graphql 1.8.18 → 2.0.0

data/lib/graphql/schema/field.rb

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-# test_via: ../object.rb
+require "graphql/schema/field/connection_extension"
+require "graphql/schema/field/scope_extension"
+
 module GraphQL
   class Schema
     class Field
-      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::CachedGraphQLDefinition
-      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::AcceptsDefinition
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasArguments
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasAstNode
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasPath
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasValidators
+      extend GraphQL::Schema::FindInheritedValue
+      include GraphQL::Schema::FindInheritedValue::EmptyObjects
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasDirectives
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasDeprecationReason
+
+      class FieldImplementationFailed < GraphQL::Error; end
 
       # @return [String] the GraphQL name for this field, camelized unless `camelize: false` is provided
       attr_reader :name
@@ -14,29 +22,54 @@ module GraphQL
 
       attr_writer :description
 
-      # @return [String, nil] If present, the field is marked as deprecated with this documentation
-      attr_accessor :deprecation_reason
-
-      # @return [Symbol] Method or hash key to look up
+      # @return [Symbol] Method or hash key on the underlying object to look up
       attr_reader :method_sym
 
-      # @return [String] Method or hash key to look up
+      # @return [String] Method or hash key on the underlying object to look up
       attr_reader :method_str
 
-      # @return [Class] The type that this field belongs to
-      attr_reader :owner
+      # @return [Symbol] The method on the type to look up
+      attr_reader :resolver_method
 
-      # @return [Symobol] the orignal name of the field, passed in by the user
-      attr_reader :original_name
+      # @return [Class] The thing this field was defined on (type, mutation, resolver)
+      attr_accessor :owner
 
+      # @return [Class] The GraphQL type this field belongs to. (For fields defined on mutations, it's the payload type)
+      def owner_type
+        @owner_type ||= if owner.nil?
+          raise GraphQL::InvariantError, "Field #{original_name.inspect} (graphql name: #{graphql_name.inspect}) has no owner, but all fields should have an owner. How did this happen?!"
+        elsif owner < GraphQL::Schema::Mutation
+          owner.payload_type
+        else
+          owner
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return [Symbol] the original name of the field, passed in by the user
+      attr_reader :original_name
 
       # @return [Class, nil] The {Schema::Resolver} this field was derived from, if there is one
       def resolver
         @resolver_class
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] Is this field a predefined introspection field?
+      def introspection?
+        @introspection
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class} #{path}#{all_argument_definitions.any? ? "(...)" : ""}: #{type.to_type_signature}>"
+      end
+
       alias :mutation :resolver
 
+      # @return [Boolean] Apply tracing to this field? (Default: skip scalars, this is the override value)
+      attr_reader :trace
+
+      # @return [String, nil]
+      attr_accessor :subscription_scope
+
       # Create a field instance from a list of arguments, keyword arguments, and a block.
       #
       # This method implements prioritization between the `resolver` or `mutation` defaults
@@ -45,10 +78,11 @@ module GraphQL
       # It also normalizes positional arguments into keywords for {Schema::Field#initialize}.
       # @param resolver [Class] A {GraphQL::Schema::Resolver} class to use for field configuration
       # @param mutation [Class] A {GraphQL::Schema::Mutation} class to use for field configuration
+      # @param subscription [Class] A {GraphQL::Schema::Subscription} class to use for field configuration
       # @return [GraphQL::Schema:Field] an instance of `self
       # @see {.initialize} for other options
-      def self.from_options(name = nil, type = nil, desc = nil, resolver: nil, mutation: nil, **kwargs, &block)
-        if (parent_config = resolver || mutation)
+      def self.from_options(name = nil, type = nil, desc = nil, resolver: nil, mutation: nil, subscription: nil,**kwargs, &block)
+        if (parent_config = resolver || mutation || subscription)
           # Get the parent config, merge in local overrides
           kwargs = parent_config.field_options.merge(kwargs)
           # Add a reference to that parent class
@@ -60,9 +94,6 @@ module GraphQL
         end
 
         if !type.nil?
-          if type.is_a?(GraphQL::Field)
-            raise ArgumentError, "A GraphQL::Field was passed as the second argument, use the `field:` keyword for this instead."
-          end
           if desc
             if kwargs[:description]
               raise ArgumentError, "Provide description as a positional argument or `description:` keyword, but not both (#{desc.inspect}, #{kwargs[:description].inspect})"
@@ -76,6 +107,9 @@ module GraphQL
           else
             kwargs[:type] = type
           end
+          if type.is_a?(Class) && type < GraphQL::Schema::Mutation
+            raise ArgumentError, "Use `field #{name.inspect}, mutation: Mutation, ...` to provide a mutation to this field instead"
+          end
         end
         new(**kwargs, &block)
       end
@@ -90,7 +124,8 @@ module GraphQL
           elsif @return_type_expr
             Member::BuildType.to_type_name(@return_type_expr)
           else
-            raise "No connection info possible"
+            # As a last ditch, try to force loading the return type:
+            type.unwrap.name
           end
           @connection = return_type_name.end_with?("Connection")
         else
@@ -104,21 +139,47 @@ module GraphQL
           # The default was overridden
           @scope
         else
-          @return_type_expr && type.unwrap.respond_to?(:scope_items) && (connection? || type.list?)
+          @return_type_expr && (@return_type_expr.is_a?(Array) || (@return_type_expr.is_a?(String) && @return_type_expr.include?("[")) || connection?)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This extension is applied to fields when {#connection?} is true.
+      #
+      # You can override it in your base field definition.
+      # @return [Class] A {FieldExtension} subclass for implementing pagination behavior.
+      # @example Configuring a custom extension
+      #   class Types::BaseField < GraphQL::Schema::Field
+      #     connection_extension(MyCustomExtension)
+      #   end
+      def self.connection_extension(new_extension_class = nil)
+        if new_extension_class
+          @connection_extension = new_extension_class
+        else
+          @connection_extension ||= find_inherited_value(:connection_extension, ConnectionExtension)
         end
       end
 
+      # @return Boolean
+      attr_reader :relay_node_field
+
+      # @return [Boolean] Should we warn if this field's name conflicts with a built-in method?
+      def method_conflict_warning?
+        @method_conflict_warning
+      end
+
       # @param name [Symbol] The underscore-cased version of this field name (will be camelized for the GraphQL API)
-      # @param return_type_expr [Class, GraphQL::BaseType, Array] The return type of this field
-      # @param desc [String] Field description
+      # @param type [Class, GraphQL::BaseType, Array] The return type of this field
       # @param owner [Class] The type that this field belongs to
       # @param null [Boolean] `true` if this field may return `null`, `false` if it is never `null`
       # @param description [String] Field description
       # @param deprecation_reason [String] If present, the field is marked "deprecated" with this message
-      # @param method [Symbol] The method to call to resolve this field (defaults to `name`)
-      # @param hash_key [Object] The hash key to lookup to resolve this field (defaults to `name` or `name.to_s`)
+      # @param method [Symbol] The method to call on the underlying object to resolve this field (defaults to `name`)
+      # @param hash_key [String, Symbol] The hash key to lookup on the underlying object (if its a Hash) to resolve this field (defaults to `name` or `name.to_s`)
+      # @param dig [Array<String, Symbol>] The nested hash keys to lookup on the underlying hash to resolve this field using dig
+      # @param resolver_method [Symbol] The method on the type to call to resolve this field (defaults to `name`)
       # @param connection [Boolean] `true` if this field should get automagic connection behavior; default is to infer by `*Connection` in the return type name
-      # @param max_page_size [Integer] For connections, the maximum number of items to return from this field
+      # @param connection_extension [Class] The extension to add, to implement connections. If `nil`, no extension is added.
+      # @param max_page_size [Integer, nil] For connections, the maximum number of items to return from this field, or `nil` to allow unlimited results.
       # @param introspection [Boolean] If true, this field will be marked as `#introspection?` and the name may begin with `__`
       # @param resolve [<#call(obj, args, ctx)>] **deprecated** for compatibility with <1.8.0
       # @param field [GraphQL::Field, GraphQL::Schema::Field] **deprecated** for compatibility with <1.8.0
@@ -129,8 +190,14 @@ module GraphQL
       # @param complexity [Numeric] When provided, set the complexity for this field
       # @param scope [Boolean] If true, the return type's `.scope_items` method will be called on the return value
       # @param subscription_scope [Symbol, String] A key in `context` which will be used to scope subscription payloads
-      def initialize(type: nil, name: nil, owner: nil, null: nil, field: nil, function: nil, description: nil, deprecation_reason: nil, method: nil, connection: nil, max_page_size: nil, scope: nil, resolve: nil, introspection: false, hash_key: nil, camelize: true, trace: nil, complexity: 1, extras: [], resolver_class: nil, subscription_scope: nil, arguments: {}, &definition_block)
-
+      # @param extensions [Array<Class, Hash<Class => Object>>] Named extensions to apply to this field (see also {#extension})
+      # @param directives [Hash{Class => Hash}] Directives to apply to this field
+      # @param trace [Boolean] If true, a {GraphQL::Tracing} tracer will measure this scalar field
+      # @param broadcastable [Boolean] Whether or not this field can be distributed in subscription broadcasts
+      # @param ast_node [Language::Nodes::FieldDefinition, nil] If this schema was parsed from definition, this AST node defined the field
+      # @param method_conflict_warning [Boolean] If false, skip the warning if this field's method conflicts with a built-in method
+      # @param validates [Array<Hash>] Configurations for validating this field
+      def initialize(type: nil, name: nil, owner: nil, null: true, field: nil, function: nil, description: nil, deprecation_reason: nil, method: nil, hash_key: nil, dig: nil, resolver_method: nil, resolve: nil, connection: nil, max_page_size: :not_given, scope: nil, introspection: false, camelize: true, trace: nil, complexity: 1, ast_node: nil, extras: EMPTY_ARRAY, extensions: EMPTY_ARRAY, connection_extension: self.class.connection_extension, resolver_class: nil, subscription_scope: nil, relay_node_field: false, relay_nodes_field: false, method_conflict_warning: true, broadcastable: nil, arguments: EMPTY_HASH, directives: EMPTY_HASH, validates: EMPTY_ARRAY, &definition_block)
         if name.nil?
           raise ArgumentError, "missing first `name` argument or keyword `name:`"
         end
@@ -138,57 +205,106 @@ module GraphQL
           if type.nil?
             raise ArgumentError, "missing second `type` argument or keyword `type:`"
           end
-          if null.nil?
-            raise ArgumentError, "missing keyword argument null:"
-          end
         end
         if (field || function || resolve) && extras.any?
           raise ArgumentError, "keyword `extras:` may only be used with method-based resolve and class-based field such as mutation class, please remove `field:`, `function:` or `resolve:`"
         end
         @original_name = name
-        @name = camelize ? Member::BuildType.camelize(name.to_s) : name.to_s
+        name_s = -name.to_s
+        @underscored_name = -Member::BuildType.underscore(name_s)
+        @name = -(camelize ? Member::BuildType.camelize(name_s) : name_s)
         @description = description
         if field.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Field)
-          @field_instance = field
+          raise ArgumentError, "Instead of passing a field as `field:`, use `add_field(field)` to add an already-defined field."
         else
           @field = field
         end
         @function = function
         @resolve = resolve
-        @deprecation_reason = deprecation_reason
-        if method && hash_key
-          raise ArgumentError, "Provide `method:` _or_ `hash_key:`, not both. (called with: `method: #{method.inspect}, hash_key: #{hash_key.inspect}`)"
+        self.deprecation_reason = deprecation_reason
+
+        if method && hash_key && dig
+          raise ArgumentError, "Provide `method:`, `hash_key:` _or_ `dig:`, not multiple. (called with: `method: #{method.inspect}, hash_key: #{hash_key.inspect}, dig: #{dig.inspect}`)"
+        end
+
+        if resolver_method
+          if method
+            raise ArgumentError, "Provide `method:` _or_ `resolver_method:`, not both. (called with: `method: #{method.inspect}, resolver_method: #{resolver_method.inspect}`)"
+          end
+
+          if hash_key || dig
+            raise ArgumentError, "Provide `hash_key:`, `dig:`, _or_ `resolver_method:`, not multiple. (called with: `hash_key: #{hash_key.inspect}, dig: #{dig.inspect}, resolver_method: #{resolver_method.inspect}`)"
+          end
         end
 
         # TODO: I think non-string/symbol hash keys are wrongly normalized (eg `1` will not work)
-        method_name = method || hash_key || Member::BuildType.underscore(name.to_s)
+        method_name = method || hash_key || name_s
+        @dig_keys = dig
+        resolver_method ||= name_s.to_sym
 
-        @method_str = method_name.to_s
+        @method_str = -method_name.to_s
         @method_sym = method_name.to_sym
+        @resolver_method = resolver_method
         @complexity = complexity
         @return_type_expr = type
         @return_type_null = null
         @connection = connection
-        @max_page_size = max_page_size
+        @has_max_page_size = max_page_size != :not_given
+        @max_page_size = max_page_size == :not_given ? nil : max_page_size
         @introspection = introspection
         @extras = extras
+        @broadcastable = broadcastable
         @resolver_class = resolver_class
         @scope = scope
         @trace = trace
+        @relay_node_field = relay_node_field
+        @relay_nodes_field = relay_nodes_field
+        @ast_node = ast_node
+        @method_conflict_warning = method_conflict_warning
 
-        # Override the default from HasArguments
-        @own_arguments = {}
         arguments.each do |name, arg|
-          if arg.is_a?(Hash)
+          case arg
+          when Hash
             argument(name: name, **arg)
+          when GraphQL::Schema::Argument
+            add_argument(arg)
+          when Array
+            arg.each { |a| add_argument(a) }
           else
-            @own_arguments[name] = arg
+            raise ArgumentError, "Unexpected argument config (#{arg.class}): #{arg.inspect}"
           end
         end
 
         @owner = owner
         @subscription_scope = subscription_scope
 
+        @extensions = EMPTY_ARRAY
+        @call_after_define = false
+        # This should run before connection extension,
+        # but should it run after the definition block?
+        if scoped?
+          self.extension(ScopeExtension)
+        end
+
+        # The problem with putting this after the definition_block
+        # is that it would override arguments
+        if connection? && connection_extension
+          self.extension(connection_extension)
+        end
+
+        # Do this last so we have as much context as possible when initializing them:
+        if extensions.any?
+          self.extensions(extensions)
+        end
+
+        if directives.any?
+          directives.each do |(dir_class, options)|
+            self.directive(dir_class, **options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        self.validates(validates)
+
         if definition_block
           if definition_block.arity == 1
             yield self
@@ -196,6 +312,16 @@ module GraphQL
             instance_eval(&definition_block)
           end
         end
+
+        self.extensions.each(&:after_define_apply)
+        @call_after_define = true
+      end
+
+      # If true, subscription updates with this field can be shared between viewers
+      # @return [Boolean, nil]
+      # @see GraphQL::Subscriptions::BroadcastAnalyzer
+      def broadcastable?
+        @broadcastable
       end
 
       # @param text [String]
@@ -208,107 +334,186 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
-      def complexity(new_complexity)
-        case new_complexity
-        when Proc
-          if new_complexity.parameters.size != 3
-            fail(
-              "A complexity proc should always accept 3 parameters: ctx, args, child_complexity. "\
-              "E.g.: complexity ->(ctx, args, child_complexity) { child_complexity * args[:limit] }"
-            )
-          else
-            @complexity = new_complexity
+      # Read extension instances from this field,
+      # or add new classes/options to be initialized on this field.
+      # Extensions are executed in the order they are added.
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension
+      #   extensions([MyExtensionClass])
+      #
+      # @example adding multiple extensions
+      #   extensions([MyExtensionClass, AnotherExtensionClass])
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension with options
+      #   extensions([MyExtensionClass, { AnotherExtensionClass => { filter: true } }])
+      #
+      # @param extensions [Array<Class, Hash<Class => Hash>>] Add extensions to this field. For hash elements, only the first key/value is used.
+      # @return [Array<GraphQL::Schema::FieldExtension>] extensions to apply to this field
+      def extensions(new_extensions = nil)
+        if new_extensions
+          new_extensions.each do |extension_config|
+            if extension_config.is_a?(Hash)
+              extension_class, options = *extension_config.to_a[0]
+              self.extension(extension_class, options)
+            else
+              self.extension(extension_config)
+            end
           end
-        when Numeric
-          @complexity = new_complexity
-        else
-          raise("Invalid complexity: #{new_complexity.inspect} on #{@name}")
         end
-
+        @extensions
       end
 
-      # @return [GraphQL::Field]
-      def to_graphql
-        # this field was previously defined and passed here, so delegate to it
-        if @field_instance
-          return @field_instance.to_graphql
-        end
-
+      # Add `extension` to this field, initialized with `options` if provided.
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension
+      #   extension(MyExtensionClass)
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension with options
+      #   extension(MyExtensionClass, filter: true)
+      #
+      # @param extension_class [Class] subclass of {Schema::FieldExtension}
+      # @param options [Hash] if provided, given as `options:` when initializing `extension`.
+      # @return [void]
+      def extension(extension_class, options = nil)
+        extension_inst = extension_class.new(field: self, options: options)
+        if @extensions.frozen?
+          @extensions = @extensions.dup
+        end
+        if @call_after_define
+          extension_inst.after_define_apply
+        end
+        @extensions << extension_inst
+        nil
+      end
 
-        field_defn = if @field
-          @field.dup
-        elsif @function
-          GraphQL::Function.build_field(@function)
+      # Read extras (as symbols) from this field,
+      # or add new extras to be opted into by this field's resolver.
+      #
+      # @param new_extras [Array<Symbol>] Add extras to this field
+      # @return [Array<Symbol>]
+      def extras(new_extras = nil)
+        if new_extras.nil?
+          # Read the value
+          @extras
         else
-          GraphQL::Field.new
-        end
-
-        field_defn.name = @name
-        if @return_type_expr
-          field_defn.type = -> { type }
+          if @extras.frozen?
+            @extras = @extras.dup
+          end
+          # Append to the set of extras on this field
+          @extras.concat(new_extras)
         end
+      end
 
-        if @description
-          field_defn.description = @description
-        end
+      def calculate_complexity(query:, nodes:, child_complexity:)
+        if respond_to?(:complexity_for)
+          lookahead = GraphQL::Execution::Lookahead.new(query: query, field: self, ast_nodes: nodes, owner_type: owner)
+          complexity_for(child_complexity: child_complexity, query: query, lookahead: lookahead)
+        elsif connection?
+          arguments = query.arguments_for(nodes.first, self)
+          max_possible_page_size = nil
+          if arguments.respond_to?(:[]) # It might have been an error
+            if arguments[:first]
+              max_possible_page_size = arguments[:first]
+            end
 
-        if @deprecation_reason
-          field_defn.deprecation_reason = @deprecation_reason
-        end
+            if arguments[:last] && (max_possible_page_size.nil? || arguments[:last] > max_possible_page_size)
+              max_possible_page_size = arguments[:last]
+            end
+          end
 
-        if @resolver_class
-          if @resolver_class < GraphQL::Schema::Mutation
-            field_defn.mutation = @resolver_class
+          if max_possible_page_size.nil?
+            max_possible_page_size = max_page_size || query.schema.default_max_page_size
           end
-          field_defn.metadata[:resolver] = @resolver_class
-        end
 
-        if !@trace.nil?
-          field_defn.trace = @trace
-        end
+          if max_possible_page_size.nil?
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Can't calculate complexity for #{path}, no `first:`, `last:`, `max_page_size` or `default_max_page_size`"
+          else
+            metadata_complexity = 0
+            lookahead = GraphQL::Execution::Lookahead.new(query: query, field: self, ast_nodes: nodes, owner_type: owner)
 
-        field_defn.resolve = self.method(:resolve_field)
-        field_defn.connection = connection?
-        field_defn.connection_max_page_size = @max_page_size
-        field_defn.introspection = @introspection
-        field_defn.complexity = @complexity
-        field_defn.subscription_scope = @subscription_scope
+            if (page_info_lookahead = lookahead.selection(:page_info)).selected?
+              metadata_complexity += 1 # pageInfo
+              metadata_complexity += page_info_lookahead.selections.size # subfields
+            end
 
-        # apply this first, so it can be overriden below
-        if connection?
-          # TODO: this could be a bit weird, because these fields won't be present
-          # after initialization, only in the `to_graphql` response.
-          # This calculation _could_ be moved up if need be.
-          argument :after, "String", "Returns the elements in the list that come after the specified cursor.", required: false
-          argument :before, "String", "Returns the elements in the list that come before the specified cursor.", required: false
-          argument :first, "Int", "Returns the first _n_ elements from the list.", required: false
-          argument :last, "Int", "Returns the last _n_ elements from the list.", required: false
-        end
+            if lookahead.selects?(:total) || lookahead.selects?(:total_count) || lookahead.selects?(:count)
+              metadata_complexity += 1
+            end
 
-        arguments.each do |name, defn|
-          arg_graphql = defn.to_graphql
-          field_defn.arguments[arg_graphql.name] = arg_graphql
-        end
+            nodes_edges_complexity = 0
+            nodes_edges_complexity += 1 if lookahead.selects?(:edges)
+            nodes_edges_complexity += 1 if lookahead.selects?(:nodes)
 
-        # Support a passed-in proc, one way or another
-        @resolve_proc = if @resolve
-          @resolve
-        elsif @function
-          @function
-        elsif @field
-          @field.resolve_proc
+            # Possible bug: selections on `edges` and `nodes` are _both_ multiplied here. Should they be?
+            items_complexity = child_complexity - metadata_complexity - nodes_edges_complexity
+            # Add 1 for _this_ field
+            1 + (max_possible_page_size * items_complexity) + metadata_complexity + nodes_edges_complexity
+          end
+        else
+          defined_complexity = complexity
+          case defined_complexity
+          when Proc
+            arguments = query.arguments_for(nodes.first, self)
+            defined_complexity.call(query.context, arguments.keyword_arguments, child_complexity)
+          when Numeric
+            defined_complexity + child_complexity
+          else
+            raise("Invalid complexity: #{defined_complexity.inspect} on #{path} (#{inspect})")
+          end
         end
+      end
 
-        # Ok, `self` isn't a class, but this is for consistency with the classes
-        field_defn.metadata[:type_class] = self
+      def complexity(new_complexity = nil)
+        case new_complexity
+        when Proc
+          if new_complexity.parameters.size != 3
+            fail(
+              "A complexity proc should always accept 3 parameters: ctx, args, child_complexity. "\
+              "E.g.: complexity ->(ctx, args, child_complexity) { child_complexity * args[:limit] }"
+            )
+          else
+            @complexity = new_complexity
+          end
+        when Numeric
+          @complexity = new_complexity
+        when nil
+          @complexity
+        else
+          raise("Invalid complexity: #{new_complexity.inspect} on #{@name}")
+        end
+      end
 
-        field_defn
+      # @return [Boolean] True if this field's {#max_page_size} should override the schema default.
+      def has_max_page_size?
+        @has_max_page_size
       end
 
+      # @return [Integer, nil] Applied to connections if {#has_max_page_size?}
+      attr_reader :max_page_size
+
+      class MissingReturnTypeError < GraphQL::Error; end
+      attr_writer :type
+
       def type
-        @type ||= Member::BuildType.parse_type(@return_type_expr, null: @return_type_null)
-      rescue
-        raise ArgumentError, "Failed to build return type for #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{name} from #{@return_type_expr.inspect}: #{$!.message}", $!.backtrace
+        @type ||= if @function
+          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@function.type, null: false)
+        elsif @field
+          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@field.type, null: false)
+        elsif @return_type_expr.nil?
+          # Not enough info to determine type
+          message = "Can't determine the return type for #{self.path}"
+          if @resolver_class
+            message += " (it has `resolver: #{@resolver_class}`, consider configuration a `type ...` for that class)"
+          end
+          raise MissingReturnTypeError, message
+        else
+          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@return_type_expr, null: @return_type_null)
+        end
+      rescue GraphQL::Schema::InvalidDocumentError, MissingReturnTypeError => err
+        # Let this propagate up
+        raise err
+      rescue StandardError => err
+        raise MissingReturnTypeError, "Failed to build return type for #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{name} from #{@return_type_expr.inspect}: (#{err.class}) #{err.message}", err.backtrace
       end
 
       def visible?(context)
@@ -327,138 +532,252 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
-      def authorized?(object, context)
+      def authorized?(object, args, context)
         if @resolver_class
+          # The resolver _instance_ will check itself during `resolve()`
           @resolver_class.authorized?(object, context)
         else
+          if (arg_values = context[:current_arguments])
+            # ^^ that's provided by the interpreter at runtime, and includes info about whether the default value was used or not.
+            using_arg_values = true
+            arg_values = arg_values.argument_values
+          else
+            arg_values = args
+            using_arg_values = false
+          end
+          # Faster than `.any?`
+          arguments(context).each_value do |arg|
+            arg_key = arg.keyword
+            if arg_values.key?(arg_key)
+              arg_value = arg_values[arg_key]
+              if using_arg_values
+                if arg_value.default_used?
+                  # pass -- no auth required for default used
+                  next
+                else
+                  application_arg_value = arg_value.value
+                  if application_arg_value.is_a?(GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter::Arguments)
+                    application_arg_value.keyword_arguments
+                  end
+                end
+              else
+                application_arg_value = arg_value
+              end
+
+              if !arg.authorized?(object, application_arg_value, context)
+                return false
+              end
+            end
+          end
           true
         end
       end
 
-      # Implement {GraphQL::Field}'s resolve API.
-      #
-      # Eventually, we might hook up field instances to execution in another way. TBD.
-      def resolve_field(obj, args, ctx)
-        ctx.schema.after_lazy(obj) do |after_obj|
-          # First, apply auth ...
-          query_ctx = ctx.query.context
-          # Some legacy fields can have `nil` here, not exactly sure why.
-          # @see https://github.com/rmosolgo/graphql-ruby/issues/1990 before removing
-          inner_obj = after_obj && after_obj.object
-          if authorized?(inner_obj, query_ctx) && arguments.each_value.all? { |a| a.authorized?(inner_obj, query_ctx) }
-            # Then if it passed, resolve the field
-            v = if @resolve_proc
-              # Might be nil, still want to call the func in that case
-              @resolve_proc.call(inner_obj, args, ctx)
-            elsif @resolver_class
-              singleton_inst = @resolver_class.new(object: inner_obj, context: query_ctx)
-              public_send_field(singleton_inst, args, ctx)
+      # This method is called by the interpreter for each field.
+      # You can extend it in your base field classes.
+      # @param object [GraphQL::Schema::Object] An instance of some type class, wrapping an application object
+      # @param args [Hash] A symbol-keyed hash of Ruby keyword arguments. (Empty if no args)
+      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context]
+      def resolve(object, args, ctx)
+        if @resolve_proc
+          raise "Can't run resolve proc for #{path} when using GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter"
+        end
+        begin
+          # Unwrap the GraphQL object to get the application object.
+          application_object = object.object
+
+          Schema::Validator.validate!(validators, application_object, ctx, args)
+
+          ctx.schema.after_lazy(self.authorized?(application_object, args, ctx)) do |is_authorized|
+            if is_authorized
+              public_send_field(object, args, ctx)
             else
-              public_send_field(after_obj, args, ctx)
+              raise GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError.new(object: application_object, type: object.class, context: ctx, field: self)
             end
-            apply_scope(v, ctx)
-          else
-            nil
           end
-        end
+        rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError => err
+          err.field ||= self
+          ctx.schema.unauthorized_field(err)
+        rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedError => err
+          ctx.schema.unauthorized_object(err)
+        end
+      rescue GraphQL::ExecutionError => err
+        err
       end
 
-      # Find a way to resolve this field, checking:
-      #
-      # - Hash keys, if the wrapped object is a hash;
-      # - A method on the wrapped object;
-      # - Or, raise not implemented.
-      #
-      # This can be overridden by defining a method on the object type.
-      # @param obj [GraphQL::Schema::Object]
-      # @param ruby_kwargs [Hash<Symbol => Object>]
       # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context]
-      def resolve_field_method(obj, ruby_kwargs, ctx)
-        if obj.object.is_a?(Hash)
-          inner_object = obj.object
-          if inner_object.key?(@method_sym)
-            inner_object[@method_sym]
-          else
-            inner_object[@method_str]
-          end
-        elsif obj.object.respond_to?(@method_sym)
-          if ruby_kwargs.any?
-            obj.object.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
-          else
-            obj.object.public_send(@method_sym)
-          end
+      def fetch_extra(extra_name, ctx)
+        if extra_name != :path && extra_name != :ast_node && respond_to?(extra_name)
+          self.public_send(extra_name)
+        elsif ctx.respond_to?(extra_name)
+          ctx.public_send(extra_name)
         else
-          raise <<-ERR
-        Failed to implement #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{@name}, tried:
-
-        - `#{obj.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
-        - `#{obj.object.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
-        - Looking up hash key `#{@method_sym.inspect}` or `#{@method_str.inspect}` on `#{obj.object}`, but it wasn't a Hash
-
-        To implement this field, define one of the methods above (and check for typos)
-        ERR
+          raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Unknown field extra for #{self.path}: #{extra_name.inspect}"
         end
       end
 
       private
 
-      def apply_scope(value, ctx)
-        if scoped?
-          ctx.schema.after_lazy(value) do |inner_value|
-            @type.unwrap.scope_items(inner_value, ctx)
+      def public_send_field(unextended_obj, unextended_ruby_kwargs, query_ctx)
+        with_extensions(unextended_obj, unextended_ruby_kwargs, query_ctx) do |obj, ruby_kwargs|
+          begin
+            method_receiver = nil
+            method_to_call = nil
+            if @resolver_class
+              if obj.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
+                obj = obj.object
+              end
+              obj = @resolver_class.new(object: obj, context: query_ctx, field: self)
+            end
+
+            # Find a way to resolve this field, checking:
+            #
+            # - A method on the type instance;
+            # - Hash keys, if the wrapped object is a hash;
+            # - A method on the wrapped object;
+            # - Or, raise not implemented.
+            #
+            if obj.respond_to?(@resolver_method)
+              method_to_call = @resolver_method
+              method_receiver = obj
+              # Call the method with kwargs, if there are any
+              if ruby_kwargs.any?
+                obj.public_send(@resolver_method, **ruby_kwargs)
+              else
+                obj.public_send(@resolver_method)
+              end
+            elsif obj.object.is_a?(Hash)
+              inner_object = obj.object
+              if @dig_keys
+                inner_object.dig(*@dig_keys)
+              elsif inner_object.key?(@method_sym)
+                inner_object[@method_sym]
+              else
+                inner_object[@method_str]
+              end
+            elsif obj.object.respond_to?(@method_sym)
+              method_to_call = @method_sym
+              method_receiver = obj.object
+              if ruby_kwargs.any?
+                obj.object.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
+              else
+                obj.object.public_send(@method_sym)
+              end
+            else
+              raise <<-ERR
+            Failed to implement #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{@name}, tried:
+
+            - `#{obj.class}##{@resolver_method}`, which did not exist
+            - `#{obj.object.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
+            - Looking up hash key `#{@method_sym.inspect}` or `#{@method_str.inspect}` on `#{obj.object}`, but it wasn't a Hash
+
+            To implement this field, define one of the methods above (and check for typos)
+            ERR
+            end
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            assert_satisfactory_implementation(method_receiver, method_to_call, ruby_kwargs)
+            # if the line above doesn't raise, re-raise
+            raise
           end
-        else
-          value
         end
       end
 
-      CONTEXT_EXTRAS = [:path]
+      def assert_satisfactory_implementation(receiver, method_name, ruby_kwargs)
+        method_defn = receiver.method(method_name)
+        unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs = ruby_kwargs.dup
+        unsatisfied_method_params = []
+        encountered_keyrest = false
+        method_defn.parameters.each do |(param_type, param_name)|
+          case param_type
+          when :key
+            unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs.delete(param_name)
+          when :keyreq
+            if unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs.key?(param_name)
+              unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs.delete(param_name)
+            else
+              unsatisfied_method_params << "- `#{param_name}:` is required by Ruby, but not by GraphQL. Consider `#{param_name}: nil` instead, or making this argument required in GraphQL."
+            end
+          when :keyrest
+            encountered_keyrest = true
+          when :req
+            unsatisfied_method_params << "- `#{param_name}` is required by Ruby, but GraphQL doesn't pass positional arguments. If it's meant to be a GraphQL argument, use `#{param_name}:` instead. Otherwise, remove it."
+          when :opt, :rest
+            # This is fine, although it will never be present
+          end
+        end
 
-      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context::FieldResolutionContext]
-      def fetch_extra(extra_name, ctx)
-        if !CONTEXT_EXTRAS.include?(extra_name) && respond_to?(extra_name)
-          self.public_send(extra_name)
-        elsif ctx.respond_to?(extra_name)
-          ctx.public_send(extra_name)
-        else
-          raise NotImplementedError, "Unknown field extra for #{self.path}: #{extra_name.inspect}"
+        if encountered_keyrest
+          unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs.clear
+        end
+
+        if unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs.any? || unsatisfied_method_params.any?
+          raise FieldImplementationFailed.new, <<-ERR
+Failed to call #{method_name} on #{receiver.inspect} because the Ruby method params were incompatible with the GraphQL arguments:
+
+#{ unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs
+    .map { |key, value| "- `#{key}: #{value}` was given by GraphQL but not defined in the Ruby method. Add `#{key}:` to the method parameters." }
+    .concat(unsatisfied_method_params)
+    .join("\n") }
+ERR
         end
       end
 
-      NO_ARGS = {}.freeze
-
-      def public_send_field(obj, graphql_args, field_ctx)
-        if graphql_args.any? || @extras.any?
-          # Splat the GraphQL::Arguments to Ruby keyword arguments
-          ruby_kwargs = graphql_args.to_kwargs
-          # Apply any `prepare` methods. Not great code organization, can this go somewhere better?
-          arguments.each do |name, arg_defn|
-            ruby_kwargs_key = arg_defn.keyword
-            if ruby_kwargs.key?(ruby_kwargs_key) && arg_defn.prepare
-              ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key] = arg_defn.prepare_value(obj, ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key])
+      # Wrap execution with hooks.
+      # Written iteratively to avoid big stack traces.
+      # @return [Object] Whatever the
+      def with_extensions(obj, args, ctx)
+        if @extensions.empty?
+          yield(obj, args)
+        else
+          # This is a hack to get the _last_ value for extended obj and args,
+          # in case one of the extensions doesn't `yield`.
+          # (There's another implementation that uses multiple-return, but I'm wary of the perf cost of the extra arrays)
+          extended = { args: args, obj: obj, memos: nil, added_extras: nil }
+          value = run_extensions_before_resolve(obj, args, ctx, extended) do |obj, args|
+            if (added_extras = extended[:added_extras])
+              args = args.dup
+              added_extras.each { |e| args.delete(e) }
             end
+            yield(obj, args)
           end
 
-          if connection?
-            # Remove pagination args before passing it to a user method
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:first)
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:last)
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:before)
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:after)
-          end
-
-          @extras.each do |extra_arg|
-            ruby_kwargs[extra_arg] = fetch_extra(extra_arg, field_ctx)
+          extended_obj = extended[:obj]
+          extended_args = extended[:args]
+          memos = extended[:memos] || EMPTY_HASH
+
+          ctx.schema.after_lazy(value) do |resolved_value|
+            idx = 0
+            @extensions.each do |ext|
+              memo = memos[idx]
+              # TODO after_lazy?
+              resolved_value = ext.after_resolve(object: extended_obj, arguments: extended_args, context: ctx, value: resolved_value, memo: memo)
+              idx += 1
+            end
+            resolved_value
           end
-        else
-          ruby_kwargs = NO_ARGS
         end
+      end
 
+      def run_extensions_before_resolve(obj, args, ctx, extended, idx: 0)
+        extension = @extensions[idx]
+        if extension
+          extension.resolve(object: obj, arguments: args, context: ctx) do |extended_obj, extended_args, memo|
+            if memo
+              memos = extended[:memos] ||= {}
+              memos[idx] = memo
+            end
 
-        if ruby_kwargs.any?
-          obj.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
+            if (extras = extension.added_extras)
+              ae = extended[:added_extras] ||= []
+              ae.concat(extras)
+            end
+
+            extended[:obj] = extended_obj
+            extended[:args] = extended_args
+            run_extensions_before_resolve(extended_obj, extended_args, ctx, extended, idx: idx + 1) { |o, a| yield(o, a) }
+          end
         else
-          obj.public_send(@method_sym)
+          yield(obj, args)
         end
       end
     end