INTERVAL_MS,
+              {GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_SUBCHANNEL_DELETION_DELAY_MS, 0,
+               INT_MAX}))) {
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "[grpclb %p] Will use '%s' as the server name for LB request.",
             this, server_name_.c_str());
   }
-  // Record LB call timeout.
-  arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS);
-  lb_call_timeout_ms_ = grpc_channel_arg_get_integer(arg, {0, 0, INT_MAX});
-  // Record fallback-at-startup timeout.
-  arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args.args, GRPC_ARG_GRPCLB_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
-  fallback_at_startup_timeout_ = grpc_channel_arg_get_integer(
-      arg, {GRPC_GRPCLB_DEFAULT_FALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS, 0, INT_MAX});
+  // Closure Initialization
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&lb_on_fallback_, &GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimer, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&lb_on_call_retry_, &GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimer, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_subchannel_cache_timer_, &OnSubchannelCacheTimer, this,
+                    nullptr);
 }
 
 GrpcLb::~GrpcLb() { grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_); }
@@ -1360,6 +1404,11 @@ GrpcLb::~GrpcLb() { grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_); }
 void GrpcLb::ShutdownLocked() {
   shutting_down_ = true;
   lb_calld_.reset();
+  if (subchannel_cache_timer_pending_) {
+    subchannel_cache_timer_pending_ = false;
+    grpc_timer_cancel(&subchannel_cache_timer_);
+  }
+  cached_subchannels_.clear();
   if (retry_timer_callback_pending_) {
     grpc_timer_cancel(&lb_call_retry_timer_);
   }
@@ -1406,27 +1455,38 @@ void GrpcLb::UpdateLocked(UpdateArgs args) {
   const bool is_initial_update = lb_channel_ == nullptr;
   config_ = args.config;
   GPR_ASSERT(config_ != nullptr);
-  ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(args.addresses, *args.args);
-  // Update the existing child policy.
+  // Update fallback address list.
+  fallback_backend_addresses_ = std::move(args.addresses);
+  if (fallback_backend_addresses_.ok()) {
+    // Add null LB token attributes.
+    for (ServerAddress& address : *fallback_backend_addresses_) {
+      address = address.WithAttribute(
+          kGrpcLbAddressAttributeKey,
+          absl::make_unique<TokenAndClientStatsAttribute>("", nullptr));
+    }
+  }
+  resolution_note_ = std::move(args.resolution_note);
+  // Update balancer channel.
+  UpdateBalancerChannelLocked(*args.args);
+  // Update the existing child policy, if any.
   if (child_policy_ != nullptr) CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked();
   // If this is the initial update, start the fallback-at-startup checks
   // and the balancer call.
   if (is_initial_update) {
     fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_ = true;
     // Start timer.
-    grpc_millis deadline = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
+    Timestamp deadline = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
     Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "on_fallback_timer").release();  // Ref for callback
     grpc_timer_init(&lb_fallback_timer_, deadline, &lb_on_fallback_);
     // Start watching the channel's connectivity state.  If the channel
     // goes into state TRANSIENT_FAILURE before the timer fires, we go into
     // fallback mode even if the fallback timeout has not elapsed.
-    grpc_channel_element* client_channel_elem = grpc_channel_stack_last_element(
-        grpc_channel_get_channel_stack(lb_channel_));
-    GPR_ASSERT(client_channel_elem->filter == &grpc_client_channel_filter);
+    ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(lb_channel_);
+    GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
     // Ref held by callback.
     watcher_ = new StateWatcher(Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "StateWatcher"));
-    grpc_client_channel_start_connectivity_watch(
-        client_channel_elem, GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE,
+    client_channel->AddConnectivityWatcher(
+        GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE,
         OrphanablePtr<AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>(watcher_));
     // Start balancer call.
     StartBalancerCallLocked();
@@ -1437,21 +1497,7 @@ void GrpcLb::UpdateLocked(UpdateArgs args) {
 // helpers for UpdateLocked()
 //
 
-ServerAddressList GrpcLb::AddNullLbTokenToAddresses(
-    const ServerAddressList& addresses) {
-  ServerAddressList addresses_out;
-  for (const ServerAddress& address : addresses) {
-    addresses_out.emplace_back(address.WithAttribute(
-        kGrpcLbAddressAttributeKey,
-        absl::make_unique<TokenAndClientStatsAttribute>("", nullptr)));
-  }
-  return addresses_out;
-}
-
-void GrpcLb::ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(
-    const ServerAddressList& addresses, const grpc_channel_args& args) {
-  // Update fallback address list.
-  fallback_backend_addresses_ = AddNullLbTokenToAddresses(addresses);
+void GrpcLb::UpdateBalancerChannelLocked(const grpc_channel_args& args) {
   // Make sure that GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME is set in channel args,
   // since we use this to trigger the client_load_reporting filter.
   static const char* args_to_remove[] = {GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME};
@@ -1467,9 +1513,15 @@ void GrpcLb::ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(
   // Create balancer channel if needed.
   if (lb_channel_ == nullptr) {
     std::string uri_str = absl::StrCat("fake:///", server_name_);
-    lb_channel_ =
-        CreateGrpclbBalancerChannel(uri_str.c_str(), *lb_channel_args);
+    grpc_channel_credentials* creds =
+        grpc_channel_credentials_find_in_args(lb_channel_args);
+    GPR_ASSERT(creds != nullptr);
+    const char* arg_to_remove = GRPC_ARG_CHANNEL_CREDENTIALS;
+    grpc_channel_args* new_args =
+        grpc_channel_args_copy_and_remove(lb_channel_args, &arg_to_remove, 1);
+    lb_channel_ = grpc_channel_create(uri_str.c_str(), creds, new_args);
     GPR_ASSERT(lb_channel_ != nullptr);
+    grpc_channel_args_destroy(new_args);
     // Set up channelz linkage.
     channelz::ChannelNode* child_channelz_node =
         grpc_channel_get_channelz_node(lb_channel_);
@@ -1490,10 +1542,9 @@ void GrpcLb::ProcessAddressesAndChannelArgsLocked(
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::CancelBalancerChannelConnectivityWatchLocked() {
-  grpc_channel_element* client_channel_elem = grpc_channel_stack_last_element(
-      grpc_channel_get_channel_stack(lb_channel_));
-  GPR_ASSERT(client_channel_elem->filter == &grpc_client_channel_filter);
-  grpc_client_channel_stop_connectivity_watch(client_channel_elem, watcher_);
+  ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(lb_channel_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
+  client_channel->RemoveConnectivityWatcher(watcher_);
 }
 
 //
@@ -1515,13 +1566,13 @@ void GrpcLb::StartBalancerCallLocked() {
 }
 
 void GrpcLb::StartBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked() {
-  grpc_millis next_try = lb_call_backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
+  Timestamp next_try = lb_call_backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] Connection to LB server lost...", this);
-    grpc_millis timeout = next_try - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
-    if (timeout > 0) {
+    Duration timeout = next_try - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    if (timeout > Duration::Zero()) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] ... retry_timer_active in %" PRId64 "ms.",
-              this, timeout);
+              this, timeout.millis());
     } else {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] ... retry_timer_active immediately.",
               this);
@@ -1536,9 +1587,9 @@ void GrpcLb::StartBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked() {
   grpc_timer_init(&lb_call_retry_timer_, next_try, &lb_on_call_retry_);
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+void GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   GrpcLb* grpclb_policy = static_cast<GrpcLb*>(arg);
-  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
+  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
   grpclb_policy->work_serializer()->Run(
       [grpclb_policy, error]() {
         grpclb_policy->OnBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked(error);
@@ -1546,7 +1597,7 @@ void GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
       DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+void GrpcLb::OnBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
   retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
   if (!shutting_down_ && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE && lb_calld_ == nullptr) {
     if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
@@ -1580,15 +1631,15 @@ void GrpcLb::MaybeEnterFallbackModeAfterStartup() {
   }
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimer(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+void GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   GrpcLb* grpclb_policy = static_cast<GrpcLb*>(arg);
-  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
+  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
   grpclb_policy->work_serializer()->Run(
       [grpclb_policy, error]() { grpclb_policy->OnFallbackTimerLocked(error); },
       DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
-void GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimerLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+void GrpcLb::OnFallbackTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
   // If we receive a serverlist after the timer fires but before this callback
   // actually runs, don't fall back.
   if (fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_ && !shutting_down_ &&
@@ -1654,9 +1705,14 @@ void GrpcLb::CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() {
     // If CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() is invoked when we haven't
     // received any serverlist from the balancer, we use the fallback backends
     // returned by the resolver. Note that the fallback backend list may be
-    // empty, in which case the new round_robin policy will keep the requested
-    // picks pending.
+    // empty, in which case the new child policy will fail the picks.
     update_args.addresses = fallback_backend_addresses_;
+    if (fallback_backend_addresses_.ok() &&
+        fallback_backend_addresses_->empty()) {
+      update_args.resolution_note = absl::StrCat(
+          "grpclb in fallback mode without any balancer addresses: ",
+          resolution_note_);
+    }
   } else {
     update_args.addresses = serverlist_->GetServerAddressList(
         lb_calld_ == nullptr ? nullptr : lb_calld_->client_stats());
@@ -1678,6 +1734,56 @@ void GrpcLb::CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() {
   child_policy_->UpdateLocked(std::move(update_args));
 }
 
+//
+// subchannel caching
+//
+
+void GrpcLb::CacheDeletedSubchannelLocked(
+    RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> subchannel) {
+  Timestamp deletion_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + subchannel_cache_interval_;
+  cached_subchannels_[deletion_time].push_back(std::move(subchannel));
+  if (!subchannel_cache_timer_pending_) {
+    Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "OnSubchannelCacheTimer").release();
+    subchannel_cache_timer_pending_ = true;
+    StartSubchannelCacheTimerLocked();
+  }
+}
+
+void GrpcLb::StartSubchannelCacheTimerLocked() {
+  GPR_ASSERT(!cached_subchannels_.empty());
+  grpc_timer_init(&subchannel_cache_timer_, cached_subchannels_.begin()->first,
+                  &on_subchannel_cache_timer_);
+}
+
+void GrpcLb::OnSubchannelCacheTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  auto* self = static_cast<GrpcLb*>(arg);
+  (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+  self->work_serializer()->Run(
+      [self, error]() { self->GrpcLb::OnSubchannelCacheTimerLocked(error); },
+      DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+void GrpcLb::OnSubchannelCacheTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
+  if (subchannel_cache_timer_pending_ && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    auto it = cached_subchannels_.begin();
+    if (it != cached_subchannels_.end()) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[grpclb %p] removing %" PRIuPTR " subchannels from cache",
+                this, it->second.size());
+      }
+      cached_subchannels_.erase(it);
+    }
+    if (!cached_subchannels_.empty()) {
+      StartSubchannelCacheTimerLocked();
+      return;
+    }
+    subchannel_cache_timer_pending_ = false;
+  }
+  Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "OnSubchannelCacheTimer");
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
 //
 // factory
 //
@@ -1692,12 +1798,12 @@ class GrpcLbFactory : public LoadBalancingPolicyFactory {
   const char* name() const override { return kGrpclb; }
 
   RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> ParseLoadBalancingConfig(
-      const Json& json, grpc_error** error) const override {
+      const Json& json, grpc_error_handle* error) const override {
     GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != nullptr && *error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
     if (json.type() == Json::Type::JSON_NULL) {
       return MakeRefCounted<GrpcLbConfig>(nullptr, "");
     }
-    std::vector<grpc_error*> error_list;
+    std::vector<grpc_error_handle> error_list;
     Json child_policy_config_json_tmp;
     const Json* child_policy_config_json;
     std::string service_name;
@@ -1720,12 +1826,12 @@ class GrpcLbFactory : public LoadBalancingPolicyFactory {
     } else {
       child_policy_config_json = &it->second;
     }
-    grpc_error* parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    grpc_error_handle parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
     RefCountedPtr<LoadBalancingPolicy::Config> child_policy_config =
         LoadBalancingPolicyRegistry::ParseLoadBalancingConfig(
             *child_policy_config_json, &parse_error);
     if (parse_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-      std::vector<grpc_error*> child_errors;
+      std::vector<grpc_error_handle> child_errors;
       child_errors.push_back(parse_error);
       error_list.push_back(
           GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("field:childPolicy", &child_errors));
@@ -1748,39 +1854,32 @@ class GrpcLbFactory : public LoadBalancingPolicyFactory {
 // Plugin registration
 //
 
-namespace {
-
-// Only add client_load_reporting filter if the grpclb LB policy is used.
-bool maybe_add_client_load_reporting_filter(grpc_channel_stack_builder* builder,
-                                            void* arg) {
-  const grpc_channel_args* args =
-      grpc_channel_stack_builder_get_channel_arguments(builder);
-  const grpc_arg* channel_arg =
-      grpc_channel_args_find(args, GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME);
-  if (channel_arg != nullptr && channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_STRING &&
-      strcmp(channel_arg->value.string, "grpclb") == 0) {
-    // TODO(roth): When we get around to re-attempting
-    // https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/16214, we should try to keep
-    // this filter at the very top of the subchannel stack, since that
-    // will minimize the number of metadata elements that the filter
-    // needs to iterate through to find the ClientStats object.
-    return grpc_channel_stack_builder_prepend_filter(
-        builder, static_cast<const grpc_channel_filter*>(arg), nullptr,
-        nullptr);
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
 void grpc_lb_policy_grpclb_init() {
   grpc_core::LoadBalancingPolicyRegistry::Builder::
       RegisterLoadBalancingPolicyFactory(
           absl::make_unique<grpc_core::GrpcLbFactory>());
-  grpc_channel_init_register_stage(
-      GRPC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNEL, GRPC_CHANNEL_INIT_BUILTIN_PRIORITY,
-      maybe_add_client_load_reporting_filter,
-      const_cast<grpc_channel_filter*>(&grpc_client_load_reporting_filter));
 }
 
 void grpc_lb_policy_grpclb_shutdown() {}
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+void RegisterGrpcLbLoadReportingFilter(CoreConfiguration::Builder* builder) {
+  builder->channel_init()->RegisterStage(
+      GRPC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNEL, GRPC_CHANNEL_INIT_BUILTIN_PRIORITY,
+      [](ChannelStackBuilder* builder) {
+        const grpc_channel_args* args = builder->channel_args();
+        const grpc_arg* channel_arg =
+            grpc_channel_args_find(args, GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME);
+        if (channel_arg != nullptr && channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_STRING &&
+            strcmp(channel_arg->value.string, "grpclb") == 0) {
+          // TODO(roth): When we get around to re-attempting
+          // https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/16214, we should try to keep
+          // this filter at the very top of the subchannel stack, since that
+          // will minimize the number of metadata elements that the filter
+          // needs to iterate through to find the ClientStats object.
+          builder->PrependFilter(&grpc_client_load_reporting_filter, nullptr);
+        }
+        return true;
+      });
+}
+}  // namespace grpc_core