graphql 1.13.14 → 2.0.19

data/lib/graphql/schema/field.rb

@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ require "graphql/schema/field/scope_extension"
 module GraphQL
   class Schema
     class Field
-      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::CachedGraphQLDefinition
-      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::AcceptsDefinition
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasArguments
+      include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasArguments::FieldConfigured
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasAstNode
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasPath
       include GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasValidators
@@ -30,8 +29,17 @@ module GraphQL
       # @return [String] Method or hash key on the underlying object to look up
       attr_reader :method_str
 
+      attr_reader :hash_key
+      attr_reader :dig_keys
+
       # @return [Symbol] The method on the type to look up
-      attr_reader :resolver_method
+      def resolver_method
+        if @resolver_class
+          @resolver_class.resolver_method
+        else
+          @resolver_method
+        end
+      end
 
       # @return [Class] The thing this field was defined on (type, mutation, resolver)
       attr_accessor :owner
@@ -70,7 +78,10 @@ module GraphQL
       attr_reader :trace
 
       # @return [String, nil]
-      attr_accessor :subscription_scope
+      def subscription_scope
+        @subscription_scope || (@resolver_class.respond_to?(:subscription_scope) ? @resolver_class.subscription_scope : nil)
+      end
+      attr_writer :subscription_scope
 
       # Create a field instance from a list of arguments, keyword arguments, and a block.
       #
@@ -84,21 +95,9 @@ module GraphQL
       # @return [GraphQL::Schema:Field] an instance of `self
       # @see {.initialize} for other options
       def self.from_options(name = nil, type = nil, desc = nil, resolver: nil, mutation: nil, subscription: nil,**kwargs, &block)
-        if kwargs[:field]
-          if kwargs[:field].is_a?(GraphQL::Field) && kwargs[:field] == GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodeField.graphql_definition
-            GraphQL::Deprecation.warn("Legacy-style `GraphQL::Relay::Node.field` is being added to a class-based type. See `GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodeField` for a replacement.")
-            return GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodeField
-          elsif kwargs[:field].is_a?(GraphQL::Field) && kwargs[:field] == GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodesField.graphql_definition
-            GraphQL::Deprecation.warn("Legacy-style `GraphQL::Relay::Node.plural_field` is being added to a class-based type. See `GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodesField` for a replacement.")
-            return GraphQL::Types::Relay::NodesField
-          end
-        end
-
-        if (parent_config = resolver || mutation || subscription)
-          # Get the parent config, merge in local overrides
-          kwargs = parent_config.field_options.merge(kwargs)
+        if (resolver_class = resolver || mutation || subscription)
           # Add a reference to that parent class
-          kwargs[:resolver_class] = parent_config
+          kwargs[:resolver_class] = resolver_class
         end
 
         if name
@@ -106,9 +105,6 @@ module GraphQL
         end
 
         if !type.nil?
-          if type.is_a?(GraphQL::Field)
-            raise ArgumentError, "A GraphQL::Field was passed as the second argument, use the `field:` keyword for this instead."
-          end
           if desc
             if kwargs[:description]
               raise ArgumentError, "Provide description as a positional argument or `description:` keyword, but not both (#{desc.inspect}, #{kwargs[:description].inspect})"
@@ -116,8 +112,8 @@ module GraphQL
 
             kwargs[:description] = desc
             kwargs[:type] = type
-          elsif (kwargs[:field] || kwargs[:function] || resolver || mutation) && type.is_a?(String)
-            # The return type should be copied from `field` or `function`, and the second positional argument is the description
+          elsif (resolver || mutation) && type.is_a?(String)
+            # The return type should be copied from the resolver, and the second positional argument is the description
             kwargs[:description] = type
           else
             kwargs[:type] = type
@@ -134,10 +130,10 @@ module GraphQL
       def connection?
         if @connection.nil?
           # Provide default based on type name
-          return_type_name = if (contains_type = @field || @function)
-            Member::BuildType.to_type_name(contains_type.type)
-          elsif @return_type_expr
+          return_type_name = if @return_type_expr
             Member::BuildType.to_type_name(@return_type_expr)
+          elsif @resolver_class && @resolver_class.type
+            Member::BuildType.to_type_name(@resolver_class.type)
           else
             # As a last ditch, try to force loading the return type:
             type.unwrap.name
@@ -153,8 +149,18 @@ module GraphQL
         if !@scope.nil?
           # The default was overridden
           @scope
+        elsif @return_type_expr
+          # Detect a list return type, but don't call `type` since that may eager-load an otherwise lazy-loaded type
+          @return_type_expr.is_a?(Array) ||
+            (@return_type_expr.is_a?(String) && @return_type_expr.include?("[")) ||
+            connection?
+        elsif @resolver_class
+          resolver_type = @resolver_class.type_expr
+          resolver_type.is_a?(Array) ||
+            (resolver_type.is_a?(String) && resolver_type.include?("[")) ||
+            connection?
         else
-          @return_type_expr && (@return_type_expr.is_a?(Array) || (@return_type_expr.is_a?(String) && @return_type_expr.include?("[")) || connection?)
+          false
         end
       end
 
@@ -187,7 +193,7 @@ module GraphQL
       # @param name [Symbol] The underscore-cased version of this field name (will be camelized for the GraphQL API)
       # @param type [Class, GraphQL::BaseType, Array] The return type of this field
       # @param owner [Class] The type that this field belongs to
-      # @param null [Boolean] `true` if this field may return `null`, `false` if it is never `null`
+      # @param null [Boolean] (defaults to `true`) `true` if this field may return `null`, `false` if it is never `null`
       # @param description [String] Field description
       # @param deprecation_reason [String] If present, the field is marked "deprecated" with this message
       # @param method [Symbol] The method to call on the underlying object to resolve this field (defaults to `name`)
@@ -197,10 +203,8 @@ module GraphQL
       # @param connection [Boolean] `true` if this field should get automagic connection behavior; default is to infer by `*Connection` in the return type name
       # @param connection_extension [Class] The extension to add, to implement connections. If `nil`, no extension is added.
       # @param max_page_size [Integer, nil] For connections, the maximum number of items to return from this field, or `nil` to allow unlimited results.
+      # @param default_page_size [Integer, nil] For connections, the default number of items to return from this field, or `nil` to return unlimited results.
       # @param introspection [Boolean] If true, this field will be marked as `#introspection?` and the name may begin with `__`
-      # @param resolve [<#call(obj, args, ctx)>] **deprecated** for compatibility with <1.8.0
-      # @param field [GraphQL::Field, GraphQL::Schema::Field] **deprecated** for compatibility with <1.8.0
-      # @param function [GraphQL::Function] **deprecated** for compatibility with <1.8.0
       # @param resolver_class [Class] (Private) A {Schema::Resolver} which this field was derived from. Use `resolver:` to create a field with a resolver.
       # @param arguments [{String=>GraphQL::Schema::Argument, Hash}] Arguments for this field (may be added in the block, also)
       # @param camelize [Boolean] If true, the field name will be camelized when building the schema
@@ -214,31 +218,25 @@ module GraphQL
       # @param ast_node [Language::Nodes::FieldDefinition, nil] If this schema was parsed from definition, this AST node defined the field
       # @param method_conflict_warning [Boolean] If false, skip the warning if this field's method conflicts with a built-in method
       # @param validates [Array<Hash>] Configurations for validating this field
-      # @param legacy_edge_class [Class, nil] (DEPRECATED) If present, pass this along to the legacy field definition
-      def initialize(type: nil, name: nil, owner: nil, null: true, field: nil, function: nil, description: nil, deprecation_reason: nil, method: nil, hash_key: nil, dig: nil, resolver_method: nil, resolve: nil, connection: nil, max_page_size: :not_given, scope: nil, introspection: false, camelize: true, trace: nil, complexity: 1, ast_node: nil, extras: EMPTY_ARRAY, extensions: EMPTY_ARRAY, connection_extension: self.class.connection_extension, resolver_class: nil, subscription_scope: nil, relay_node_field: false, relay_nodes_field: false, method_conflict_warning: true, broadcastable: nil, arguments: EMPTY_HASH, directives: EMPTY_HASH, validates: EMPTY_ARRAY, legacy_edge_class: nil, &definition_block)
+      # @fallback_value [Object] A fallback value if the method is not defined
+      def initialize(type: nil, name: nil, owner: nil, null: nil, description: NOT_CONFIGURED, deprecation_reason: nil, method: nil, hash_key: nil, dig: nil, resolver_method: nil, connection: nil, max_page_size: NOT_CONFIGURED, default_page_size: NOT_CONFIGURED, scope: nil, introspection: false, camelize: true, trace: nil, complexity: nil, ast_node: nil, extras: EMPTY_ARRAY, extensions: EMPTY_ARRAY, connection_extension: self.class.connection_extension, resolver_class: nil, subscription_scope: nil, relay_node_field: false, relay_nodes_field: false, method_conflict_warning: true, broadcastable: NOT_CONFIGURED, arguments: EMPTY_HASH, directives: EMPTY_HASH, validates: EMPTY_ARRAY, fallback_value: :not_given, &definition_block)
         if name.nil?
           raise ArgumentError, "missing first `name` argument or keyword `name:`"
         end
-        if !(field || function || resolver_class)
+        if !(resolver_class)
           if type.nil?
             raise ArgumentError, "missing second `type` argument or keyword `type:`"
           end
         end
-        if (field || function || resolve) && extras.any?
-          raise ArgumentError, "keyword `extras:` may only be used with method-based resolve and class-based field such as mutation class, please remove `field:`, `function:` or `resolve:`"
-        end
         @original_name = name
         name_s = -name.to_s
+
         @underscored_name = -Member::BuildType.underscore(name_s)
         @name = -(camelize ? Member::BuildType.camelize(name_s) : name_s)
+
         @description = description
-        if field.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Field)
-          raise ArgumentError, "Instead of passing a field as `field:`, use `add_field(field)` to add an already-defined field."
-        else
-          @field = field
-        end
-        @function = function
-        @resolve = resolve
+        @type = @owner_type = @own_validators = @own_directives = @own_arguments = nil # these will be prepared later if necessary
+
         self.deprecation_reason = deprecation_reason
 
         if method && hash_key && dig
@@ -255,20 +253,31 @@ module GraphQL
           end
         end
 
-        # TODO: I think non-string/symbol hash keys are wrongly normalized (eg `1` will not work)
         method_name = method || hash_key || name_s
         @dig_keys = dig
-        resolver_method ||= name_s.to_sym
+        if hash_key
+          @hash_key = hash_key
+          @hash_key_str = hash_key.to_s
+        else
+          @hash_key = NOT_CONFIGURED
+          @hash_key_str = NOT_CONFIGURED
+        end
 
         @method_str = -method_name.to_s
         @method_sym = method_name.to_sym
-        @resolver_method = resolver_method
+        @resolver_method = (resolver_method || name_s).to_sym
         @complexity = complexity
         @return_type_expr = type
-        @return_type_null = null
+        @return_type_null = if !null.nil?
+          null
+        elsif resolver_class
+          nil
+        else
+          true
+        end
         @connection = connection
-        @has_max_page_size = max_page_size != :not_given
-        @max_page_size = max_page_size == :not_given ? nil : max_page_size
+        @max_page_size = max_page_size
+        @default_page_size = default_page_size
         @introspection = introspection
         @extras = extras
         @broadcastable = broadcastable
@@ -279,7 +288,7 @@ module GraphQL
         @relay_nodes_field = relay_nodes_field
         @ast_node = ast_node
         @method_conflict_warning = method_conflict_warning
-        @legacy_edge_class = legacy_edge_class
+        @fallback_value = fallback_value
 
         arguments.each do |name, arg|
           case arg
@@ -316,13 +325,19 @@ module GraphQL
           self.extensions(extensions)
         end
 
+        if resolver_class && resolver_class.extensions.any?
+          self.extensions(resolver_class.extensions)
+        end
+
         if directives.any?
           directives.each do |(dir_class, options)|
             self.directive(dir_class, **options)
           end
         end
 
-        self.validates(validates)
+        if !validates.empty?
+          self.validates(validates)
+        end
 
         if definition_block
           if definition_block.arity == 1
@@ -340,7 +355,13 @@ module GraphQL
       # @return [Boolean, nil]
       # @see GraphQL::Subscriptions::BroadcastAnalyzer
       def broadcastable?
-        @broadcastable
+        if !NOT_CONFIGURED.equal?(@broadcastable)
+          @broadcastable
+        elsif @resolver_class
+          @resolver_class.broadcastable?
+        else
+          nil
+        end
       end
 
       # @param text [String]
@@ -348,8 +369,12 @@ module GraphQL
       def description(text = nil)
         if text
           @description = text
-        else
+        elsif !NOT_CONFIGURED.equal?(@description)
           @description
+        elsif @resolver_class
+          @resolver_class.description
+        else
+          nil
         end
       end
 
@@ -413,7 +438,12 @@ module GraphQL
       def extras(new_extras = nil)
         if new_extras.nil?
           # Read the value
-          @extras
+          field_extras = @extras
+          if @resolver_class && @resolver_class.extras.any?
+            field_extras + @resolver_class.extras
+          else
+            field_extras
+          end
         else
           if @extras.frozen?
             @extras = @extras.dup
@@ -441,11 +471,11 @@ module GraphQL
           end
 
           if max_possible_page_size.nil?
-            max_possible_page_size = max_page_size || query.schema.default_max_page_size
+            max_possible_page_size = default_page_size || query.schema.default_page_size || max_page_size || query.schema.default_max_page_size
           end
 
           if max_possible_page_size.nil?
-            raise GraphQL::Error, "Can't calculate complexity for #{path}, no `first:`, `last:`, `max_page_size` or `default_max_page_size`"
+            raise GraphQL::Error, "Can't calculate complexity for #{path}, no `first:`, `last:`, `default_page_size`, `max_page_size` or `default_max_page_size`"
           else
             metadata_complexity = 0
             lookahead = GraphQL::Execution::Lookahead.new(query: query, field: self, ast_nodes: nodes, owner_type: owner)
@@ -473,7 +503,13 @@ module GraphQL
           case defined_complexity
           when Proc
             arguments = query.arguments_for(nodes.first, self)
-            defined_complexity.call(query.context, arguments.keyword_arguments, child_complexity)
+            if arguments.is_a?(GraphQL::ExecutionError)
+              return child_complexity
+            elsif arguments.respond_to?(:keyword_arguments)
+              arguments = arguments.keyword_arguments
+            end
+
+            defined_complexity.call(query.context, arguments, child_complexity)
           when Numeric
             defined_complexity + child_complexity
           else
@@ -496,7 +532,11 @@ module GraphQL
         when Numeric
           @complexity = new_complexity
         when nil
-          @complexity
+          if @resolver_class
+            @complexity || @resolver_class.complexity || 1
+          else
+            @complexity || 1
+          end
         else
           raise("Invalid complexity: #{new_complexity.inspect} on #{@name}")
         end
@@ -504,105 +544,49 @@ module GraphQL
 
       # @return [Boolean] True if this field's {#max_page_size} should override the schema default.
       def has_max_page_size?
-        @has_max_page_size
+        !NOT_CONFIGURED.equal?(@max_page_size) || (@resolver_class && @resolver_class.has_max_page_size?)
       end
 
       # @return [Integer, nil] Applied to connections if {#has_max_page_size?}
-      attr_reader :max_page_size
-
-      prepend Schema::Member::CachedGraphQLDefinition::DeprecatedToGraphQL
-
-      # @return [GraphQL::Field]
-      def to_graphql
-        field_defn = if @field
-          @field.dup
-        elsif @function
-          GraphQL::Function.build_field(@function)
+      def max_page_size
+        if !NOT_CONFIGURED.equal?(@max_page_size)
+          @max_page_size
+        elsif @resolver_class && @resolver_class.has_max_page_size?
+          @resolver_class.max_page_size
         else
-          GraphQL::Field.new
-        end
-
-        field_defn.name = @name
-        if @return_type_expr
-          field_defn.type = -> { type }
-        end
-
-        if @description
-          field_defn.description = @description
-        end
-
-        if self.deprecation_reason
-          field_defn.deprecation_reason = self.deprecation_reason
+          nil
         end
+      end
 
-        if @resolver_class
-          if @resolver_class < GraphQL::Schema::Mutation
-            field_defn.mutation = @resolver_class
-          end
-          field_defn.metadata[:resolver] = @resolver_class
-        end
-
-        if !@trace.nil?
-          field_defn.trace = @trace
-        end
-
-        if @relay_node_field
-          field_defn.relay_node_field = @relay_node_field
-        end
-
-        if @relay_nodes_field
-          field_defn.relay_nodes_field = @relay_nodes_field
-        end
-
-        if @legacy_edge_class
-          field_defn.edge_class = @legacy_edge_class
-        end
-
-        field_defn.resolve = self.method(:resolve_field)
-        field_defn.connection = connection?
-        field_defn.connection_max_page_size = max_page_size
-        field_defn.introspection = @introspection
-        field_defn.complexity = @complexity
-        field_defn.subscription_scope = @subscription_scope
-        field_defn.ast_node = ast_node
-
-        all_argument_definitions.each do |defn|
-          arg_graphql = defn.deprecated_to_graphql
-          field_defn.arguments[arg_graphql.name] = arg_graphql # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop -- legacy-related
-        end
+      # @return [Boolean] True if this field's {#default_page_size} should override the schema default.
+      def has_default_page_size?
+        !NOT_CONFIGURED.equal?(@default_page_size) || (@resolver_class && @resolver_class.has_default_page_size?)
+      end
 
-        # Support a passed-in proc, one way or another
-        @resolve_proc = if @resolve
-          @resolve
-        elsif @function
-          @function
-        elsif @field
-          @field.resolve_proc
+      # @return [Integer, nil] Applied to connections if {#has_default_page_size?}
+      def default_page_size
+        if !NOT_CONFIGURED.equal?(@default_page_size)
+          @default_page_size
+        elsif @resolver_class && @resolver_class.has_default_page_size?
+          @resolver_class.default_page_size
+        else
+          nil
         end
-
-        # Ok, `self` isn't a class, but this is for consistency with the classes
-        field_defn.metadata[:type_class] = self
-        field_defn.arguments_class = GraphQL::Query::Arguments.construct_arguments_class(field_defn)
-        field_defn
       end
 
       class MissingReturnTypeError < GraphQL::Error; end
       attr_writer :type
 
       def type
-        @type ||= if @function
-          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@function.type, null: false)
-        elsif @field
-          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@field.type, null: false)
-        elsif @return_type_expr.nil?
-          # Not enough info to determine type
-          message = "Can't determine the return type for #{self.path}"
-          if @resolver_class
-            message += " (it has `resolver: #{@resolver_class}`, consider configuration a `type ...` for that class)"
+        if @resolver_class
+          return_type = @return_type_expr || @resolver_class.type_expr
+          if return_type.nil?
+            raise MissingReturnTypeError, "Can't determine the return type for #{self.path} (it has `resolver: #{@resolver_class}`, perhaps that class is missing a `type ...` declaration, or perhaps its type causes a cyclical loading issue)"
           end
-          raise MissingReturnTypeError, message
+          nullable = @return_type_null.nil? ? @resolver_class.null : @return_type_null
+          Member::BuildType.parse_type(return_type, null: nullable)
         else
-          Member::BuildType.parse_type(@return_type_expr, null: @return_type_null)
+          @type ||= Member::BuildType.parse_type(@return_type_expr, null: @return_type_null)
         end
       rescue GraphQL::Schema::InvalidDocumentError, MissingReturnTypeError => err
         # Let this propagate up
@@ -619,14 +603,6 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
-      def accessible?(context)
-        if @resolver_class
-          @resolver_class.accessible?(context)
-        else
-          true
-        end
-      end
-
       def authorized?(object, args, context)
         if @resolver_class
           # The resolver _instance_ will check itself during `resolve()`
@@ -640,62 +616,33 @@ module GraphQL
             arg_values = args
             using_arg_values = false
           end
-          # Faster than `.any?`
-          arguments(context).each_value do |arg|
-            arg_key = arg.keyword
-            if arg_values.key?(arg_key)
-              arg_value = arg_values[arg_key]
-              if using_arg_values
-                if arg_value.default_used?
-                  # pass -- no auth required for default used
-                  next
-                else
-                  application_arg_value = arg_value.value
-                  if application_arg_value.is_a?(GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter::Arguments)
-                    application_arg_value.keyword_arguments
+          if args.size > 0
+            args = context.warden.arguments(self)
+            args.each do |arg|
+              arg_key = arg.keyword
+              if arg_values.key?(arg_key)
+                arg_value = arg_values[arg_key]
+                if using_arg_values
+                  if arg_value.default_used?
+                    # pass -- no auth required for default used
+                    next
+                  else
+                    application_arg_value = arg_value.value
+                    if application_arg_value.is_a?(GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter::Arguments)
+                      application_arg_value.keyword_arguments
+                    end
                   end
+                else
+                  application_arg_value = arg_value
                 end
-              else
-                application_arg_value = arg_value
-              end
 
-              if !arg.authorized?(object, application_arg_value, context)
-                return false
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          true
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Implement {GraphQL::Field}'s resolve API.
-      #
-      # Eventually, we might hook up field instances to execution in another way. TBD.
-      # @see #resolve for how the interpreter hooks up to it
-      def resolve_field(obj, args, ctx)
-        ctx.schema.after_lazy(obj) do |after_obj|
-          # First, apply auth ...
-          query_ctx = ctx.query.context
-          # Some legacy fields can have `nil` here, not exactly sure why.
-          # @see https://github.com/rmosolgo/graphql-ruby/issues/1990 before removing
-          inner_obj = after_obj && after_obj.object
-          ctx.schema.after_lazy(to_ruby_args(after_obj, args, ctx)) do |ruby_args|
-            if authorized?(inner_obj, ruby_args, query_ctx)
-              # Then if it passed, resolve the field
-              if @resolve_proc
-                # Might be nil, still want to call the func in that case
-                with_extensions(inner_obj, ruby_args, query_ctx) do |extended_obj, extended_args|
-                  # Pass the GraphQL args here for compatibility:
-                  @resolve_proc.call(extended_obj, args, ctx)
+                if !arg.authorized?(object, application_arg_value, context)
+                  return false
                 end
-              else
-                public_send_field(after_obj, ruby_args, query_ctx)
               end
-            else
-              err = GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError.new(object: inner_obj, type: obj.class, context: ctx, field: self)
-              query_ctx.schema.unauthorized_field(err)
             end
           end
+          true
         end
       end
 
@@ -704,34 +651,110 @@ module GraphQL
       # @param object [GraphQL::Schema::Object] An instance of some type class, wrapping an application object
       # @param args [Hash] A symbol-keyed hash of Ruby keyword arguments. (Empty if no args)
       # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context]
-      def resolve(object, args, ctx)
-        if @resolve_proc
-          raise "Can't run resolve proc for #{path} when using GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter"
-        end
-        begin
-          # Unwrap the GraphQL object to get the application object.
-          application_object = object.object
+      def resolve(object, args, query_ctx)
+        # Unwrap the GraphQL object to get the application object.
+        application_object = object.object
+        method_receiver = nil
+        method_to_call = nil
+        method_args = nil
+
+        Schema::Validator.validate!(validators, application_object, query_ctx, args)
+
+        query_ctx.schema.after_lazy(self.authorized?(application_object, args, query_ctx)) do |is_authorized|
+          if is_authorized
+            with_extensions(object, args, query_ctx) do |obj, ruby_kwargs|
+              method_args = ruby_kwargs
+              if @resolver_class
+                if obj.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
+                  obj = obj.object
+                end
+                obj = @resolver_class.new(object: obj, context: query_ctx, field: self)
+              end
 
-          Schema::Validator.validate!(validators, application_object, ctx, args)
+              inner_object = obj.object
 
-          ctx.schema.after_lazy(self.authorized?(application_object, args, ctx)) do |is_authorized|
-            if is_authorized
-              public_send_field(object, args, ctx)
-            else
-              raise GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError.new(object: application_object, type: object.class, context: ctx, field: self)
+              if !NOT_CONFIGURED.equal?(@hash_key)
+                hash_value = if inner_object.is_a?(Hash)
+                  inner_object.key?(@hash_key) ? inner_object[@hash_key] : inner_object[@hash_key_str]
+                elsif inner_object.respond_to?(:[])
+                  inner_object[@hash_key]
+                else
+                  nil
+                end
+                if hash_value == false
+                  hash_value
+                else
+                  hash_value || (@fallback_value != :not_given ? @fallback_value : nil)
+                end
+              elsif obj.respond_to?(resolver_method)
+                method_to_call = resolver_method
+                method_receiver = obj
+                # Call the method with kwargs, if there are any
+                if ruby_kwargs.any?
+                  obj.public_send(resolver_method, **ruby_kwargs)
+                else
+                  obj.public_send(resolver_method)
+                end
+              elsif inner_object.is_a?(Hash)
+                if @dig_keys
+                  inner_object.dig(*@dig_keys)
+                elsif inner_object.key?(@method_sym)
+                  inner_object[@method_sym]
+                elsif inner_object.key?(@method_str)
+                  inner_object[@method_str]
+                elsif @fallback_value != :not_given
+                  @fallback_value
+                else
+                  nil
+                end
+              elsif inner_object.respond_to?(@method_sym)
+                method_to_call = @method_sym
+                method_receiver = obj.object
+                if ruby_kwargs.any?
+                  inner_object.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
+                else
+                  inner_object.public_send(@method_sym)
+                end
+              elsif @fallback_value != :not_given
+                @fallback_value
+              else
+                raise <<-ERR
+              Failed to implement #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{@name}, tried:
+
+              - `#{obj.class}##{resolver_method}`, which did not exist
+              - `#{inner_object.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
+              - Looking up hash key `#{@method_sym.inspect}` or `#{@method_str.inspect}` on `#{inner_object}`, but it wasn't a Hash
+
+              To implement this field, define one of the methods above (and check for typos), or supply a `fallback_value`.
+              ERR
+              end
             end
+          else
+            raise GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError.new(object: application_object, type: object.class, context: query_ctx, field: self)
           end
-        rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError => err
-          err.field ||= self
-          ctx.schema.unauthorized_field(err)
-        rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedError => err
-          ctx.schema.unauthorized_object(err)
-        end
-      rescue GraphQL::ExecutionError => err
-        err
+        end
+      rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedFieldError => err
+        err.field ||= self
+        begin
+          query_ctx.schema.unauthorized_field(err)
+        rescue GraphQL::ExecutionError => err
+          err
+        end
+      rescue GraphQL::UnauthorizedError => err
+        begin
+          query_ctx.schema.unauthorized_object(err)
+        rescue GraphQL::ExecutionError => err
+          err
+        end
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        if method_receiver && method_to_call
+          assert_satisfactory_implementation(method_receiver, method_to_call, method_args)
+        end
+        # if the line above doesn't raise, re-raise
+        raise
       end
 
-      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context::FieldResolutionContext]
+      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context]
       def fetch_extra(extra_name, ctx)
         if extra_name != :path && extra_name != :ast_node && respond_to?(extra_name)
           self.public_send(extra_name)
@@ -744,127 +767,6 @@ module GraphQL
 
       private
 
-      NO_ARGS = {}.freeze
-
-      # Convert a GraphQL arguments instance into a Ruby-style hash.
-      #
-      # @param obj [GraphQL::Schema::Object] The object where this field is being resolved
-      # @param graphql_args [GraphQL::Query::Arguments]
-      # @param field_ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context::FieldResolutionContext]
-      # @return [Hash<Symbol => Any>]
-      def to_ruby_args(obj, graphql_args, field_ctx)
-        if graphql_args.any? || @extras.any?
-          # Splat the GraphQL::Arguments to Ruby keyword arguments
-          ruby_kwargs = graphql_args.to_kwargs
-          maybe_lazies = []
-          # Apply any `prepare` methods. Not great code organization, can this go somewhere better?
-          arguments(field_ctx).each do |name, arg_defn|
-            ruby_kwargs_key = arg_defn.keyword
-
-            if ruby_kwargs.key?(ruby_kwargs_key)
-              loads = arg_defn.loads
-              value = ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key]
-              loaded_value = if loads && !arg_defn.from_resolver?
-                if arg_defn.type.list?
-                  loaded_values = value.map { |val| load_application_object(arg_defn, loads, val, field_ctx.query.context) }
-                  field_ctx.schema.after_any_lazies(loaded_values) { |result| result }
-                else
-                  load_application_object(arg_defn, loads, value, field_ctx.query.context)
-                end
-              elsif arg_defn.type.list? && value.is_a?(Array)
-                field_ctx.schema.after_any_lazies(value, &:itself)
-              else
-                value
-              end
-
-              maybe_lazies << field_ctx.schema.after_lazy(loaded_value) do |loaded_value|
-                prepared_value = if arg_defn.prepare
-                  arg_defn.prepare_value(obj, loaded_value)
-                else
-                  loaded_value
-                end
-
-                ruby_kwargs[ruby_kwargs_key] = prepared_value
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          @extras.each do |extra_arg|
-            ruby_kwargs[extra_arg] = fetch_extra(extra_arg, field_ctx)
-          end
-
-          field_ctx.schema.after_any_lazies(maybe_lazies) do
-            ruby_kwargs
-          end
-        else
-          NO_ARGS
-        end
-      end
-
-      def public_send_field(unextended_obj, unextended_ruby_kwargs, query_ctx)
-        with_extensions(unextended_obj, unextended_ruby_kwargs, query_ctx) do |obj, ruby_kwargs|
-          begin
-            method_receiver = nil
-            method_to_call = nil
-            if @resolver_class
-              if obj.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
-                obj = obj.object
-              end
-              obj = @resolver_class.new(object: obj, context: query_ctx, field: self)
-            end
-
-            # Find a way to resolve this field, checking:
-            #
-            # - A method on the type instance;
-            # - Hash keys, if the wrapped object is a hash;
-            # - A method on the wrapped object;
-            # - Or, raise not implemented.
-            #
-            if obj.respond_to?(@resolver_method)
-              method_to_call = @resolver_method
-              method_receiver = obj
-              # Call the method with kwargs, if there are any
-              if ruby_kwargs.any?
-                obj.public_send(@resolver_method, **ruby_kwargs)
-              else
-                obj.public_send(@resolver_method)
-              end
-            elsif obj.object.is_a?(Hash)
-              inner_object = obj.object
-              if @dig_keys
-                inner_object.dig(*@dig_keys)
-              elsif inner_object.key?(@method_sym)
-                inner_object[@method_sym]
-              else
-                inner_object[@method_str]
-              end
-            elsif obj.object.respond_to?(@method_sym)
-              method_to_call = @method_sym
-              method_receiver = obj.object
-              if ruby_kwargs.any?
-                obj.object.public_send(@method_sym, **ruby_kwargs)
-              else
-                obj.object.public_send(@method_sym)
-              end
-            else
-              raise <<-ERR
-            Failed to implement #{@owner.graphql_name}.#{@name}, tried:
-
-            - `#{obj.class}##{@resolver_method}`, which did not exist
-            - `#{obj.object.class}##{@method_sym}`, which did not exist
-            - Looking up hash key `#{@method_sym.inspect}` or `#{@method_str.inspect}` on `#{obj.object}`, but it wasn't a Hash
-
-            To implement this field, define one of the methods above (and check for typos)
-            ERR
-            end
-          rescue ArgumentError
-            assert_satisfactory_implementation(method_receiver, method_to_call, ruby_kwargs)
-            # if the line above doesn't raise, re-raise
-            raise
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
       def assert_satisfactory_implementation(receiver, method_name, ruby_kwargs)
         method_defn = receiver.method(method_name)
         unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs = ruby_kwargs.dup
@@ -895,7 +797,7 @@ module GraphQL
 
         if unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs.any? || unsatisfied_method_params.any?
           raise FieldImplementationFailed.new, <<-ERR
-Failed to call #{method_name} on #{receiver.inspect} because the Ruby method params were incompatible with the GraphQL arguments:
+Failed to call `#{method_name.inspect}` on #{receiver.inspect} because the Ruby method params were incompatible with the GraphQL arguments:
 
 #{ unsatisfied_ruby_kwargs
     .map { |key, value| "- `#{key}: #{value}` was given by GraphQL but not defined in the Ruby method. Add `#{key}:` to the method parameters." }