grpc 1.30.2 → 1.35.0

data/third_party/boringssl-with-bazel/src/crypto/trust_token/voprf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2020, Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+ * SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. */
+
+#include <openssl/trust_token.h>
+
+#include <openssl/bn.h>
+#include <openssl/bytestring.h>
+#include <openssl/ec.h>
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#include <openssl/mem.h>
+#include <openssl/nid.h>
+#include <openssl/rand.h>
+
+#include "../ec_extra/internal.h"
+#include "../fipsmodule/ec/internal.h"
+
+#include "internal.h"
+
+
+typedef int (*hash_to_group_func_t)(const EC_GROUP *group, EC_RAW_POINT *out,
+                                    const uint8_t t[TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE]);
+typedef int (*hash_to_scalar_func_t)(const EC_GROUP *group, EC_SCALAR *out,
+                                     uint8_t *buf, size_t len);
+
+typedef struct {
+  const EC_GROUP *group;
+
+  // hash_to_group implements the HashToGroup operation for VOPRFs. It returns
+  // one on success and zero on error.
+  hash_to_group_func_t hash_to_group;
+  // hash_to_scalar implements the HashToScalar operation for VOPRFs. It returns
+  // one on success and zero on error.
+  hash_to_scalar_func_t hash_to_scalar;
+} VOPRF_METHOD;
+
+static const uint8_t kDefaultAdditionalData[32] = {0};
+
+static int voprf_init_method(VOPRF_METHOD *method, int curve_nid,
+                             hash_to_group_func_t hash_to_group,
+                             hash_to_scalar_func_t hash_to_scalar) {
+  method->group = EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name(curve_nid);
+  if (method->group == NULL) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  method->hash_to_group = hash_to_group;
+  method->hash_to_scalar = hash_to_scalar;
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int cbb_add_point(CBB *out, const EC_GROUP *group,
+                         const EC_AFFINE *point) {
+  size_t len =
+      ec_point_to_bytes(group, point, POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED, NULL, 0);
+  if (len == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t *p;
+  return CBB_add_space(out, &p, len) &&
+         ec_point_to_bytes(group, point, POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED, p,
+                           len) == len &&
+         CBB_flush(out);
+}
+
+static int cbs_get_point(CBS *cbs, const EC_GROUP *group, EC_AFFINE *out) {
+  CBS child;
+  size_t plen = 1 + 2 * BN_num_bytes(&group->field);
+  if (!CBS_get_bytes(cbs, &child, plen) ||
+      !ec_point_from_uncompressed(group, out, CBS_data(&child),
+                                  CBS_len(&child))) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int scalar_to_cbb(CBB *out, const EC_GROUP *group,
+                         const EC_SCALAR *scalar) {
+  uint8_t *buf;
+  size_t scalar_len = BN_num_bytes(&group->order);
+  if (!CBB_add_space(out, &buf, scalar_len)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  ec_scalar_to_bytes(group, buf, &scalar_len, scalar);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int scalar_from_cbs(CBS *cbs, const EC_GROUP *group, EC_SCALAR *out) {
+  size_t scalar_len = BN_num_bytes(&group->order);
+  CBS tmp;
+  if (!CBS_get_bytes(cbs, &tmp, scalar_len)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  ec_scalar_from_bytes(group, out, CBS_data(&tmp), CBS_len(&tmp));
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int voprf_generate_key(const VOPRF_METHOD *method, CBB *out_private,
+                              CBB *out_public) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+  EC_RAW_POINT pub;
+  EC_SCALAR priv;
+  EC_AFFINE pub_affine;
+  if (!ec_random_nonzero_scalar(group, &priv, kDefaultAdditionalData) ||
+      !ec_point_mul_scalar_base(group, &pub, &priv) ||
+      !ec_jacobian_to_affine(group, &pub_affine, &pub)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_KEYGEN_FAILURE);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (!scalar_to_cbb(out_private, group, &priv) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(out_public, group, &pub_affine)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int voprf_client_key_from_bytes(const VOPRF_METHOD *method,
+                                       TRUST_TOKEN_CLIENT_KEY *key,
+                                       const uint8_t *in, size_t len) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+  if (!ec_point_from_uncompressed(group, &key->pubs, in, len)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int voprf_issuer_key_from_bytes(const VOPRF_METHOD *method,
+                                       TRUST_TOKEN_ISSUER_KEY *key,
+                                       const uint8_t *in, size_t len) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+  if (!ec_scalar_from_bytes(group, &key->xs, in, len)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Recompute the public key.
+  EC_RAW_POINT pub;
+  if (!ec_point_mul_scalar_base(group, &pub, &key->xs) ||
+      !ec_jacobian_to_affine(group, &key->pubs, &pub)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN) *
+    voprf_blind(const VOPRF_METHOD *method, CBB *cbb, size_t count) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+  STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN) *pretokens =
+      sk_TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN_new_null();
+  if (pretokens == NULL) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    // Insert |pretoken| into |pretokens| early to simplify error-handling.
+    TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN *pretoken =
+        OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN));
+    if (pretoken == NULL ||
+        !sk_TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN_push(pretokens, pretoken)) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+      TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN_free(pretoken);
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    RAND_bytes(pretoken->t, sizeof(pretoken->t));
+
+    // We sample r in Montgomery form to simplify inverting.
+    EC_SCALAR r;
+    if (!ec_random_nonzero_scalar(group, &r,
+                                  kDefaultAdditionalData)) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    // pretoken->r is rinv.
+    ec_scalar_inv0_montgomery(group, &pretoken->r, &r);
+    // Convert both out of Montgomery form.
+    ec_scalar_from_montgomery(group, &r, &r);
+    ec_scalar_from_montgomery(group, &pretoken->r, &pretoken->r);
+
+    // Tp is the blinded token in the VOPRF protocol.
+    EC_RAW_POINT P, Tp;
+    if (!method->hash_to_group(group, &P, pretoken->t) ||
+        !ec_point_mul_scalar(group, &Tp, &P, &r) ||
+        !ec_jacobian_to_affine(group, &pretoken->Tp, &Tp)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    if (!cbb_add_point(cbb, group, &pretoken->Tp)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return pretokens;
+
+err:
+  sk_TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN_pop_free(pretokens, TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN_free);
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static int hash_to_scalar_dleq(const VOPRF_METHOD *method, EC_SCALAR *out,
+                               const EC_AFFINE *X, const EC_AFFINE *T,
+                               const EC_AFFINE *W, const EC_AFFINE *K0,
+                               const EC_AFFINE *K1) {
+  static const uint8_t kDLEQLabel[] = "DLEQ";
+
+  int ok = 0;
+  CBB cbb;
+  CBB_zero(&cbb);
+  uint8_t *buf = NULL;
+  size_t len;
+  if (!CBB_init(&cbb, 0) ||
+      !CBB_add_bytes(&cbb, kDLEQLabel, sizeof(kDLEQLabel)) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(&cbb, method->group, X) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(&cbb, method->group, T) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(&cbb, method->group, W) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(&cbb, method->group, K0) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(&cbb, method->group, K1) ||
+      !CBB_finish(&cbb, &buf, &len) ||
+      !method->hash_to_scalar(method->group, out, buf, len)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  ok = 1;
+
+err:
+  CBB_cleanup(&cbb);
+  OPENSSL_free(buf);
+  return ok;
+}
+
+static int hash_to_scalar_batch(const VOPRF_METHOD *method, EC_SCALAR *out,
+                                const CBB *points, size_t index) {
+  static const uint8_t kDLEQBatchLabel[] = "DLEQ BATCH";
+  if (index > 0xffff) {
+    // The protocol supports only two-byte batches.
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_OVERFLOW);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  int ok = 0;
+  CBB cbb;
+  CBB_zero(&cbb);
+  uint8_t *buf = NULL;
+  size_t len;
+  if (!CBB_init(&cbb, 0) ||
+      !CBB_add_bytes(&cbb, kDLEQBatchLabel, sizeof(kDLEQBatchLabel)) ||
+      !CBB_add_bytes(&cbb, CBB_data(points), CBB_len(points)) ||
+      !CBB_add_u16(&cbb, (uint16_t)index) ||
+      !CBB_finish(&cbb, &buf, &len) ||
+      !method->hash_to_scalar(method->group, out, buf, len)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  ok = 1;
+
+err:
+  CBB_cleanup(&cbb);
+  OPENSSL_free(buf);
+  return ok;
+}
+
+static int dleq_generate(const VOPRF_METHOD *method, CBB *cbb,
+                         const TRUST_TOKEN_ISSUER_KEY *priv,
+                         const EC_RAW_POINT *T, const EC_RAW_POINT *W) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+
+  enum {
+    idx_T,
+    idx_W,
+    idx_k0,
+    idx_k1,
+    num_idx,
+  };
+  EC_RAW_POINT jacobians[num_idx];
+
+  // Setup the DLEQ proof.
+  EC_SCALAR r;
+  if (// r <- Zp
+      !ec_random_nonzero_scalar(group, &r, kDefaultAdditionalData) ||
+      // k0;k1 = r*(G;T)
+      !ec_point_mul_scalar_base(group, &jacobians[idx_k0], &r) ||
+      !ec_point_mul_scalar(group, &jacobians[idx_k1], T, &r))  {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  EC_AFFINE affines[num_idx];
+  jacobians[idx_T] = *T;
+  jacobians[idx_W] = *W;
+  if (!ec_jacobian_to_affine_batch(group, affines, jacobians, num_idx)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Compute c = Hc(...).
+  EC_SCALAR c;
+  if (!hash_to_scalar_dleq(method, &c, &priv->pubs, &affines[idx_T],
+                           &affines[idx_W], &affines[idx_k0],
+                           &affines[idx_k1])) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+
+  EC_SCALAR c_mont;
+  ec_scalar_to_montgomery(group, &c_mont, &c);
+
+  // u = r + c*xs
+  EC_SCALAR u;
+  ec_scalar_mul_montgomery(group, &u, &priv->xs, &c_mont);
+  ec_scalar_add(group, &u, &r, &u);
+
+  // Store DLEQ proof in transcript.
+  if (!scalar_to_cbb(cbb, group, &c) ||
+      !scalar_to_cbb(cbb, group, &u)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int mul_public_2(const EC_GROUP *group, EC_RAW_POINT *out,
+                        const EC_RAW_POINT *p0, const EC_SCALAR *scalar0,
+                        const EC_RAW_POINT *p1, const EC_SCALAR *scalar1) {
+  EC_RAW_POINT points[2] = {*p0, *p1};
+  EC_SCALAR scalars[2] = {*scalar0, *scalar1};
+  return ec_point_mul_scalar_public_batch(group, out, /*g_scalar=*/NULL, points,
+                                          scalars, 2);
+}
+
+static int dleq_verify(const VOPRF_METHOD *method, CBS *cbs,
+                       const TRUST_TOKEN_CLIENT_KEY *pub, const EC_RAW_POINT *T,
+                       const EC_RAW_POINT *W) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+
+
+  enum {
+    idx_T,
+    idx_W,
+    idx_k0,
+    idx_k1,
+    num_idx,
+  };
+  EC_RAW_POINT jacobians[num_idx];
+
+  // Decode the DLEQ proof.
+  EC_SCALAR c, u;
+  if (!scalar_from_cbs(cbs, group, &c) ||
+      !scalar_from_cbs(cbs, group, &u)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // k0;k1 = u*(G;T) - c*(pub;W)
+  EC_RAW_POINT pubs;
+  ec_affine_to_jacobian(group, &pubs, &pub->pubs);
+  EC_SCALAR minus_c;
+  ec_scalar_neg(group, &minus_c, &c);
+  if (!ec_point_mul_scalar_public(group, &jacobians[idx_k0], &u, &pubs,
+                                  &minus_c) ||
+      !mul_public_2(group, &jacobians[idx_k1], T, &u, W, &minus_c)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Check the DLEQ proof.
+  EC_AFFINE affines[num_idx];
+  jacobians[idx_T] = *T;
+  jacobians[idx_W] = *W;
+  if (!ec_jacobian_to_affine_batch(group, affines, jacobians, num_idx)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Compute c = Hc(...).
+  EC_SCALAR calculated;
+  if (!hash_to_scalar_dleq(method, &calculated, &pub->pubs, &affines[idx_T],
+                           &affines[idx_W], &affines[idx_k0],
+                           &affines[idx_k1])) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // c == calculated
+  if (!ec_scalar_equal_vartime(group, &c, &calculated)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_INVALID_PROOF);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int voprf_sign(const VOPRF_METHOD *method,
+                      const TRUST_TOKEN_ISSUER_KEY *key, CBB *cbb, CBS *cbs,
+                      size_t num_requested, size_t num_to_issue) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+  if (num_requested < num_to_issue) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (num_to_issue > ((size_t)-1) / sizeof(EC_RAW_POINT) ||
+      num_to_issue > ((size_t)-1) / sizeof(EC_SCALAR)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_OVERFLOW);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  int ret = 0;
+  EC_RAW_POINT *BTs = OPENSSL_malloc(num_to_issue * sizeof(EC_RAW_POINT));
+  EC_RAW_POINT *Zs = OPENSSL_malloc(num_to_issue * sizeof(EC_RAW_POINT));
+  EC_SCALAR *es = OPENSSL_malloc(num_to_issue * sizeof(EC_SCALAR));
+  CBB batch_cbb;
+  CBB_zero(&batch_cbb);
+  if (!BTs ||
+      !Zs ||
+      !es ||
+      !CBB_init(&batch_cbb, 0) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(&batch_cbb, method->group, &key->pubs)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_to_issue; i++) {
+    EC_AFFINE BT_affine, Z_affine;
+    EC_RAW_POINT BT, Z;
+    if (!cbs_get_point(cbs, group, &BT_affine)) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+      goto err;
+    }
+    ec_affine_to_jacobian(group, &BT, &BT_affine);
+    if (!ec_point_mul_scalar(group, &Z, &BT, &key->xs) ||
+        !ec_jacobian_to_affine(group, &Z_affine, &Z) ||
+        !cbb_add_point(cbb, group, &Z_affine)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    if (!cbb_add_point(&batch_cbb, group, &BT_affine) ||
+        !cbb_add_point(&batch_cbb, group, &Z_affine)) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+      goto err;
+    }
+    BTs[i] = BT;
+    Zs[i] = Z;
+
+    if (!CBB_flush(cbb)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The DLEQ batching construction is described in appendix B of
+  // https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/072/20200324:214215. Note the additional
+  // computations all act on public inputs.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_to_issue; i++) {
+    if (!hash_to_scalar_batch(method, &es[i], &batch_cbb, i)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  EC_RAW_POINT BT_batch, Z_batch;
+  if (!ec_point_mul_scalar_public_batch(group, &BT_batch,
+                                        /*g_scalar=*/NULL, BTs, es,
+                                        num_to_issue) ||
+      !ec_point_mul_scalar_public_batch(group, &Z_batch,
+                                        /*g_scalar=*/NULL, Zs, es,
+                                        num_to_issue)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  CBB proof;
+  if (!CBB_add_u16_length_prefixed(cbb, &proof) ||
+      !dleq_generate(method, &proof, key, &BT_batch, &Z_batch) ||
+      !CBB_flush(cbb)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  // Skip over any unused requests.
+  size_t point_len = 1 + 2 * BN_num_bytes(&group->field);
+  if (!CBS_skip(cbs, point_len * (num_requested - num_to_issue))) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  ret = 1;
+
+err:
+  OPENSSL_free(BTs);
+  OPENSSL_free(Zs);
+  OPENSSL_free(es);
+  CBB_cleanup(&batch_cbb);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN) *
+    voprf_unblind(const VOPRF_METHOD *method, const TRUST_TOKEN_CLIENT_KEY *key,
+                  const STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN) * pretokens, CBS *cbs,
+                  size_t count, uint32_t key_id) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+  if (count > sk_TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN_num(pretokens)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  int ok = 0;
+  STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN) *ret = sk_TRUST_TOKEN_new_null();
+  if (ret == NULL) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  if (count > ((size_t)-1) / sizeof(EC_RAW_POINT) ||
+      count > ((size_t)-1) / sizeof(EC_SCALAR)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_OVERFLOW);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  EC_RAW_POINT *BTs = OPENSSL_malloc(count * sizeof(EC_RAW_POINT));
+  EC_RAW_POINT *Zs = OPENSSL_malloc(count * sizeof(EC_RAW_POINT));
+  EC_SCALAR *es = OPENSSL_malloc(count * sizeof(EC_SCALAR));
+  CBB batch_cbb;
+  CBB_zero(&batch_cbb);
+  if (!BTs ||
+      !Zs ||
+      !es ||
+      !CBB_init(&batch_cbb, 0) ||
+      !cbb_add_point(&batch_cbb, method->group, &key->pubs)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN *pretoken =
+        sk_TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN_value(pretokens, i);
+
+    EC_AFFINE Z_affine;
+    if (!cbs_get_point(cbs, group, &Z_affine)) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_DECODE_FAILURE);
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    ec_affine_to_jacobian(group, &BTs[i], &pretoken->Tp);
+    ec_affine_to_jacobian(group, &Zs[i], &Z_affine);
+
+    if (!cbb_add_point(&batch_cbb, group, &pretoken->Tp) ||
+        !cbb_add_point(&batch_cbb, group, &Z_affine)) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    // Unblind the token.
+    // pretoken->r is rinv.
+    EC_RAW_POINT N;
+    EC_AFFINE N_affine;
+    if (!ec_point_mul_scalar(group, &N, &Zs[i], &pretoken->r) ||
+        !ec_jacobian_to_affine(group, &N_affine, &N)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    // Serialize the token. Include |key_id| to avoid an extra copy in the layer
+    // above.
+    CBB token_cbb;
+    size_t point_len = 1 + 2 * BN_num_bytes(&group->field);
+    if (!CBB_init(&token_cbb, 4 + TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE + (2 + point_len)) ||
+        !CBB_add_u32(&token_cbb, key_id) ||
+        !CBB_add_bytes(&token_cbb, pretoken->t, TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE) ||
+        !cbb_add_point(&token_cbb, group, &N_affine) ||
+        !CBB_flush(&token_cbb)) {
+      CBB_cleanup(&token_cbb);
+      goto err;
+    }
+
+    TRUST_TOKEN *token =
+        TRUST_TOKEN_new(CBB_data(&token_cbb), CBB_len(&token_cbb));
+    CBB_cleanup(&token_cbb);
+    if (token == NULL ||
+        !sk_TRUST_TOKEN_push(ret, token)) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
+      TRUST_TOKEN_free(token);
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The DLEQ batching construction is described in appendix B of
+  // https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/072/20200324:214215. Note the additional
+  // computations all act on public inputs.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    if (!hash_to_scalar_batch(method, &es[i], &batch_cbb, i)) {
+      goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  EC_RAW_POINT BT_batch, Z_batch;
+  if (!ec_point_mul_scalar_public_batch(group, &BT_batch,
+                                        /*g_scalar=*/NULL, BTs, es, count) ||
+      !ec_point_mul_scalar_public_batch(group, &Z_batch,
+                                        /*g_scalar=*/NULL, Zs, es, count)) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  CBS proof;
+  if (!CBS_get_u16_length_prefixed(cbs, &proof) ||
+      !dleq_verify(method, &proof, key, &BT_batch, &Z_batch) ||
+      CBS_len(&proof) != 0) {
+    goto err;
+  }
+
+  ok = 1;
+
+err:
+  OPENSSL_free(BTs);
+  OPENSSL_free(Zs);
+  OPENSSL_free(es);
+  CBB_cleanup(&batch_cbb);
+  if (!ok) {
+    sk_TRUST_TOKEN_pop_free(ret, TRUST_TOKEN_free);
+    ret = NULL;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static int voprf_read(const VOPRF_METHOD *method,
+                      const TRUST_TOKEN_ISSUER_KEY *key,
+                      uint8_t out_nonce[TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE],
+                      const uint8_t *token, size_t token_len) {
+  const EC_GROUP *group = method->group;
+  CBS cbs;
+  CBS_init(&cbs, token, token_len);
+  EC_AFFINE Ws;
+  if (!CBS_copy_bytes(&cbs, out_nonce, TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE) ||
+      !cbs_get_point(&cbs, group, &Ws) ||
+      CBS_len(&cbs) != 0) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_INVALID_TOKEN);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+
+  EC_RAW_POINT T;
+  if (!method->hash_to_group(group, &T, out_nonce)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  EC_RAW_POINT Ws_calculated;
+  if (!ec_point_mul_scalar(group, &Ws_calculated, &T, &key->xs) ||
+      !ec_affine_jacobian_equal(group, &Ws, &Ws_calculated)) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, TRUST_TOKEN_R_BAD_VALIDITY_CHECK);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+
+// VOPRF experiment v2.
+
+static int voprf_exp2_hash_to_group(const EC_GROUP *group, EC_RAW_POINT *out,
+                                    const uint8_t t[TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE]) {
+  const uint8_t kHashTLabel[] = "TrustToken VOPRF Experiment V2 HashToGroup";
+  return ec_hash_to_curve_p384_xmd_sha512_sswu_draft07(
+      group, out, kHashTLabel, sizeof(kHashTLabel), t, TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE);
+}
+
+static int voprf_exp2_hash_to_scalar(const EC_GROUP *group, EC_SCALAR *out,
+                             uint8_t *buf, size_t len) {
+  const uint8_t kHashCLabel[] = "TrustToken VOPRF Experiment V2 HashToScalar";
+  return ec_hash_to_scalar_p384_xmd_sha512_draft07(
+      group, out, kHashCLabel, sizeof(kHashCLabel), buf, len);
+}
+
+static int voprf_exp2_ok = 0;
+static VOPRF_METHOD voprf_exp2_method;
+static CRYPTO_once_t voprf_exp2_method_once = CRYPTO_ONCE_INIT;
+
+static void voprf_exp2_init_method_impl(void) {
+  voprf_exp2_ok =
+      voprf_init_method(&voprf_exp2_method, NID_secp384r1,
+                        voprf_exp2_hash_to_group, voprf_exp2_hash_to_scalar);
+}
+
+static int voprf_exp2_init_method(void) {
+  CRYPTO_once(&voprf_exp2_method_once, voprf_exp2_init_method_impl);
+  if (!voprf_exp2_ok) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(TRUST_TOKEN, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+int voprf_exp2_generate_key(CBB *out_private, CBB *out_public) {
+  if (!voprf_exp2_init_method()) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return voprf_generate_key(&voprf_exp2_method, out_private, out_public);
+}
+
+int voprf_exp2_client_key_from_bytes(TRUST_TOKEN_CLIENT_KEY *key,
+                                     const uint8_t *in, size_t len) {
+  if (!voprf_exp2_init_method()) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return voprf_client_key_from_bytes(&voprf_exp2_method, key, in, len);
+}
+
+int voprf_exp2_issuer_key_from_bytes(TRUST_TOKEN_ISSUER_KEY *key,
+                                     const uint8_t *in, size_t len) {
+  if (!voprf_exp2_init_method()) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return voprf_issuer_key_from_bytes(&voprf_exp2_method, key, in, len);
+}
+
+STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN) * voprf_exp2_blind(CBB *cbb, size_t count) {
+  if (!voprf_exp2_init_method()) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  return voprf_blind(&voprf_exp2_method, cbb, count);
+}
+
+int voprf_exp2_sign(const TRUST_TOKEN_ISSUER_KEY *key, CBB *cbb, CBS *cbs,
+                    size_t num_requested, size_t num_to_issue,
+                    uint8_t private_metadata) {
+  if (!voprf_exp2_init_method() || private_metadata != 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return voprf_sign(&voprf_exp2_method, key, cbb, cbs, num_requested,
+                    num_to_issue);
+}
+
+STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN) *
+    voprf_exp2_unblind(const TRUST_TOKEN_CLIENT_KEY *key,
+                       const STACK_OF(TRUST_TOKEN_PRETOKEN) * pretokens,
+                       CBS *cbs, size_t count, uint32_t key_id) {
+  if (!voprf_exp2_init_method()) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  return voprf_unblind(&voprf_exp2_method, key, pretokens, cbs, count,
+                          key_id);
+}
+
+int voprf_exp2_read(const TRUST_TOKEN_ISSUER_KEY *key,
+                    uint8_t out_nonce[TRUST_TOKEN_NONCE_SIZE],
+                    uint8_t *out_private_metadata, const uint8_t *token,
+                    size_t token_len) {
+  if (!voprf_exp2_init_method()) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return voprf_read(&voprf_exp2_method, key, out_nonce, token, token_len);
+}