grpc 1.28.0 → 1.42.0

data/src/core/ext/xds/xds_api.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,3965 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_api.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
+#include "envoy/admin/v3/config_dump.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/cluster/v3/circuit_breaker.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/cluster/v3/cluster.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/cluster/v3/cluster.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/address.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/base.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/base.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/config_source.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/health_check.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/core/v3/protocol.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/endpoint.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/endpoint.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/endpoint_components.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/endpoint/v3/load_report.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/listener/v3/api_listener.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/listener/v3/listener.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/listener/v3/listener.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/listener/v3/listener_components.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/route/v3/route.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/route/v3/route.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/config/route/v3/route_components.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/config/route/v3/route_components.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/clusters/aggregate/v3/cluster.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/clusters/aggregate/v3/cluster.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/filters/network/http_connection_manager/v3/http_connection_manager.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/filters/network/http_connection_manager/v3/http_connection_manager.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/transport_sockets/tls/v3/common.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/transport_sockets/tls/v3/tls.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/extensions/transport_sockets/tls/v3/tls.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/cluster/v3/cds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/cluster/v3/cds.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/discovery/v3/discovery.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/discovery/v3/discovery.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/endpoint/v3/eds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/endpoint/v3/eds.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/listener/v3/lds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/load_stats/v3/lrs.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/load_stats/v3/lrs.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/route/v3/rds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/route/v3/rds.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/service/status/v3/csds.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/service/status/v3/csds.upbdefs.h"
+#include "envoy/type/matcher/v3/regex.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/type/matcher/v3/string.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/type/v3/percent.upb.h"
+#include "envoy/type/v3/range.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/any.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/duration.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/struct.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/timestamp.upb.h"
+#include "google/protobuf/wrappers.upb.h"
+#include "google/rpc/status.upb.h"
+#include "upb/text_encode.h"
+#include "upb/upb.h"
+#include "upb/upb.hpp"
+#include "xds/type/v3/typed_struct.upb.h"
+
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/log.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/env.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/host_port.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/socket_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/uri/uri_parser.h"
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+// TODO(donnadionne): Check to see if cluster types aggregate_cluster and
+// logical_dns are enabled, this will be
+// removed once the cluster types are fully integration-tested and enabled by
+// default.
+bool XdsAggregateAndLogicalDnsClusterEnabled() {
+  char* value = gpr_getenv(
+      "GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_ENABLE_AGGREGATE_AND_LOGICAL_DNS_CLUSTER");
+  bool parsed_value;
+  bool parse_succeeded = gpr_parse_bool_value(value, &parsed_value);
+  gpr_free(value);
+  return parse_succeeded && parsed_value;
+}
+
+// TODO(yashykt): Remove once RBAC is no longer experimental
+bool XdsRbacEnabled() {
+  char* value = gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_RBAC");
+  bool parsed_value;
+  bool parse_succeeded = gpr_parse_bool_value(value, &parsed_value);
+  gpr_free(value);
+  return parse_succeeded && parsed_value;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::RetryPolicy
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::RetryPolicy::RetryBackOff::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  contents.push_back(
+      absl::StrCat("RetryBackOff Base: ", base_interval.ToString()));
+  contents.push_back(
+      absl::StrCat("RetryBackOff max: ", max_interval.ToString()));
+  return absl::StrJoin(contents, ",");
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::RetryPolicy::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("num_retries=%d", num_retries));
+  contents.push_back(retry_back_off.ToString());
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ","), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route::Matchers
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::Matchers::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  contents.push_back(
+      absl::StrFormat("PathMatcher{%s}", path_matcher.ToString()));
+  for (const HeaderMatcher& header_matcher : header_matchers) {
+    contents.push_back(header_matcher.ToString());
+  }
+  if (fraction_per_million.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("Fraction Per Million %d",
+                                       fraction_per_million.value()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrJoin(contents, "\n");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy
+//
+
+XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::HashPolicy(const HashPolicy& other)
+    : type(other.type),
+      header_name(other.header_name),
+      regex_substitution(other.regex_substitution) {
+  if (other.regex != nullptr) {
+    regex =
+        absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex->pattern(), other.regex->options());
+  }
+}
+
+XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy&
+XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::operator=(const HashPolicy& other) {
+  type = other.type;
+  header_name = other.header_name;
+  if (other.regex != nullptr) {
+    regex =
+        absl::make_unique<RE2>(other.regex->pattern(), other.regex->options());
+  }
+  regex_substitution = other.regex_substitution;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::HashPolicy(HashPolicy&& other) noexcept
+    : type(other.type),
+      header_name(std::move(other.header_name)),
+      regex(std::move(other.regex)),
+      regex_substitution(std::move(other.regex_substitution)) {}
+
+XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy&
+XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::operator=(HashPolicy&& other) noexcept {
+  type = other.type;
+  header_name = std::move(other.header_name);
+  regex = std::move(other.regex);
+  regex_substitution = std::move(other.regex_substitution);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::HashPolicy::operator==(
+    const HashPolicy& other) const {
+  if (type != other.type) return false;
+  if (type == Type::HEADER) {
+    if (regex == nullptr) {
+      if (other.regex != nullptr) return false;
+    } else {
+      if (other.regex == nullptr) return false;
+      return header_name == other.header_name &&
+             regex->pattern() == other.regex->pattern() &&
+             regex_substitution == other.regex_substitution;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  switch (type) {
+    case Type::HEADER:
+      contents.push_back("type=HEADER");
+      break;
+    case Type::CHANNEL_ID:
+      contents.push_back("type=CHANNEL_ID");
+      break;
+  }
+  contents.push_back(
+      absl::StrFormat("terminal=%s", terminal ? "true" : "false"));
+  if (type == Type::HEADER) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat(
+        "Header %s:/%s/%s", header_name,
+        (regex == nullptr) ? "" : regex->pattern(), regex_substitution));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::ClusterWeight
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::ClusterWeight::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("cluster=", name));
+  contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("weight=", weight));
+  if (!typed_per_filter_config.empty()) {
+    std::vector<std::string> parts;
+    for (const auto& p : typed_per_filter_config) {
+      const std::string& key = p.first;
+      const auto& config = p.second;
+      parts.push_back(absl::StrCat(key, "=", config.ToString()));
+    }
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("typed_per_filter_config={",
+                                    absl::StrJoin(parts, ", "), "}"));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route::RouteAction
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  for (const HashPolicy& hash_policy : hash_policies) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("hash_policy=", hash_policy.ToString()));
+  }
+  if (retry_policy.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("retry_policy=", retry_policy->ToString()));
+  }
+  if (!cluster_name.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("Cluster name: %s", cluster_name));
+  }
+  for (const ClusterWeight& cluster_weight : weighted_clusters) {
+    contents.push_back(cluster_weight.ToString());
+  }
+  if (max_stream_duration.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(max_stream_duration->ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::Route
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::Route::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  contents.push_back(matchers.ToString());
+  auto* route_action = absl::get_if<XdsApi::Route::RouteAction>(&action);
+  if (route_action != nullptr) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("route=", route_action->ToString()));
+  } else if (absl::holds_alternative<XdsApi::Route::NonForwardingAction>(
+                 action)) {
+    contents.push_back("non_forwarding_action={}");
+  } else {
+    contents.push_back("unknown_action={}");
+  }
+  if (!typed_per_filter_config.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back("typed_per_filter_config={");
+    for (const auto& p : typed_per_filter_config) {
+      const std::string& name = p.first;
+      const auto& config = p.second;
+      contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("  ", name, "=", config.ToString()));
+    }
+    contents.push_back("}");
+  }
+  return absl::StrJoin(contents, "\n");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::RdsUpdate
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::RdsUpdate::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> vhosts;
+  for (const VirtualHost& vhost : virtual_hosts) {
+    vhosts.push_back(
+        absl::StrCat("vhost={\n"
+                     "  domains=[",
+                     absl::StrJoin(vhost.domains, ", "),
+                     "]\n"
+                     "  routes=[\n"));
+    for (const XdsApi::Route& route : vhost.routes) {
+      vhosts.push_back("    {\n");
+      vhosts.push_back(route.ToString());
+      vhosts.push_back("\n    }\n");
+    }
+    vhosts.push_back("  ]\n");
+    vhosts.push_back("  typed_per_filter_config={\n");
+    for (const auto& p : vhost.typed_per_filter_config) {
+      const std::string& name = p.first;
+      const auto& config = p.second;
+      vhosts.push_back(
+          absl::StrCat("    ", name, "=", config.ToString(), "\n"));
+    }
+    vhosts.push_back("  }\n");
+    vhosts.push_back("]\n");
+  }
+  return absl::StrJoin(vhosts, "");
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+// Better match type has smaller value.
+enum MatchType {
+  EXACT_MATCH,
+  SUFFIX_MATCH,
+  PREFIX_MATCH,
+  UNIVERSE_MATCH,
+  INVALID_MATCH,
+};
+
+// Returns true if match succeeds.
+bool DomainMatch(MatchType match_type, const std::string& domain_pattern_in,
+                 const std::string& expected_host_name_in) {
+  // Normalize the args to lower-case. Domain matching is case-insensitive.
+  std::string domain_pattern = domain_pattern_in;
+  std::string expected_host_name = expected_host_name_in;
+  std::transform(domain_pattern.begin(), domain_pattern.end(),
+                 domain_pattern.begin(),
+                 [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+  std::transform(expected_host_name.begin(), expected_host_name.end(),
+                 expected_host_name.begin(),
+                 [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+  if (match_type == EXACT_MATCH) {
+    return domain_pattern == expected_host_name;
+  } else if (match_type == SUFFIX_MATCH) {
+    // Asterisk must match at least one char.
+    if (expected_host_name.size() < domain_pattern.size()) return false;
+    absl::string_view pattern_suffix(domain_pattern.c_str() + 1);
+    absl::string_view host_suffix(expected_host_name.c_str() +
+                                  expected_host_name.size() -
+                                  pattern_suffix.size());
+    return pattern_suffix == host_suffix;
+  } else if (match_type == PREFIX_MATCH) {
+    // Asterisk must match at least one char.
+    if (expected_host_name.size() < domain_pattern.size()) return false;
+    absl::string_view pattern_prefix(domain_pattern.c_str(),
+                                     domain_pattern.size() - 1);
+    absl::string_view host_prefix(expected_host_name.c_str(),
+                                  pattern_prefix.size());
+    return pattern_prefix == host_prefix;
+  } else {
+    return match_type == UNIVERSE_MATCH;
+  }
+}
+
+MatchType DomainPatternMatchType(const std::string& domain_pattern) {
+  if (domain_pattern.empty()) return INVALID_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern.find('*') == std::string::npos) return EXACT_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern == "*") return UNIVERSE_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern[0] == '*') return SUFFIX_MATCH;
+  if (domain_pattern[domain_pattern.size() - 1] == '*') return PREFIX_MATCH;
+  return INVALID_MATCH;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsApi::RdsUpdate::VirtualHost* XdsApi::RdsUpdate::FindVirtualHostForDomain(
+    const std::string& domain) {
+  // Find the best matched virtual host.
+  // The search order for 4 groups of domain patterns:
+  //   1. Exact match.
+  //   2. Suffix match (e.g., "*ABC").
+  //   3. Prefix match (e.g., "ABC*").
+  //   4. Universe match (i.e., "*").
+  // Within each group, longest match wins.
+  // If the same best matched domain pattern appears in multiple virtual hosts,
+  // the first matched virtual host wins.
+  VirtualHost* target_vhost = nullptr;
+  MatchType best_match_type = INVALID_MATCH;
+  size_t longest_match = 0;
+  // Check each domain pattern in each virtual host to determine the best
+  // matched virtual host.
+  for (VirtualHost& vhost : virtual_hosts) {
+    for (const std::string& domain_pattern : vhost.domains) {
+      // Check the match type first. Skip the pattern if it's not better than
+      // current match.
+      const MatchType match_type = DomainPatternMatchType(domain_pattern);
+      // This should be caught by RouteConfigParse().
+      GPR_ASSERT(match_type != INVALID_MATCH);
+      if (match_type > best_match_type) continue;
+      if (match_type == best_match_type &&
+          domain_pattern.size() <= longest_match) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Skip if match fails.
+      if (!DomainMatch(match_type, domain_pattern, domain)) continue;
+      // Choose this match.
+      target_vhost = &vhost;
+      best_match_type = match_type;
+      longest_match = domain_pattern.size();
+      if (best_match_type == EXACT_MATCH) break;
+    }
+    if (best_match_type == EXACT_MATCH) break;
+  }
+  return target_vhost;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext::ToString()
+    const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  for (const auto& match : match_subject_alt_names) {
+    contents.push_back(match.ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrFormat("{match_subject_alt_names=[%s]}",
+                         absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "));
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext::Empty() const {
+  return match_subject_alt_names.empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderPluginInstance
+//
+
+std::string
+XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderPluginInstance::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> contents;
+  if (!instance_name.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("instance_name=%s", instance_name));
+  }
+  if (!certificate_name.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("certificate_name=%s", certificate_name));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderPluginInstance::Empty()
+    const {
+  return instance_name.empty() && certificate_name.empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CommonTlsContext
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> contents;
+  if (!tls_certificate_provider_instance.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("tls_certificate_provider_instance=%s",
+                        tls_certificate_provider_instance.ToString()));
+  }
+  if (!certificate_validation_context.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("certificate_validation_context=%s",
+                        certificate_validation_context.ToString()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::Empty() const {
+  return tls_certificate_provider_instance.Empty() &&
+         certificate_validation_context.Empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::DownstreamTlsContext
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::DownstreamTlsContext::ToString() const {
+  return absl::StrFormat("common_tls_context=%s, require_client_certificate=%s",
+                         common_tls_context.ToString(),
+                         require_client_certificate ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::DownstreamTlsContext::Empty() const {
+  return common_tls_context.Empty();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::LdsUpdate::HttpConnectionManager
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::LdsUpdate::HttpConnectionManager::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 4> contents;
+  contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat(
+      "route_config_name=%s",
+      !route_config_name.empty() ? route_config_name.c_str() : "<inlined>"));
+  contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("http_max_stream_duration=%s",
+                                     http_max_stream_duration.ToString()));
+  if (rds_update.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrFormat("rds_update=%s", rds_update->ToString()));
+  }
+  if (!http_filters.empty()) {
+    std::vector<std::string> filter_strings;
+    for (const auto& http_filter : http_filters) {
+      filter_strings.push_back(http_filter.ToString());
+    }
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("http_filters=[",
+                                    absl::StrJoin(filter_strings, ", "), "]"));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::LdsUpdate::HttpFilter
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::LdsUpdate::HttpConnectionManager::HttpFilter::ToString()
+    const {
+  return absl::StrCat("{name=", name, ", config=", config.ToString(), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainData
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainData::ToString() const {
+  return absl::StrCat(
+      "{downstream_tls_context=", downstream_tls_context.ToString(),
+      " http_connection_manager=", http_connection_manager.ToString(), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange::ToString() const {
+  return absl::StrCat(
+      "{address_prefix=", grpc_sockaddr_to_string(&address, false),
+      ", prefix_len=", prefix_len, "}");
+}
+
+//
+// FilterChain
+//
+
+struct FilterChain {
+  struct FilterChainMatch {
+    uint32_t destination_port = 0;
+    std::vector<XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange> prefix_ranges;
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::ConnectionSourceType source_type =
+        XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::ConnectionSourceType::kAny;
+    std::vector<XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange>
+        source_prefix_ranges;
+    std::vector<uint32_t> source_ports;
+    std::vector<std::string> server_names;
+    std::string transport_protocol;
+    std::vector<std::string> application_protocols;
+
+    std::string ToString() const;
+  } filter_chain_match;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainData> filter_chain_data;
+};
+
+std::string FilterChain::FilterChainMatch::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 8> contents;
+  if (destination_port != 0) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("destination_port=", destination_port));
+  }
+  if (!prefix_ranges.empty()) {
+    std::vector<std::string> prefix_ranges_content;
+    for (const auto& range : prefix_ranges) {
+      prefix_ranges_content.push_back(range.ToString());
+    }
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat(
+        "prefix_ranges={", absl::StrJoin(prefix_ranges_content, ", "), "}"));
+  }
+  if (source_type == XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::ConnectionSourceType::
+                         kSameIpOrLoopback) {
+    contents.push_back("source_type=SAME_IP_OR_LOOPBACK");
+  } else if (source_type == XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::
+                                ConnectionSourceType::kExternal) {
+    contents.push_back("source_type=EXTERNAL");
+  }
+  if (!source_prefix_ranges.empty()) {
+    std::vector<std::string> source_prefix_ranges_content;
+    for (const auto& range : source_prefix_ranges) {
+      source_prefix_ranges_content.push_back(range.ToString());
+    }
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrCat("source_prefix_ranges={",
+                     absl::StrJoin(source_prefix_ranges_content, ", "), "}"));
+  }
+  if (!source_ports.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrCat("source_ports={", absl::StrJoin(source_ports, ", "), "}"));
+  }
+  if (!server_names.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrCat("server_names={", absl::StrJoin(server_names, ", "), "}"));
+  }
+  if (!transport_protocol.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("transport_protocol=", transport_protocol));
+  }
+  if (!application_protocols.empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("application_protocols={",
+                                    absl::StrJoin(application_protocols, ", "),
+                                    "}"));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> contents;
+  for (const auto& destination_ip : destination_ip_vector) {
+    for (int source_type = 0; source_type < 3; ++source_type) {
+      for (const auto& source_ip :
+           destination_ip.source_types_array[source_type]) {
+        for (const auto& source_port_pair : source_ip.ports_map) {
+          FilterChain::FilterChainMatch filter_chain_match;
+          if (destination_ip.prefix_range.has_value()) {
+            filter_chain_match.prefix_ranges.push_back(
+                *destination_ip.prefix_range);
+          }
+          filter_chain_match.source_type = static_cast<
+              XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::ConnectionSourceType>(
+              source_type);
+          if (source_ip.prefix_range.has_value()) {
+            filter_chain_match.source_prefix_ranges.push_back(
+                *source_ip.prefix_range);
+          }
+          if (source_port_pair.first != 0) {
+            filter_chain_match.source_ports.push_back(source_port_pair.first);
+          }
+          contents.push_back(absl::StrCat(
+              "{filter_chain_match=", filter_chain_match.ToString(),
+              ", filter_chain=", source_port_pair.second.data->ToString(),
+              "}"));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::LdsUpdate
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::LdsUpdate::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 4> contents;
+  if (type == ListenerType::kTcpListener) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("address=", address));
+    contents.push_back(
+        absl::StrCat("filter_chain_map=", filter_chain_map.ToString()));
+    if (default_filter_chain.has_value()) {
+      contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("default_filter_chain=",
+                                      default_filter_chain->ToString()));
+    }
+  } else if (type == ListenerType::kHttpApiListener) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("http_connection_manager=%s",
+                                       http_connection_manager.ToString()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::CdsUpdate
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::CdsUpdate::ToString() const {
+  absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 8> contents;
+  switch (cluster_type) {
+    case EDS:
+      contents.push_back("cluster_type=EDS");
+      if (!eds_service_name.empty()) {
+        contents.push_back(
+            absl::StrFormat("eds_service_name=%s", eds_service_name));
+      }
+      break;
+    case LOGICAL_DNS:
+      contents.push_back("cluster_type=LOGICAL_DNS");
+      contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("dns_hostname=%s", dns_hostname));
+      break;
+    case AGGREGATE:
+      contents.push_back("cluster_type=AGGREGATE");
+      contents.push_back(
+          absl::StrFormat("prioritized_cluster_names=[%s]",
+                          absl::StrJoin(prioritized_cluster_names, ", ")));
+  }
+  if (!common_tls_context.Empty()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("common_tls_context=%s",
+                                       common_tls_context.ToString()));
+  }
+  if (lrs_load_reporting_server_name.has_value()) {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrFormat("lrs_load_reporting_server_name=%s",
+                                       lrs_load_reporting_server_name.value()));
+  }
+  contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("lb_policy=", lb_policy));
+  if (lb_policy == "RING_HASH") {
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("min_ring_size=", min_ring_size));
+    contents.push_back(absl::StrCat("max_ring_size=", max_ring_size));
+  }
+  contents.push_back(
+      absl::StrFormat("max_concurrent_requests=%d", max_concurrent_requests));
+  return absl::StrCat("{", absl::StrJoin(contents, ", "), "}");
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi::EdsUpdate
+//
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::Locality::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> endpoint_strings;
+  for (const ServerAddress& endpoint : endpoints) {
+    endpoint_strings.emplace_back(endpoint.ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{name=", name->AsHumanReadableString(),
+                      ", lb_weight=", lb_weight, ", endpoints=[",
+                      absl::StrJoin(endpoint_strings, ", "), "]}");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::operator==(const Priority& other) const {
+  if (localities.size() != other.localities.size()) return false;
+  auto it1 = localities.begin();
+  auto it2 = other.localities.begin();
+  while (it1 != localities.end()) {
+    if (*it1->first != *it2->first) return false;
+    if (it1->second != it2->second) return false;
+    ++it1;
+    ++it2;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> locality_strings;
+  for (const auto& p : localities) {
+    locality_strings.emplace_back(p.second.ToString());
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("[", absl::StrJoin(locality_strings, ", "), "]");
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig::ShouldDrop(
+    const std::string** category_name) const {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < drop_category_list_.size(); ++i) {
+    const auto& drop_category = drop_category_list_[i];
+    // Generate a random number in [0, 1000000).
+    const uint32_t random = static_cast<uint32_t>(rand()) % 1000000;
+    if (random < drop_category.parts_per_million) {
+      *category_name = &drop_category.name;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> category_strings;
+  for (const DropCategory& category : drop_category_list_) {
+    category_strings.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat(category.name, "=", category.parts_per_million));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("{[", absl::StrJoin(category_strings, ", "),
+                      "], drop_all=", drop_all_, "}");
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::EdsUpdate::ToString() const {
+  std::vector<std::string> priority_strings;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < priorities.size(); ++i) {
+    const Priority& priority = priorities[i];
+    priority_strings.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat("priority ", i, ": ", priority.ToString()));
+  }
+  return absl::StrCat("priorities=[", absl::StrJoin(priority_strings, ", "),
+                      "], drop_config=", drop_config->ToString());
+}
+
+//
+// XdsApi
+//
+
+const char* XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.listener.v3.Listener";
+const char* XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.route.v3.RouteConfiguration";
+const char* XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.cluster.v3.Cluster";
+const char* XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.endpoint.v3.ClusterLoadAssignment";
+
+namespace {
+
+const char* kLdsV2TypeUrl = "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.Listener";
+const char* kRdsV2TypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.RouteConfiguration";
+const char* kCdsV2TypeUrl = "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.Cluster";
+const char* kEdsV2TypeUrl =
+    "type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.ClusterLoadAssignment";
+
+bool IsLdsInternal(absl::string_view type_url, bool* is_v2 = nullptr) {
+  if (type_url == XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl) return true;
+  if (type_url == kLdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    if (is_v2 != nullptr) *is_v2 = true;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool IsRdsInternal(absl::string_view type_url, bool* /*is_v2*/ = nullptr) {
+  return type_url == XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl || type_url == kRdsV2TypeUrl;
+}
+
+bool IsCdsInternal(absl::string_view type_url, bool* /*is_v2*/ = nullptr) {
+  return type_url == XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl || type_url == kCdsV2TypeUrl;
+}
+
+bool IsEdsInternal(absl::string_view type_url, bool* /*is_v2*/ = nullptr) {
+  return type_url == XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl || type_url == kEdsV2TypeUrl;
+}
+
+absl::StatusOr<XdsApi::ResourceName> ParseResourceNameInternal(
+    absl::string_view name,
+    std::function<bool(absl::string_view, bool*)> is_expected_type) {
+  // Old-style names use the empty string for authority.
+  // ID is prefixed with "old:" to indicate that it's an old-style name.
+  if (!absl::StartsWith(name, "xdstp:")) {
+    return XdsApi::ResourceName{"", absl::StrCat("old:", name)};
+  }
+  // New style name.  Parse URI.
+  auto uri = URI::Parse(name);
+  if (!uri.ok()) return uri.status();
+  // Split the resource type off of the path to get the id.
+  std::pair<absl::string_view, absl::string_view> path_parts =
+      absl::StrSplit(uri->path(), absl::MaxSplits('/', 1));
+  if (!is_expected_type(path_parts.first, nullptr)) {
+    return absl::InvalidArgumentError(
+        "xdstp URI path must indicate valid xDS resource type");
+  }
+  std::vector<std::pair<absl::string_view, absl::string_view>> query_parameters(
+      uri->query_parameter_map().begin(), uri->query_parameter_map().end());
+  std::sort(query_parameters.begin(), query_parameters.end());
+  return XdsApi::ResourceName{
+      uri->authority(),
+      absl::StrCat(
+          "xdstp:", path_parts.second, (query_parameters.empty() ? "?" : ""),
+          absl::StrJoin(query_parameters, "&", absl::PairFormatter("=")))};
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// If gRPC is built with -DGRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX="...", that string
+// will be appended to the user agent name reported to the xDS server.
+#ifdef GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX
+#define GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX_STRING \
+  " " GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX
+#else
+#define GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX_STRING ""
+#endif
+
+// If gRPC is built with -DGRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX="...", that string
+// will be appended to the user agent version reported to the xDS server.
+#ifdef GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX
+#define GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX_STRING \
+  " " GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX
+#else
+#define GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX_STRING ""
+#endif
+
+XdsApi::XdsApi(XdsClient* client, TraceFlag* tracer,
+               const XdsBootstrap::Node* node,
+               const CertificateProviderStore::PluginDefinitionMap*
+                   certificate_provider_definition_map)
+    : client_(client),
+      tracer_(tracer),
+      node_(node),
+      certificate_provider_definition_map_(certificate_provider_definition_map),
+      build_version_(absl::StrCat("gRPC C-core ", GPR_PLATFORM_STRING, " ",
+                                  grpc_version_string(),
+                                  GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX_STRING,
+                                  GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX_STRING)),
+      user_agent_name_(absl::StrCat("gRPC C-core ", GPR_PLATFORM_STRING,
+                                    GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX_STRING)),
+      user_agent_version_(
+          absl::StrCat("C-core ", grpc_version_string(),
+                       GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_NAME_SUFFIX_STRING,
+                       GRPC_XDS_USER_AGENT_VERSION_SUFFIX_STRING)) {
+  // Populate upb symtab with xDS proto messages that we want to print
+  // properly in logs.
+  // Note: This won't actually work properly until upb adds support for
+  // Any fields in textproto printing (internal b/178821188).
+  envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_getmsgdef(symtab_.ptr());
+  envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_getmsgdef(symtab_.ptr());
+  envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_getmsgdef(symtab_.ptr());
+  envoy_extensions_clusters_aggregate_v3_ClusterConfig_getmsgdef(symtab_.ptr());
+  envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_getmsgdef(symtab_.ptr());
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_getmsgdef(symtab_.ptr());
+  envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_UpstreamTlsContext_getmsgdef(
+      symtab_.ptr());
+  envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_getmsgdef(
+      symtab_.ptr());
+  // Load HTTP filter proto messages into the upb symtab.
+  XdsHttpFilterRegistry::PopulateSymtab(symtab_.ptr());
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::IsLds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return IsLdsInternal(type_url);
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::IsRds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return IsRdsInternal(type_url);
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::IsCds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return IsCdsInternal(type_url);
+}
+
+bool XdsApi::IsEds(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  return IsEdsInternal(type_url);
+}
+
+absl::StatusOr<XdsApi::ResourceName> XdsApi::ParseResourceName(
+    absl::string_view name, bool (*is_expected_type)(absl::string_view)) {
+  return ParseResourceNameInternal(
+      name, [is_expected_type](absl::string_view type, bool*) {
+        return is_expected_type(type);
+      });
+}
+
+std::string XdsApi::ConstructFullResourceName(absl::string_view authority,
+                                              absl::string_view resource_type,
+                                              absl::string_view name) {
+  if (absl::StartsWith(name, "xdstp:")) {
+    return absl::StrCat("xdstp://", authority, "/", resource_type,
+                        absl::StripPrefix(name, "xdstp:"));
+  } else {
+    return std::string(absl::StripPrefix(name, "old:"));
+  }
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+struct EncodingContext {
+  XdsClient* client;  // Used only for logging. Unsafe for dereferencing.
+  TraceFlag* tracer;
+  upb_symtab* symtab;
+  upb_arena* arena;
+  bool use_v3;
+  const CertificateProviderStore::PluginDefinitionMap*
+      certificate_provider_definition_map;
+};
+
+// Works for both std::string and absl::string_view.
+template <typename T>
+inline upb_strview StdStringToUpbString(const T& str) {
+  return upb_strview_make(str.data(), str.size());
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadataValue(const EncodingContext& context,
+                           google_protobuf_Value* value_pb, const Json& value);
+
+void PopulateListValue(const EncodingContext& context,
+                       google_protobuf_ListValue* list_value,
+                       const Json::Array& values) {
+  for (const auto& value : values) {
+    auto* value_pb =
+        google_protobuf_ListValue_add_values(list_value, context.arena);
+    PopulateMetadataValue(context, value_pb, value);
+  }
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadata(const EncodingContext& context,
+                      google_protobuf_Struct* metadata_pb,
+                      const Json::Object& metadata) {
+  for (const auto& p : metadata) {
+    google_protobuf_Value* value = google_protobuf_Value_new(context.arena);
+    PopulateMetadataValue(context, value, p.second);
+    google_protobuf_Struct_fields_set(
+        metadata_pb, StdStringToUpbString(p.first), value, context.arena);
+  }
+}
+
+void PopulateMetadataValue(const EncodingContext& context,
+                           google_protobuf_Value* value_pb, const Json& value) {
+  switch (value.type()) {
+    case Json::Type::JSON_NULL:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_null_value(value_pb, 0);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::NUMBER:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_number_value(
+          value_pb, strtod(value.string_value().c_str(), nullptr));
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::STRING:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_string_value(
+          value_pb, StdStringToUpbString(value.string_value()));
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::JSON_TRUE:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_bool_value(value_pb, true);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::JSON_FALSE:
+      google_protobuf_Value_set_bool_value(value_pb, false);
+      break;
+    case Json::Type::OBJECT: {
+      google_protobuf_Struct* struct_value =
+          google_protobuf_Value_mutable_struct_value(value_pb, context.arena);
+      PopulateMetadata(context, struct_value, value.object_value());
+      break;
+    }
+    case Json::Type::ARRAY: {
+      google_protobuf_ListValue* list_value =
+          google_protobuf_Value_mutable_list_value(value_pb, context.arena);
+      PopulateListValue(context, list_value, value.array_value());
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Helper functions to manually do protobuf string encoding, so that we
+// can populate the node build_version field that was removed in v3.
+std::string EncodeVarint(uint64_t val) {
+  std::string data;
+  do {
+    uint8_t byte = val & 0x7fU;
+    val >>= 7;
+    if (val) byte |= 0x80U;
+    data += byte;
+  } while (val);
+  return data;
+}
+std::string EncodeTag(uint32_t field_number, uint8_t wire_type) {
+  return EncodeVarint((field_number << 3) | wire_type);
+}
+std::string EncodeStringField(uint32_t field_number, const std::string& str) {
+  static const uint8_t kDelimitedWireType = 2;
+  return EncodeTag(field_number, kDelimitedWireType) +
+         EncodeVarint(str.size()) + str;
+}
+
+void PopulateBuildVersion(const EncodingContext& context,
+                          envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg,
+                          const std::string& build_version) {
+  std::string encoded_build_version = EncodeStringField(5, build_version);
+  // TODO(roth): This should use upb_msg_addunknown(), but that API is
+  // broken in the current version of upb, so we're using the internal
+  // API for now.  Change this once we upgrade to a version of upb that
+  // fixes this bug.
+  _upb_msg_addunknown(node_msg, encoded_build_version.data(),
+                      encoded_build_version.size(), context.arena);
+}
+
+void PopulateNode(const EncodingContext& context,
+                  const XdsBootstrap::Node* node,
+                  const std::string& build_version,
+                  const std::string& user_agent_name,
+                  const std::string& user_agent_version,
+                  envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg) {
+  if (node != nullptr) {
+    if (!node->id.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_id(node_msg,
+                                       StdStringToUpbString(node->id));
+    }
+    if (!node->cluster.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_cluster(
+          node_msg, StdStringToUpbString(node->cluster));
+    }
+    if (!node->metadata.object_value().empty()) {
+      google_protobuf_Struct* metadata =
+          envoy_config_core_v3_Node_mutable_metadata(node_msg, context.arena);
+      PopulateMetadata(context, metadata, node->metadata.object_value());
+    }
+    if (!node->locality_region.empty() || !node->locality_zone.empty() ||
+        !node->locality_sub_zone.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Locality* locality =
+          envoy_config_core_v3_Node_mutable_locality(node_msg, context.arena);
+      if (!node->locality_region.empty()) {
+        envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_region(
+            locality, StdStringToUpbString(node->locality_region));
+      }
+      if (!node->locality_zone.empty()) {
+        envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_zone(
+            locality, StdStringToUpbString(node->locality_zone));
+      }
+      if (!node->locality_sub_zone.empty()) {
+        envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_sub_zone(
+            locality, StdStringToUpbString(node->locality_sub_zone));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (!context.use_v3) {
+    PopulateBuildVersion(context, node_msg, build_version);
+  }
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_user_agent_name(
+      node_msg, StdStringToUpbString(user_agent_name));
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_set_user_agent_version(
+      node_msg, StdStringToUpbString(user_agent_version));
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_add_client_features(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez("envoy.lb.does_not_support_overprovisioning"),
+      context.arena);
+}
+
+inline absl::string_view UpbStringToAbsl(const upb_strview& str) {
+  return absl::string_view(str.data, str.size);
+}
+
+inline std::string UpbStringToStdString(const upb_strview& str) {
+  return std::string(str.data, str.size);
+}
+
+void MaybeLogDiscoveryRequest(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest* request) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_getmsgdef(context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(request, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] constructed ADS request: %s",
+            context.client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_slice SerializeDiscoveryRequest(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest* request) {
+  size_t output_length;
+  char* output = envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_serialize(
+      request, context.arena, &output_length);
+  return grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(output, output_length);
+}
+
+absl::string_view TypeUrlExternalToInternal(bool use_v3,
+                                            const std::string& type_url) {
+  if (!use_v3) {
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kLdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kRdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kCdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+    if (type_url == XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl) {
+      return kEdsV2TypeUrl;
+    }
+  }
+  return type_url;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateAdsRequest(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server, const std::string& type_url,
+    const std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+                   std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>& resource_names,
+    const std::string& version, const std::string& nonce,
+    grpc_error_handle error, bool populate_node) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  const EncodingContext context = {client_,
+                                   tracer_,
+                                   symtab_.ptr(),
+                                   arena.ptr(),
+                                   server.ShouldUseV3(),
+                                   certificate_provider_definition_map_};
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  // Set type_url.
+  absl::string_view real_type_url =
+      TypeUrlExternalToInternal(server.ShouldUseV3(), type_url);
+  envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_set_type_url(
+      request, StdStringToUpbString(real_type_url));
+  // Set version_info.
+  if (!version.empty()) {
+    envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_set_version_info(
+        request, StdStringToUpbString(version));
+  }
+  // Set nonce.
+  if (!nonce.empty()) {
+    envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_set_response_nonce(
+        request, StdStringToUpbString(nonce));
+  }
+  // Set error_detail if it's a NACK.
+  std::string error_string_storage;
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    google_rpc_Status* error_detail =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_mutable_error_detail(
+            request, arena.ptr());
+    // Hard-code INVALID_ARGUMENT as the status code.
+    // TODO(roth): If at some point we decide we care about this value,
+    // we could attach a status code to the individual errors where we
+    // generate them in the parsing code, and then use that here.
+    google_rpc_Status_set_code(error_detail, GRPC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+    // Error description comes from the error that was passed in.
+    error_string_storage = grpc_error_std_string(error);
+    upb_strview error_description = StdStringToUpbString(error_string_storage);
+    google_rpc_Status_set_message(error_detail, error_description);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+  }
+  // Populate node.
+  if (populate_node) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_mutable_node(request,
+                                                                 arena.ptr());
+    PopulateNode(context, node_, build_version_, user_agent_name_,
+                 user_agent_version_, node_msg);
+  }
+  // A vector for temporary local storage of resource name strings.
+  std::vector<std::string> resource_name_storage;
+  // Make sure the vector is sized right up-front, so that reallocations
+  // don't move the strings out from under the upb proto object that
+  // points to them.
+  size_t size = 0;
+  for (const auto& p : resource_names) {
+    size += p.second.size();
+  }
+  resource_name_storage.reserve(size);
+  // Add resource_names.
+  for (const auto& a : resource_names) {
+    absl::string_view authority = a.first;
+    for (const auto& p : a.second) {
+      absl::string_view resource_id = p;
+      resource_name_storage.push_back(
+          ConstructFullResourceName(authority, type_url, resource_id));
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryRequest_add_resource_names(
+          request, StdStringToUpbString(resource_name_storage.back()),
+          arena.ptr());
+    }
+  }
+  MaybeLogDiscoveryRequest(context, request);
+  return SerializeDiscoveryRequest(context, request);
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void MaybeLogDiscoveryResponse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_getmsgdef(context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(response, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] received response: %s", context.client,
+            buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogListener(const EncodingContext& context,
+                      const envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener* listener) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_getmsgdef(context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(listener, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] Listener: %s", context.client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogHttpConnectionManager(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager*
+        http_connection_manager_config) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_getmsgdef(
+            context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(http_connection_manager_config, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf,
+                    sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] HttpConnectionManager: %s",
+            context.client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogRouteConfiguration(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* route_config) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_getmsgdef(context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(route_config, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] RouteConfiguration: %s", context.client,
+            buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogCluster(const EncodingContext& context,
+                     const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster* cluster) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_getmsgdef(context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(cluster, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] Cluster: %s", context.client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void MaybeLogClusterLoadAssignment(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment* cla) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_getmsgdef(
+            context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(cla, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] ClusterLoadAssignment: %s",
+            context.client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle RoutePathMatchParse(
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match, XdsApi::Route* route,
+    bool* ignore_route) {
+  auto* case_sensitive_ptr =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_case_sensitive(match);
+  bool case_sensitive = true;
+  if (case_sensitive_ptr != nullptr) {
+    case_sensitive = google_protobuf_BoolValue_value(case_sensitive_ptr);
+  }
+  StringMatcher::Type type;
+  std::string match_string;
+  if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_has_prefix(match)) {
+    absl::string_view prefix =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_prefix(match));
+    // Empty prefix "" is accepted.
+    if (!prefix.empty()) {
+      // Prefix "/" is accepted.
+      if (prefix[0] != '/') {
+        // Prefix which does not start with a / will never match anything, so
+        // ignore this route.
+        *ignore_route = true;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      }
+      std::vector<absl::string_view> prefix_elements =
+          absl::StrSplit(prefix.substr(1), absl::MaxSplits('/', 2));
+      if (prefix_elements.size() > 2) {
+        // Prefix cannot have more than 2 slashes.
+        *ignore_route = true;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      } else if (prefix_elements.size() == 2 && prefix_elements[0].empty()) {
+        // Prefix contains empty string between the 2 slashes
+        *ignore_route = true;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      }
+    }
+    type = StringMatcher::Type::kPrefix;
+    match_string = std::string(prefix);
+  } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_has_path(match)) {
+    absl::string_view path =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_path(match));
+    if (path.empty()) {
+      // Path that is empty will never match anything, so ignore this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    if (path[0] != '/') {
+      // Path which does not start with a / will never match anything, so
+      // ignore this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    std::vector<absl::string_view> path_elements =
+        absl::StrSplit(path.substr(1), absl::MaxSplits('/', 2));
+    if (path_elements.size() != 2) {
+      // Path not in the required format of /service/method will never match
+      // anything, so ignore this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    } else if (path_elements[0].empty()) {
+      // Path contains empty service name will never match anything, so ignore
+      // this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    } else if (path_elements[1].empty()) {
+      // Path contains empty method name will never match anything, so ignore
+      // this route.
+      *ignore_route = true;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    type = StringMatcher::Type::kExact;
+    match_string = std::string(path);
+  } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_has_safe_regex(match)) {
+    const envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher* regex_matcher =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_safe_regex(match);
+    GPR_ASSERT(regex_matcher != nullptr);
+    type = StringMatcher::Type::kSafeRegex;
+    match_string = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher_regex(regex_matcher));
+  } else {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Invalid route path specifier specified.");
+  }
+  absl::StatusOr<StringMatcher> string_matcher =
+      StringMatcher::Create(type, match_string, case_sensitive);
+  if (!string_matcher.ok()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("path matcher: ", string_matcher.status().message()));
+  }
+  route->matchers.path_matcher = std::move(string_matcher.value());
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle RouteHeaderMatchersParse(
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match, XdsApi::Route* route) {
+  size_t size;
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher* const* headers =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_headers(match, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher* header = headers[i];
+    const std::string name =
+        UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_name(header));
+    HeaderMatcher::Type type;
+    std::string match_string;
+    int64_t range_start = 0;
+    int64_t range_end = 0;
+    bool present_match = false;
+    if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_exact_match(header)) {
+      type = HeaderMatcher::Type::kExact;
+      match_string = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_exact_match(header));
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_safe_regex_match(
+                   header)) {
+      const envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher* regex_matcher =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_safe_regex_match(header);
+      GPR_ASSERT(regex_matcher != nullptr);
+      type = HeaderMatcher::Type::kSafeRegex;
+      match_string = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher_regex(regex_matcher));
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_range_match(header)) {
+      type = HeaderMatcher::Type::kRange;
+      const envoy_type_v3_Int64Range* range_matcher =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_range_match(header);
+      range_start = envoy_type_v3_Int64Range_start(range_matcher);
+      range_end = envoy_type_v3_Int64Range_end(range_matcher);
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_present_match(header)) {
+      type = HeaderMatcher::Type::kPresent;
+      present_match = envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_present_match(header);
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_prefix_match(header)) {
+      type = HeaderMatcher::Type::kPrefix;
+      match_string = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_prefix_match(header));
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_suffix_match(header)) {
+      type = HeaderMatcher::Type::kSuffix;
+      match_string = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_suffix_match(header));
+    } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_has_contains_match(header)) {
+      type = HeaderMatcher::Type::kContains;
+      match_string = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_contains_match(header));
+    } else {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Invalid route header matcher specified.");
+    }
+    bool invert_match =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_HeaderMatcher_invert_match(header);
+    absl::StatusOr<HeaderMatcher> header_matcher =
+        HeaderMatcher::Create(name, type, match_string, range_start, range_end,
+                              present_match, invert_match);
+    if (!header_matcher.ok()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("header matcher: ", header_matcher.status().message()));
+    }
+    route->matchers.header_matchers.emplace_back(
+        std::move(header_matcher.value()));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle RouteRuntimeFractionParse(
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match, XdsApi::Route* route) {
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_RuntimeFractionalPercent* runtime_fraction =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_runtime_fraction(match);
+  if (runtime_fraction != nullptr) {
+    const envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent* fraction =
+        envoy_config_core_v3_RuntimeFractionalPercent_default_value(
+            runtime_fraction);
+    if (fraction != nullptr) {
+      uint32_t numerator = envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_numerator(fraction);
+      const auto denominator =
+          static_cast<envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_DenominatorType>(
+              envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_denominator(fraction));
+      // Normalize to million.
+      switch (denominator) {
+        case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_HUNDRED:
+          numerator *= 10000;
+          break;
+        case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_TEN_THOUSAND:
+          numerator *= 100;
+          break;
+        case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_MILLION:
+          break;
+        default:
+          return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "Unknown denominator type");
+      }
+      route->matchers.fraction_per_million = numerator;
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle ExtractHttpFilterTypeName(const EncodingContext& context,
+                                            const google_protobuf_Any* any,
+                                            absl::string_view* filter_type) {
+  *filter_type = UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(any));
+  if (*filter_type == "type.googleapis.com/xds.type.v3.TypedStruct" ||
+      *filter_type == "type.googleapis.com/udpa.type.v1.TypedStruct") {
+    upb_strview any_value = google_protobuf_Any_value(any);
+    const auto* typed_struct = xds_type_v3_TypedStruct_parse(
+        any_value.data, any_value.size, context.arena);
+    if (typed_struct == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "could not parse TypedStruct from filter config");
+    }
+    *filter_type =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(xds_type_v3_TypedStruct_type_url(typed_struct));
+  }
+  *filter_type = absl::StripPrefix(*filter_type, "type.googleapis.com/");
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+template <typename ParentType, typename EntryType>
+grpc_error_handle ParseTypedPerFilterConfig(
+    const EncodingContext& context, const ParentType* parent,
+    const EntryType* (*entry_func)(const ParentType*, size_t*),
+    upb_strview (*key_func)(const EntryType*),
+    const google_protobuf_Any* (*value_func)(const EntryType*),
+    XdsApi::TypedPerFilterConfig* typed_per_filter_config) {
+  size_t filter_it = UPB_MAP_BEGIN;
+  while (true) {
+    const auto* filter_entry = entry_func(parent, &filter_it);
+    if (filter_entry == nullptr) break;
+    absl::string_view key = UpbStringToAbsl(key_func(filter_entry));
+    if (key.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("empty filter name in map");
+    }
+    const google_protobuf_Any* any = value_func(filter_entry);
+    GPR_ASSERT(any != nullptr);
+    absl::string_view filter_type =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(any));
+    if (filter_type.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("no filter config specified for filter name ", key));
+    }
+    bool is_optional = false;
+    if (filter_type ==
+        "type.googleapis.com/envoy.config.route.v3.FilterConfig") {
+      upb_strview any_value = google_protobuf_Any_value(any);
+      const auto* filter_config = envoy_config_route_v3_FilterConfig_parse(
+          any_value.data, any_value.size, context.arena);
+      if (filter_config == nullptr) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("could not parse FilterConfig wrapper for ", key));
+      }
+      is_optional =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_FilterConfig_is_optional(filter_config);
+      any = envoy_config_route_v3_FilterConfig_config(filter_config);
+      if (any == nullptr) {
+        if (is_optional) continue;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("no filter config specified for filter name ", key));
+      }
+    }
+    grpc_error_handle error =
+        ExtractHttpFilterTypeName(context, any, &filter_type);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    const XdsHttpFilterImpl* filter_impl =
+        XdsHttpFilterRegistry::GetFilterForType(filter_type);
+    if (filter_impl == nullptr) {
+      if (is_optional) continue;
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("no filter registered for config type ", filter_type));
+    }
+    absl::StatusOr<XdsHttpFilterImpl::FilterConfig> filter_config =
+        filter_impl->GenerateFilterConfigOverride(
+            google_protobuf_Any_value(any), context.arena);
+    if (!filter_config.ok()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrCat(
+          "filter config for type ", filter_type,
+          " failed to parse: ", filter_config.status().ToString()));
+    }
+    (*typed_per_filter_config)[std::string(key)] = std::move(*filter_config);
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+XdsApi::Duration DurationParse(const google_protobuf_Duration* proto_duration) {
+  XdsApi::Duration duration;
+  duration.seconds = google_protobuf_Duration_seconds(proto_duration);
+  duration.nanos = google_protobuf_Duration_nanos(proto_duration);
+  return duration;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle RetryPolicyParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy* retry_policy,
+    absl::optional<XdsApi::RetryPolicy>* retry) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  XdsApi::RetryPolicy retry_to_return;
+  auto retry_on = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy_retry_on(retry_policy));
+  std::vector<absl::string_view> codes = absl::StrSplit(retry_on, ',');
+  for (const auto& code : codes) {
+    if (code == "cancelled") {
+      retry_to_return.retry_on.Add(GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED);
+    } else if (code == "deadline-exceeded") {
+      retry_to_return.retry_on.Add(GRPC_STATUS_DEADLINE_EXCEEDED);
+    } else if (code == "internal") {
+      retry_to_return.retry_on.Add(GRPC_STATUS_INTERNAL);
+    } else if (code == "resource-exhausted") {
+      retry_to_return.retry_on.Add(GRPC_STATUS_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED);
+    } else if (code == "unavailable") {
+      retry_to_return.retry_on.Add(GRPC_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE);
+    } else {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Unsupported retry_on policy %s.",
+                std::string(code).c_str());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* num_retries =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy_num_retries(retry_policy);
+  if (num_retries != nullptr) {
+    uint32_t num_retries_value = google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(num_retries);
+    if (num_retries_value == 0) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction RetryPolicy num_retries set to invalid value 0."));
+    } else {
+      retry_to_return.num_retries = num_retries_value;
+    }
+  } else {
+    retry_to_return.num_retries = 1;
+  }
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy_RetryBackOff* backoff =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy_retry_back_off(retry_policy);
+  if (backoff != nullptr) {
+    const google_protobuf_Duration* base_interval =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy_RetryBackOff_base_interval(backoff);
+    if (base_interval == nullptr) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction RetryPolicy RetryBackoff missing base interval."));
+    } else {
+      retry_to_return.retry_back_off.base_interval =
+          DurationParse(base_interval);
+    }
+    const google_protobuf_Duration* max_interval =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy_RetryBackOff_max_interval(backoff);
+    XdsApi::Duration max;
+    if (max_interval != nullptr) {
+      max = DurationParse(max_interval);
+    } else {
+      // if max interval is not set, it is 10x the base, if the value in nanos
+      // can yield another second, adjust the value in seconds accordingly.
+      max.seconds = retry_to_return.retry_back_off.base_interval.seconds * 10;
+      max.nanos = retry_to_return.retry_back_off.base_interval.nanos * 10;
+      if (max.nanos > 1000000000) {
+        max.seconds += max.nanos / 1000000000;
+        max.nanos = max.nanos % 1000000000;
+      }
+    }
+    retry_to_return.retry_back_off.max_interval = max;
+  } else {
+    retry_to_return.retry_back_off.base_interval.seconds = 0;
+    retry_to_return.retry_back_off.base_interval.nanos = 25000000;
+    retry_to_return.retry_back_off.max_interval.seconds = 0;
+    retry_to_return.retry_back_off.max_interval.nanos = 250000000;
+  }
+  if (errors.empty()) {
+    *retry = retry_to_return;
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  } else {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("errors parsing retry policy",
+                                         &errors);
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle RouteActionParse(const EncodingContext& context,
+                                   const envoy_config_route_v3_Route* route_msg,
+                                   XdsApi::Route::RouteAction* route,
+                                   bool* ignore_route) {
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction* route_action =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_Route_route(route_msg);
+  // Get the cluster or weighted_clusters in the RouteAction.
+  if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_has_cluster(route_action)) {
+    route->cluster_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_cluster(route_action));
+    if (route->cluster_name.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction cluster contains empty cluster name.");
+    }
+  } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_has_weighted_clusters(
+                 route_action)) {
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster* weighted_cluster =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_weighted_clusters(route_action);
+    uint32_t total_weight = 100;
+    const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* weight =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_total_weight(weighted_cluster);
+    if (weight != nullptr) {
+      total_weight = google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(weight);
+    }
+    size_t clusters_size;
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight* const* clusters =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_clusters(weighted_cluster,
+                                                       &clusters_size);
+    uint32_t sum_of_weights = 0;
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < clusters_size; ++j) {
+      const envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight*
+          cluster_weight = clusters[j];
+      XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::ClusterWeight cluster;
+      cluster.name = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_name(
+              cluster_weight));
+      if (cluster.name.empty()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "RouteAction weighted_cluster cluster contains empty cluster "
+            "name.");
+      }
+      const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* weight =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_weight(
+              cluster_weight);
+      if (weight == nullptr) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "RouteAction weighted_cluster cluster missing weight");
+      }
+      cluster.weight = google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(weight);
+      if (cluster.weight == 0) continue;
+      sum_of_weights += cluster.weight;
+      if (context.use_v3) {
+        grpc_error_handle error = ParseTypedPerFilterConfig<
+            envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight,
+            envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry>(
+            context, cluster_weight,
+            envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_typed_per_filter_config_next,
+            envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry_key,
+            envoy_config_route_v3_WeightedCluster_ClusterWeight_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry_value,
+            &cluster.typed_per_filter_config);
+        if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      }
+      route->weighted_clusters.emplace_back(std::move(cluster));
+    }
+    if (total_weight != sum_of_weights) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction weighted_cluster has incorrect total weight");
+    }
+    if (route->weighted_clusters.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "RouteAction weighted_cluster has no valid clusters specified.");
+    }
+  } else {
+    // No cluster or weighted_clusters found in RouteAction, ignore this route.
+    *ignore_route = true;
+  }
+  if (!*ignore_route) {
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_MaxStreamDuration*
+        max_stream_duration =
+            envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_max_stream_duration(route_action);
+    if (max_stream_duration != nullptr) {
+      const google_protobuf_Duration* duration =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_MaxStreamDuration_grpc_timeout_header_max(
+              max_stream_duration);
+      if (duration == nullptr) {
+        duration =
+            envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_MaxStreamDuration_max_stream_duration(
+                max_stream_duration);
+      }
+      if (duration != nullptr) {
+        route->max_stream_duration = DurationParse(duration);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Get HashPolicy from RouteAction
+  size_t size = 0;
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy* const* hash_policies =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_hash_policy(route_action, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy* hash_policy =
+        hash_policies[i];
+    XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy policy;
+    policy.terminal =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_terminal(hash_policy);
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_Header* header;
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_FilterState*
+        filter_state;
+    if ((header = envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_header(
+             hash_policy)) != nullptr) {
+      policy.type = XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::Type::HEADER;
+      policy.header_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_Header_header_name(
+              header));
+      const struct envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatchAndSubstitute*
+          regex_rewrite =
+              envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_Header_regex_rewrite(
+                  header);
+      if (regex_rewrite != nullptr) {
+        const envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher* regex_matcher =
+            envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatchAndSubstitute_pattern(
+                regex_rewrite);
+        if (regex_matcher == nullptr) {
+          gpr_log(
+              GPR_DEBUG,
+              "RouteAction HashPolicy contains policy specifier Header with "
+              "RegexMatchAndSubstitution but RegexMatcher pattern is "
+              "missing");
+          continue;
+        }
+        RE2::Options options;
+        policy.regex = absl::make_unique<RE2>(
+            UpbStringToStdString(
+                envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher_regex(regex_matcher)),
+            options);
+        if (!policy.regex->ok()) {
+          gpr_log(
+              GPR_DEBUG,
+              "RouteAction HashPolicy contains policy specifier Header with "
+              "RegexMatchAndSubstitution but RegexMatcher pattern does not "
+              "compile");
+          continue;
+        }
+        policy.regex_substitution = UpbStringToStdString(
+            envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatchAndSubstitute_substitution(
+                regex_rewrite));
+      }
+    } else if ((filter_state =
+                    envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_filter_state(
+                        hash_policy)) != nullptr) {
+      std::string key = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_HashPolicy_FilterState_key(
+              filter_state));
+      if (key == "io.grpc.channel_id") {
+        policy.type = XdsApi::Route::RouteAction::HashPolicy::Type::CHANNEL_ID;
+      } else {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+                "RouteAction HashPolicy contains policy specifier "
+                "FilterState but "
+                "key is not io.grpc.channel_id.");
+        continue;
+      }
+    } else {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
+              "RouteAction HashPolicy contains unsupported policy specifier.");
+      continue;
+    }
+    route->hash_policies.emplace_back(std::move(policy));
+  }
+  // Get retry policy
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy* retry_policy =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteAction_retry_policy(route_action);
+  if (retry_policy != nullptr) {
+    absl::optional<XdsApi::RetryPolicy> retry;
+    grpc_error_handle error = RetryPolicyParse(context, retry_policy, &retry);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    route->retry_policy = retry;
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle RouteConfigParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* route_config,
+    bool /*is_v2*/, XdsApi::RdsUpdate* rds_update) {
+  MaybeLogRouteConfiguration(context, route_config);
+  // Get the virtual hosts.
+  size_t num_virtual_hosts;
+  const envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost* const* virtual_hosts =
+      envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_virtual_hosts(
+          route_config, &num_virtual_hosts);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_virtual_hosts; ++i) {
+    rds_update->virtual_hosts.emplace_back();
+    XdsApi::RdsUpdate::VirtualHost& vhost = rds_update->virtual_hosts.back();
+    // Parse domains.
+    size_t domain_size;
+    upb_strview const* domains = envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_domains(
+        virtual_hosts[i], &domain_size);
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < domain_size; ++j) {
+      std::string domain_pattern = UpbStringToStdString(domains[j]);
+      const MatchType match_type = DomainPatternMatchType(domain_pattern);
+      if (match_type == INVALID_MATCH) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("Invalid domain pattern \"", domain_pattern, "\"."));
+      }
+      vhost.domains.emplace_back(std::move(domain_pattern));
+    }
+    if (vhost.domains.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("VirtualHost has no domains");
+    }
+    // Parse typed_per_filter_config.
+    if (context.use_v3) {
+      grpc_error_handle error = ParseTypedPerFilterConfig<
+          envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost,
+          envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry>(
+          context, virtual_hosts[i],
+          envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_typed_per_filter_config_next,
+          envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry_key,
+          envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry_value,
+          &vhost.typed_per_filter_config);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    }
+    // Parse retry policy.
+    absl::optional<XdsApi::RetryPolicy> virtual_host_retry_policy;
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RetryPolicy* retry_policy =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_retry_policy(virtual_hosts[i]);
+    if (retry_policy != nullptr) {
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          RetryPolicyParse(context, retry_policy, &virtual_host_retry_policy);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    }
+    // Parse routes.
+    size_t num_routes;
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_Route* const* routes =
+        envoy_config_route_v3_VirtualHost_routes(virtual_hosts[i], &num_routes);
+    if (num_routes < 1) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "No route found in the virtual host.");
+    }
+    // Loop over the whole list of routes
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < num_routes; ++j) {
+      const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch* match =
+          envoy_config_route_v3_Route_match(routes[j]);
+      if (match == nullptr) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Match can't be null.");
+      }
+      size_t query_parameters_size;
+      static_cast<void>(envoy_config_route_v3_RouteMatch_query_parameters(
+          match, &query_parameters_size));
+      if (query_parameters_size > 0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      XdsApi::Route route;
+      bool ignore_route = false;
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          RoutePathMatchParse(match, &route, &ignore_route);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      if (ignore_route) continue;
+      error = RouteHeaderMatchersParse(match, &route);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      error = RouteRuntimeFractionParse(match, &route);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      if (envoy_config_route_v3_Route_has_route(routes[j])) {
+        route.action.emplace<XdsApi::Route::RouteAction>();
+        auto& route_action =
+            absl::get<XdsApi::Route::RouteAction>(route.action);
+        error =
+            RouteActionParse(context, routes[j], &route_action, &ignore_route);
+        if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+        if (ignore_route) continue;
+        if (route_action.retry_policy == absl::nullopt &&
+            retry_policy != nullptr) {
+          route_action.retry_policy = virtual_host_retry_policy;
+        }
+      } else if (envoy_config_route_v3_Route_has_non_forwarding_action(
+                     routes[j])) {
+        route.action.emplace<XdsApi::Route::NonForwardingAction>();
+      }
+      if (context.use_v3) {
+        grpc_error_handle error = ParseTypedPerFilterConfig<
+            envoy_config_route_v3_Route,
+            envoy_config_route_v3_Route_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry>(
+            context, routes[j],
+            envoy_config_route_v3_Route_typed_per_filter_config_next,
+            envoy_config_route_v3_Route_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry_key,
+            envoy_config_route_v3_Route_TypedPerFilterConfigEntry_value,
+            &route.typed_per_filter_config);
+        if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      }
+      vhost.routes.emplace_back(std::move(route));
+    }
+    if (vhost.routes.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("No valid routes specified.");
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+// CertificateProviderInstance is deprecated but we are still supporting it for
+// backward compatibility reasons. Note that we still parse the data into the
+// same CertificateProviderPluginInstance struct since the fields are the same.
+// TODO(yashykt): Remove this once we stop supporting the old way of fetching
+// certificate provider instances.
+grpc_error_handle CertificateProviderInstanceParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CertificateProviderInstance*
+        certificate_provider_instance_proto,
+    XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderPluginInstance*
+        certificate_provider_plugin_instance) {
+  *certificate_provider_plugin_instance = {
+      UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CertificateProviderInstance_instance_name(
+              certificate_provider_instance_proto)),
+      UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CertificateProviderInstance_certificate_name(
+              certificate_provider_instance_proto))};
+  if (context.certificate_provider_definition_map->find(
+          certificate_provider_plugin_instance->instance_name) ==
+      context.certificate_provider_definition_map->end()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("Unrecognized certificate provider instance name: ",
+                     certificate_provider_plugin_instance->instance_name));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle CertificateProviderPluginInstanceParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateProviderPluginInstance*
+        certificate_provider_plugin_instance_proto,
+    XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateProviderPluginInstance*
+        certificate_provider_plugin_instance) {
+  *certificate_provider_plugin_instance = {
+      UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateProviderPluginInstance_instance_name(
+              certificate_provider_plugin_instance_proto)),
+      UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateProviderPluginInstance_certificate_name(
+              certificate_provider_plugin_instance_proto))};
+  if (context.certificate_provider_definition_map->find(
+          certificate_provider_plugin_instance->instance_name) ==
+      context.certificate_provider_definition_map->end()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("Unrecognized certificate provider instance name: ",
+                     certificate_provider_plugin_instance->instance_name));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle CertificateValidationContextParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext*
+        certificate_validation_context_proto,
+    XdsApi::CommonTlsContext::CertificateValidationContext*
+        certificate_validation_context) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  size_t len = 0;
+  auto* subject_alt_names_matchers =
+      envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_match_subject_alt_names(
+          certificate_validation_context_proto, &len);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    StringMatcher::Type type;
+    std::string matcher;
+    if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_exact(
+            subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+      type = StringMatcher::Type::kExact;
+      matcher = UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_exact(
+          subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+    } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_prefix(
+                   subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+      type = StringMatcher::Type::kPrefix;
+      matcher = UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_prefix(
+          subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+    } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_suffix(
+                   subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+      type = StringMatcher::Type::kSuffix;
+      matcher = UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_suffix(
+          subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+    } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_contains(
+                   subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+      type = StringMatcher::Type::kContains;
+      matcher =
+          UpbStringToStdString(envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_contains(
+              subject_alt_names_matchers[i]));
+    } else if (envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_has_safe_regex(
+                   subject_alt_names_matchers[i])) {
+      type = StringMatcher::Type::kSafeRegex;
+      auto* regex_matcher = envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_safe_regex(
+          subject_alt_names_matchers[i]);
+      matcher = UpbStringToStdString(
+          envoy_type_matcher_v3_RegexMatcher_regex(regex_matcher));
+    } else {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Invalid StringMatcher specified"));
+      continue;
+    }
+    bool ignore_case = envoy_type_matcher_v3_StringMatcher_ignore_case(
+        subject_alt_names_matchers[i]);
+    absl::StatusOr<StringMatcher> string_matcher =
+        StringMatcher::Create(type, matcher,
+                              /*case_sensitive=*/!ignore_case);
+    if (!string_matcher.ok()) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("string matcher: ", string_matcher.status().message())));
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (type == StringMatcher::Type::kSafeRegex && ignore_case) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "StringMatcher: ignore_case has no effect for SAFE_REGEX."));
+      continue;
+    }
+    certificate_validation_context->match_subject_alt_names.push_back(
+        std::move(string_matcher.value()));
+  }
+  auto* ca_certificate_provider_instance =
+      envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_ca_certificate_provider_instance(
+          certificate_validation_context_proto);
+  if (ca_certificate_provider_instance != nullptr) {
+    grpc_error_handle error = CertificateProviderPluginInstanceParse(
+        context, ca_certificate_provider_instance,
+        &certificate_validation_context->ca_certificate_provider_instance);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+  }
+  if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_verify_certificate_spki(
+          certificate_validation_context_proto, nullptr) != nullptr) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "CertificateValidationContext: verify_certificate_spki "
+        "unsupported"));
+  }
+  if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_verify_certificate_hash(
+          certificate_validation_context_proto, nullptr) != nullptr) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "CertificateValidationContext: verify_certificate_hash "
+        "unsupported"));
+  }
+  auto* require_signed_certificate_timestamp =
+      envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_require_signed_certificate_timestamp(
+          certificate_validation_context_proto);
+  if (require_signed_certificate_timestamp != nullptr &&
+      google_protobuf_BoolValue_value(require_signed_certificate_timestamp)) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "CertificateValidationContext: "
+        "require_signed_certificate_timestamp unsupported"));
+  }
+  if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_has_crl(
+          certificate_validation_context_proto)) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "CertificateValidationContext: crl unsupported"));
+  }
+  if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CertificateValidationContext_has_custom_validator_config(
+          certificate_validation_context_proto)) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "CertificateValidationContext: custom_validator_config "
+        "unsupported"));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR(
+      "Error parsing CertificateValidationContext", &errors);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle CommonTlsContextParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext*
+        common_tls_context_proto,
+    XdsApi::CommonTlsContext* common_tls_context) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  // The validation context is derived from the oneof in
+  // 'validation_context_type'. 'validation_context_sds_secret_config' is not
+  // supported.
+  auto* combined_validation_context =
+      envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_combined_validation_context(
+          common_tls_context_proto);
+  if (combined_validation_context != nullptr) {
+    auto* default_validation_context =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CombinedCertificateValidationContext_default_validation_context(
+            combined_validation_context);
+    if (default_validation_context != nullptr) {
+      grpc_error_handle error = CertificateValidationContextParse(
+          context, default_validation_context,
+          &common_tls_context->certificate_validation_context);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+    }
+    // If after parsing default_validation_context,
+    // common_tls_context->certificate_validation_context.ca_certificate_provider_instance
+    // is empty, fall back onto
+    // 'validation_context_certificate_provider_instance' inside
+    // 'combined_validation_context'. Note that this way of fetching root
+    // certificates is deprecated and will be removed in the future.
+    // TODO(yashykt): Remove this once it's no longer needed.
+    auto* validation_context_certificate_provider_instance =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_CombinedCertificateValidationContext_validation_context_certificate_provider_instance(
+            combined_validation_context);
+    if (common_tls_context->certificate_validation_context
+            .ca_certificate_provider_instance.Empty() &&
+        validation_context_certificate_provider_instance != nullptr) {
+      grpc_error_handle error = CertificateProviderInstanceParse(
+          context, validation_context_certificate_provider_instance,
+          &common_tls_context->certificate_validation_context
+               .ca_certificate_provider_instance);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+    }
+  } else {
+    auto* validation_context =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_validation_context(
+            common_tls_context_proto);
+    if (validation_context != nullptr) {
+      grpc_error_handle error = CertificateValidationContextParse(
+          context, validation_context,
+          &common_tls_context->certificate_validation_context);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+    } else if (
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_has_validation_context_sds_secret_config(
+            common_tls_context_proto)) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "validation_context_sds_secret_config unsupported"));
+    }
+  }
+  auto* tls_certificate_provider_instance =
+      envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_tls_certificate_provider_instance(
+          common_tls_context_proto);
+  if (tls_certificate_provider_instance != nullptr) {
+    grpc_error_handle error = CertificateProviderPluginInstanceParse(
+        context, tls_certificate_provider_instance,
+        &common_tls_context->tls_certificate_provider_instance);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+  } else {
+    // Fall back onto 'tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance'. Note that
+    // this way of fetching identity certificates is deprecated and will be
+    // removed in the future.
+    // TODO(yashykt): Remove this once it's no longer needed.
+    auto* tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance(
+            common_tls_context_proto);
+    if (tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance != nullptr) {
+      grpc_error_handle error = CertificateProviderInstanceParse(
+          context, tls_certificate_certificate_provider_instance,
+          &common_tls_context->tls_certificate_provider_instance);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+    } else {
+      if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_has_tls_certificates(
+              common_tls_context_proto)) {
+        errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "tls_certificates unsupported"));
+      }
+      if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_has_tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs(
+              common_tls_context_proto)) {
+        errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "tls_certificate_sds_secret_configs unsupported"));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_has_tls_params(
+          common_tls_context_proto)) {
+    errors.push_back(
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("tls_params unsupported"));
+  }
+  if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_CommonTlsContext_has_custom_handshaker(
+          common_tls_context_proto)) {
+    errors.push_back(
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("custom_handshaker unsupported"));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("Error parsing CommonTlsContext",
+                                       &errors);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle HttpConnectionManagerParse(
+    bool is_client, const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager*
+        http_connection_manager_proto,
+    bool is_v2,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::HttpConnectionManager* http_connection_manager) {
+  MaybeLogHttpConnectionManager(context, http_connection_manager_proto);
+  // Obtain max_stream_duration from Http Protocol Options.
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_HttpProtocolOptions* options =
+      envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_common_http_protocol_options(
+          http_connection_manager_proto);
+  if (options != nullptr) {
+    const google_protobuf_Duration* duration =
+        envoy_config_core_v3_HttpProtocolOptions_max_stream_duration(options);
+    if (duration != nullptr) {
+      http_connection_manager->http_max_stream_duration =
+          DurationParse(duration);
+    }
+  }
+  // Parse filters.
+  if (!is_v2) {
+    size_t num_filters = 0;
+    const auto* http_filters =
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_http_filters(
+            http_connection_manager_proto, &num_filters);
+    std::set<absl::string_view> names_seen;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_filters; ++i) {
+      const auto* http_filter = http_filters[i];
+      absl::string_view name = UpbStringToAbsl(
+          envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpFilter_name(
+              http_filter));
+      if (name.empty()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("empty filter name at index ", i));
+      }
+      if (names_seen.find(name) != names_seen.end()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("duplicate HTTP filter name: ", name));
+      }
+      names_seen.insert(name);
+      const bool is_optional =
+          envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpFilter_is_optional(
+              http_filter);
+      const google_protobuf_Any* any =
+          envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpFilter_typed_config(
+              http_filter);
+      if (any == nullptr) {
+        if (is_optional) continue;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("no filter config specified for filter name ", name));
+      }
+      absl::string_view filter_type;
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          ExtractHttpFilterTypeName(context, any, &filter_type);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      const XdsHttpFilterImpl* filter_impl =
+          XdsHttpFilterRegistry::GetFilterForType(filter_type);
+      if (filter_impl == nullptr) {
+        if (is_optional) continue;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("no filter registered for config type ", filter_type));
+      }
+      if ((is_client && !filter_impl->IsSupportedOnClients()) ||
+          (!is_client && !filter_impl->IsSupportedOnServers())) {
+        if (is_optional) continue;
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrFormat("Filter %s is not supported on %s", filter_type,
+                            is_client ? "clients" : "servers"));
+      }
+      absl::StatusOr<XdsHttpFilterImpl::FilterConfig> filter_config =
+          filter_impl->GenerateFilterConfig(google_protobuf_Any_value(any),
+                                            context.arena);
+      if (!filter_config.ok()) {
+        return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrCat(
+            "filter config for type ", filter_type,
+            " failed to parse: ", filter_config.status().ToString()));
+      }
+      http_connection_manager->http_filters.emplace_back(
+          XdsApi::LdsUpdate::HttpConnectionManager::HttpFilter{
+              std::string(name), std::move(*filter_config)});
+    }
+    if (http_connection_manager->http_filters.empty()) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Expected at least one HTTP filter");
+    }
+    // Make sure that the last filter is terminal and non-last filters are
+    // non-terminal. Note that this check is being performed in a separate loop
+    // to take care of the case where there are two terminal filters in the list
+    // out of which only one gets added in the final list.
+    for (const auto& http_filter : http_connection_manager->http_filters) {
+      const XdsHttpFilterImpl* filter_impl =
+          XdsHttpFilterRegistry::GetFilterForType(
+              http_filter.config.config_proto_type_name);
+      if (&http_filter != &http_connection_manager->http_filters.back()) {
+        // Filters before the last filter must not be terminal.
+        if (filter_impl->IsTerminalFilter()) {
+          return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+              absl::StrCat("terminal filter for config type ",
+                           http_filter.config.config_proto_type_name,
+                           " must be the last filter in the chain"));
+        }
+      } else {
+        // The last filter must be terminal.
+        if (!filter_impl->IsTerminalFilter()) {
+          return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+              absl::StrCat("non-terminal filter for config type ",
+                           http_filter.config.config_proto_type_name,
+                           " is the last filter in the chain"));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    // If using a v2 config, we just hard-code a list containing only the
+    // router filter without actually looking at the config.  This ensures
+    // that the right thing happens in the xds resolver without having
+    // to expose whether the resource we received was v2 or v3.
+    http_connection_manager->http_filters.emplace_back(
+        XdsApi::LdsUpdate::HttpConnectionManager::HttpFilter{
+            "router", {kXdsHttpRouterFilterConfigName, Json()}});
+  }
+  // Guarding parsing of RouteConfig on the server side with the environmental
+  // variable since that's the first feature on the server side that will be
+  // using this.
+  if (is_client || XdsRbacEnabled()) {
+    // Found inlined route_config. Parse it to find the cluster_name.
+    if (envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_has_route_config(
+            http_connection_manager_proto)) {
+      const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* route_config =
+          envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_route_config(
+              http_connection_manager_proto);
+      XdsApi::RdsUpdate rds_update;
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          RouteConfigParse(context, route_config, is_v2, &rds_update);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+      http_connection_manager->rds_update = std::move(rds_update);
+      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    // Validate that RDS must be used to get the route_config dynamically.
+    const envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_Rds* rds =
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_rds(
+            http_connection_manager_proto);
+    if (rds == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager neither has inlined route_config nor RDS.");
+    }
+    // Check that the ConfigSource specifies ADS.
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource* config_source =
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_Rds_config_source(
+            rds);
+    if (config_source == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager missing config_source for RDS.");
+    }
+    if (!envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource_has_ads(config_source)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "HttpConnectionManager ConfigSource for RDS does not specify ADS.");
+    }
+    // Get the route_config_name.
+    http_connection_manager->route_config_name = UpbStringToStdString(
+        envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_Rds_route_config_name(
+            rds));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle LdsResourceParseClient(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_ApiListener* api_listener, bool is_v2,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate* lds_update) {
+  lds_update->type = XdsApi::LdsUpdate::ListenerType::kHttpApiListener;
+  const upb_strview encoded_api_listener = google_protobuf_Any_value(
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_ApiListener_api_listener(api_listener));
+  const auto* http_connection_manager =
+      envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_parse(
+          encoded_api_listener.data, encoded_api_listener.size, context.arena);
+  if (http_connection_manager == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Could not parse HttpConnectionManager config from ApiListener");
+  }
+  return HttpConnectionManagerParse(true /* is_client */, context,
+                                    http_connection_manager, is_v2,
+                                    &lds_update->http_connection_manager);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle DownstreamTlsContextParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket* transport_socket,
+    XdsApi::DownstreamTlsContext* downstream_tls_context) {
+  absl::string_view name = UpbStringToAbsl(
+      envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket_name(transport_socket));
+  if (name != "envoy.transport_sockets.tls") {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("Unrecognized transport socket: ", name));
+  }
+  auto* typed_config =
+      envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket_typed_config(transport_socket);
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  if (typed_config != nullptr) {
+    const upb_strview encoded_downstream_tls_context =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(typed_config);
+    auto* downstream_tls_context_proto =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_DownstreamTlsContext_parse(
+            encoded_downstream_tls_context.data,
+            encoded_downstream_tls_context.size, context.arena);
+    if (downstream_tls_context_proto == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Can't decode downstream tls context.");
+    }
+    auto* common_tls_context =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_DownstreamTlsContext_common_tls_context(
+            downstream_tls_context_proto);
+    if (common_tls_context != nullptr) {
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          CommonTlsContextParse(context, common_tls_context,
+                                &downstream_tls_context->common_tls_context);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+    }
+    auto* require_client_certificate =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_DownstreamTlsContext_require_client_certificate(
+            downstream_tls_context_proto);
+    if (require_client_certificate != nullptr) {
+      downstream_tls_context->require_client_certificate =
+          google_protobuf_BoolValue_value(require_client_certificate);
+    }
+    auto* require_sni =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_DownstreamTlsContext_require_sni(
+            downstream_tls_context_proto);
+    if (require_sni != nullptr &&
+        google_protobuf_BoolValue_value(require_sni)) {
+      errors.push_back(
+          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("require_sni: unsupported"));
+    }
+    if (envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_DownstreamTlsContext_ocsp_staple_policy(
+            downstream_tls_context_proto) !=
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_DownstreamTlsContext_LENIENT_STAPLING) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "ocsp_staple_policy: Only LENIENT_STAPLING supported"));
+    }
+  }
+  if (downstream_tls_context->common_tls_context
+          .tls_certificate_provider_instance.instance_name.empty()) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "TLS configuration provided but no "
+        "tls_certificate_provider_instance found."));
+  }
+  if (downstream_tls_context->require_client_certificate &&
+      downstream_tls_context->common_tls_context.certificate_validation_context
+          .ca_certificate_provider_instance.instance_name.empty()) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "TLS configuration requires client certificates but no certificate "
+        "provider instance specified for validation."));
+  }
+  if (!downstream_tls_context->common_tls_context.certificate_validation_context
+           .match_subject_alt_names.empty()) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "match_subject_alt_names not supported on servers"));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("Error parsing DownstreamTlsContext",
+                                       &errors);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle CidrRangeParse(
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_CidrRange* cidr_range_proto,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange* cidr_range) {
+  std::string address_prefix = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_config_core_v3_CidrRange_address_prefix(cidr_range_proto));
+  grpc_error_handle error =
+      grpc_string_to_sockaddr(&cidr_range->address, address_prefix.c_str(), 0);
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  cidr_range->prefix_len = 0;
+  auto* prefix_len_proto =
+      envoy_config_core_v3_CidrRange_prefix_len(cidr_range_proto);
+  if (prefix_len_proto != nullptr) {
+    cidr_range->prefix_len = std::min(
+        google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(prefix_len_proto),
+        (reinterpret_cast<const grpc_sockaddr*>(cidr_range->address.addr))
+                    ->sa_family == GRPC_AF_INET
+            ? uint32_t(32)
+            : uint32_t(128));
+  }
+  // Normalize the network address by masking it with prefix_len
+  grpc_sockaddr_mask_bits(&cidr_range->address, cidr_range->prefix_len);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle FilterChainMatchParse(
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch* filter_chain_match_proto,
+    FilterChain::FilterChainMatch* filter_chain_match) {
+  auto* destination_port =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_destination_port(
+          filter_chain_match_proto);
+  if (destination_port != nullptr) {
+    filter_chain_match->destination_port =
+        google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(destination_port);
+  }
+  size_t size = 0;
+  auto* prefix_ranges = envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_prefix_ranges(
+      filter_chain_match_proto, &size);
+  filter_chain_match->prefix_ranges.reserve(size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange cidr_range;
+    grpc_error_handle error = CidrRangeParse(prefix_ranges[i], &cidr_range);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    filter_chain_match->prefix_ranges.push_back(cidr_range);
+  }
+  filter_chain_match->source_type =
+      static_cast<XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::ConnectionSourceType>(
+          envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_source_type(
+              filter_chain_match_proto));
+  auto* source_prefix_ranges =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_source_prefix_ranges(
+          filter_chain_match_proto, &size);
+  filter_chain_match->source_prefix_ranges.reserve(size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange cidr_range;
+    grpc_error_handle error =
+        CidrRangeParse(source_prefix_ranges[i], &cidr_range);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    filter_chain_match->source_prefix_ranges.push_back(cidr_range);
+  }
+  auto* source_ports = envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_source_ports(
+      filter_chain_match_proto, &size);
+  filter_chain_match->source_ports.reserve(size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    filter_chain_match->source_ports.push_back(source_ports[i]);
+  }
+  auto* server_names = envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_server_names(
+      filter_chain_match_proto, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    filter_chain_match->server_names.push_back(
+        UpbStringToStdString(server_names[i]));
+  }
+  filter_chain_match->transport_protocol = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_transport_protocol(
+          filter_chain_match_proto));
+  auto* application_protocols =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChainMatch_application_protocols(
+          filter_chain_match_proto, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    filter_chain_match->application_protocols.push_back(
+        UpbStringToStdString(application_protocols[i]));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle FilterChainParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChain* filter_chain_proto, bool is_v2,
+    FilterChain* filter_chain) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  auto* filter_chain_match =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChain_filter_chain_match(
+          filter_chain_proto);
+  if (filter_chain_match != nullptr) {
+    grpc_error_handle error = FilterChainMatchParse(
+        filter_chain_match, &filter_chain->filter_chain_match);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+  }
+  filter_chain->filter_chain_data =
+      std::make_shared<XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainData>();
+  // Parse the filters list. Currently we only support HttpConnectionManager.
+  size_t size = 0;
+  auto* filters =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChain_filters(filter_chain_proto, &size);
+  if (size != 1) {
+    errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "FilterChain should have exactly one filter: HttpConnectionManager; no "
+        "other filter is supported at the moment"));
+  } else {
+    auto* typed_config =
+        envoy_config_listener_v3_Filter_typed_config(filters[0]);
+    if (typed_config == nullptr) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "No typed_config found in filter."));
+    } else {
+      absl::string_view type_url =
+          UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(typed_config));
+      if (type_url !=
+          "type.googleapis.com/"
+          "envoy.extensions.filters.network.http_connection_manager.v3."
+          "HttpConnectionManager") {
+        errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+            absl::StrCat("Unsupported filter type ", type_url)));
+      } else {
+        const upb_strview encoded_http_connection_manager =
+            google_protobuf_Any_value(typed_config);
+        const auto* http_connection_manager =
+            envoy_extensions_filters_network_http_connection_manager_v3_HttpConnectionManager_parse(
+                encoded_http_connection_manager.data,
+                encoded_http_connection_manager.size, context.arena);
+        if (http_connection_manager == nullptr) {
+          errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "Could not parse HttpConnectionManager config from filter "
+              "typed_config"));
+        } else {
+          grpc_error_handle error = HttpConnectionManagerParse(
+              false /* is_client */, context, http_connection_manager, is_v2,
+              &filter_chain->filter_chain_data->http_connection_manager);
+          if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  auto* transport_socket =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_FilterChain_transport_socket(filter_chain_proto);
+  if (transport_socket != nullptr) {
+    grpc_error_handle error = DownstreamTlsContextParse(
+        context, transport_socket,
+        &filter_chain->filter_chain_data->downstream_tls_context);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("Error parsing FilterChain", &errors);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddressParse(
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_Address* address_proto, std::string* address) {
+  const auto* socket_address =
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Address_socket_address(address_proto);
+  if (socket_address == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Address does not have socket_address");
+  }
+  if (envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_protocol(socket_address) !=
+      envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_TCP) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "SocketAddress protocol is not TCP");
+  }
+  uint32_t port = envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_port_value(socket_address);
+  if (port > 65535) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Invalid port");
+  }
+  *address = JoinHostPort(
+      UpbStringToAbsl(
+          envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_address(socket_address)),
+      port);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+// An intermediate map for filter chains that we create to validate the list of
+// filter chains received from the control plane and to finally create
+// XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap
+struct InternalFilterChainMap {
+  using SourceIpMap =
+      std::map<std::string, XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::SourceIp>;
+  using ConnectionSourceTypesArray = std::array<SourceIpMap, 3>;
+  struct DestinationIp {
+    absl::optional<XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::CidrRange> prefix_range;
+    bool transport_protocol_raw_buffer_provided = false;
+    ConnectionSourceTypesArray source_types_array;
+  };
+  using DestinationIpMap = std::map<std::string, DestinationIp>;
+  DestinationIpMap destination_ip_map;
+};
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForSourcePort(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::SourcePortsMap* ports_map,
+    uint32_t port) {
+  auto insert_result = ports_map->emplace(
+      port, XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::FilterChainDataSharedPtr{
+                filter_chain.filter_chain_data});
+  if (!insert_result.second) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrCat(
+        "Duplicate matching rules detected when adding filter chain: ",
+        filter_chain.filter_chain_match.ToString()));
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForSourcePorts(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::SourcePortsMap* ports_map) {
+  if (filter_chain.filter_chain_match.source_ports.empty()) {
+    return AddFilterChainDataForSourcePort(filter_chain, ports_map, 0);
+  } else {
+    for (uint32_t port : filter_chain.filter_chain_match.source_ports) {
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          AddFilterChainDataForSourcePort(filter_chain, ports_map, port);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForSourceIpRange(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    InternalFilterChainMap::SourceIpMap* source_ip_map) {
+  if (filter_chain.filter_chain_match.source_prefix_ranges.empty()) {
+    auto insert_result = source_ip_map->emplace(
+        "", XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::SourceIp());
+    return AddFilterChainDataForSourcePorts(
+        filter_chain, &insert_result.first->second.ports_map);
+  } else {
+    for (const auto& prefix_range :
+         filter_chain.filter_chain_match.source_prefix_ranges) {
+      auto insert_result = source_ip_map->emplace(
+          absl::StrCat(grpc_sockaddr_to_string(&prefix_range.address, false),
+                       "/", prefix_range.prefix_len),
+          XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::SourceIp());
+      if (insert_result.second) {
+        insert_result.first->second.prefix_range.emplace(prefix_range);
+      }
+      grpc_error_handle error = AddFilterChainDataForSourcePorts(
+          filter_chain, &insert_result.first->second.ports_map);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForSourceType(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    InternalFilterChainMap::DestinationIp* destination_ip) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(static_cast<unsigned int>(
+                 filter_chain.filter_chain_match.source_type) < 3);
+  return AddFilterChainDataForSourceIpRange(
+      filter_chain, &destination_ip->source_types_array[static_cast<int>(
+                        filter_chain.filter_chain_match.source_type)]);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForApplicationProtocols(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    InternalFilterChainMap::DestinationIp* destination_ip) {
+  // Only allow filter chains that do not mention application protocols
+  if (!filter_chain.filter_chain_match.application_protocols.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  return AddFilterChainDataForSourceType(filter_chain, destination_ip);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForTransportProtocol(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    InternalFilterChainMap::DestinationIp* destination_ip) {
+  const std::string& transport_protocol =
+      filter_chain.filter_chain_match.transport_protocol;
+  // Only allow filter chains with no transport protocol or "raw_buffer"
+  if (!transport_protocol.empty() && transport_protocol != "raw_buffer") {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  // If for this configuration, we've already seen filter chains that mention
+  // the transport protocol as "raw_buffer", we will never match filter chains
+  // that do not mention it.
+  if (destination_ip->transport_protocol_raw_buffer_provided &&
+      transport_protocol.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  if (!transport_protocol.empty() &&
+      !destination_ip->transport_protocol_raw_buffer_provided) {
+    destination_ip->transport_protocol_raw_buffer_provided = true;
+    // Clear out the previous entries if any since those entries did not mention
+    // "raw_buffer"
+    destination_ip->source_types_array =
+        InternalFilterChainMap::ConnectionSourceTypesArray();
+  }
+  return AddFilterChainDataForApplicationProtocols(filter_chain,
+                                                   destination_ip);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForServerNames(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    InternalFilterChainMap::DestinationIp* destination_ip) {
+  // Don't continue adding filter chains with server names mentioned
+  if (!filter_chain.filter_chain_match.server_names.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  return AddFilterChainDataForTransportProtocol(filter_chain, destination_ip);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle AddFilterChainDataForDestinationIpRange(
+    const FilterChain& filter_chain,
+    InternalFilterChainMap::DestinationIpMap* destination_ip_map) {
+  if (filter_chain.filter_chain_match.prefix_ranges.empty()) {
+    auto insert_result = destination_ip_map->emplace(
+        "", InternalFilterChainMap::DestinationIp());
+    return AddFilterChainDataForServerNames(filter_chain,
+                                            &insert_result.first->second);
+  } else {
+    for (const auto& prefix_range :
+         filter_chain.filter_chain_match.prefix_ranges) {
+      auto insert_result = destination_ip_map->emplace(
+          absl::StrCat(grpc_sockaddr_to_string(&prefix_range.address, false),
+                       "/", prefix_range.prefix_len),
+          InternalFilterChainMap::DestinationIp());
+      if (insert_result.second) {
+        insert_result.first->second.prefix_range.emplace(prefix_range);
+      }
+      grpc_error_handle error = AddFilterChainDataForServerNames(
+          filter_chain, &insert_result.first->second);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap BuildFromInternalFilterChainMap(
+    InternalFilterChainMap* internal_filter_chain_map) {
+  XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap filter_chain_map;
+  for (auto& destination_ip_pair :
+       internal_filter_chain_map->destination_ip_map) {
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap::DestinationIp destination_ip;
+    destination_ip.prefix_range = destination_ip_pair.second.prefix_range;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+      auto& source_ip_map = destination_ip_pair.second.source_types_array[i];
+      for (auto& source_ip_pair : source_ip_map) {
+        destination_ip.source_types_array[i].push_back(
+            std::move(source_ip_pair.second));
+      }
+    }
+    filter_chain_map.destination_ip_vector.push_back(std::move(destination_ip));
+  }
+  return filter_chain_map;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle BuildFilterChainMap(
+    const std::vector<FilterChain>& filter_chains,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate::FilterChainMap* filter_chain_map) {
+  InternalFilterChainMap internal_filter_chain_map;
+  for (const auto& filter_chain : filter_chains) {
+    // Discard filter chain entries that specify destination port
+    if (filter_chain.filter_chain_match.destination_port != 0) continue;
+    grpc_error_handle error = AddFilterChainDataForDestinationIpRange(
+        filter_chain, &internal_filter_chain_map.destination_ip_map);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  }
+  *filter_chain_map =
+      BuildFromInternalFilterChainMap(&internal_filter_chain_map);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle LdsResourceParseServer(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener* listener, bool is_v2,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate* lds_update) {
+  lds_update->type = XdsApi::LdsUpdate::ListenerType::kTcpListener;
+  grpc_error_handle error =
+      AddressParse(envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_address(listener),
+                   &lds_update->address);
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  const auto* use_original_dst =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_use_original_dst(listener);
+  if (use_original_dst != nullptr) {
+    if (google_protobuf_BoolValue_value(use_original_dst)) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Field \'use_original_dst\' is not supported.");
+    }
+  }
+  size_t size = 0;
+  auto* filter_chains =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_filter_chains(listener, &size);
+  std::vector<FilterChain> parsed_filter_chains;
+  parsed_filter_chains.reserve(size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    FilterChain filter_chain;
+    error = FilterChainParse(context, filter_chains[i], is_v2, &filter_chain);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    parsed_filter_chains.push_back(std::move(filter_chain));
+  }
+  error =
+      BuildFilterChainMap(parsed_filter_chains, &lds_update->filter_chain_map);
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  auto* default_filter_chain =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_default_filter_chain(listener);
+  if (default_filter_chain != nullptr) {
+    FilterChain filter_chain;
+    error =
+        FilterChainParse(context, default_filter_chain, is_v2, &filter_chain);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+    if (filter_chain.filter_chain_data != nullptr) {
+      lds_update->default_filter_chain =
+          std::move(*filter_chain.filter_chain_data);
+    }
+  }
+  if (size == 0 && default_filter_chain == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("No filter chain provided.");
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle LdsResourceParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener* listener, bool is_v2,
+    XdsApi::LdsUpdate* lds_update) {
+  // Check whether it's a client or server listener.
+  const envoy_config_listener_v3_ApiListener* api_listener =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_api_listener(listener);
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_Address* address =
+      envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_address(listener);
+  if (api_listener != nullptr && address != nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Listener has both address and ApiListener");
+  }
+  if (api_listener == nullptr && address == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Listener has neither address nor ApiListener");
+  }
+  // Validate Listener fields.
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  if (api_listener != nullptr) {
+    error = LdsResourceParseClient(context, api_listener, is_v2, lds_update);
+  } else {
+    error = LdsResourceParseServer(context, listener, is_v2, lds_update);
+  }
+  return error;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle UpstreamTlsContextParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket* transport_socket,
+    XdsApi::CommonTlsContext* common_tls_context) {
+  // Record Upstream tls context
+  absl::string_view name = UpbStringToAbsl(
+      envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket_name(transport_socket));
+  if (name != "envoy.transport_sockets.tls") {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("Unrecognized transport socket: ", name));
+  }
+  auto* typed_config =
+      envoy_config_core_v3_TransportSocket_typed_config(transport_socket);
+  if (typed_config != nullptr) {
+    const upb_strview encoded_upstream_tls_context =
+        google_protobuf_Any_value(typed_config);
+    auto* upstream_tls_context =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_UpstreamTlsContext_parse(
+            encoded_upstream_tls_context.data,
+            encoded_upstream_tls_context.size, context.arena);
+    if (upstream_tls_context == nullptr) {
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          "Can't decode upstream tls context.");
+    }
+    auto* common_tls_context_proto =
+        envoy_extensions_transport_sockets_tls_v3_UpstreamTlsContext_common_tls_context(
+            upstream_tls_context);
+    if (common_tls_context_proto != nullptr) {
+      grpc_error_handle error = CommonTlsContextParse(
+          context, common_tls_context_proto, common_tls_context);
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+        return grpc_error_add_child(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                                        "Error parsing UpstreamTlsContext"),
+                                    error);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (common_tls_context->certificate_validation_context
+          .ca_certificate_provider_instance.instance_name.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "UpstreamTlsContext: TLS configuration provided but no "
+        "ca_certificate_provider_instance found.");
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle CdsLogicalDnsParse(
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster* cluster,
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdate* cds_update) {
+  const auto* load_assignment =
+      envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_load_assignment(cluster);
+  if (load_assignment == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "load_assignment not present for LOGICAL_DNS cluster");
+  }
+  size_t num_localities;
+  const auto* const* localities =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_endpoints(load_assignment,
+                                                               &num_localities);
+  if (num_localities != 1) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("load_assignment for LOGICAL_DNS cluster must have "
+                     "exactly one locality, found ",
+                     num_localities));
+  }
+  size_t num_endpoints;
+  const auto* const* endpoints =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_lb_endpoints(localities[0],
+                                                                &num_endpoints);
+  if (num_endpoints != 1) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+        absl::StrCat("locality for LOGICAL_DNS cluster must have "
+                     "exactly one endpoint, found ",
+                     num_endpoints));
+  }
+  const auto* endpoint =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint_endpoint(endpoints[0]);
+  if (endpoint == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "LbEndpoint endpoint field not set");
+  }
+  const auto* address = envoy_config_endpoint_v3_Endpoint_address(endpoint);
+  if (address == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Endpoint address field not set");
+  }
+  const auto* socket_address =
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Address_socket_address(address);
+  if (socket_address == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Address socket_address field not set");
+  }
+  if (envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_resolver_name(socket_address).size !=
+      0) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "LOGICAL_DNS clusters must NOT have a custom resolver name set");
+  }
+  absl::string_view address_str = UpbStringToAbsl(
+      envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_address(socket_address));
+  if (address_str.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "SocketAddress address field not set");
+  }
+  if (!envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_has_port_value(socket_address)) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "SocketAddress port_value field not set");
+  }
+  cds_update->dns_hostname = JoinHostPort(
+      address_str,
+      envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_port_value(socket_address));
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle CdsResourceParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster* cluster, bool /*is_v2*/,
+    XdsApi::CdsUpdate* cds_update) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  // Check the cluster_discovery_type.
+  if (!envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_has_type(cluster) &&
+      !envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_has_cluster_type(cluster)) {
+    errors.push_back(
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("DiscoveryType not found."));
+  } else if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_type(cluster) ==
+             envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EDS) {
+    cds_update->cluster_type = XdsApi::CdsUpdate::ClusterType::EDS;
+    // Check the EDS config source.
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig* eds_cluster_config =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_eds_cluster_config(cluster);
+    const envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource* eds_config =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_eds_config(
+            eds_cluster_config);
+    if (!envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource_has_ads(eds_config)) {
+      errors.push_back(
+          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("EDS ConfigSource is not ADS."));
+    }
+    // Record EDS service_name (if any).
+    upb_strview service_name =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_EdsClusterConfig_service_name(
+            eds_cluster_config);
+    if (service_name.size != 0) {
+      cds_update->eds_service_name = UpbStringToStdString(service_name);
+    }
+  } else if (!XdsAggregateAndLogicalDnsClusterEnabled()) {
+    errors.push_back(
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("DiscoveryType is not valid."));
+  } else if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_type(cluster) ==
+             envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_LOGICAL_DNS) {
+    cds_update->cluster_type = XdsApi::CdsUpdate::ClusterType::LOGICAL_DNS;
+    grpc_error_handle error = CdsLogicalDnsParse(cluster, cds_update);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) errors.push_back(error);
+  } else {
+    if (!envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_has_cluster_type(cluster)) {
+      errors.push_back(
+          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("DiscoveryType is not valid."));
+    } else {
+      const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_CustomClusterType*
+          custom_cluster_type =
+              envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_cluster_type(cluster);
+      upb_strview type_name =
+          envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_CustomClusterType_name(
+              custom_cluster_type);
+      if (UpbStringToAbsl(type_name) != "envoy.clusters.aggregate") {
+        errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "DiscoveryType is not valid."));
+      } else {
+        cds_update->cluster_type = XdsApi::CdsUpdate::ClusterType::AGGREGATE;
+        // Retrieve aggregate clusters.
+        const google_protobuf_Any* typed_config =
+            envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_CustomClusterType_typed_config(
+                custom_cluster_type);
+        const upb_strview aggregate_cluster_config_upb_strview =
+            google_protobuf_Any_value(typed_config);
+        const envoy_extensions_clusters_aggregate_v3_ClusterConfig*
+            aggregate_cluster_config =
+                envoy_extensions_clusters_aggregate_v3_ClusterConfig_parse(
+                    aggregate_cluster_config_upb_strview.data,
+                    aggregate_cluster_config_upb_strview.size, context.arena);
+        if (aggregate_cluster_config == nullptr) {
+          errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "Can't parse aggregate cluster."));
+        } else {
+          size_t size;
+          const upb_strview* clusters =
+              envoy_extensions_clusters_aggregate_v3_ClusterConfig_clusters(
+                  aggregate_cluster_config, &size);
+          for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            const upb_strview cluster = clusters[i];
+            cds_update->prioritized_cluster_names.emplace_back(
+                UpbStringToStdString(cluster));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Check the LB policy.
+  if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_lb_policy(cluster) ==
+      envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_ROUND_ROBIN) {
+    cds_update->lb_policy = "ROUND_ROBIN";
+  } else if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_lb_policy(cluster) ==
+             envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_RING_HASH) {
+    cds_update->lb_policy = "RING_HASH";
+    // Record ring hash lb config
+    auto* ring_hash_config =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_ring_hash_lb_config(cluster);
+    if (ring_hash_config != nullptr) {
+      const google_protobuf_UInt64Value* max_ring_size =
+          envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_RingHashLbConfig_maximum_ring_size(
+              ring_hash_config);
+      if (max_ring_size != nullptr) {
+        cds_update->max_ring_size =
+            google_protobuf_UInt64Value_value(max_ring_size);
+        if (cds_update->max_ring_size > 8388608 ||
+            cds_update->max_ring_size == 0) {
+          errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "max_ring_size is not in the range of 1 to 8388608."));
+        }
+      }
+      const google_protobuf_UInt64Value* min_ring_size =
+          envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_RingHashLbConfig_minimum_ring_size(
+              ring_hash_config);
+      if (min_ring_size != nullptr) {
+        cds_update->min_ring_size =
+            google_protobuf_UInt64Value_value(min_ring_size);
+        if (cds_update->min_ring_size > 8388608 ||
+            cds_update->min_ring_size == 0) {
+          errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "min_ring_size is not in the range of 1 to 8388608."));
+        }
+        if (cds_update->min_ring_size > cds_update->max_ring_size) {
+          errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+              "min_ring_size cannot be greater than max_ring_size."));
+        }
+      }
+      if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_RingHashLbConfig_hash_function(
+              ring_hash_config) !=
+          envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_RingHashLbConfig_XX_HASH) {
+        errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+            "ring hash lb config has invalid hash function."));
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    errors.push_back(
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("LB policy is not supported."));
+  }
+  auto* transport_socket =
+      envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_transport_socket(cluster);
+  if (transport_socket != nullptr) {
+    grpc_error_handle error = UpstreamTlsContextParse(
+        context, transport_socket, &cds_update->common_tls_context);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      errors.push_back(
+          grpc_error_add_child(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                                   "Error parsing security configuration"),
+                               error));
+    }
+  }
+  // Record LRS server name (if any).
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource* lrs_server =
+      envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_lrs_server(cluster);
+  if (lrs_server != nullptr) {
+    if (!envoy_config_core_v3_ConfigSource_has_self(lrs_server)) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+          ": LRS ConfigSource is not self."));
+    }
+    cds_update->lrs_load_reporting_server_name.emplace("");
+  }
+  // The Cluster resource encodes the circuit breaking parameters in a list of
+  // Thresholds messages, where each message specifies the parameters for a
+  // particular RoutingPriority. we will look only at the first entry in the
+  // list for priority DEFAULT and default to 1024 if not found.
+  if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_has_circuit_breakers(cluster)) {
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers* circuit_breakers =
+        envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_circuit_breakers(cluster);
+    size_t num_thresholds;
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_Thresholds* const*
+        thresholds = envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_thresholds(
+            circuit_breakers, &num_thresholds);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_thresholds; ++i) {
+      const auto* threshold = thresholds[i];
+      if (envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_Thresholds_priority(
+              threshold) == envoy_config_core_v3_DEFAULT) {
+        const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* max_requests =
+            envoy_config_cluster_v3_CircuitBreakers_Thresholds_max_requests(
+                threshold);
+        if (max_requests != nullptr) {
+          cds_update->max_concurrent_requests =
+              google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(max_requests);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("errors parsing CDS resource", &errors);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle ServerAddressParseAndAppend(
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint* lb_endpoint,
+    ServerAddressList* list) {
+  // If health_status is not HEALTHY or UNKNOWN, skip this endpoint.
+  const int32_t health_status =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint_health_status(lb_endpoint);
+  if (health_status != envoy_config_core_v3_UNKNOWN &&
+      health_status != envoy_config_core_v3_HEALTHY) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  }
+  // Find the ip:port.
+  const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_Endpoint* endpoint =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint_endpoint(lb_endpoint);
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_Address* address =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_Endpoint_address(endpoint);
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress* socket_address =
+      envoy_config_core_v3_Address_socket_address(address);
+  std::string address_str = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_address(socket_address));
+  uint32_t port = envoy_config_core_v3_SocketAddress_port_value(socket_address);
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(port >> 16) != 0) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Invalid port.");
+  }
+  // Find load_balancing_weight for the endpoint.
+  const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* load_balancing_weight =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint_load_balancing_weight(lb_endpoint);
+  const int32_t weight =
+      load_balancing_weight != nullptr
+          ? google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(load_balancing_weight)
+          : 500;
+  if (weight == 0) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+        "Invalid endpoint weight of 0.");
+  }
+  // Populate grpc_resolved_address.
+  grpc_resolved_address addr;
+  grpc_error_handle error =
+      grpc_string_to_sockaddr(&addr, address_str.c_str(), port);
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  // Append the address to the list.
+  std::map<const char*, std::unique_ptr<ServerAddress::AttributeInterface>>
+      attributes;
+  attributes[ServerAddressWeightAttribute::kServerAddressWeightAttributeKey] =
+      absl::make_unique<ServerAddressWeightAttribute>(weight);
+  list->emplace_back(addr, nullptr, std::move(attributes));
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle LocalityParse(
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints* locality_lb_endpoints,
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::Locality* output_locality, size_t* priority) {
+  // Parse LB weight.
+  const google_protobuf_UInt32Value* lb_weight =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_load_balancing_weight(
+          locality_lb_endpoints);
+  // If LB weight is not specified, it means this locality is assigned no load.
+  // TODO(juanlishen): When we support CDS to configure the inter-locality
+  // policy, we should change the LB weight handling.
+  output_locality->lb_weight =
+      lb_weight != nullptr ? google_protobuf_UInt32Value_value(lb_weight) : 0;
+  if (output_locality->lb_weight == 0) return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  // Parse locality name.
+  const envoy_config_core_v3_Locality* locality =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_locality(
+          locality_lb_endpoints);
+  if (locality == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Empty locality.");
+  }
+  std::string region =
+      UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_region(locality));
+  std::string zone =
+      UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_region(locality));
+  std::string sub_zone =
+      UpbStringToStdString(envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_sub_zone(locality));
+  output_locality->name = MakeRefCounted<XdsLocalityName>(
+      std::move(region), std::move(zone), std::move(sub_zone));
+  // Parse the addresses.
+  size_t size;
+  const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LbEndpoint* const* lb_endpoints =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_lb_endpoints(
+          locality_lb_endpoints, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    grpc_error_handle error = ServerAddressParseAndAppend(
+        lb_endpoints[i], &output_locality->endpoints);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;
+  }
+  // Parse the priority.
+  *priority = envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints_priority(
+      locality_lb_endpoints);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle DropParseAndAppend(
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload*
+        drop_overload,
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig* drop_config) {
+  // Get the category.
+  std::string category = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_category(
+          drop_overload));
+  if (category.empty()) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Empty drop category name");
+  }
+  // Get the drop rate (per million).
+  const envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent* drop_percentage =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload_drop_percentage(
+          drop_overload);
+  uint32_t numerator =
+      envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_numerator(drop_percentage);
+  const auto denominator =
+      static_cast<envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_DenominatorType>(
+          envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_denominator(drop_percentage));
+  // Normalize to million.
+  switch (denominator) {
+    case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_HUNDRED:
+      numerator *= 10000;
+      break;
+    case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_TEN_THOUSAND:
+      numerator *= 100;
+      break;
+    case envoy_type_v3_FractionalPercent_MILLION:
+      break;
+    default:
+      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Unknown denominator type");
+  }
+  // Cap numerator to 1000000.
+  numerator = std::min(numerator, 1000000u);
+  drop_config->AddCategory(std::move(category), numerator);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle EdsResourceParse(
+    const EncodingContext& /*context*/,
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment*
+        cluster_load_assignment,
+    bool /*is_v2*/, XdsApi::EdsUpdate* eds_update) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  // Get the endpoints.
+  size_t locality_size;
+  const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_LocalityLbEndpoints* const* endpoints =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_endpoints(
+          cluster_load_assignment, &locality_size);
+  for (size_t j = 0; j < locality_size; ++j) {
+    size_t priority;
+    XdsApi::EdsUpdate::Priority::Locality locality;
+    grpc_error_handle error = LocalityParse(endpoints[j], &locality, &priority);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      errors.push_back(error);
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Filter out locality with weight 0.
+    if (locality.lb_weight == 0) continue;
+    // Make sure prorities is big enough. Note that they might not
+    // arrive in priority order.
+    while (eds_update->priorities.size() < priority + 1) {
+      eds_update->priorities.emplace_back();
+    }
+    eds_update->priorities[priority].localities.emplace(locality.name.get(),
+                                                        std::move(locality));
+  }
+  for (const auto& priority : eds_update->priorities) {
+    if (priority.localities.empty()) {
+      errors.push_back(
+          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("sparse priority list"));
+    }
+  }
+  // Get the drop config.
+  eds_update->drop_config = MakeRefCounted<XdsApi::EdsUpdate::DropConfig>();
+  const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy* policy =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_policy(
+          cluster_load_assignment);
+  if (policy != nullptr) {
+    size_t drop_size;
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_DropOverload* const*
+        drop_overload =
+            envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_Policy_drop_overloads(
+                policy, &drop_size);
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < drop_size; ++j) {
+      grpc_error_handle error =
+          DropParseAndAppend(drop_overload[j], eds_update->drop_config.get());
+      if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+        errors.push_back(
+            grpc_error_add_child(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+                                     "drop config validation error"),
+                                 error));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("errors parsing EDS resource", &errors);
+}
+
+template <typename ProtoParseFunction, typename ProtoResourceNameFunction,
+          typename ResourceTypeSelectorFunction, typename ProtoLogFunction,
+          typename ResourceParseFunction, typename UpdateMap>
+grpc_error_handle AdsResponseParse(
+    const EncodingContext& context, ProtoParseFunction proto_parse_function,
+    ProtoResourceNameFunction proto_resource_name_function,
+    ResourceTypeSelectorFunction resource_type_selector_function,
+    ProtoLogFunction proto_log_function,
+    ResourceParseFunction resource_parse_function,
+    const char* resource_type_string,
+    const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response,
+    const std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+                   std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>&
+        subscribed_resource_names,
+    UpdateMap* update_map,
+    std::set<XdsApi::ResourceName>* resource_names_failed) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> errors;
+  // Get the resources from the response.
+  size_t size;
+  const google_protobuf_Any* const* resources =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_resources(response, &size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    // Check the type_url of the resource.
+    absl::string_view type_url =
+        UpbStringToAbsl(google_protobuf_Any_type_url(resources[i]));
+    bool is_v2 = false;
+    if (!resource_type_selector_function(type_url, &is_v2)) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("resource index ", i, ": Resource is not ",
+                       resource_type_string, ".")));
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Parse the resource.
+    upb_strview serialized_resource = google_protobuf_Any_value(resources[i]);
+    auto* resource = proto_parse_function(
+        serialized_resource.data, serialized_resource.size, context.arena);
+    if (resource == nullptr) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("resource index ", i, ": Can't parse ",
+                       resource_type_string, " resource.")));
+      continue;
+    }
+    proto_log_function(context, resource);
+    // Check the resource name.  Ignore unexpected names.
+    std::string resource_name =
+        UpbStringToStdString(proto_resource_name_function(resource));
+    auto resource_name_status = ParseResourceNameInternal(
+        resource_name, resource_type_selector_function);
+    if (!resource_name_status.ok()) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrCat(
+          "Cannot parse xDS resource name \"", resource_name, "\"")));
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto iter = subscribed_resource_names.find(resource_name_status->authority);
+    if (iter == subscribed_resource_names.end() ||
+        iter->second.find(resource_name_status->id) == iter->second.end()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Fail on duplicate resources.
+    if (update_map->find(*resource_name_status) != update_map->end()) {
+      errors.push_back(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(
+          absl::StrCat("duplicate resource name \"", resource_name, "\"")));
+      resource_names_failed->insert(*resource_name_status);
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Validate resource.
+    decltype(UpdateMap::mapped_type::resource) update;
+    grpc_error_handle error =
+        resource_parse_function(context, resource, is_v2, &update);
+    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      errors.push_back(
+          grpc_error_add_child(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrCat(
+                                   resource_name, ": validation error")),
+                               error));
+      resource_names_failed->insert(*resource_name_status);
+    } else {
+      // Store result in update map, in both validated and serialized form.
+      auto& resource_data = (*update_map)[*resource_name_status];
+      resource_data.resource = std::move(update);
+      resource_data.serialized_proto =
+          UpbStringToStdString(serialized_resource);
+    }
+  }
+  return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("errors parsing ADS response", &errors);
+}
+
+std::string TypeUrlInternalToExternal(absl::string_view type_url) {
+  if (type_url == kLdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kLdsTypeUrl;
+  } else if (type_url == kRdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kRdsTypeUrl;
+  } else if (type_url == kCdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kCdsTypeUrl;
+  } else if (type_url == kEdsV2TypeUrl) {
+    return XdsApi::kEdsTypeUrl;
+  }
+  return std::string(type_url);
+}
+
+upb_strview LdsResourceName(
+    const envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener* lds_resource) {
+  return envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_name(lds_resource);
+}
+
+upb_strview RdsResourceName(
+    const envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration* rds_resource) {
+  return envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_name(rds_resource);
+}
+
+upb_strview CdsResourceName(
+    const envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster* cds_resource) {
+  return envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_name(cds_resource);
+}
+
+upb_strview EdsResourceName(
+    const envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment* eds_resource) {
+  return envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_cluster_name(
+      eds_resource);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsApi::AdsParseResult XdsApi::ParseAdsResponse(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server, const grpc_slice& encoded_response,
+    const std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+                   std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>&
+        subscribed_listener_names,
+    const std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+                   std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>&
+        subscribed_route_config_names,
+    const std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+                   std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>&
+        subscribed_cluster_names,
+    const std::map<absl::string_view /*authority*/,
+                   std::set<absl::string_view /*name*/>>&
+        subscribed_eds_service_names) {
+  AdsParseResult result;
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  const EncodingContext context = {client_,
+                                   tracer_,
+                                   symtab_.ptr(),
+                                   arena.ptr(),
+                                   server.ShouldUseV3(),
+                                   certificate_provider_definition_map_};
+  // Decode the response.
+  const envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse* response =
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_parse(
+          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(encoded_response)),
+          GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(encoded_response), arena.ptr());
+  // If decoding fails, output an empty type_url and return.
+  if (response == nullptr) {
+    result.parse_error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode DiscoveryResponse.");
+    return result;
+  }
+  MaybeLogDiscoveryResponse(context, response);
+  // Record the type_url, the version_info, and the nonce of the response.
+  result.type_url = TypeUrlInternalToExternal(UpbStringToAbsl(
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_type_url(response)));
+  result.version = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_version_info(response));
+  result.nonce = UpbStringToStdString(
+      envoy_service_discovery_v3_DiscoveryResponse_nonce(response));
+  // Parse the response according to the resource type.
+  // TODO(roth): When we have time, consider defining an interface for the
+  // methods of each resource type, so that we don't have to pass
+  // individual functions into each call to AdsResponseParse().
+  if (IsLds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error = AdsResponseParse(
+        context, envoy_config_listener_v3_Listener_parse, LdsResourceName,
+        IsLdsInternal, MaybeLogListener, LdsResourceParse, "LDS", response,
+        subscribed_listener_names, &result.lds_update_map,
+        &result.resource_names_failed);
+  } else if (IsRds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error = AdsResponseParse(
+        context, envoy_config_route_v3_RouteConfiguration_parse,
+        RdsResourceName, IsRdsInternal, MaybeLogRouteConfiguration,
+        RouteConfigParse, "RDS", response, subscribed_route_config_names,
+        &result.rds_update_map, &result.resource_names_failed);
+  } else if (IsCds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error = AdsResponseParse(
+        context, envoy_config_cluster_v3_Cluster_parse, CdsResourceName,
+        IsCdsInternal, MaybeLogCluster, CdsResourceParse, "CDS", response,
+        subscribed_cluster_names, &result.cds_update_map,
+        &result.resource_names_failed);
+  } else if (IsEds(result.type_url)) {
+    result.parse_error = AdsResponseParse(
+        context, envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterLoadAssignment_parse,
+        EdsResourceName, IsEdsInternal, MaybeLogClusterLoadAssignment,
+        EdsResourceParse, "EDS", response, subscribed_eds_service_names,
+        &result.eds_update_map, &result.resource_names_failed);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void MaybeLogLrsRequest(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(*context.tracer) &&
+      gpr_should_log(GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG)) {
+    const upb_msgdef* msg_type =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_getmsgdef(context.symtab);
+    char buf[10240];
+    upb_text_encode(request, msg_type, nullptr, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "[xds_client %p] constructed LRS request: %s",
+            context.client, buf);
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_slice SerializeLrsRequest(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    const envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request) {
+  size_t output_length;
+  char* output = envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_serialize(
+      request, context.arena, &output_length);
+  return grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(output, output_length);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateLrsInitialRequest(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  const EncodingContext context = {client_,
+                                   tracer_,
+                                   symtab_.ptr(),
+                                   arena.ptr(),
+                                   server.ShouldUseV3(),
+                                   certificate_provider_definition_map_};
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  // Populate node.
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node* node_msg =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_mutable_node(request,
+                                                                arena.ptr());
+  PopulateNode(context, node_, build_version_, user_agent_name_,
+               user_agent_version_, node_msg);
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Node_add_client_features(
+      node_msg, upb_strview_makez("envoy.lrs.supports_send_all_clusters"),
+      arena.ptr());
+  MaybeLogLrsRequest(context, request);
+  return SerializeLrsRequest(context, request);
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void LocalityStatsPopulate(
+    const EncodingContext& context,
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats* output,
+    const XdsLocalityName& locality_name,
+    const XdsClusterLocalityStats::Snapshot& snapshot) {
+  // Set locality.
+  envoy_config_core_v3_Locality* locality =
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_mutable_locality(
+          output, context.arena);
+  if (!locality_name.region().empty()) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_region(
+        locality, StdStringToUpbString(locality_name.region()));
+  }
+  if (!locality_name.zone().empty()) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_zone(
+        locality, StdStringToUpbString(locality_name.zone()));
+  }
+  if (!locality_name.sub_zone().empty()) {
+    envoy_config_core_v3_Locality_set_sub_zone(
+        locality, StdStringToUpbString(locality_name.sub_zone()));
+  }
+  // Set total counts.
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_successful_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_successful_requests);
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_requests_in_progress(
+      output, snapshot.total_requests_in_progress);
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_error_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_error_requests);
+  envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_set_total_issued_requests(
+      output, snapshot.total_issued_requests);
+  // Add backend metrics.
+  for (const auto& p : snapshot.backend_metrics) {
+    const std::string& metric_name = p.first;
+    const XdsClusterLocalityStats::BackendMetric& metric_value = p.second;
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats* load_metric =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats_add_load_metric_stats(
+            output, context.arena);
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_metric_name(
+        load_metric, StdStringToUpbString(metric_name));
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_num_requests_finished_with_metric(
+        load_metric, metric_value.num_requests_finished_with_metric);
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_EndpointLoadMetricStats_set_total_metric_value(
+        load_metric, metric_value.total_metric_value);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_slice XdsApi::CreateLrsRequest(
+    ClusterLoadReportMap cluster_load_report_map) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  const EncodingContext context = {
+      client_,     tracer_, symtab_.ptr(),
+      arena.ptr(), false,   certificate_provider_definition_map_};
+  // Create a request.
+  envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest* request =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_new(arena.ptr());
+  for (auto& p : cluster_load_report_map) {
+    const std::string& cluster_name = p.first.first;
+    const std::string& eds_service_name = p.first.second;
+    const ClusterLoadReport& load_report = p.second;
+    // Add cluster stats.
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats* cluster_stats =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsRequest_add_cluster_stats(
+            request, arena.ptr());
+    // Set the cluster name.
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_set_cluster_name(
+        cluster_stats, StdStringToUpbString(cluster_name));
+    // Set EDS service name, if non-empty.
+    if (!eds_service_name.empty()) {
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_set_cluster_service_name(
+          cluster_stats, StdStringToUpbString(eds_service_name));
+    }
+    // Add locality stats.
+    for (const auto& p : load_report.locality_stats) {
+      const XdsLocalityName& locality_name = *p.first;
+      const auto& snapshot = p.second;
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_UpstreamLocalityStats* locality_stats =
+          envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_add_upstream_locality_stats(
+              cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+      LocalityStatsPopulate(context, locality_stats, locality_name, snapshot);
+    }
+    // Add dropped requests.
+    uint64_t total_dropped_requests = 0;
+    for (const auto& p : load_report.dropped_requests.categorized_drops) {
+      const std::string& category = p.first;
+      const uint64_t count = p.second;
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests* dropped_requests =
+          envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_add_dropped_requests(
+              cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_set_category(
+          dropped_requests, StdStringToUpbString(category));
+      envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_DroppedRequests_set_dropped_count(
+          dropped_requests, count);
+      total_dropped_requests += count;
+    }
+    total_dropped_requests += load_report.dropped_requests.uncategorized_drops;
+    // Set total dropped requests.
+    envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_set_total_dropped_requests(
+        cluster_stats, total_dropped_requests);
+    // Set real load report interval.
+    gpr_timespec timespec =
+        grpc_millis_to_timespec(load_report.load_report_interval, GPR_TIMESPAN);
+    google_protobuf_Duration* load_report_interval =
+        envoy_config_endpoint_v3_ClusterStats_mutable_load_report_interval(
+            cluster_stats, arena.ptr());
+    google_protobuf_Duration_set_seconds(load_report_interval, timespec.tv_sec);
+    google_protobuf_Duration_set_nanos(load_report_interval, timespec.tv_nsec);
+  }
+  MaybeLogLrsRequest(context, request);
+  return SerializeLrsRequest(context, request);
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle XdsApi::ParseLrsResponse(
+    const grpc_slice& encoded_response, bool* send_all_clusters,
+    std::set<std::string>* cluster_names,
+    grpc_millis* load_reporting_interval) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Decode the response.
+  const envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse* decoded_response =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_parse(
+          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(encoded_response)),
+          GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(encoded_response), arena.ptr());
+  // Parse the response.
+  if (decoded_response == nullptr) {
+    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Can't decode response.");
+  }
+  // Check send_all_clusters.
+  if (envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_send_all_clusters(
+          decoded_response)) {
+    *send_all_clusters = true;
+  } else {
+    // Store the cluster names.
+    size_t size;
+    const upb_strview* clusters =
+        envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_clusters(decoded_response,
+                                                               &size);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      cluster_names->emplace(UpbStringToStdString(clusters[i]));
+    }
+  }
+  // Get the load report interval.
+  const google_protobuf_Duration* load_reporting_interval_duration =
+      envoy_service_load_stats_v3_LoadStatsResponse_load_reporting_interval(
+          decoded_response);
+  gpr_timespec timespec{
+      google_protobuf_Duration_seconds(load_reporting_interval_duration),
+      google_protobuf_Duration_nanos(load_reporting_interval_duration),
+      GPR_TIMESPAN};
+  *load_reporting_interval = gpr_time_to_millis(timespec);
+  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+google_protobuf_Timestamp* GrpcMillisToTimestamp(const EncodingContext& context,
+                                                 grpc_millis value) {
+  google_protobuf_Timestamp* timestamp =
+      google_protobuf_Timestamp_new(context.arena);
+  gpr_timespec timespec = grpc_millis_to_timespec(value, GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME);
+  google_protobuf_Timestamp_set_seconds(timestamp, timespec.tv_sec);
+  google_protobuf_Timestamp_set_nanos(timestamp, timespec.tv_nsec);
+  return timestamp;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+std::string XdsApi::AssembleClientConfig(
+    const ResourceTypeMetadataMap& resource_type_metadata_map) {
+  upb::Arena arena;
+  // Create the ClientConfig for resource metadata from XdsClient
+  auto* client_config = envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_new(arena.ptr());
+  // Fill-in the node information
+  auto* node = envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_mutable_node(client_config,
+                                                                 arena.ptr());
+  const EncodingContext context = {
+      client_,     tracer_, symtab_.ptr(),
+      arena.ptr(), true,    certificate_provider_definition_map_};
+  PopulateNode(context, node_, build_version_, user_agent_name_,
+               user_agent_version_, node);
+  // Dump each resource.
+  for (const auto& p : resource_type_metadata_map) {
+    absl::string_view type_url = p.first;
+    const ResourceMetadataMap& resource_metadata_map = p.second;
+    for (const auto& q : resource_metadata_map) {
+      absl::string_view resource_name = q.first;
+      const ResourceMetadata& metadata = *q.second;
+      auto* entry =
+          envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_add_generic_xds_configs(
+              client_config, context.arena);
+      envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_GenericXdsConfig_set_type_url(
+          entry, StdStringToUpbString(type_url));
+      envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_GenericXdsConfig_set_name(
+          entry, StdStringToUpbString(resource_name));
+      envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_GenericXdsConfig_set_client_status(
+          entry, metadata.client_status);
+      if (!metadata.serialized_proto.empty()) {
+        envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_GenericXdsConfig_set_version_info(
+            entry, StdStringToUpbString(metadata.version));
+        envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_GenericXdsConfig_set_last_updated(
+            entry, GrpcMillisToTimestamp(context, metadata.update_time));
+        auto* any_field =
+            envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_GenericXdsConfig_mutable_xds_config(
+                entry, context.arena);
+        google_protobuf_Any_set_type_url(any_field,
+                                         StdStringToUpbString(type_url));
+        google_protobuf_Any_set_value(
+            any_field, StdStringToUpbString(metadata.serialized_proto));
+      }
+      if (metadata.client_status == XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::NACKED) {
+        auto* update_failure_state =
+            envoy_admin_v3_UpdateFailureState_new(context.arena);
+        envoy_admin_v3_UpdateFailureState_set_details(
+            update_failure_state,
+            StdStringToUpbString(metadata.failed_details));
+        envoy_admin_v3_UpdateFailureState_set_version_info(
+            update_failure_state,
+            StdStringToUpbString(metadata.failed_version));
+        envoy_admin_v3_UpdateFailureState_set_last_update_attempt(
+            update_failure_state,
+            GrpcMillisToTimestamp(context, metadata.failed_update_time));
+        envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_GenericXdsConfig_set_error_state(
+            entry, update_failure_state);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Serialize the upb message to bytes
+  size_t output_length;
+  char* output = envoy_service_status_v3_ClientConfig_serialize(
+      client_config, arena.ptr(), &output_length);
+  return std::string(output, output_length);
+}
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core