grpc 1.30.1 → 1.40.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_wrapper.cc

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 
 #include <ares.h>
 #include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
@@ -35,16 +37,17 @@
 #include <grpc/support/time.h>
 
 #include <address_sorting/address_sorting.h>
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb_balancer_addresses.h"
-#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/parse_address.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_ev_driver.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/host_port.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/executor.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/nameser.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/transport/authority_override.h"
 
 using grpc_core::ServerAddress;
 using grpc_core::ServerAddressList;
@@ -54,6 +57,8 @@ grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_trace_cares_address_sorting(false,
 
 grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_trace_cares_resolver(false, "cares_resolver");
 
+typedef struct grpc_ares_ev_driver grpc_ares_ev_driver;
+
 struct grpc_ares_request {
   /** indicates the DNS server to use, if specified */
   struct ares_addr_port_node dns_server_addr;
@@ -72,7 +77,59 @@ struct grpc_ares_request {
   size_t pending_queries;
 
   /** the errors explaining query failures, appended to in query callbacks */
-  grpc_error* error;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
+};
+
+typedef struct fd_node {
+  /** the owner of this fd node */
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver;
+  /** a closure wrapping on_readable_locked, which should be
+     invoked when the grpc_fd in this node becomes readable. */
+  grpc_closure read_closure;
+  /** a closure wrapping on_writable_locked, which should be
+     invoked when the grpc_fd in this node becomes writable. */
+  grpc_closure write_closure;
+  /** next fd node in the list */
+  struct fd_node* next;
+
+  /** wrapped fd that's polled by grpc's poller for the current platform */
+  grpc_core::GrpcPolledFd* grpc_polled_fd;
+  /** if the readable closure has been registered */
+  bool readable_registered;
+  /** if the writable closure has been registered */
+  bool writable_registered;
+  /** if the fd has been shutdown yet from grpc iomgr perspective */
+  bool already_shutdown;
+} fd_node;
+
+struct grpc_ares_ev_driver {
+  /** the ares_channel owned by this event driver */
+  ares_channel channel;
+  /** pollset set for driving the IO events of the channel */
+  grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set;
+  /** refcount of the event driver */
+  gpr_refcount refs;
+
+  /** work_serializer to synchronize c-ares and I/O callbacks on */
+  std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer;
+  /** a list of grpc_fd that this event driver is currently using. */
+  fd_node* fds;
+  /** is this event driver being shut down */
+  bool shutting_down;
+  /** request object that's using this ev driver */
+  grpc_ares_request* request;
+  /** Owned by the ev_driver. Creates new GrpcPolledFd's */
+  std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::GrpcPolledFdFactory> polled_fd_factory;
+  /** query timeout in milliseconds */
+  int query_timeout_ms;
+  /** alarm to cancel active queries */
+  grpc_timer query_timeout;
+  /** cancels queries on a timeout */
+  grpc_closure on_timeout_locked;
+  /** alarm to poll ares_process on in case fd events don't happen */
+  grpc_timer ares_backup_poll_alarm;
+  /** polls ares_process on a periodic timer */
+  grpc_closure on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked;
 };
 
 // TODO(apolcyn): make grpc_ares_hostbyname_request a sub-class
@@ -119,6 +176,387 @@ class GrpcAresQuery {
   const std::string name_;
 };
 
+static grpc_ares_ev_driver* grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p Ref ev_driver %p", ev_driver->request,
+                       ev_driver);
+  gpr_ref(&ev_driver->refs);
+  return ev_driver;
+}
+
+static void grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p Unref ev_driver %p", ev_driver->request,
+                       ev_driver);
+  if (gpr_unref(&ev_driver->refs)) {
+    GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p destroy ev_driver %p", ev_driver->request,
+                         ev_driver);
+    GPR_ASSERT(ev_driver->fds == nullptr);
+    ares_destroy(ev_driver->channel);
+    grpc_ares_complete_request_locked(ev_driver->request);
+    delete ev_driver;
+  }
+}
+
+static void fd_node_destroy_locked(fd_node* fdn) {
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p delete fd: %s", fdn->ev_driver->request,
+                       fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
+  GPR_ASSERT(!fdn->readable_registered);
+  GPR_ASSERT(!fdn->writable_registered);
+  GPR_ASSERT(fdn->already_shutdown);
+  delete fdn->grpc_polled_fd;
+  gpr_free(fdn);
+}
+
+static void fd_node_shutdown_locked(fd_node* fdn, const char* reason) {
+  if (!fdn->already_shutdown) {
+    fdn->already_shutdown = true;
+    fdn->grpc_polled_fd->ShutdownLocked(
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(reason));
+  }
+}
+
+void grpc_ares_ev_driver_on_queries_complete_locked(
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+  // We mark the event driver as being shut down.
+  // grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked will shut down any remaining
+  // fds.
+  ev_driver->shutting_down = true;
+  grpc_timer_cancel(&ev_driver->query_timeout);
+  grpc_timer_cancel(&ev_driver->ares_backup_poll_alarm);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(ev_driver);
+}
+
+void grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+  ev_driver->shutting_down = true;
+  fd_node* fn = ev_driver->fds;
+  while (fn != nullptr) {
+    fd_node_shutdown_locked(fn, "grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown");
+    fn = fn->next;
+  }
+}
+
+// Search fd in the fd_node list head. This is an O(n) search, the max possible
+// value of n is ARES_GETSOCK_MAXNUM (16). n is typically 1 - 2 in our tests.
+static fd_node* pop_fd_node_locked(fd_node** head, ares_socket_t as) {
+  fd_node phony_head;
+  phony_head.next = *head;
+  fd_node* node = &phony_head;
+  while (node->next != nullptr) {
+    if (node->next->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked() == as) {
+      fd_node* ret = node->next;
+      node->next = node->next->next;
+      *head = phony_head.next;
+      return ret;
+    }
+    node = node->next;
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+static grpc_millis calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver) {
+  // An alternative here could be to use ares_timeout to try to be more
+  // accurate, but that would require using "struct timeval"'s, which just makes
+  // things a bit more complicated. So just poll every second, as suggested
+  // by the c-ares code comments.
+  grpc_millis ms_until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm = 1000;
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+      "request:%p ev_driver=%p. next ares process poll time in "
+      "%" PRId64 " ms",
+      driver->request, driver, ms_until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm);
+  return ms_until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm +
+         grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+}
+
+static void on_timeout_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
+                              grpc_error_handle error) {
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+      "request:%p ev_driver=%p on_timeout_locked. driver->shutting_down=%d. "
+      "err=%s",
+      driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down,
+      grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+  if (!driver->shutting_down && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(driver);
+  }
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(driver);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+static void on_timeout(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver = static_cast<grpc_ares_ev_driver*>(arg);
+  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
+  driver->work_serializer->Run(
+      [driver, error]() { on_timeout_locked(driver, error); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver);
+
+static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
+                                             grpc_error_handle error);
+
+static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver = static_cast<grpc_ares_ev_driver*>(arg);
+  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
+  driver->work_serializer->Run(
+      [driver, error]() { on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(driver, error); },
+      DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+/* In case of non-responsive DNS servers, dropped packets, etc., c-ares has
+ * intelligent timeout and retry logic, which we can take advantage of by
+ * polling ares_process_fd on time intervals. Overall, the c-ares library is
+ * meant to be called into and given a chance to proceed name resolution:
+ *   a) when fd events happen
+ *   b) when some time has passed without fd events having happened
+ * For the latter, we use this backup poller. Also see
+ * https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/17688 description for more details. */
+static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
+                                             grpc_error_handle error) {
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+      "request:%p ev_driver=%p on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked. "
+      "driver->shutting_down=%d. "
+      "err=%s",
+      driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down,
+      grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+  if (!driver->shutting_down && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    fd_node* fdn = driver->fds;
+    while (fdn != nullptr) {
+      if (!fdn->already_shutdown) {
+        GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+            "request:%p ev_driver=%p on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked; "
+            "ares_process_fd. fd=%s",
+            driver->request, driver, fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
+        ares_socket_t as = fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked();
+        ares_process_fd(driver->channel, as, as);
+      }
+      fdn = fdn->next;
+    }
+    if (!driver->shutting_down) {
+      // InvalidateNow to avoid getting stuck re-initializing this timer
+      // in a loop while draining the currently-held WorkSerializer.
+      // Also see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/26079.
+      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
+      grpc_millis next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
+          calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(driver);
+      grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(driver);
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked,
+                        on_ares_backup_poll_alarm, driver,
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+      grpc_timer_init(&driver->ares_backup_poll_alarm,
+                      next_ares_backup_poll_alarm,
+                      &driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked);
+    }
+    grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(driver);
+  }
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(driver);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+static void on_readable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(fdn->readable_registered);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver = fdn->ev_driver;
+  const ares_socket_t as = fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked();
+  fdn->readable_registered = false;
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p readable on %s", fdn->ev_driver->request,
+                       fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
+  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    do {
+      ares_process_fd(ev_driver->channel, as, ARES_SOCKET_BAD);
+    } while (fdn->grpc_polled_fd->IsFdStillReadableLocked());
+  } else {
+    // If error is not GRPC_ERROR_NONE, it means the fd has been shutdown or
+    // timed out. The pending lookups made on this ev_driver will be cancelled
+    // by the following ares_cancel() and the on_done callbacks will be invoked
+    // with a status of ARES_ECANCELLED. The remaining file descriptors in this
+    // ev_driver will be cleaned up in the follwing
+    // grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked().
+    ares_cancel(ev_driver->channel);
+  }
+  grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(ev_driver);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+static void on_readable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  fd_node* fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(arg);
+  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error); /* ref owned by lambda */
+  fdn->ev_driver->work_serializer->Run(
+      [fdn, error]() { on_readable_locked(fdn, error); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+static void on_writable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(fdn->writable_registered);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver = fdn->ev_driver;
+  const ares_socket_t as = fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked();
+  fdn->writable_registered = false;
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p writable on %s", ev_driver->request,
+                       fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
+  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    ares_process_fd(ev_driver->channel, ARES_SOCKET_BAD, as);
+  } else {
+    // If error is not GRPC_ERROR_NONE, it means the fd has been shutdown or
+    // timed out. The pending lookups made on this ev_driver will be cancelled
+    // by the following ares_cancel() and the on_done callbacks will be invoked
+    // with a status of ARES_ECANCELLED. The remaining file descriptors in this
+    // ev_driver will be cleaned up in the follwing
+    // grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked().
+    ares_cancel(ev_driver->channel);
+  }
+  grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_unref(ev_driver);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+static void on_writable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  fd_node* fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(arg);
+  GRPC_ERROR_REF(error); /* ref owned by lambda */
+  fdn->ev_driver->work_serializer->Run(
+      [fdn, error]() { on_writable_locked(fdn, error); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+// Get the file descriptors used by the ev_driver's ares channel, register
+// driver_closure with these filedescriptors.
+static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+  fd_node* new_list = nullptr;
+  if (!ev_driver->shutting_down) {
+    ares_socket_t socks[ARES_GETSOCK_MAXNUM];
+    int socks_bitmask =
+        ares_getsock(ev_driver->channel, socks, ARES_GETSOCK_MAXNUM);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ARES_GETSOCK_MAXNUM; i++) {
+      if (ARES_GETSOCK_READABLE(socks_bitmask, i) ||
+          ARES_GETSOCK_WRITABLE(socks_bitmask, i)) {
+        fd_node* fdn = pop_fd_node_locked(&ev_driver->fds, socks[i]);
+        // Create a new fd_node if sock[i] is not in the fd_node list.
+        if (fdn == nullptr) {
+          fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(gpr_malloc(sizeof(fd_node)));
+          fdn->grpc_polled_fd =
+              ev_driver->polled_fd_factory->NewGrpcPolledFdLocked(
+                  socks[i], ev_driver->pollset_set, ev_driver->work_serializer);
+          GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p new fd: %s", ev_driver->request,
+                               fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
+          fdn->ev_driver = ev_driver;
+          fdn->readable_registered = false;
+          fdn->writable_registered = false;
+          fdn->already_shutdown = false;
+        }
+        fdn->next = new_list;
+        new_list = fdn;
+        // Register read_closure if the socket is readable and read_closure has
+        // not been registered with this socket.
+        if (ARES_GETSOCK_READABLE(socks_bitmask, i) &&
+            !fdn->readable_registered) {
+          grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
+          GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p notify read on: %s",
+                               ev_driver->request,
+                               fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
+          GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&fdn->read_closure, on_readable, fdn,
+                            grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+          fdn->grpc_polled_fd->RegisterForOnReadableLocked(&fdn->read_closure);
+          fdn->readable_registered = true;
+        }
+        // Register write_closure if the socket is writable and write_closure
+        // has not been registered with this socket.
+        if (ARES_GETSOCK_WRITABLE(socks_bitmask, i) &&
+            !fdn->writable_registered) {
+          GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p notify write on: %s",
+                               ev_driver->request,
+                               fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetName());
+          grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
+          GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&fdn->write_closure, on_writable, fdn,
+                            grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+          GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&fdn->write_closure, on_writable, fdn,
+                            grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+          fdn->grpc_polled_fd->RegisterForOnWriteableLocked(
+              &fdn->write_closure);
+          fdn->writable_registered = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Any remaining fds in ev_driver->fds were not returned by ares_getsock() and
+  // are therefore no longer in use, so they can be shut down and removed from
+  // the list.
+  while (ev_driver->fds != nullptr) {
+    fd_node* cur = ev_driver->fds;
+    ev_driver->fds = ev_driver->fds->next;
+    fd_node_shutdown_locked(cur, "c-ares fd shutdown");
+    if (!cur->readable_registered && !cur->writable_registered) {
+      fd_node_destroy_locked(cur);
+    } else {
+      cur->next = new_list;
+      new_list = cur;
+    }
+  }
+  ev_driver->fds = new_list;
+}
+
+void grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
+  grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
+  // Initialize overall DNS resolution timeout alarm
+  grpc_millis timeout =
+      ev_driver->query_timeout_ms == 0
+          ? GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE
+          : ev_driver->query_timeout_ms + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+      "request:%p ev_driver=%p grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked. timeout in "
+      "%" PRId64 " ms",
+      ev_driver->request, ev_driver, timeout);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_timeout_locked, on_timeout, ev_driver,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->query_timeout, timeout,
+                  &ev_driver->on_timeout_locked);
+  // Initialize the backup poll alarm
+  grpc_millis next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
+      calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(ev_driver);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked,
+                    on_ares_backup_poll_alarm, ev_driver,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->ares_backup_poll_alarm,
+                  next_ares_backup_poll_alarm,
+                  &ev_driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked);
+}
+
+static void noop_inject_channel_config(ares_channel /*channel*/) {}
+
+void (*grpc_ares_test_only_inject_config)(ares_channel channel) =
+    noop_inject_channel_config;
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(
+    grpc_ares_ev_driver** ev_driver, grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set,
+    int query_timeout_ms,
+    std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer,
+    grpc_ares_request* request) {
+  *ev_driver = new grpc_ares_ev_driver();
+  ares_options opts;
+  memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
+  opts.flags |= ARES_FLAG_STAYOPEN;
+  int status = ares_init_options(&(*ev_driver)->channel, &opts, ARES_OPT_FLAGS);
+  grpc_ares_test_only_inject_config((*ev_driver)->channel);
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked", request);
+  if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
+    grpc_error_handle err = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("Failed to init ares channel. C-ares error: ",
+                     ares_strerror(status))
+            .c_str());
+    gpr_free(*ev_driver);
+    return err;
+  }
+  (*ev_driver)->work_serializer = std::move(work_serializer);
+  gpr_ref_init(&(*ev_driver)->refs, 1);
+  (*ev_driver)->pollset_set = pollset_set;
+  (*ev_driver)->fds = nullptr;
+  (*ev_driver)->shutting_down = false;
+  (*ev_driver)->request = request;
+  (*ev_driver)->polled_fd_factory =
+      grpc_core::NewGrpcPolledFdFactory((*ev_driver)->work_serializer);
+  (*ev_driver)
+      ->polled_fd_factory->ConfigureAresChannelLocked((*ev_driver)->channel);
+  (*ev_driver)->query_timeout_ms = query_timeout_ms;
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
 static void log_address_sorting_list(const grpc_ares_request* r,
                                      const ServerAddressList& addresses,
                                      const char* input_output_str) {
@@ -137,8 +575,8 @@ void grpc_cares_wrapper_address_sorting_sort(const grpc_ares_request* r,
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_cares_address_sorting)) {
     log_address_sorting_list(r, *addresses, "input");
   }
-  address_sorting_sortable* sortables = (address_sorting_sortable*)gpr_zalloc(
-      sizeof(address_sorting_sortable) * addresses->size());
+  address_sorting_sortable* sortables = static_cast<address_sorting_sortable*>(
+      gpr_zalloc(sizeof(address_sorting_sortable) * addresses->size()));
   for (size_t i = 0; i < addresses->size(); ++i) {
     sortables[i].user_data = &(*addresses)[i];
     memcpy(&sortables[i].dest_addr.addr, &(*addresses)[i].address().addr,
@@ -235,7 +673,7 @@ static void on_hostbyname_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
       absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 1> args_to_add;
       if (hr->is_balancer) {
         args_to_add.emplace_back(
-            grpc_core::CreateGrpclbBalancerNameArg(hr->host));
+            grpc_core::CreateAuthorityOverrideChannelArg(hr->host));
       }
       grpc_channel_args* args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add(
           nullptr, args_to_add.data(), args_to_add.size());
@@ -277,15 +715,13 @@ static void on_hostbyname_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
       }
     }
   } else {
-    char* error_msg;
-    gpr_asprintf(&error_msg,
-                 "C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS "
-                 "qtype=%s name=%s is_balancer=%d: %s",
-                 hr->qtype, hr->host, hr->is_balancer, ares_strerror(status));
+    std::string error_msg = absl::StrFormat(
+        "C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS qtype=%s name=%s is_balancer=%d: %s",
+        hr->qtype, hr->host, hr->is_balancer, ares_strerror(status));
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_hostbyname_done_locked: %s", r,
-                         error_msg);
-    grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg);
-    gpr_free(error_msg);
+                         error_msg.c_str());
+    grpc_error_handle error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg.c_str());
     r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
   }
   destroy_hostbyname_request_locked(hr);
@@ -304,37 +740,33 @@ static void on_srv_query_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p ares_parse_srv_reply: %d", r,
                          parse_status);
     if (parse_status == ARES_SUCCESS) {
-      ares_channel* channel =
-          grpc_ares_ev_driver_get_channel_locked(r->ev_driver);
       for (struct ares_srv_reply* srv_it = reply; srv_it != nullptr;
            srv_it = srv_it->next) {
         if (grpc_ares_query_ipv6()) {
           grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(
               r, srv_it->host, htons(srv_it->port), true /* is_balancer */,
               "AAAA");
-          ares_gethostbyname(*channel, hr->host, AF_INET6,
+          ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET6,
                              on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
         }
         grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(
             r, srv_it->host, htons(srv_it->port), true /* is_balancer */, "A");
-        ares_gethostbyname(*channel, hr->host, AF_INET,
+        ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET,
                            on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
-        grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(r->ev_driver);
+        grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(r->ev_driver);
       }
     }
     if (reply != nullptr) {
       ares_free_data(reply);
     }
   } else {
-    char* error_msg;
-    gpr_asprintf(&error_msg,
-                 "C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS "
-                 "qtype=SRV name=%s: %s",
-                 q->name().c_str(), ares_strerror(status));
+    std::string error_msg = absl::StrFormat(
+        "C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS qtype=SRV name=%s: %s", q->name(),
+        ares_strerror(status));
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_srv_query_done_locked: %s", r,
-                         error_msg);
-    grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg);
-    gpr_free(error_msg);
+                         error_msg.c_str());
+    grpc_error_handle error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg.c_str());
     r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
   }
   delete q;
@@ -344,13 +776,13 @@ static const char g_service_config_attribute_prefix[] = "grpc_config=";
 
 static void on_txt_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
                                unsigned char* buf, int len) {
-  char* error_msg;
   GrpcAresQuery* q = static_cast<GrpcAresQuery*>(arg);
+  std::unique_ptr<GrpcAresQuery> query_deleter(q);
   grpc_ares_request* r = q->parent_request();
   const size_t prefix_len = sizeof(g_service_config_attribute_prefix) - 1;
   struct ares_txt_ext* result = nullptr;
   struct ares_txt_ext* reply = nullptr;
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) goto fail;
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_txt_done_locked name=%s ARES_SUCCESS", r,
                        q->name().c_str());
@@ -386,18 +818,15 @@ static void on_txt_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
   }
   // Clean up.
   ares_free_data(reply);
-  goto done;
+  return;
 fail:
-  gpr_asprintf(&error_msg,
-               "C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS "
-               "qtype=TXT name=%s: %s",
-               q->name().c_str(), ares_strerror(status));
-  error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg);
-  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_txt_done_locked %s", r, error_msg);
-  gpr_free(error_msg);
+  std::string error_msg =
+      absl::StrFormat("C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS qtype=TXT name=%s: %s",
+                      q->name(), ares_strerror(status));
+  error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg.c_str());
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_txt_done_locked %s", r,
+                       error_msg.c_str());
   r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
-done:
-  delete q;
 }
 
 void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
@@ -405,9 +834,8 @@ void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
     const char* default_port, grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties,
     int query_timeout_ms,
     std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer) {
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr = nullptr;
-  ares_channel* channel = nullptr;
   /* parse name, splitting it into host and port parts */
   std::string host;
   std::string port;
@@ -430,9 +858,8 @@ void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
                                             query_timeout_ms,
                                             std::move(work_serializer), r);
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) goto error_cleanup;
-  channel = grpc_ares_ev_driver_get_channel_locked(r->ev_driver);
   // If dns_server is specified, use it.
-  if (dns_server != nullptr) {
+  if (dns_server != nullptr && dns_server[0] != '\0') {
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p Using DNS server %s", r, dns_server);
     grpc_resolved_address addr;
     if (grpc_parse_ipv4_hostport(dns_server, &addr, false /* log_errors */)) {
@@ -457,13 +884,13 @@ void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
           GRPC_ERROR_STR_TARGET_ADDRESS, grpc_slice_from_copied_string(name));
       goto error_cleanup;
     }
-    int status = ares_set_servers_ports(*channel, &r->dns_server_addr);
+    int status =
+        ares_set_servers_ports(r->ev_driver->channel, &r->dns_server_addr);
     if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-      char* error_msg;
-      gpr_asprintf(&error_msg, "C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS: %s",
-                   ares_strerror(status));
-      error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg);
-      gpr_free(error_msg);
+      error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("C-ares status is not ARES_SUCCESS: ",
+                       ares_strerror(status))
+              .c_str());
       goto error_cleanup;
     }
   }
@@ -472,30 +899,26 @@ void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
     hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(r, host.c_str(),
                                           grpc_strhtons(port.c_str()),
                                           /*is_balancer=*/false, "AAAA");
-    ares_gethostbyname(*channel, hr->host, AF_INET6, on_hostbyname_done_locked,
-                       hr);
+    ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET6,
+                       on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
   }
   hr = create_hostbyname_request_locked(r, host.c_str(),
                                         grpc_strhtons(port.c_str()),
                                         /*is_balancer=*/false, "A");
-  ares_gethostbyname(*channel, hr->host, AF_INET, on_hostbyname_done_locked,
-                     hr);
+  ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET,
+                     on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
   if (r->balancer_addresses_out != nullptr) {
     /* Query the SRV record */
-    char* service_name;
-    gpr_asprintf(&service_name, "_grpclb._tcp.%s", host.c_str());
+    std::string service_name = absl::StrCat("_grpclb._tcp.", host);
     GrpcAresQuery* srv_query = new GrpcAresQuery(r, service_name);
-    ares_query(*channel, service_name, ns_c_in, ns_t_srv,
+    ares_query(r->ev_driver->channel, service_name.c_str(), ns_c_in, ns_t_srv,
                on_srv_query_done_locked, srv_query);
-    gpr_free(service_name);
   }
   if (r->service_config_json_out != nullptr) {
-    char* config_name;
-    gpr_asprintf(&config_name, "_grpc_config.%s", host.c_str());
+    std::string config_name = absl::StrCat("_grpc_config.", host);
     GrpcAresQuery* txt_query = new GrpcAresQuery(r, config_name);
-    ares_search(*channel, config_name, ns_c_in, ns_t_txt, on_txt_done_locked,
-                txt_query);
-    gpr_free(config_name);
+    ares_search(r->ev_driver->channel, config_name.c_str(), ns_c_in, ns_t_txt,
+                on_txt_done_locked, txt_query);
   }
   grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(r->ev_driver);
   grpc_ares_request_unref_locked(r);
@@ -557,11 +980,7 @@ static bool target_matches_localhost_inner(const char* name, std::string* host,
     gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Unable to split host and port for name: %s", name);
     return false;
   }
-  if (gpr_stricmp(host->c_str(), "localhost") == 0) {
-    return true;
-  } else {
-    return false;
-  }
+  return gpr_stricmp(host->c_str(), "localhost") == 0;
 }
 
 static bool target_matches_localhost(const char* name) {
@@ -631,7 +1050,7 @@ static bool grpc_ares_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
 }
 #else  /* GRPC_ARES_RESOLVE_LOCALHOST_MANUALLY */
 static bool grpc_ares_maybe_resolve_localhost_manually_locked(
-    const grpc_ares_request* r, const char* /*name*/,
+    const grpc_ares_request* /*r*/, const char* /*name*/,
     const char* /*default_port*/,
     std::unique_ptr<grpc_core::ServerAddressList>* /*addrs*/) {
   return false;
@@ -706,22 +1125,19 @@ void (*grpc_cancel_ares_request_locked)(grpc_ares_request* r) =
 // Windows. Calling them may cause race conditions when other parts of the
 // binary calls these functions concurrently.
 #ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
-grpc_error* grpc_ares_init(void) {
+grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_init(void) {
   int status = ares_library_init(ARES_LIB_INIT_ALL);
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-    char* error_msg;
-    gpr_asprintf(&error_msg, "ares_library_init failed: %s",
-                 ares_strerror(status));
-    grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg);
-    gpr_free(error_msg);
-    return error;
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("ares_library_init failed: ", ares_strerror(status))
+            .c_str());
   }
   return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
 }
 
 void grpc_ares_cleanup(void) { ares_library_cleanup(); }
 #else
-grpc_error* grpc_ares_init(void) { return GRPC_ERROR_NONE; }
+grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_init(void) { return GRPC_ERROR_NONE; }
 void grpc_ares_cleanup(void) {}
 #endif  // GPR_WINDOWS
 
@@ -752,7 +1168,7 @@ typedef struct grpc_resolve_address_ares_request {
 } grpc_resolve_address_ares_request;
 
 static void on_dns_lookup_done_locked(grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r,
-                                      grpc_error* error) {
+                                      grpc_error_handle error) {
   gpr_free(r->ares_request);
   grpc_resolved_addresses** resolved_addresses = r->addrs_out;
   if (r->addresses == nullptr || r->addresses->empty()) {
@@ -773,7 +1189,7 @@ static void on_dns_lookup_done_locked(grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r,
   delete r;
 }
 
-static void on_dns_lookup_done(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_dns_lookup_done(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r =
       static_cast<grpc_resolve_address_ares_request*>(arg);
   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda