graphql 1.8.0 → 1.12.12

data/lib/graphql/schema/field.rb

@@ -1,35 +1,77 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
-# test_via: ../object.rb
+require "graphql/schema/field/connection_extension"
+require "graphql/schema/field/scope_extension"
+
 module GraphQL
   class Schema
     class Field
+      if !String.method_defined?(:-@)
+        using GraphQL::StringDedupBackport
+      end
+
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::CachedGraphQLDefinition
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::AcceptsDefinition
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasArguments
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasAstNode
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasPath
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasValidators
+      extend GraphQL::Schema::FindInheritedValue
+      include GraphQL::Schema::FindInheritedValue::EmptyObjects
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasDirectives
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasDeprecationReason
 
       # @return [String] the GraphQL name for this field, camelized unless `camelize: false` is provided
-      attr_accessor :name
+      attr_reader :name
+      alias :graphql_name :name
 
-      # @return [String]
-      attr_accessor :description
+      attr_writer :description
 
-      # @return [Symbol] Method or hash key to look up
+      # @return [Symbol] Method or hash key on the underlying object to look up
       attr_reader :method_sym
 
-      # @return [String] Method or hash key to look up
+      # @return [String] Method or hash key on the underlying object to look up
       attr_reader :method_str
 
-      # @return [Class] The type that this field belongs to
-      attr_reader :owner
+      # @return [Symbol] The method on the type to look up
+      attr_reader :resolver_method
 
+      # @return [Class] The thing this field was defined on (type, mutation, resolver)
+      attr_accessor :owner
+
+      # @return [Class] The GraphQL type this field belongs to. (For fields defined on mutations, it's the payload type)
+      def owner_type
+        @owner_type ||= if owner < GraphQL::Schema::Mutation
+          owner.payload_type
+        else
+          owner
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return [Symbol] the original name of the field, passed in by the user
+      attr_reader :original_name
 
       # @return [Class, nil] The {Schema::Resolver} this field was derived from, if there is one
       def resolver
         @resolver_class
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] Is this field a predefined introspection field?
+      def introspection?
+        @introspection
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class} #{path}#{arguments.any? ? "(...)" : ""}: #{type.to_type_signature}>"
+      end
+
       alias :mutation :resolver
 
+      # @return [Boolean] Apply tracing to this field? (Default: skip scalars, this is the override value)
+      attr_reader :trace
+
+      # @return [String, nil]
+      attr_accessor :subscription_scope
+
       # Create a field instance from a list of arguments, keyword arguments, and a block.
       #
       # This method implements prioritization between the `resolver` or `mutation` defaults
@@ -38,10 +80,21 @@ module GraphQL
       # It also normalizes positional arguments into keywords for {Schema::Field#initialize}.
       # @param resolver [Class] A {GraphQL::Schema::Resolver} class to use for field configuration
       # @param mutation [Class] A {GraphQL::Schema::Mutation} class to use for field configuration
+      # @param subscription [Class] A {GraphQL::Schema::Subscription} class to use for field configuration
       # @return [GraphQL::Schema:Field] an instance of `self
       # @see {.initialize} for other options
-      def self.from_options(name = nil, type = nil, desc = nil, resolver: nil, mutation: nil, **kwargs, &block)
-        if (parent_config = resolver || mutation)
+      def self.from_options(name = nil, type = nil, desc = nil, resolver: nil, mutation: nil, subscription: nil,**kwargs, &block)
+        if kwargs[:field]
+          if kwargs[:field].is_a?(GraphQL::Field) && kwargs[:field] == GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodeField.graphql_definition
+            GraphQL::Deprecation.warn("Legacy-style `GraphQL::Relay::Node.field` is being added to a class-based type. See `GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodeField` for a replacement.")
+            return GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodeField
+          elsif kwargs[:field].is_a?(GraphQL::Field) && kwargs[:field] == GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodesField.graphql_definition
+            GraphQL::Deprecation.warn("Legacy-style `GraphQL::Relay::Node.plural_field` is being added to a class-based type. See `GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodesField` for a replacement.")
+            return GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodesField
+          end
+        end
+
+        if (parent_config = resolver || mutation || subscription)
           # Get the parent config, merge in local overrides
           kwargs = parent_config.field_options.merge(kwargs)
           # Add a reference to that parent class
@@ -73,17 +126,71 @@ module GraphQL
         new(**kwargs, &block)
       end
 
+      # Can be set with `connection: true|false` or inferred from a type name ending in `*Connection`
+      # @return [Boolean] if true, this field will be wrapped with Relay connection behavior
+      def connection?
+        if @connection.nil?
+          # Provide default based on type name
+          return_type_name = if (contains_type = @field || @function)
+            Member::BuildType.to_type_name(contains_type.type)
+          elsif @return_type_expr
+            Member::BuildType.to_type_name(@return_type_expr)
+          else
+            # As a last ditch, try to force loading the return type:
+            type.unwrap.name
+          end
+          @connection = return_type_name.end_with?("Connection")
+        else
+          @connection
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return [Boolean] if true, the return type's `.scope_items` method will be applied to this field's return value
+      def scoped?
+        if !@scope.nil?
+          # The default was overridden
+          @scope
+        else
+          @return_type_expr && (@return_type_expr.is_a?(Array) || (@return_type_expr.is_a?(String) && @return_type_expr.include?("[")) || connection?)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This extension is applied to fields when {#connection?} is true.
+      #
+      # You can override it in your base field definition.
+      # @return [Class] A {FieldExtension} subclass for implementing pagination behavior.
+      # @example Configuring a custom extension
+      #   class Types::BaseField < GraphQL::Schema::Field
+      #     connection_extension(MyCustomExtension)
+      #   end
+      def self.connection_extension(new_extension_class = nil)
+        if new_extension_class
+          @connection_extension = new_extension_class
+        else
+          @connection_extension ||= find_inherited_value(:connection_extension, ConnectionExtension)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return Boolean
+      attr_reader :relay_node_field
+
+      # @return [Boolean] Should we warn if this field's name conflicts with a built-in method?
+      def method_conflict_warning?
+        @method_conflict_warning
+      end
+
       # @param name [Symbol] The underscore-cased version of this field name (will be camelized for the GraphQL API)
-      # @param return_type_expr [Class, GraphQL::BaseType, Array] The return type of this field
-      # @param desc [String] Field description
+      # @param type [Class, GraphQL::BaseType, Array] The return type of this field
       # @param owner [Class] The type that this field belongs to
       # @param null [Boolean] `true` if this field may return `null`, `false` if it is never `null`
       # @param description [String] Field description
       # @param deprecation_reason [String] If present, the field is marked "deprecated" with this message
-      # @param method [Symbol] The method to call to resolve this field (defaults to `name`)
-      # @param hash_key [Object] The hash key to lookup to resolve this field (defaults to `name` or `name.to_s`)
+      # @param method [Symbol] The method to call on the underlying object to resolve this field (defaults to `name`)
+      # @param hash_key [String, Symbol] The hash key to lookup on the underlying object (if its a Hash) to resolve this field (defaults to `name` or `name.to_s`)
+      # @param resolver_method [Symbol] The method on the type to call to resolve this field (defaults to `name`)
       # @param connection [Boolean] `true` if this field should get automagic connection behavior; default is to infer by `*Connection` in the return type name
-      # @param max_page_size [Integer] For connections, the maximum number of items to return from this field
+      # @param connection_extension [Class] The extension to add, to implement connections. If `nil`, no extension is added.
+      # @param max_page_size [Integer, nil] For connections, the maximum number of items to return from this field, or `nil` to allow unlimited results.
       # @param introspection [Boolean] If true, this field will be marked as `#introspection?` and the name may begin with `__`
       # @param resolve [<#call(obj, args, ctx)>] **deprecated** for compatibility with <1.8.0
       # @param field [GraphQL::Field, GraphQL::Schema::Field] **deprecated** for compatibility with <1.8.0
@@ -92,13 +199,21 @@ module GraphQL
       # @param arguments [{String=>GraphQL::Schema::Argument, Hash}] Arguments for this field (may be added in the block, also)
       # @param camelize [Boolean] If true, the field name will be camelized when building the schema
       # @param complexity [Numeric] When provided, set the complexity for this field
+      # @param scope [Boolean] If true, the return type's `.scope_items` method will be called on the return value
       # @param subscription_scope [Symbol, String] A key in `context` which will be used to scope subscription payloads
-      def initialize(type: nil, name: nil, owner: nil, null: nil, field: nil, function: nil, description: nil, deprecation_reason: nil, method: nil, connection: nil, max_page_size: nil, resolve: nil, introspection: false, hash_key: nil, camelize: true, complexity: 1, extras: [], resolver_class: nil, subscription_scope: nil, arguments: {}, &definition_block)
-
+      # @param extensions [Array<Class, Hash<Class => Object>>] Named extensions to apply to this field (see also {#extension})
+      # @param directives [Hash{Class => Hash}] Directives to apply to this field
+      # @param trace [Boolean] If true, a {GraphQL::Tracing} tracer will measure this scalar field
+      # @param broadcastable [Boolean] Whether or not this field can be distributed in subscription broadcasts
+      # @param ast_node [Language::Nodes::FieldDefinition, nil] If this schema was parsed from definition, this AST node defined the field
+      # @param method_conflict_warning [Boolean] If false, skip the warning if this field's method conflicts with a built-in method
+      # @param validates [Array<Hash>] Configurations for validating this field
+      # @param legacy_edge_class [Class, nil] (DEPRECATED) If present, pass this along to the legacy field definition
+      def initialize(type: nil, name: nil, owner: nil, null: nil, field: nil, function: nil, description: nil, deprecation_reason: nil, method: nil, hash_key: nil, resolver_method: nil, resolve: nil, connection: nil, max_page_size: :not_given, scope: nil, introspection: false, camelize: true, trace: nil, complexity: 1, ast_node: nil, extras: EMPTY_ARRAY, extensions: EMPTY_ARRAY, connection_extension: self.class.connection_extension, resolver_class: nil, subscription_scope: nil, relay_node_field: false, relay_nodes_field: false, method_conflict_warning: true, broadcastable: nil, arguments: EMPTY_HASH, directives: EMPTY_HASH, validates: EMPTY_ARRAY, legacy_edge_class: nil, &definition_block)
         if name.nil?
           raise ArgumentError, "missing first `name` argument or keyword `name:`"
         end
-        if !(field || function || mutation || resolver)
+        if !(field || function || resolver_class)
           if type.nil?
             raise ArgumentError, "missing second `type` argument or keyword `type:`"
           end
@@ -106,55 +221,117 @@ module GraphQL
             raise ArgumentError, "missing keyword argument null:"
           end
         end
-        if (field || function || resolve || mutation) && extras.any?
-          raise ArgumentError, "keyword `extras:` may only be used with method-based resolve, please remove `field:`, `function:`, `resolve:`, or `mutation:`"
+        if (field || function || resolve) && extras.any?
+          raise ArgumentError, "keyword `extras:` may only be used with method-based resolve and class-based field such as mutation class, please remove `field:`, `function:` or `resolve:`"
         end
-        @name = camelize ? Member::BuildType.camelize(name.to_s) : name.to_s
+        @original_name = name
+        name_s = -name.to_s
+        @underscored_name = -Member::BuildType.underscore(name_s)
+        @name = -(camelize ? Member::BuildType.camelize(name_s) : name_s)
         @description = description
         if field.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Field)
-          @field_instance = field
+          raise ArgumentError, "Instead of passing a field as `field:`, use `add_field(field)` to add an already-defined field."
         else
           @field = field
         end
         @function = function
         @resolve = resolve
-        @deprecation_reason = deprecation_reason
+        self.deprecation_reason = deprecation_reason
+
         if method && hash_key
           raise ArgumentError, "Provide `method:` _or_ `hash_key:`, not both. (called with: `method: #{method.inspect}, hash_key: #{hash_key.inspect}`)"
         end
 
+        if resolver_method
+          if method
+            raise ArgumentError, "Provide `method:` _or_ `resolver_method:`, not both. (called with: `method: #{method.inspect}, resolver_method: #{resolver_method.inspect}`)"
+          end
+
+          if hash_key
+            raise ArgumentError, "Provide `hash_key:` _or_ `resolver_method:`, not both. (called with: `hash_key: #{hash_key.inspect}, resolver_method: #{resolver_method.inspect}`)"
+          end
+        end
+
         # TODO: I think non-string/symbol hash keys are wrongly normalized (eg `1` will not work)
-        method_name = method || hash_key || Member::BuildType.underscore(name.to_s)
+        method_name = method || hash_key || name_s
+        resolver_method ||= name_s.to_sym
 
-        @method_str = method_name.to_s
+        @method_str = -method_name.to_s
         @method_sym = method_name.to_sym
+        @resolver_method = resolver_method
         @complexity = complexity
         @return_type_expr = type
         @return_type_null = null
         @connection = connection
-        @max_page_size = max_page_size
+        @has_max_page_size = max_page_size != :not_given
+        @max_page_size = max_page_size == :not_given ? nil : max_page_size
         @introspection = introspection
         @extras = extras
+        @broadcastable = broadcastable
         @resolver_class = resolver_class
+        @scope = scope
+        @trace = trace
+        @relay_node_field = relay_node_field
+        @relay_nodes_field = relay_nodes_field
+        @ast_node = ast_node
+        @method_conflict_warning = method_conflict_warning
+        @legacy_edge_class = legacy_edge_class
 
-        # Override the default from HasArguments
-        @own_arguments = {}
         arguments.each do |name, arg|
           if arg.is_a?(Hash)
             argument(name: name, **arg)
           else
-            @own_arguments[name] = arg
+            add_argument(arg)
           end
         end
 
         @owner = owner
         @subscription_scope = subscription_scope
 
+        @extensions = EMPTY_ARRAY
+        # This should run before connection extension,
+        # but should it run after the definition block?
+        if scoped?
+          self.extension(ScopeExtension)
+        end
+
+        # The problem with putting this after the definition_block
+        # is that it would override arguments
+        if connection? && connection_extension
+          self.extension(connection_extension)
+        end
+
+        # Do this last so we have as much context as possible when initializing them:
+        if extensions.any?
+          self.extensions(extensions)
+        end
+
+        if directives.any?
+          directives.each do |(dir_class, options)|
+            self.directive(dir_class, **options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        self.validates(validates)
+
         if definition_block
-          instance_eval(&definition_block)
+          if definition_block.arity == 1
+            yield self
+          else
+            instance_eval(&definition_block)
+          end
         end
       end
 
+      # If true, subscription updates with this field can be shared between viewers
+      # @return [Boolean, nil]
+      # @see GraphQL::Subscriptions::BroadcastAnalyzer
+      def broadcastable?
+        @broadcastable
+      end
+
+      # @param text [String]
+      # @return [String]
       def description(text = nil)
         if text
           @description = text
@@ -163,7 +340,75 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
-      def complexity(new_complexity)
+      # Read extension instances from this field,
+      # or add new classes/options to be initialized on this field.
+      # Extensions are executed in the order they are added.
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension
+      #   extensions([MyExtensionClass])
+      #
+      # @example adding multiple extensions
+      #   extensions([MyExtensionClass, AnotherExtensionClass])
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension with options
+      #   extensions([MyExtensionClass, { AnotherExtensionClass => { filter: true } }])
+      #
+      # @param extensions [Array<Class, Hash<Class => Object>>] Add extensions to this field. For hash elements, only the first key/value is used.
+      # @return [Array<GraphQL::Schema::FieldExtension>] extensions to apply to this field
+      def extensions(new_extensions = nil)
+        if new_extensions.nil?
+          # Read the value
+          @extensions
+        else
+          if @extensions.frozen?
+            @extensions = @extensions.dup
+          end
+          new_extensions.each do |extension|
+            if extension.is_a?(Hash)
+              extension = extension.to_a[0]
+              extension_class, options = *extension
+              @extensions << extension_class.new(field: self, options: options)
+            else
+              extension_class = extension
+              @extensions << extension_class.new(field: self, options: nil)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Add `extension` to this field, initialized with `options` if provided.
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension
+      #   extension(MyExtensionClass)
+      #
+      # @example adding an extension with options
+      #   extension(MyExtensionClass, filter: true)
+      #
+      # @param extension [Class] subclass of {Schema::Fieldextension}
+      # @param options [Object] if provided, given as `options:` when initializing `extension`.
+      def extension(extension, options = nil)
+        extensions([{extension => options}])
+      end
+
+      # Read extras (as symbols) from this field,
+      # or add new extras to be opted into by this field's resolver.
+      #
+      # @param new_extras [Array<Symbol>] Add extras to this field
+      # @return [Array<Symbol>]
+      def extras(new_extras = nil)
+        if new_extras.nil?
+          # Read the value
+          @extras
+        else
+          if @extras.frozen?
+            @extras = @extras.dup
+          end
+          # Append to the set of extras on this field
+          @extras.concat(new_extras)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def complexity(new_complexity = nil)
         case new_complexity
         when Proc
           if new_complexity.parameters.size != 3
@@ -176,20 +421,23 @@ module GraphQL
           end
         when Numeric
           @complexity = new_complexity
+        when nil
+          @complexity
         else
           raise("Invalid complexity: #{new_complexity.inspect} on #{@name}")
         end
+      end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] True if this field's {#max_page_size} should override the schema default.
+      def has_max_page_size?
+        @has_max_page_size
       end
 
+      # @return [Integer, nil] Applied to connections if {#has_max_page_size?}
+      attr_reader :max_page_size
+
       # @return [GraphQL::Field]
       def to_graphql
-        # this field was previously defined and passed here, so delegate to it
-        if @field_instance
-          return @field_instance.to_graphql
-        end
-
-
         field_defn = if @field
           @field.dup
         elsif @function
@@ -203,24 +451,12 @@ module GraphQL
           field_defn.type = -> { type }
         end
 
-        if @connection.nil?
-          # Provide default based on type name
-          return_type_name = if @field || @function
-            Member::BuildType.to_type_name(field_defn.type)
-          elsif @return_type_expr
-            Member::BuildType.to_type_name(@return_type_expr)
-          else
-            raise "No connection info possible"
-          end
-          @connection = return_type_name.end_with?("Connection")
-        end
-
         if @description
           field_defn.description = @description
         end
 
-        if @deprecation_reason
-          field_defn.deprecation_reason = @deprecation_reason
+        if self.deprecation_reason
+          field_defn.deprecation_reason = self.deprecation_reason
         end
 
         if @resolver_class
@@ -230,23 +466,29 @@ module GraphQL
           field_defn.metadata[:resolver] = @resolver_class
         end
 
+        if !@trace.nil?
+          field_defn.trace = @trace
+        end
+
+        if @relay_node_field
+          field_defn.relay_node_field = @relay_node_field
+        end
+
+        if @relay_nodes_field
+          field_defn.relay_nodes_field = @relay_nodes_field
+        end
+
+        if @legacy_edge_class
+          field_defn.edge_class = @legacy_edge_class
+        end
+
         field_defn.resolve = self.method(:resolve_field)
-        field_defn.connection = @connection
-        field_defn.connection_max_page_size = @max_page_size
+        field_defn.connection = connection?
+        field_defn.connection_max_page_size = max_page_size
         field_defn.introspection = @introspection
         field_defn.complexity = @complexity
         field_defn.subscription_scope = @subscription_scope
-
-        # apply this first, so it can be overriden below
-        if @connection
-          # TODO: this could be a bit weird, because these fields won't be present
-          # after initialization, only in the `to_graphql` response.
-          # This calculation _could_ be moved up if need be.
-          argument :after, "String", "Returns the elements in the list that come after the specified global ID.", required: false
-          argument :before, "String", "Returns the elements in the list that come before the specified global ID.", required: false
-          argument :first, "Int", "Returns the first _n_ elements from the list.", required: false
-          argument :last, "Int", "Returns the last _n_ elements from the list.", required: false
-        end
+        field_defn.ast_node = ast_node
 
         arguments.each do |name, defn|
           arg_graphql = defn.to_graphql
@@ -264,67 +506,130 @@ module GraphQL
 
         # Ok, `self` isn't a class, but this is for consistency with the classes
         field_defn.metadata[:type_class] = self
-
+        field_defn.arguments_class = GraphQL::Query::Arguments.construct_arguments_class(field_defn)
         field_defn
       end
 
+      attr_writer :type
+
       def type
-        @type ||= Member::BuildType.parse_type(@return_type_expr, null: @return_type_null)
-      rescue
-        raise ArgumentError, "Failed to build return type for #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{name} from #{@return_type_expr.inspect}: #{$!.message}", $!.backtrace
+        @type ||= if @function
+          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@function.type, null: false)
+        elsif @field
+          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@field.type, null: false)
+        else
+          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@return_type_expr, null: @return_type_null)
+        end
+      rescue GraphQL::Schema::InvalidDocumentError => err
+        # Let this propagate up
+        raise err
+      rescue StandardError => err
+        raise ArgumentError, "Failed to build return type for #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{name} from #{@return_type_expr.inspect}: (#{err.class}) #{err.message}", err.backtrace
+      end
+
+      def visible?(context)
+        if @resolver_class
+          @resolver_class.visible?(context)
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def accessible?(context)
+        if @resolver_class
+          @resolver_class.accessible?(context)
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def authorized?(object, args, context)
+        if @resolver_class
+          # The resolver will check itself during `resolve()`
+          @resolver_class.authorized?(object, context)
+        else
+          # Faster than `.any?`
+          arguments.each_value do |arg|
+            if args.key?(arg.keyword) && !arg.authorized?(object, args[arg.keyword], context)
+              return false
+            end
+          end
+          true
+        end
       end
 
       # Implement {GraphQL::Field}'s resolve API.
       #
       # Eventually, we might hook up field instances to execution in another way. TBD.
+      # @see #resolve for how the interpreter hooks up to it
       def resolve_field(obj, args, ctx)
-        if @resolve_proc
-          # Might be nil, still want to call the func in that case
-          inner_obj = obj && obj.object
-          @resolve_proc.call(inner_obj, args, ctx)
-        elsif @resolver_class
-          inner_obj = obj && obj.object
-          singleton_inst = @resolver_class.new(object: inner_obj, context: ctx.query.context)
-          public_send_field(singleton_inst, args, ctx)
-        else
-          public_send_field(obj, args, ctx)
+        ctx.schema.after_lazy(obj) do |after_obj|
+          # First, apply auth ...
+          query_ctx = ctx.query.context
+          # Some legacy fields can have `nil` here, not exactly sure why.
+          # @see https://github.com/rmosolgo/graphql-ruby/issues/1990 before removing
+          inner_obj = after_obj && after_obj.object
+          ctx.schema.after_lazy(to_ruby_args(after_obj, args, ctx)) do |ruby_args|
+            if authorized?(inner_obj, ruby_args, query_ctx)
+              # Then if it passed, resolve the field
+              if @resolve_proc
+                # Might be nil, still want to call the func in that case
+                with_extensions(inner_obj, ruby_args, query_ctx) do |extended_obj, extended_args|
+                  # Pass the GraphQL args here for compatibility:
+                  @resolve_proc.call(extended_obj, args, ctx)
+                end
+              else
+                public_send_field(after_obj, ruby_args, query_ctx)
+              end
+            else
+              err = GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError.new(object: inner_obj, type: obj.class, context: ctx, field: self)
+              query_ctx.schema.unauthorized_field(err)
+            end
+          end
         end
       end
 
-      # Find a way to resolve this field, checking:
-      #
-      # - Hash keys, if the wrapped object is a hash;
-      # - A method on the wrapped object;
-      # - Or, raise not implemented.
-      #
-      # This can be overridden by defining a method on the object type.
-      # @param obj [GraphQL::Schema::Object]
-      # @param ruby_kwargs [Hash<Symbol => Object>]
+      # This method is called by the interpreter for each field.
+      # You can extend it in your base field classes.
+      # @param object [GraphQL::Schema::Object] An instance of some type class, wrapping an application object
+      # @param args [Hash] A symbol-keyed hash of Ruby keyword arguments. (Empty if no args)
       # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context]
-      def resolve_field_method(obj, ruby_kwargs, ctx)
-        if obj.object.is_a?(Hash)
-          inner_object = obj.object
-          if inner_object.key?(@method_sym)
-            inner_object[@method_sym]
-          else
-            inner_object[@method_str]
-          end
-        elsif obj.object.respond_to?(@method_sym)
-          if ruby_kwargs.any?
-            obj.object.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
-          else
-            obj.object.public_send(@method_sym)
+      def resolve(object, args, ctx)
+        if @resolve_proc
+          raise "Can't run resolve proc for #{path} when using GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter"
+        end
+        begin
+          # Unwrap the GraphQL object to get the application object.
+          application_object = object.object
+
+          Schema::Validator.validate!(validators, application_object, ctx, args)
+
+          ctx.schema.after_lazy(self.authorized?(application_object, args, ctx)) do |is_authorized|
+            if is_authorized
+              public_send_field(object, args, ctx)
+            else
+              err = GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError.new(object: application_object, type: object.class, context: ctx, field: self)
+              ctx.schema.unauthorized_field(err)
+            end
           end
-        else
-          raise <<-ERR
-        Failed to implement #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{@name}, tried:
-
-        - `#{obj.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
-        - `#{obj.object.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
-        - Looking up hash key `#{@method_sym.inspect}` or `#{@method_str.inspect}` on `#{obj.object}`, but it wasn't a Hash
+        rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError => err
+          err.field ||= self
+          ctx.schema.unauthorized_field(err)
+        rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedError => err
+          ctx.schema.unauthorized_object(err)
+        end
+      rescue GraphQL::ExecutionError => err
+        err
+      end
 
-        To implement this field, define one of the methods above (and check for typos)
-        ERR
+      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context::FieldResolutionContext]
+      def fetch_extra(extra_name, ctx)
+        if extra_name != :path && extra_name != :ast_node && respond_to?(extra_name)
+          self.public_send(extra_name)
+        elsif ctx.respond_to?(extra_name)
+          ctx.public_send(extra_name)
+        else
+          raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Unknown field extra for #{self.path}: #{extra_name.inspect}"
         end
       end
 
@@ -332,39 +637,157 @@ module GraphQL
 
       NO_ARGS = {}.freeze
 
-      def public_send_field(obj, graphql_args, field_ctx)
+      # Convert a GraphQL arguments instance into a Ruby-style hash.
+      #
+      # @param obj [GraphQL::Schema::Object] The object where this field is being resolved
+      # @param graphql_args [GraphQL::Query::Arguments]
+      # @param field_ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context::FieldResolutionContext]
+      # @return [Hash<Symbol => Any>]
+      def to_ruby_args(obj, graphql_args, field_ctx)
         if graphql_args.any? || @extras.any?
           # Splat the GraphQL::Arguments to Ruby keyword arguments
           ruby_kwargs = graphql_args.to_kwargs
+          maybe_lazies = []
           # Apply any `prepare` methods. Not great code organization, can this go somewhere better?
           arguments.each do |name, arg_defn|
             ruby_kwargs_key = arg_defn.keyword
-            if ruby_kwargs.key?(ruby_kwargs_key) && arg_defn.prepare
-              ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key] = arg_defn.prepare_value(obj, ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key])
+
+            if ruby_kwargs.key?(ruby_kwargs_key)
+              loads = arg_defn.loads
+              value = ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key]
+              loaded_value = if loads && !arg_defn.from_resolver?
+                if arg_defn.type.list?
+                  loaded_values = value.map { |val| load_application_object(arg_defn, loads, val, field_ctx.query.context) }
+                  field_ctx.schema.after_any_lazies(loaded_values) { |result| result }
+                else
+                  load_application_object(arg_defn, loads, value, field_ctx.query.context)
+                end
+              elsif arg_defn.type.list? && value.is_a?(Array)
+                field_ctx.schema.after_any_lazies(value, &:itself)
+              else
+                value
+              end
+
+              maybe_lazies << field_ctx.schema.after_lazy(loaded_value) do |loaded_value|
+                prepared_value = if arg_defn.prepare
+                  arg_defn.prepare_value(obj, loaded_value)
+                else
+                  loaded_value
+                end
+
+                ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key] = prepared_value
+              end
             end
           end
 
-          if @connection
-            # Remove pagination args before passing it to a user method
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:first)
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:last)
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:before)
-            ruby_kwargs.delete(:after)
+          @extras.each do |extra_arg|
+            ruby_kwargs[extra_arg] = fetch_extra(extra_arg, field_ctx)
           end
 
-          @extras.each do |extra_arg|
-            # TODO: provide proper tests for `:ast_node`, `:irep_node`, `:parent`, others?
-            ruby_kwargs[extra_arg] = field_ctx.public_send(extra_arg)
+          field_ctx.schema.after_any_lazies(maybe_lazies) do
+            ruby_kwargs
           end
         else
-          ruby_kwargs = NO_ARGS
+          NO_ARGS
         end
+      end
 
+      def public_send_field(unextended_obj, unextended_ruby_kwargs, query_ctx)
+        with_extensions(unextended_obj, unextended_ruby_kwargs, query_ctx) do |obj, ruby_kwargs|
+          if @resolver_class
+            if obj.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
+              obj = obj.object
+            end
+            obj = @resolver_class.new(object: obj, context: query_ctx, field: self)
+          end
+
+          # Find a way to resolve this field, checking:
+          #
+          # - A method on the type instance;
+          # - Hash keys, if the wrapped object is a hash;
+          # - A method on the wrapped object;
+          # - Or, raise not implemented.
+          #
+          if obj.respond_to?(@resolver_method)
+            # Call the method with kwargs, if there are any
+            if ruby_kwargs.any?
+              obj.public_send(@resolver_method, **ruby_kwargs)
+            else
+              obj.public_send(@resolver_method)
+            end
+          elsif obj.object.is_a?(Hash)
+            inner_object = obj.object
+            if inner_object.key?(@method_sym)
+              inner_object[@method_sym]
+            else
+              inner_object[@method_str]
+            end
+          elsif obj.object.respond_to?(@method_sym)
+            if ruby_kwargs.any?
+              obj.object.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
+            else
+              obj.object.public_send(@method_sym)
+            end
+          else
+            raise <<-ERR
+          Failed to implement #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{@name}, tried:
+
+          - `#{obj.class}##{@resolver_method}`, which did not exist
+          - `#{obj.object.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
+          - Looking up hash key `#{@method_sym.inspect}` or `#{@method_str.inspect}` on `#{obj.object}`, but it wasn't a Hash
+
+          To implement this field, define one of the methods above (and check for typos)
+          ERR
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
-        if ruby_kwargs.any?
-          obj.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
+      # Wrap execution with hooks.
+      # Written iteratively to avoid big stack traces.
+      # @return [Object] Whatever the
+      def with_extensions(obj, args, ctx)
+        if @extensions.empty?
+          yield(obj, args)
+        else
+          # This is a hack to get the _last_ value for extended obj and args,
+          # in case one of the extensions doesn't `yield`.
+          # (There's another implementation that uses multiple-return, but I'm wary of the perf cost of the extra arrays)
+          extended = { args: args, obj: obj, memos: nil }
+          value = run_extensions_before_resolve(obj, args, ctx, extended) do |obj, args|
+            yield(obj, args)
+          end
+
+          extended_obj = extended[:obj]
+          extended_args = extended[:args]
+          memos = extended[:memos] || EMPTY_HASH
+
+          ctx.schema.after_lazy(value) do |resolved_value|
+            idx = 0
+            @extensions.each do |ext|
+              memo = memos[idx]
+              # TODO after_lazy?
+              resolved_value = ext.after_resolve(object: extended_obj, arguments: extended_args, context: ctx, value: resolved_value, memo: memo)
+              idx += 1
+            end
+            resolved_value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def run_extensions_before_resolve(obj, args, ctx, extended, idx: 0)
+        extension = @extensions[idx]
+        if extension
+          extension.resolve(object: obj, arguments: args, context: ctx) do |extended_obj, extended_args, memo|
+            if memo
+              memos = extended[:memos] ||= {}
+              memos[idx] = memo
+            end
+            extended[:obj] = extended_obj
+            extended[:args] = extended_args
+            run_extensions_before_resolve(extended_obj, extended_args, ctx, extended, idx: idx + 1) { |o, a| yield(o, a) }
+          end
         else
-          obj.public_send(@method_sym)
+          yield(obj, args)
         end
       end
     end