graphql_cody 1.13.0

data/lib/graphql/schema.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1945 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require "graphql/schema/addition"
+require "graphql/schema/base_64_encoder"
+require "graphql/schema/catchall_middleware"
+require "graphql/schema/default_parse_error"
+require "graphql/schema/default_type_error"
+require "graphql/schema/find_inherited_value"
+require "graphql/schema/finder"
+require "graphql/schema/invalid_type_error"
+require "graphql/schema/introspection_system"
+require "graphql/schema/late_bound_type"
+require "graphql/schema/middleware_chain"
+require "graphql/schema/null_mask"
+require "graphql/schema/possible_types"
+require "graphql/schema/rescue_middleware"
+require "graphql/schema/timeout"
+require "graphql/schema/timeout_middleware"
+require "graphql/schema/traversal"
+require "graphql/schema/type_expression"
+require "graphql/schema/unique_within_type"
+require "graphql/schema/validation"
+require "graphql/schema/warden"
+require "graphql/schema/build_from_definition"
+
+require "graphql/schema/validator"
+require "graphql/schema/member"
+require "graphql/schema/wrapper"
+require "graphql/schema/list"
+require "graphql/schema/non_null"
+require "graphql/schema/argument"
+require "graphql/schema/enum_value"
+require "graphql/schema/enum"
+require "graphql/schema/field_extension"
+require "graphql/schema/field"
+require "graphql/schema/input_object"
+require "graphql/schema/interface"
+require "graphql/schema/scalar"
+require "graphql/schema/object"
+require "graphql/schema/union"
+require "graphql/schema/directive"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/deprecated"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/include"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/skip"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/feature"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/flagged"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/transform"
+require "graphql/schema/type_membership"
+
+require "graphql/schema/resolver"
+require "graphql/schema/mutation"
+require "graphql/schema/relay_classic_mutation"
+require "graphql/schema/subscription"
+
+module GraphQL
+  # A GraphQL schema which may be queried with {GraphQL::Query}.
+  #
+  # The {Schema} contains:
+  #
+  #  - types for exposing your application
+  #  - query analyzers for assessing incoming queries (including max depth & max complexity restrictions)
+  #  - execution strategies for running incoming queries
+  #
+  # Schemas start with root types, {Schema#query}, {Schema#mutation} and {Schema#subscription}.
+  # The schema will traverse the tree of fields & types, using those as starting points.
+  # Any undiscoverable types may be provided with the `types` configuration.
+  #
+  # Schemas can restrict large incoming queries with `max_depth` and `max_complexity` configurations.
+  # (These configurations can be overridden by specific calls to {Schema#execute})
+  #
+  # Schemas can specify how queries should be executed against them.
+  # `query_execution_strategy`, `mutation_execution_strategy` and `subscription_execution_strategy`
+  # each apply to corresponding root types.
+  #  #
+  # @example defining a schema
+  #   class MySchema < GraphQL::Schema
+  #     query QueryType
+  #     # If types are only connected by way of interfaces, they must be added here
+  #     orphan_types ImageType, AudioType
+  #   end
+  #
+  class Schema
+    extend Forwardable
+    extend GraphQL::Schema::Member::AcceptsDefinition
+    extend GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasAstNode
+    include GraphQL::Define::InstanceDefinable
+    extend GraphQL::Define::InstanceDefinable::DeprecatedDefine
+    extend GraphQL::Schema::FindInheritedValue
+
+    class DuplicateTypeNamesError < GraphQL::Error
+      def initialize(type_name:, first_definition:, second_definition:, path:)
+        super("Multiple definitions for `#{type_name}`. Previously found #{first_definition.inspect} (#{first_definition.class}), then found #{second_definition.inspect} (#{second_definition.class}) at #{path.join(".")}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DuplicateNamesError < GraphQL::Error; end
+
+    class UnresolvedLateBoundTypeError < GraphQL::Error
+      attr_reader :type
+      def initialize(type:)
+        @type = type
+        super("Late bound type was never found: #{type.inspect}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    module LazyHandlingMethods
+      # Call the given block at the right time, either:
+      # - Right away, if `value` is not registered with `lazy_resolve`
+      # - After resolving `value`, if it's registered with `lazy_resolve` (eg, `Promise`)
+      # @api private
+      def after_lazy(value, &block)
+        if lazy?(value)
+          GraphQL::Execution::Lazy.new do
+            result = sync_lazy(value)
+            # The returned result might also be lazy, so check it, too
+            after_lazy(result, &block)
+          end
+        else
+          yield(value) if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Override this method to handle lazy objects in a custom way.
+      # @param value [Object] an instance of a class registered with {.lazy_resolve}
+      # @return [Object] A GraphQL-ready (non-lazy) object
+      # @api private
+      def sync_lazy(value)
+        lazy_method = lazy_method_name(value)
+        if lazy_method
+          synced_value = value.public_send(lazy_method)
+          sync_lazy(synced_value)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return [Symbol, nil] The method name to lazily resolve `obj`, or nil if `obj`'s class wasn't registered with {#lazy_resolve}.
+      def lazy_method_name(obj)
+        lazy_methods.get(obj)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Boolean] True if this object should be lazily resolved
+      def lazy?(obj)
+        !!lazy_method_name(obj)
+      end
+
+      # Return a lazy if any of `maybe_lazies` are lazy,
+      # otherwise, call the block eagerly and return the result.
+      # @param maybe_lazies [Array]
+      # @api private
+      def after_any_lazies(maybe_lazies)
+        if maybe_lazies.any? { |l| lazy?(l) }
+          GraphQL::Execution::Lazy.all(maybe_lazies).then do |result|
+            yield result
+          end
+        else
+          yield maybe_lazies
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    include LazyHandlingMethods
+    extend LazyHandlingMethods
+
+    accepts_definitions \
+      :query_execution_strategy, :mutation_execution_strategy, :subscription_execution_strategy,
+      :validate_timeout, :validate_max_errors, :max_depth, :max_complexity, :default_max_page_size,
+      :orphan_types, :resolve_type, :type_error, :parse_error,
+      :error_bubbling,
+      :raise_definition_error,
+      :object_from_id, :id_from_object,
+      :default_mask,
+      :cursor_encoder,
+      # If these are given as classes, normalize them. Accept `nil` when building from string.
+      query: ->(schema, t) { schema.query = t.respond_to?(:graphql_definition) ? t.graphql_definition : t },
+      mutation: ->(schema, t) { schema.mutation = t.respond_to?(:graphql_definition) ? t.graphql_definition : t },
+      subscription: ->(schema, t) { schema.subscription = t.respond_to?(:graphql_definition) ? t.graphql_definition : t },
+      disable_introspection_entry_points: ->(schema) { schema.disable_introspection_entry_points = true },
+      disable_schema_introspection_entry_point: ->(schema) { schema.disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = true },
+      disable_type_introspection_entry_point: ->(schema) { schema.disable_type_introspection_entry_point = true },
+      directives: ->(schema, directives) { schema.directives = directives.reduce({}) { |m, d| m[d.graphql_name] = d; m } },
+      directive: ->(schema, directive) { schema.directives[directive.graphql_name] = directive },
+      instrument: ->(schema, type, instrumenter, after_built_ins: false) {
+        if type == :field && after_built_ins
+          type = :field_after_built_ins
+        end
+        schema.instrumenters[type] << instrumenter
+      },
+      query_analyzer: ->(schema, analyzer) {
+        if analyzer == GraphQL::Authorization::Analyzer
+          GraphQL::Deprecation.warn("The Authorization query analyzer is deprecated. Authorizing at query runtime is generally a better idea.")
+        end
+        schema.query_analyzers << analyzer
+      },
+      multiplex_analyzer: ->(schema, analyzer) { schema.multiplex_analyzers << analyzer },
+      middleware: ->(schema, middleware) { schema.middleware << middleware },
+      lazy_resolve: ->(schema, lazy_class, lazy_value_method) { schema.lazy_methods.set(lazy_class, lazy_value_method) },
+      rescue_from: ->(schema, err_class, &block) { schema.rescue_from(err_class, &block) },
+      tracer: ->(schema, tracer) { schema.tracers.push(tracer) }
+
+    ensure_defined :introspection_system
+
+    attr_accessor \
+      :query, :mutation, :subscription,
+      :query_execution_strategy, :mutation_execution_strategy, :subscription_execution_strategy,
+      :validate_timeout, :validate_max_errors, :max_depth, :max_complexity, :default_max_page_size,
+      :orphan_types, :directives,
+      :query_analyzers, :multiplex_analyzers, :instrumenters, :lazy_methods,
+      :cursor_encoder,
+      :ast_node,
+      :raise_definition_error,
+      :introspection_namespace,
+      :analysis_engine
+
+    # [Boolean] True if this object bubbles validation errors up from a field into its parent InputObject, if there is one.
+    attr_accessor :error_bubbling
+
+    # Single, long-lived instance of the provided subscriptions class, if there is one.
+    # @return [GraphQL::Subscriptions]
+    attr_accessor :subscriptions
+
+    # @return [MiddlewareChain] MiddlewareChain which is applied to fields during execution
+    attr_accessor :middleware
+
+    # @return [<#call(member, ctx)>] A callable for filtering members of the schema
+    # @see {Query.new} for query-specific filters with `except:`
+    attr_accessor :default_mask
+
+    # @see {GraphQL::Query::Context} The parent class of these classes
+    # @return [Class] Instantiated for each query
+    attr_accessor :context_class
+
+    # [Boolean] True if this object disables the introspection entry point fields
+    attr_accessor :disable_introspection_entry_points
+
+    def disable_introspection_entry_points?
+      !!@disable_introspection_entry_points
+    end
+
+    # [Boolean] True if this object disables the __schema introspection entry point field
+    attr_accessor :disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
+
+    def disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?
+      !!@disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
+    end
+
+    # [Boolean] True if this object disables the __type introspection entry point field
+    attr_accessor :disable_type_introspection_entry_point
+
+    def disable_type_introspection_entry_point?
+      !!@disable_type_introspection_entry_point
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      attr_writer :default_execution_strategy
+    end
+
+    def default_filter
+      GraphQL::Filter.new(except: default_mask)
+    end
+
+    # @return [Array<#trace(key, data)>] Tracers applied to every query
+    # @see {Query#tracers} for query-specific tracers
+    attr_reader :tracers
+
+    DYNAMIC_FIELDS = ["__type", "__typename", "__schema"].freeze
+
+    attr_reader :static_validator, :object_from_id_proc, :id_from_object_proc, :resolve_type_proc
+
+    def initialize
+      @tracers = []
+      @definition_error = nil
+      @orphan_types = []
+      @directives = {}
+      self.class.default_directives.each do |name, dir|
+        @directives[name] = dir.graphql_definition
+      end
+      @static_validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
+      @middleware = MiddlewareChain.new(final_step: GraphQL::Execution::Execute::FieldResolveStep)
+      @query_analyzers = []
+      @multiplex_analyzers = []
+      @resolve_type_proc = nil
+      @object_from_id_proc = nil
+      @id_from_object_proc = nil
+      @type_error_proc = DefaultTypeError
+      @parse_error_proc = DefaultParseError
+      @instrumenters = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      @lazy_methods = GraphQL::Execution::Lazy::LazyMethodMap.new
+      @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Execution::Lazy, :value)
+      @cursor_encoder = Base64Encoder
+      # For schema instances, default to legacy runtime modules
+      @analysis_engine = GraphQL::Analysis
+      @query_execution_strategy = GraphQL::Execution::Execute
+      @mutation_execution_strategy = GraphQL::Execution::Execute
+      @subscription_execution_strategy = GraphQL::Execution::Execute
+      @default_mask = GraphQL::Schema::NullMask
+      @rebuilding_artifacts = false
+      @context_class = GraphQL::Query::Context
+      @introspection_namespace = nil
+      @introspection_system = nil
+      @interpreter = false
+      @error_bubbling = false
+      @disable_introspection_entry_points = false
+      @disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = false
+      @disable_type_introspection_entry_point = false
+    end
+
+    # @return [Boolean] True if using the new {GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter}
+    def interpreter?
+      query_execution_strategy == GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter &&
+        mutation_execution_strategy == GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter &&
+        subscription_execution_strategy == GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class.name} ...>"
+    end
+
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      super
+      @orphan_types = other.orphan_types.dup
+      @directives = other.directives.dup
+      @static_validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
+      @middleware = other.middleware.dup
+      @query_analyzers = other.query_analyzers.dup
+      @multiplex_analyzers = other.multiplex_analyzers.dup
+      @tracers = other.tracers.dup
+      @possible_types = GraphQL::Schema::PossibleTypes.new(self)
+
+      @lazy_methods = other.lazy_methods.dup
+
+      @instrumenters = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+      other.instrumenters.each do |key, insts|
+        @instrumenters[key].concat(insts)
+      end
+
+      if other.rescues?
+        @rescue_middleware = other.rescue_middleware
+      end
+
+      # This will be rebuilt when it's requested
+      # or during a later `define` call
+      @types = nil
+      @introspection_system = nil
+    end
+
+    def rescue_from(*args, &block)
+      rescue_middleware.rescue_from(*args, &block)
+    end
+
+    def remove_handler(*args, &block)
+      rescue_middleware.remove_handler(*args, &block)
+    end
+
+    def using_ast_analysis?
+      @analysis_engine == GraphQL::Analysis::AST
+    end
+
+    # For forwards-compatibility with Schema classes
+    alias :graphql_definition :itself
+
+    def deprecated_define(**kwargs, &block)
+      super
+      ensure_defined
+      # Assert that all necessary configs are present:
+      validation_error = Validation.validate(self)
+      validation_error && raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, validation_error)
+      rebuild_artifacts
+
+      @definition_error = nil
+      nil
+    rescue StandardError => err
+      if @raise_definition_error || err.is_a?(CyclicalDefinitionError) || err.is_a?(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError)
+        raise
+      else
+        # Raise this error _later_ to avoid messing with Rails constant loading
+        @definition_error = err
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Attach `instrumenter` to this schema for instrumenting events of `instrumentation_type`.
+    # @param instrumentation_type [Symbol]
+    # @param instrumenter
+    # @return [void]
+    def instrument(instrumentation_type, instrumenter)
+      @instrumenters[instrumentation_type] << instrumenter
+      if instrumentation_type == :field
+        rebuild_artifacts
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @return [Array<GraphQL::BaseType>] The root types of this schema
+    def root_types
+      @root_types ||= begin
+        rebuild_artifacts
+        @root_types
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
+    # @return [GraphQL::Schema::TypeMap] `{ name => type }` pairs of types in this schema
+    def types
+      @types ||= begin
+        rebuild_artifacts
+        @types
+      end
+    end
+
+    def get_type(type_name)
+      @types[type_name]
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def introspection_system
+      @introspection_system ||= begin
+        rebuild_artifacts
+        @introspection_system
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a list of Arguments and Fields referencing a certain type
+    # @param type_name [String]
+    # @return [Hash]
+    def references_to(type_name = nil)
+      rebuild_artifacts unless defined?(@type_reference_map)
+      if type_name
+        @type_reference_map.fetch(type_name, [])
+      else
+        @type_reference_map
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a list of Union types in which a type is a member
+    # @param type [GraphQL::ObjectType]
+    # @return [Array<GraphQL::UnionType>] list of union types of which the type is a member
+    def union_memberships(type)
+      rebuild_artifacts unless defined?(@union_memberships)
+      @union_memberships.fetch(type.name, [])
+    end
+
+    # Execute a query on itself. Raises an error if the schema definition is invalid.
+    # @see {Query#initialize} for arguments.
+    # @return [Hash] query result, ready to be serialized as JSON
+    def execute(query_str = nil, **kwargs)
+      if query_str
+        kwargs[:query] = query_str
+      end
+      # Some of the query context _should_ be passed to the multiplex, too
+      multiplex_context = if (ctx = kwargs[:context])
+        {
+          backtrace: ctx[:backtrace],
+          tracers: ctx[:tracers],
+        }
+      else
+        {}
+      end
+      # Since we're running one query, don't run a multiplex-level complexity analyzer
+      all_results = multiplex([kwargs], max_complexity: nil, context: multiplex_context)
+      all_results[0]
+    end
+
+    # Execute several queries on itself. Raises an error if the schema definition is invalid.
+    # @example Run several queries at once
+    #   context = { ... }
+    #   queries = [
+    #     { query: params[:query_1], variables: params[:variables_1], context: context },
+    #     { query: params[:query_2], variables: params[:variables_2], context: context },
+    #   ]
+    #   results = MySchema.multiplex(queries)
+    #   render json: {
+    #     result_1: results[0],
+    #     result_2: results[1],
+    #   }
+    #
+    # @see {Query#initialize} for query keyword arguments
+    # @see {Execution::Multiplex#run_queries} for multiplex keyword arguments
+    # @param queries [Array<Hash>] Keyword arguments for each query
+    # @param context [Hash] Multiplex-level context
+    # @return [Array<Hash>] One result for each query in the input
+    def multiplex(queries, **kwargs)
+      with_definition_error_check {
+        GraphQL::Execution::Multiplex.run_all(self, queries, **kwargs)
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Search for a schema member using a string path
+    # @example Finding a Field
+    # Schema.find("Ensemble.musicians")
+    #
+    # @see {GraphQL::Schema::Finder} for more examples
+    # @param path [String] A dot-separated path to the member
+    # @raise [Schema::Finder::MemberNotFoundError] if path could not be found
+    # @return [GraphQL::BaseType, GraphQL::Field, GraphQL::Argument, GraphQL::Directive] A GraphQL Schema Member
+    def find(path)
+      rebuild_artifacts unless defined?(@finder)
+      @find_cache[path] ||= @finder.find(path)
+    end
+
+    # Resolve field named `field_name` for type `parent_type`.
+    # Handles dynamic fields `__typename`, `__type` and `__schema`, too
+    # @param parent_type [String, GraphQL::BaseType]
+    # @param field_name [String]
+    # @return [GraphQL::Field, nil] The field named `field_name` on `parent_type`
+    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
+    def get_field(parent_type, field_name)
+      with_definition_error_check do
+        parent_type_name = case parent_type
+        when GraphQL::BaseType, Class, Module
+          parent_type.graphql_name
+        when String
+          parent_type
+        else
+          raise "Unexpected parent_type: #{parent_type}"
+        end
+
+        defined_field = @instrumented_field_map[parent_type_name][field_name]
+        if defined_field
+          defined_field
+        elsif parent_type == query && (entry_point_field = introspection_system.entry_point(name: field_name))
+          entry_point_field
+        elsif (dynamic_field = introspection_system.dynamic_field(name: field_name))
+          dynamic_field
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Fields for this type, after instrumentation is applied
+    # @return [Hash<String, GraphQL::Field>]
+    def get_fields(type)
+      @instrumented_field_map[type.graphql_name]
+    end
+
+    def type_from_ast(ast_node, context:)
+      GraphQL::Schema::TypeExpression.build_type(self, ast_node)
+    end
+
+    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
+    # @param type_defn [GraphQL::InterfaceType, GraphQL::UnionType] the type whose members you want to retrieve
+    # @param context [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the current query
+    # @return [Array<GraphQL::ObjectType>] types which belong to `type_defn` in this schema
+    def possible_types(type_defn, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+      if context == GraphQL::Query::NullContext
+        @possible_types ||= GraphQL::Schema::PossibleTypes.new(self)
+        @possible_types.possible_types(type_defn, context)
+      else
+        # Use the incoming context to cache this instance --
+        # if it were cached on the schema, we'd have a memory leak
+        # https://github.com/rmosolgo/graphql-ruby/issues/2878
+        ns = context.namespace(:possible_types)
+        per_query_possible_types = ns[:possible_types] ||= GraphQL::Schema::PossibleTypes.new(self)
+        per_query_possible_types.possible_types(type_defn, context)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to root types
+    # @return [GraphQL::ObjectType, nil]
+    def root_type_for_operation(operation)
+      case operation
+      when "query"
+        query
+      when "mutation"
+        mutation
+      when "subscription"
+        subscription
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def execution_strategy_for_operation(operation)
+      case operation
+      when "query"
+        query_execution_strategy
+      when "mutation"
+        mutation_execution_strategy
+      when "subscription"
+        subscription_execution_strategy
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Determine the GraphQL type for a given object.
+    # This is required for unions and interfaces (including Relay's `Node` interface)
+    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
+    # @param type [GraphQL::UnionType, GraphQL:InterfaceType] the abstract type which is being resolved
+    # @param object [Any] An application object which GraphQL is currently resolving on
+    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the current query
+    # @return [GraphQL::ObjectType] The type for exposing `object` in GraphQL
+    def resolve_type(type, object, ctx = :__undefined__)
+      check_resolved_type(type, object, ctx) do |ok_type, ok_object, ok_ctx|
+        if @resolve_type_proc.nil?
+          raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Can't determine GraphQL type for: #{ok_object.inspect}, define `resolve_type (type, obj, ctx) -> { ... }` inside `Schema.define`.")
+        end
+        @resolve_type_proc.call(ok_type, ok_object, ok_ctx)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This is a compatibility hack so that instance-level and class-level
+    # methods can get correctness checks without calling one another
+    # @api private
+    def check_resolved_type(type, object, ctx = :__undefined__)
+      if ctx == :__undefined__
+        # Old method signature
+        ctx = object
+        object = type
+        type = nil
+      end
+
+      if object.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
+        object = object.object
+      end
+
+      if type.respond_to?(:graphql_definition)
+        type = type.graphql_definition
+      end
+
+      # Prefer a type-local function; fall back to the schema-level function
+      type_proc = type && type.resolve_type_proc
+      type_result = if type_proc
+        type_proc.call(object, ctx)
+      else
+        yield(type, object, ctx)
+      end
+
+      if type_result.nil?
+        nil
+      else
+        after_lazy(type_result) do |resolved_type_result|
+          if resolved_type_result.respond_to?(:graphql_definition)
+            resolved_type_result = resolved_type_result.graphql_definition
+          end
+          if !resolved_type_result.is_a?(GraphQL::BaseType)
+            type_str = "#{resolved_type_result} (#{resolved_type_result.class.name})"
+            raise "resolve_type(#{object}) returned #{type_str}, but it should return a GraphQL type"
+          else
+            resolved_type_result
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def resolve_type=(new_resolve_type_proc)
+      callable = GraphQL::BackwardsCompatibility.wrap_arity(new_resolve_type_proc, from: 2, to: 3, last: true, name: "Schema#resolve_type(type, obj, ctx)")
+      @resolve_type_proc = callable
+    end
+
+    # Fetch an application object by its unique id
+    # @param id [String] A unique identifier, provided previously by this GraphQL schema
+    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the current query
+    # @return [Any] The application object identified by `id`
+    def object_from_id(id, ctx)
+      if @object_from_id_proc.nil?
+        raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Can't fetch an object for id \"#{id}\" because the schema's `object_from_id (id, ctx) -> { ... }` function is not defined")
+      else
+        @object_from_id_proc.call(id, ctx)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for fetching objects by ID
+    def object_from_id=(new_proc)
+      @object_from_id_proc = new_proc
+    end
+
+    # When we encounter a type error during query execution, we call this hook.
+    #
+    # You can use this hook to write a log entry,
+    # add a {GraphQL::ExecutionError} to the response (with `ctx.add_error`)
+    # or raise an exception and halt query execution.
+    #
+    # @example A `nil` is encountered by a non-null field
+    #   type_error ->(err, query_ctx) {
+    #     err.is_a?(GraphQL::InvalidNullError) # => true
+    #   }
+    #
+    # @example An object doesn't resolve to one of a {UnionType}'s members
+    #   type_error ->(err, query_ctx) {
+    #     err.is_a?(GraphQL::UnresolvedTypeError) # => true
+    #   }
+    #
+    # @see {DefaultTypeError} is the default behavior.
+    # @param err [GraphQL::TypeError] The error encountered during execution
+    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the field where the error occurred
+    # @return void
+    def type_error(err, ctx)
+      @type_error_proc.call(err, ctx)
+    end
+
+    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for handling type errors during execution
+    def type_error=(new_proc)
+      @type_error_proc = new_proc
+    end
+
+    # Can't delegate to `class`
+    alias :_schema_class :class
+    def_delegators :_schema_class, :unauthorized_object, :unauthorized_field, :inaccessible_fields
+    def_delegators :_schema_class, :directive
+    def_delegators :_schema_class, :error_handler
+    def_delegators :_schema_class, :validate
+
+
+    # Given this schema member, find the class-based definition object
+    # whose `method_name` should be treated as an application hook
+    # @see {.visible?}
+    # @see {.accessible?}
+    def call_on_type_class(member, method_name, context, default:)
+      member = if member.respond_to?(:type_class)
+        member.type_class
+      else
+        member
+      end
+
+      if member.respond_to?(:relay_node_type) && (t = member.relay_node_type)
+        member = t
+      end
+
+      if member.respond_to?(method_name)
+        member.public_send(method_name, context)
+      else
+        default
+      end
+    end
+
+    def visible?(member, context)
+      call_on_type_class(member, :visible?, context, default: true)
+    end
+
+    def accessible?(member, context)
+      call_on_type_class(member, :accessible?, context, default: true)
+    end
+
+    # A function to call when {#execute} receives an invalid query string
+    #
+    # @see {DefaultParseError} is the default behavior.
+    # @param err [GraphQL::ParseError] The error encountered during parsing
+    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the query where the error occurred
+    # @return void
+    def parse_error(err, ctx)
+      @parse_error_proc.call(err, ctx)
+    end
+
+    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for handling parse errors during execution
+    def parse_error=(new_proc)
+      @parse_error_proc = new_proc
+    end
+
+    # Get a unique identifier from this object
+    # @param object [Any] An application object
+    # @param type [GraphQL::BaseType] The current type definition
+    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] the context for the current query
+    # @return [String] a unique identifier for `object` which clients can use to refetch it
+    def id_from_object(object, type, ctx)
+      if @id_from_object_proc.nil?
+        raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Can't generate an ID for #{object.inspect} of type #{type}, schema's `id_from_object` must be defined")
+      else
+        @id_from_object_proc.call(object, type, ctx)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for generating unique IDs
+    def id_from_object=(new_proc)
+      @id_from_object_proc = new_proc
+    end
+
+    # Create schema with the result of an introspection query.
+    # @param introspection_result [Hash] A response from {GraphQL::Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}
+    # @return [GraphQL::Schema] the schema described by `input`
+    def self.from_introspection(introspection_result)
+      GraphQL::Schema::Loader.load(introspection_result)
+    end
+
+    # Create schema from an IDL schema or file containing an IDL definition.
+    # @param definition_or_path [String] A schema definition string, or a path to a file containing the definition
+    # @param default_resolve [<#call(type, field, obj, args, ctx)>] A callable for handling field resolution
+    # @param parser [Object] An object for handling definition string parsing (must respond to `parse`)
+    # @param using [Hash] Plugins to attach to the created schema with `use(key, value)`
+    # @return [Class] the schema described by `document`
+    def self.from_definition(definition_or_path, default_resolve: nil, parser: GraphQL.default_parser, using: {})
+      # If the file ends in `.graphql`, treat it like a filepath
+      if definition_or_path.end_with?(".graphql")
+        GraphQL::Schema::BuildFromDefinition.from_definition_path(
+          definition_or_path,
+          default_resolve: default_resolve,
+          parser: parser,
+          using: using,
+        )
+      else
+        GraphQL::Schema::BuildFromDefinition.from_definition(
+          definition_or_path,
+          default_resolve: default_resolve,
+          parser: parser,
+          using: using,
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Error that is raised when [#Schema#from_definition] is passed an invalid schema definition string.
+    class InvalidDocumentError < Error; end;
+
+    # Return the GraphQL IDL for the schema
+    # @param context [Hash]
+    # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+    # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+    # @return [String]
+    def to_definition(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
+      GraphQL::Schema::Printer.print_schema(self, only: only, except: except, context: context)
+    end
+
+    # Return the GraphQL::Language::Document IDL AST for the schema
+    # @param context [Hash]
+    # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+    # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+    # @return [GraphQL::Language::Document]
+    def to_document(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
+      GraphQL::Language::DocumentFromSchemaDefinition.new(self, only: only, except: except, context: context).document
+    end
+
+    # Return the Hash response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
+    # @param context [Hash]
+    # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+    # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+    # @return [Hash] GraphQL result
+    def as_json(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
+      execute(Introspection.query(include_deprecated_args: true), only: only, except: except, context: context).to_h
+    end
+
+    # Returns the JSON response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
+    # @see {#as_json}
+    # @return [String]
+    def to_json(*args)
+      JSON.pretty_generate(as_json(*args))
+    end
+
+    def new_connections?
+      !!connections
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :connections
+
+    class << self
+      extend Forwardable
+      # For compatibility, these methods all:
+      # - Cause the Schema instance to be created, if it hasn't been created yet
+      # - Delegate to that instance
+      # Eventually, the methods will be moved into this class, removing the need for the singleton.
+      def_delegators :graphql_definition,
+        # Execution
+        :execution_strategy_for_operation,
+        # Configuration
+        :metadata, :redefine,
+        :id_from_object_proc, :object_from_id_proc,
+        :id_from_object=, :object_from_id=,
+        :remove_handler
+
+      # @return [GraphQL::Subscriptions]
+      attr_accessor :subscriptions
+
+      # Returns the JSON response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
+      # @see {#as_json}
+      # @return [String]
+      def to_json(**args)
+        JSON.pretty_generate(as_json(**args))
+      end
+
+      # Return the Hash response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
+      # @param context [Hash]
+      # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @return [Hash] GraphQL result
+      def as_json(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
+        execute(Introspection.query(include_deprecated_args: true), only: only, except: except, context: context).to_h
+      end
+
+      # Return the GraphQL IDL for the schema
+      # @param context [Hash]
+      # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @return [String]
+      def to_definition(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
+        GraphQL::Schema::Printer.print_schema(self, only: only, except: except, context: context)
+      end
+
+      # Return the GraphQL::Language::Document IDL AST for the schema
+      # @return [GraphQL::Language::Document]
+      def to_document
+        GraphQL::Language::DocumentFromSchemaDefinition.new(self).document
+      end
+
+      def find(path)
+        if !@finder
+          @find_cache = {}
+          @finder ||= GraphQL::Schema::Finder.new(self)
+        end
+        @find_cache[path] ||= @finder.find(path)
+      end
+
+      def graphql_definition
+        @graphql_definition ||= to_graphql
+      end
+
+      def default_filter
+        GraphQL::Filter.new(except: default_mask)
+      end
+
+      def default_mask(new_mask = nil)
+        if new_mask
+          @own_default_mask = new_mask
+        else
+          @own_default_mask || find_inherited_value(:default_mask, Schema::NullMask)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def static_validator
+        GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
+      end
+
+      def use(plugin, **kwargs)
+        if kwargs.any?
+          plugin.use(self, **kwargs)
+        else
+          plugin.use(self)
+        end
+        own_plugins << [plugin, kwargs]
+      end
+
+      def plugins
+        find_inherited_value(:plugins, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_plugins
+      end
+
+      def to_graphql
+        schema_defn = self.new
+        schema_defn.raise_definition_error = true
+        schema_defn.query = query && query.graphql_definition
+        schema_defn.mutation = mutation && mutation.graphql_definition
+        schema_defn.subscription = subscription && subscription.graphql_definition
+        schema_defn.validate_timeout = validate_timeout
+        schema_defn.validate_max_errors = validate_max_errors
+        schema_defn.max_complexity = max_complexity
+        schema_defn.error_bubbling = error_bubbling
+        schema_defn.max_depth = max_depth
+        schema_defn.default_max_page_size = default_max_page_size
+        schema_defn.orphan_types = orphan_types.map(&:graphql_definition)
+        schema_defn.disable_introspection_entry_points = disable_introspection_entry_points?
+        schema_defn.disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?
+        schema_defn.disable_type_introspection_entry_point = disable_type_introspection_entry_point?
+
+        prepped_dirs = {}
+        directives.each { |k, v| prepped_dirs[k] = v.graphql_definition}
+        schema_defn.directives = prepped_dirs
+        schema_defn.introspection_namespace = introspection
+        schema_defn.resolve_type = method(:resolve_type)
+        schema_defn.object_from_id = method(:object_from_id)
+        schema_defn.id_from_object = method(:id_from_object)
+        schema_defn.type_error = method(:type_error)
+        schema_defn.context_class = context_class
+        schema_defn.cursor_encoder = cursor_encoder
+        schema_defn.tracers.concat(tracers)
+        schema_defn.query_analyzers.concat(query_analyzers)
+        schema_defn.analysis_engine = analysis_engine
+
+        schema_defn.middleware.concat(all_middleware)
+        schema_defn.multiplex_analyzers.concat(multiplex_analyzers)
+        schema_defn.query_execution_strategy = query_execution_strategy
+        schema_defn.mutation_execution_strategy = mutation_execution_strategy
+        schema_defn.subscription_execution_strategy = subscription_execution_strategy
+        schema_defn.default_mask = default_mask
+        instrumenters.each do |step, insts|
+          insts.each do |inst|
+            schema_defn.instrumenters[step] << inst
+          end
+        end
+
+        lazy_methods.each do |lazy_class, value_method|
+          schema_defn.lazy_methods.set(lazy_class, value_method)
+        end
+
+        error_handler.each_rescue do |err_class, handler|
+          schema_defn.rescue_from(err_class, &handler)
+        end
+
+        schema_defn.subscriptions ||= self.subscriptions
+
+        if !schema_defn.interpreter?
+          schema_defn.instrumenters[:query] << GraphQL::Schema::Member::Instrumentation
+        end
+
+        if new_connections?
+          schema_defn.connections = self.connections
+        end
+
+        schema_defn.send(:rebuild_artifacts)
+
+        schema_defn
+      end
+
+      # Build a map of `{ name => type }` and return it
+      # @return [Hash<String => Class>] A dictionary of type classes by their GraphQL name
+      # @see get_type Which is more efficient for finding _one type_ by name, because it doesn't merge hashes.
+      def types(context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        all_types = non_introspection_types.merge(introspection_system.types)
+        visible_types = {}
+        all_types.each do |k, v|
+          visible_types[k] =if v.is_a?(Array)
+            visible_t = nil
+            v.each do |t|
+              if t.visible?(context)
+                if visible_t.nil?
+                  visible_t = t
+                else
+                  raise DuplicateNamesError, "Found two visible type definitions for `#{k}`: #{visible_t.inspect}, #{t.inspect}"
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            visible_t
+          else
+            v
+          end
+        end
+        visible_types
+      end
+
+      # @param type_name [String]
+      # @return [Module, nil] A type, or nil if there's no type called `type_name`
+      def get_type(type_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        local_entry = own_types[type_name]
+        type_defn = case local_entry
+        when nil
+          nil
+        when Array
+          visible_t = nil
+          warden = Warden.from_context(context)
+          local_entry.each do |t|
+            if warden.visible_type?(t, context)
+              if visible_t.nil?
+                visible_t = t
+              else
+                raise DuplicateNamesError, "Found two visible type definitions for `#{type_name}`: #{visible_t.inspect}, #{t.inspect}"
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          visible_t
+        when Module
+          local_entry
+        else
+          raise "Invariant: unexpected own_types[#{type_name.inspect}]: #{local_entry.inspect}"
+        end
+
+        type_defn ||
+          introspection_system.types[type_name] || # todo context-specific introspection?
+          (superclass.respond_to?(:get_type) ? superclass.get_type(type_name, context) : nil)
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      attr_writer :connections
+
+      # @return [GraphQL::Pagination::Connections] if installed
+      def connections
+        if defined?(@connections)
+          @connections
+        else
+          inherited_connections = find_inherited_value(:connections, nil)
+          # This schema is part of an inheritance chain which is using new connections,
+          # make a new instance, so we don't pollute the upstream one.
+          if inherited_connections
+            @connections = Pagination::Connections.new(schema: self)
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def new_connections?
+        !!connections
+      end
+
+      def query(new_query_object = nil)
+        if new_query_object
+          if @query_object
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `query(...)` (#{new_query_object.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@query_object.inspect}"
+          else
+            @query_object = new_query_object
+            add_type_and_traverse(new_query_object, root: true)
+            nil
+          end
+        else
+          @query_object || find_inherited_value(:query)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def mutation(new_mutation_object = nil)
+        if new_mutation_object
+          if @mutation_object
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `mutation(...)` (#{new_mutation_object.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@mutation_object.inspect}"
+          else
+            @mutation_object = new_mutation_object
+            add_type_and_traverse(new_mutation_object, root: true)
+            nil
+          end
+        else
+          @mutation_object || find_inherited_value(:mutation)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def subscription(new_subscription_object = nil)
+        if new_subscription_object
+          if @subscription_object
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `subscription(...)` (#{new_subscription_object.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@subscription_object.inspect}"
+          else
+            @subscription_object = new_subscription_object
+            add_subscription_extension_if_necessary
+            add_type_and_traverse(new_subscription_object, root: true)
+            nil
+          end
+        else
+          @subscription_object || find_inherited_value(:subscription)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to root types
+      # @return [GraphQL::ObjectType, nil]
+      def root_type_for_operation(operation)
+        case operation
+        when "query"
+          query
+        when "mutation"
+          mutation
+        when "subscription"
+          subscription
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def root_types
+        @root_types
+      end
+
+      # @param type [Module] The type definition whose possible types you want to see
+      # @return [Hash<String, Module>] All possible types, if no `type` is given.
+      # @return [Array<Module>] Possible types for `type`, if it's given.
+      def possible_types(type = nil, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        if type
+          # TODO duck-typing `.possible_types` would probably be nicer here
+          if type.kind.union?
+            type.possible_types(context: context)
+          else
+            stored_possible_types = own_possible_types[type.graphql_name]
+            visible_possible_types = if stored_possible_types && type.kind.interface?
+              stored_possible_types.select do |possible_type|
+                # Use `.graphql_name` comparison to match legacy vs class-based types.
+                # When we don't need to support legacy `.define` types, use `.include?(type)` instead.
+                possible_type.interfaces(context).any? { |interface| interface.graphql_name == type.graphql_name }
+              end
+            else
+              stored_possible_types
+            end
+            visible_possible_types ||
+              introspection_system.possible_types[type.graphql_name] ||
+              (
+                superclass.respond_to?(:possible_types) ?
+                  superclass.possible_types(type, context) :
+                  EMPTY_ARRAY
+              )
+          end
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:possible_types, EMPTY_HASH)
+            .merge(own_possible_types)
+            .merge(introspection_system.possible_types)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def union_memberships(type = nil)
+        if type
+          own_um = own_union_memberships.fetch(type.graphql_name, EMPTY_ARRAY)
+          inherited_um = find_inherited_value(:union_memberships, EMPTY_HASH).fetch(type.graphql_name, EMPTY_ARRAY)
+          own_um + inherited_um
+        else
+          joined_um = own_union_memberships.dup
+          find_inherited_value(:union_memberhips, EMPTY_HASH).each do |k, v|
+            um = joined_um[k] ||= []
+            um.concat(v)
+          end
+          joined_um
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # @see GraphQL::Dataloader
+      def dataloader_class
+        @dataloader_class || GraphQL::Dataloader::NullDataloader
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :dataloader_class
+
+      def references_to(to_type = nil, from: nil)
+        @own_references_to ||= Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+        if to_type
+          if !to_type.is_a?(String)
+            to_type = to_type.graphql_name
+          end
+
+          if from
+            @own_references_to[to_type] << from
+          else
+            own_refs = @own_references_to[to_type]
+            inherited_refs = find_inherited_value(:references_to, EMPTY_HASH)[to_type] || EMPTY_ARRAY
+            own_refs + inherited_refs
+          end
+        else
+          # `@own_references_to` can be quite large for big schemas,
+          # and generally speaking, we won't inherit any values.
+          # So optimize the most common case -- don't create a duplicate Hash.
+          inherited_value = find_inherited_value(:references_to, EMPTY_HASH)
+          if inherited_value.any?
+            inherited_value.merge(@own_references_to)
+          else
+            @own_references_to
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_from_ast(ast_node, context: nil)
+        type_owner = context ? context.warden : self
+        GraphQL::Schema::TypeExpression.build_type(type_owner, ast_node)
+      end
+
+      def get_field(type_or_name, field_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        parent_type = case type_or_name
+        when LateBoundType
+          get_type(type_or_name.name, context)
+        when String
+          get_type(type_or_name, context)
+        when Module
+          type_or_name
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "unexpected field owner for #{field_name.inspect}: #{type_or_name.inspect} (#{type_or_name.class})"
+        end
+
+        if parent_type.kind.fields? && (field = parent_type.get_field(field_name, context))
+          field
+        elsif parent_type == query && (entry_point_field = introspection_system.entry_point(name: field_name))
+          entry_point_field
+        elsif (dynamic_field = introspection_system.dynamic_field(name: field_name))
+          dynamic_field
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def get_fields(type, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        type.fields(context)
+      end
+
+      def introspection(new_introspection_namespace = nil)
+        if new_introspection_namespace
+          @introspection = new_introspection_namespace
+          # reset this cached value:
+          @introspection_system = nil
+        else
+          @introspection || find_inherited_value(:introspection)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def introspection_system
+        if !@introspection_system
+          @introspection_system = Schema::IntrospectionSystem.new(self)
+          @introspection_system.resolve_late_bindings
+        end
+        @introspection_system
+      end
+
+      def cursor_encoder(new_encoder = nil)
+        if new_encoder
+          @cursor_encoder = new_encoder
+        end
+        @cursor_encoder || find_inherited_value(:cursor_encoder, Base64Encoder)
+      end
+
+      def default_max_page_size(new_default_max_page_size = nil)
+        if new_default_max_page_size
+          @default_max_page_size = new_default_max_page_size
+        else
+          @default_max_page_size || find_inherited_value(:default_max_page_size)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_execution_strategy(new_query_execution_strategy = nil)
+        if new_query_execution_strategy
+          @query_execution_strategy = new_query_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @query_execution_strategy || find_inherited_value(:query_execution_strategy, self.default_execution_strategy)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def mutation_execution_strategy(new_mutation_execution_strategy = nil)
+        if new_mutation_execution_strategy
+          @mutation_execution_strategy = new_mutation_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @mutation_execution_strategy || find_inherited_value(:mutation_execution_strategy, self.default_execution_strategy)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def subscription_execution_strategy(new_subscription_execution_strategy = nil)
+        if new_subscription_execution_strategy
+          @subscription_execution_strategy = new_subscription_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @subscription_execution_strategy || find_inherited_value(:subscription_execution_strategy, self.default_execution_strategy)
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :validate_timeout
+
+      def validate_timeout(new_validate_timeout = nil)
+        if new_validate_timeout
+          @validate_timeout = new_validate_timeout
+        elsif defined?(@validate_timeout)
+          @validate_timeout
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:validate_timeout)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validate a query string according to this schema.
+      # @param string_or_document [String, GraphQL::Language::Nodes::Document]
+      # @return [Array<GraphQL::StaticValidation::Error >]
+      def validate(string_or_document, rules: nil, context: nil)
+        doc = if string_or_document.is_a?(String)
+          GraphQL.parse(string_or_document)
+        else
+          string_or_document
+        end
+        query = GraphQL::Query.new(self, document: doc, context: context)
+        validator_opts = { schema: self }
+        rules && (validator_opts[:rules] = rules)
+        validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(**validator_opts)
+        res = validator.validate(query, timeout: validate_timeout, max_errors: validate_max_errors)
+        res[:errors]
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :validate_max_errors
+
+      def validate_max_errors(new_validate_max_errors = nil)
+        if new_validate_max_errors
+          @validate_max_errors = new_validate_max_errors
+        elsif defined?(@validate_max_errors)
+          @validate_max_errors
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:validate_max_errors)
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :max_complexity
+
+      def max_complexity(max_complexity = nil)
+        if max_complexity
+          @max_complexity = max_complexity
+        elsif defined?(@max_complexity)
+          @max_complexity
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:max_complexity)
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :analysis_engine
+
+      def analysis_engine
+        @analysis_engine || find_inherited_value(:analysis_engine, self.default_analysis_engine)
+      end
+
+      def using_ast_analysis?
+        analysis_engine == GraphQL::Analysis::AST
+      end
+
+      def interpreter?
+        query_execution_strategy == GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter &&
+          mutation_execution_strategy == GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter &&
+          subscription_execution_strategy == GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :interpreter
+
+      def error_bubbling(new_error_bubbling = nil)
+        if !new_error_bubbling.nil?
+          @error_bubbling = new_error_bubbling
+        else
+          @error_bubbling.nil? ? find_inherited_value(:error_bubbling) : @error_bubbling
+        end
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :error_bubbling
+
+      attr_writer :max_depth
+
+      def max_depth(new_max_depth = nil)
+        if new_max_depth
+          @max_depth = new_max_depth
+        elsif defined?(@max_depth)
+          @max_depth
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:max_depth)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def disable_introspection_entry_points
+        @disable_introspection_entry_points = true
+        # TODO: this clears the cache made in `def types`. But this is not a great solution.
+        @introspection_system = nil
+      end
+
+      def disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
+        @disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = true
+        # TODO: this clears the cache made in `def types`. But this is not a great solution.
+        @introspection_system = nil
+      end
+
+      def disable_type_introspection_entry_point
+        @disable_type_introspection_entry_point = true
+        # TODO: this clears the cache made in `def types`. But this is not a great solution.
+        @introspection_system = nil
+      end
+
+      def disable_introspection_entry_points?
+        if instance_variable_defined?(:@disable_introspection_entry_points)
+          @disable_introspection_entry_points
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:disable_introspection_entry_points?, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?
+        if instance_variable_defined?(:@disable_schema_introspection_entry_point)
+          @disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def disable_type_introspection_entry_point?
+        if instance_variable_defined?(:@disable_type_introspection_entry_point)
+          @disable_type_introspection_entry_point
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:disable_type_introspection_entry_point?, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def orphan_types(*new_orphan_types)
+        if new_orphan_types.any?
+          new_orphan_types = new_orphan_types.flatten
+          add_type_and_traverse(new_orphan_types, root: false)
+          own_orphan_types.concat(new_orphan_types.flatten)
+        end
+
+        find_inherited_value(:orphan_types, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_orphan_types
+      end
+
+      def default_execution_strategy
+        if superclass <= GraphQL::Schema
+          superclass.default_execution_strategy
+        else
+          @default_execution_strategy ||= GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_analysis_engine
+        if superclass <= GraphQL::Schema
+          superclass.default_analysis_engine
+        else
+          @default_analysis_engine ||= GraphQL::Analysis::AST
+        end
+      end
+
+      def context_class(new_context_class = nil)
+        if new_context_class
+          @context_class = new_context_class
+        else
+          @context_class || find_inherited_value(:context_class, GraphQL::Query::Context)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def rescue_from(*err_classes, &handler_block)
+        err_classes.each do |err_class|
+          error_handler.rescue_from(err_class, handler_block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # rubocop:disable Lint/DuplicateMethods
+      module ResolveTypeWithType
+        def resolve_type(type, obj, ctx)
+          first_resolved_type, resolved_value = if type.is_a?(Module) && type.respond_to?(:resolve_type)
+            type.resolve_type(obj, ctx)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+
+          after_lazy(first_resolved_type) do |resolved_type|
+            if resolved_type.nil? || (resolved_type.is_a?(Module) && resolved_type.respond_to?(:kind)) || resolved_type.is_a?(GraphQL::BaseType)
+              if resolved_value
+                [resolved_type, resolved_value]
+              else
+                resolved_type
+              end
+            else
+              raise ".resolve_type should return a type definition, but got #{resolved_type.inspect} (#{resolved_type.class}) from `resolve_type(#{type}, #{obj}, #{ctx})`"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_type(type, obj, ctx)
+        if type.kind.object?
+          type
+        else
+          raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "#{self.name}.resolve_type(type, obj, ctx) must be implemented to use Union types or Interface types (tried to resolve: #{type.name})"
+        end
+      end
+      # rubocop:enable Lint/DuplicateMethods
+
+      def inherited(child_class)
+        if self == GraphQL::Schema
+          child_class.directives(default_directives.values)
+        end
+        child_class.singleton_class.prepend(ResolveTypeWithType)
+        super
+      end
+
+      def object_from_id(node_id, ctx)
+        raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "#{self.name}.object_from_id(node_id, ctx) must be implemented to load by ID (tried to load from id `#{node_id}`)"
+      end
+
+      def id_from_object(object, type, ctx)
+        raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "#{self.name}.id_from_object(object, type, ctx) must be implemented to create global ids (tried to create an id for `#{object.inspect}`)"
+      end
+
+      def visible?(member, ctx)
+        member.type_class.visible?(ctx)
+      end
+
+      def accessible?(member, ctx)
+        member.type_class.accessible?(ctx)
+      end
+
+      # This hook is called when a client tries to access one or more
+      # fields that fail the `accessible?` check.
+      #
+      # By default, an error is added to the response. Override this hook to
+      # track metrics or return a different error to the client.
+      #
+      # @param error [InaccessibleFieldsError] The analysis error for this check
+      # @return [AnalysisError, nil] Return an error to skip the query
+      def inaccessible_fields(error)
+        error
+      end
+
+      # This hook is called when an object fails an `authorized?` check.
+      # You might report to your bug tracker here, so you can correct
+      # the field resolvers not to return unauthorized objects.
+      #
+      # By default, this hook just replaces the unauthorized object with `nil`.
+      #
+      # Whatever value is returned from this method will be used instead of the
+      # unauthorized object (accessible as `unauthorized_error.object`). If an
+      # error is raised, then `nil` will be used.
+      #
+      # If you want to add an error to the `"errors"` key, raise a {GraphQL::ExecutionError}
+      # in this hook.
+      #
+      # @param unauthorized_error [GraphQL::UnauthorizedError]
+      # @return [Object] The returned object will be put in the GraphQL response
+      def unauthorized_object(unauthorized_error)
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # This hook is called when a field fails an `authorized?` check.
+      #
+      # By default, this hook implements the same behavior as unauthorized_object.
+      #
+      # Whatever value is returned from this method will be used instead of the
+      # unauthorized field . If an error is raised, then `nil` will be used.
+      #
+      # If you want to add an error to the `"errors"` key, raise a {GraphQL::ExecutionError}
+      # in this hook.
+      #
+      # @param unauthorized_error [GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError]
+      # @return [Field] The returned field will be put in the GraphQL response
+      def unauthorized_field(unauthorized_error)
+        unauthorized_object(unauthorized_error)
+      end
+
+      def type_error(type_err, ctx)
+        DefaultTypeError.call(type_err, ctx)
+      end
+
+      # A function to call when {#execute} receives an invalid query string
+      #
+      # The default is to add the error to `context.errors`
+      # @param err [GraphQL::ParseError] The error encountered during parsing
+      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the query where the error occurred
+      # @return void
+      def parse_error(parse_err, ctx)
+        ctx.errors.push(parse_err)
+      end
+
+      # @return [GraphQL::Execution::Errors]
+      def error_handler
+        @error_handler ||= GraphQL::Execution::Errors.new(self)
+      end
+
+      def lazy_resolve(lazy_class, value_method)
+        lazy_methods.set(lazy_class, value_method)
+      end
+
+      def instrument(instrument_step, instrumenter, options = {})
+        if instrument_step == :field
+          GraphQL::Deprecation.warn "Field instrumentation (#{instrumenter.inspect}) will be removed in GraphQL-Ruby 2.0, please upgrade to field extensions: https://graphql-ruby.org/type_definitions/field_extensions.html"
+        end
+
+        step = if instrument_step == :field && options[:after_built_ins]
+          :field_after_built_ins
+        else
+          instrument_step
+        end
+
+        own_instrumenters[step] << instrumenter
+      end
+
+      # Add several directives at once
+      # @param new_directives [Class]
+      def directives(*new_directives)
+        if new_directives.any?
+          new_directives.flatten.each { |d| directive(d) }
+        end
+
+        find_inherited_value(:directives, default_directives).merge(own_directives)
+      end
+
+      # Attach a single directive to this schema
+      # @param new_directive [Class]
+      # @return void
+      def directive(new_directive)
+        add_type_and_traverse(new_directive, root: false)
+      end
+
+      def default_directives
+        @default_directives ||= {
+          "include" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Include,
+          "skip" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Skip,
+          "deprecated" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Deprecated,
+        }.freeze
+      end
+
+      def tracer(new_tracer)
+        own_tracers << new_tracer
+      end
+
+      def tracers
+        find_inherited_value(:tracers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_tracers
+      end
+
+      def query_analyzer(new_analyzer)
+        if new_analyzer == GraphQL::Authorization::Analyzer
+          GraphQL::Deprecation.warn("The Authorization query analyzer is deprecated. Authorizing at query runtime is generally a better idea.")
+        end
+        own_query_analyzers << new_analyzer
+      end
+
+      def query_analyzers
+        find_inherited_value(:query_analyzers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_query_analyzers
+      end
+
+      def middleware(new_middleware = nil)
+        if new_middleware
+          GraphQL::Deprecation.warn "Middleware will be removed in GraphQL-Ruby 2.0, please upgrade to Field Extensions: https://graphql-ruby.org/type_definitions/field_extensions.html"
+          own_middleware << new_middleware
+        else
+          # TODO make sure this is cached when running a query
+          MiddlewareChain.new(steps: all_middleware, final_step: GraphQL::Execution::Execute::FieldResolveStep)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def multiplex_analyzer(new_analyzer)
+        own_multiplex_analyzers << new_analyzer
+      end
+
+      def multiplex_analyzers
+        find_inherited_value(:multiplex_analyzers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_multiplex_analyzers
+      end
+
+      def sanitized_printer(new_sanitized_printer = nil)
+        if new_sanitized_printer
+          @own_sanitized_printer = new_sanitized_printer
+        else
+          @own_sanitized_printer || GraphQL::Language::SanitizedPrinter
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Execute a query on itself.
+      # @see {Query#initialize} for arguments.
+      # @return [Hash] query result, ready to be serialized as JSON
+      def execute(query_str = nil, **kwargs)
+        if query_str
+          kwargs[:query] = query_str
+        end
+        # Some of the query context _should_ be passed to the multiplex, too
+        multiplex_context = if (ctx = kwargs[:context])
+          {
+            backtrace: ctx[:backtrace],
+            tracers: ctx[:tracers],
+          }
+        else
+          {}
+        end
+        # Since we're running one query, don't run a multiplex-level complexity analyzer
+        all_results = multiplex([kwargs], max_complexity: nil, context: multiplex_context)
+        all_results[0]
+      end
+
+      # Execute several queries on itself, concurrently.
+      #
+      # @example Run several queries at once
+      #   context = { ... }
+      #   queries = [
+      #     { query: params[:query_1], variables: params[:variables_1], context: context },
+      #     { query: params[:query_2], variables: params[:variables_2], context: context },
+      #   ]
+      #   results = MySchema.multiplex(queries)
+      #   render json: {
+      #     result_1: results[0],
+      #     result_2: results[1],
+      #   }
+      #
+      # @see {Query#initialize} for query keyword arguments
+      # @see {Execution::Multiplex#run_queries} for multiplex keyword arguments
+      # @param queries [Array<Hash>] Keyword arguments for each query
+      # @param context [Hash] Multiplex-level context
+      # @return [Array<Hash>] One result for each query in the input
+      def multiplex(queries, **kwargs)
+        schema = if interpreter?
+          self
+        else
+          graphql_definition
+        end
+        GraphQL::Execution::Multiplex.run_all(schema, queries, **kwargs)
+      end
+
+      def instrumenters
+        inherited_instrumenters = find_inherited_value(:instrumenters) || Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+        inherited_instrumenters.merge(own_instrumenters) do |_step, inherited, own|
+          inherited + own
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def add_subscription_extension_if_necessary
+        if interpreter? && !defined?(@subscription_extension_added) && subscription && self.subscriptions
+          @subscription_extension_added = true
+          if subscription.singleton_class.ancestors.include?(Subscriptions::SubscriptionRoot)
+            GraphQL::Deprecation.warn("`extend Subscriptions::SubscriptionRoot` is no longer required; you may remove it from #{self}'s `subscription` root type (#{subscription}).")
+          else
+            subscription.all_field_definitions.each do |field|
+              field.extension(Subscriptions::DefaultSubscriptionResolveExtension)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_stack_error(query, err)
+        query.context.errors.push(GraphQL::ExecutionError.new("This query is too large to execute."))
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # @param t [Module, Array<Module>]
+      # @return [void]
+      def add_type_and_traverse(t, root:)
+        if root
+          @root_types ||= []
+          @root_types << t
+        end
+        new_types = Array(t)
+        addition = Schema::Addition.new(schema: self, own_types: own_types, new_types: new_types)
+        addition.types.each do |name, types_entry| # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop -- build-time, not query-time
+          if (prev_entry = own_types[name])
+            prev_entries = case prev_entry
+            when Array
+              prev_entry
+            when Module
+              own_types[name] = [prev_entry]
+            else
+              raise "Invariant: unexpected prev_entry at #{name.inspect} when adding #{t.inspect}"
+            end
+
+            case types_entry
+            when Array
+              prev_entries.concat(types_entry)
+              prev_entries.uniq! # in case any are being re-visited
+            when Module
+              if !prev_entries.include?(types_entry)
+                prev_entries << types_entry
+              end
+            else
+              raise "Invariant: unexpected types_entry at #{name} when adding #{t.inspect}"
+            end
+          else
+            if types_entry.is_a?(Array)
+              types_entry.uniq!
+            end
+            own_types[name] = types_entry
+          end
+        end
+
+        own_possible_types.merge!(addition.possible_types) { |key, old_val, new_val| old_val + new_val }
+        own_union_memberships.merge!(addition.union_memberships)
+
+        addition.references.each { |thing, pointers|
+          pointers.each { |pointer| references_to(thing, from: pointer) }
+        }
+
+        addition.directives.each { |dir_class| own_directives[dir_class.graphql_name] = dir_class }
+
+        addition.arguments_with_default_values.each do |arg|
+          arg.validate_default_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def lazy_methods
+        if !defined?(@lazy_methods)
+          if inherited_map = find_inherited_value(:lazy_methods)
+            # this isn't _completely_ inherited :S (Things added after `dup` won't work)
+            @lazy_methods = inherited_map.dup
+          else
+            @lazy_methods = GraphQL::Execution::Lazy::LazyMethodMap.new
+            @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Execution::Lazy, :value)
+            @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Dataloader::Request, :load)
+          end
+        end
+        @lazy_methods
+      end
+
+      def own_types
+        @own_types ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def non_introspection_types
+        find_inherited_value(:non_introspection_types, EMPTY_HASH).merge(own_types)
+      end
+
+      def own_plugins
+        @own_plugins ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_orphan_types
+        @own_orphan_types ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_possible_types
+        @own_possible_types ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def own_union_memberships
+        @own_union_memberships ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def own_directives
+        @own_directives ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def own_instrumenters
+        @own_instrumenters ||= Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+      end
+
+      def own_tracers
+        @own_tracers ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_query_analyzers
+        @defined_query_analyzers ||= []
+      end
+
+      def all_middleware
+        find_inherited_value(:all_middleware, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_middleware
+      end
+
+      def own_middleware
+        @own_middleware ||= []
+      end
+
+      def own_multiplex_analyzers
+        @own_multiplex_analyzers ||= []
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dataloader_class
+      self.class.dataloader_class
+    end
+
+    # Install these here so that subclasses will also install it.
+    use(GraphQL::Pagination::Connections)
+
+    protected
+
+    def rescues?
+      !!@rescue_middleware
+    end
+
+    # Lazily create a middleware and add it to the schema
+    # (Don't add it if it's not used)
+    def rescue_middleware
+      @rescue_middleware ||= GraphQL::Schema::RescueMiddleware.new.tap { |m| middleware.insert(0, m) }
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def rebuild_artifacts
+      if @rebuilding_artifacts
+        raise CyclicalDefinitionError, "Part of the schema build process re-triggered the schema build process, causing an infinite loop. Avoid using Schema#types, Schema#possible_types, and Schema#get_field during schema build."
+      else
+        @rebuilding_artifacts = true
+        @introspection_system = Schema::IntrospectionSystem.new(self)
+        traversal = Traversal.new(self)
+        @types = traversal.type_map
+        @root_types = [query, mutation, subscription]
+        @instrumented_field_map = traversal.instrumented_field_map
+        @type_reference_map = traversal.type_reference_map
+        @union_memberships = traversal.union_memberships
+        @find_cache = {}
+        @finder = Finder.new(self)
+      end
+    ensure
+      @rebuilding_artifacts = false
+    end
+
+    class CyclicalDefinitionError < GraphQL::Error
+    end
+
+    def with_definition_error_check
+      if @definition_error
+        raise @definition_error
+      else
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end