graphql 1.10.2 → 2.0.21

data/lib/graphql/schema.rb

@@ -1,26 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+require "graphql/schema/addition"
 require "graphql/schema/base_64_encoder"
-require "graphql/schema/catchall_middleware"
-require "graphql/schema/default_parse_error"
-require "graphql/schema/default_type_error"
 require "graphql/schema/find_inherited_value"
 require "graphql/schema/finder"
 require "graphql/schema/invalid_type_error"
 require "graphql/schema/introspection_system"
 require "graphql/schema/late_bound_type"
-require "graphql/schema/middleware_chain"
 require "graphql/schema/null_mask"
-require "graphql/schema/possible_types"
-require "graphql/schema/rescue_middleware"
 require "graphql/schema/timeout"
-require "graphql/schema/timeout_middleware"
-require "graphql/schema/traversal"
 require "graphql/schema/type_expression"
 require "graphql/schema/unique_within_type"
-require "graphql/schema/validation"
 require "graphql/schema/warden"
 require "graphql/schema/build_from_definition"
 
+require "graphql/schema/validator"
 require "graphql/schema/member"
 require "graphql/schema/wrapper"
 require "graphql/schema/list"
@@ -38,8 +31,10 @@ require "graphql/schema/union"
 require "graphql/schema/directive"
 require "graphql/schema/directive/deprecated"
 require "graphql/schema/directive/include"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/one_of"
 require "graphql/schema/directive/skip"
 require "graphql/schema/directive/feature"
+require "graphql/schema/directive/flagged"
 require "graphql/schema/directive/transform"
 require "graphql/schema/type_membership"
 
@@ -67,7 +62,7 @@ module GraphQL
   # Schemas can specify how queries should be executed against them.
   # `query_execution_strategy`, `mutation_execution_strategy` and `subscription_execution_strategy`
   # each apply to corresponding root types.
-  #  #
+  #
   # @example defining a schema
   #   class MySchema < GraphQL::Schema
   #     query QueryType
@@ -76,12 +71,19 @@ module GraphQL
   #   end
   #
   class Schema
-    extend Forwardable
-    extend GraphQL::Schema::Member::AcceptsDefinition
     extend GraphQL::Schema::Member::HasAstNode
-    include GraphQL::Define::InstanceDefinable
     extend GraphQL::Schema::FindInheritedValue
 
+    class DuplicateNamesError < GraphQL::Error
+      attr_reader :duplicated_name
+      def initialize(duplicated_name:, duplicated_definition_1:, duplicated_definition_2:)
+        @duplicated_name = duplicated_name
+        super(
+          "Found two visible definitions for `#{duplicated_name}`: #{duplicated_definition_1}, #{duplicated_definition_2}"
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
     class UnresolvedLateBoundTypeError < GraphQL::Error
       attr_reader :type
       def initialize(type:)
@@ -90,727 +92,121 @@ module GraphQL
       end
     end
 
-    accepts_definitions \
-      :query_execution_strategy, :mutation_execution_strategy, :subscription_execution_strategy,
-      :max_depth, :max_complexity, :default_max_page_size,
-      :orphan_types, :resolve_type, :type_error, :parse_error,
-      :error_bubbling,
-      :raise_definition_error,
-      :object_from_id, :id_from_object,
-      :default_mask,
-      :cursor_encoder,
-      # If these are given as classes, normalize them. Accept `nil` when building from string.
-      query: ->(schema, t) { schema.query = t.respond_to?(:graphql_definition) ? t.graphql_definition : t },
-      mutation: ->(schema, t) { schema.mutation = t.respond_to?(:graphql_definition) ? t.graphql_definition : t },
-      subscription: ->(schema, t) { schema.subscription = t.respond_to?(:graphql_definition) ? t.graphql_definition : t },
-      disable_introspection_entry_points: ->(schema) { schema.disable_introspection_entry_points = true },
-      disable_schema_introspection_entry_point: ->(schema) { schema.disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = true },
-      disable_type_introspection_entry_point: ->(schema) { schema.disable_type_introspection_entry_point = true },
-      directives: ->(schema, directives) { schema.directives = directives.reduce({}) { |m, d| m[d.graphql_name] = d; m } },
-      directive: ->(schema, directive) { schema.directives[directive.graphql_name] = directive },
-      instrument: ->(schema, type, instrumenter, after_built_ins: false) {
-        if type == :field && after_built_ins
-          type = :field_after_built_ins
-        end
-        schema.instrumenters[type] << instrumenter
-      },
-      query_analyzer: ->(schema, analyzer) {
-        if analyzer == GraphQL::Authorization::Analyzer
-          warn("The Authorization query analyzer is deprecated. Authorizing at query runtime is generally a better idea.")
-        end
-        schema.query_analyzers << analyzer
-      },
-      multiplex_analyzer: ->(schema, analyzer) { schema.multiplex_analyzers << analyzer },
-      middleware: ->(schema, middleware) { schema.middleware << middleware },
-      lazy_resolve: ->(schema, lazy_class, lazy_value_method) { schema.lazy_methods.set(lazy_class, lazy_value_method) },
-      rescue_from: ->(schema, err_class, &block) { schema.rescue_from(err_class, &block) },
-      tracer: ->(schema, tracer) { schema.tracers.push(tracer) }
-
-    ensure_defined :introspection_system
-
-    attr_accessor \
-      :query, :mutation, :subscription,
-      :query_execution_strategy, :mutation_execution_strategy, :subscription_execution_strategy,
-      :max_depth, :max_complexity, :default_max_page_size,
-      :orphan_types, :directives,
-      :query_analyzers, :multiplex_analyzers, :instrumenters, :lazy_methods,
-      :cursor_encoder,
-      :ast_node,
-      :raise_definition_error,
-      :introspection_namespace,
-      :analysis_engine
-
-    # [Boolean] True if this object bubbles validation errors up from a field into its parent InputObject, if there is one.
-    attr_accessor :error_bubbling
-
-    # Single, long-lived instance of the provided subscriptions class, if there is one.
-    # @return [GraphQL::Subscriptions]
-    attr_accessor :subscriptions
-
-    # @return [MiddlewareChain] MiddlewareChain which is applied to fields during execution
-    attr_accessor :middleware
-
-    # @return [<#call(member, ctx)>] A callable for filtering members of the schema
-    # @see {Query.new} for query-specific filters with `except:`
-    attr_accessor :default_mask
-
-    # @see {GraphQL::Query::Context} The parent class of these classes
-    # @return [Class] Instantiated for each query
-    attr_accessor :context_class
-
-    # [Boolean] True if this object disables the introspection entry point fields
-    attr_accessor :disable_introspection_entry_points
-
-    def disable_introspection_entry_points?
-      !!@disable_introspection_entry_points
-    end
-
-    # [Boolean] True if this object disables the __schema introspection entry point field
-    attr_accessor :disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
-
-    def disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?
-      !!@disable_schema_introspection_entry_point
-    end
-
-    # [Boolean] True if this object disables the __type introspection entry point field
-    attr_accessor :disable_type_introspection_entry_point
-
-    def disable_type_introspection_entry_point?
-      !!@disable_type_introspection_entry_point
-    end
+    # Error that is raised when [#Schema#from_definition] is passed an invalid schema definition string.
+    class InvalidDocumentError < Error; end;
 
     class << self
-      attr_writer :default_execution_strategy
-    end
-
-    def default_filter
-      GraphQL::Filter.new(except: default_mask)
-    end
-
-    # @return [Array<#trace(key, data)>] Tracers applied to every query
-    # @see {Query#tracers} for query-specific tracers
-    attr_reader :tracers
-
-    DYNAMIC_FIELDS = ["__type", "__typename", "__schema"].freeze
-
-    attr_reader :static_validator, :object_from_id_proc, :id_from_object_proc, :resolve_type_proc
-
-    def initialize
-      @tracers = []
-      @definition_error = nil
-      @orphan_types = []
-      @directives = {}
-      self.class.default_directives.each do |name, dir|
-        @directives[name] = dir.graphql_definition
-      end
-      @static_validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
-      @middleware = MiddlewareChain.new(final_step: GraphQL::Execution::Execute::FieldResolveStep)
-      @query_analyzers = []
-      @multiplex_analyzers = []
-      @resolve_type_proc = nil
-      @object_from_id_proc = nil
-      @id_from_object_proc = nil
-      @type_error_proc = DefaultTypeError
-      @parse_error_proc = DefaultParseError
-      @instrumenters = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
-      @lazy_methods = GraphQL::Execution::Lazy::LazyMethodMap.new
-      @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Execution::Lazy, :value)
-      @cursor_encoder = Base64Encoder
-      # Default to the built-in execution strategy:
-      @analysis_engine = GraphQL::Analysis
-      @query_execution_strategy = self.class.default_execution_strategy
-      @mutation_execution_strategy = self.class.default_execution_strategy
-      @subscription_execution_strategy = self.class.default_execution_strategy
-      @default_mask = GraphQL::Schema::NullMask
-      @rebuilding_artifacts = false
-      @context_class = GraphQL::Query::Context
-      @introspection_namespace = nil
-      @introspection_system = nil
-      @interpreter = false
-      @error_bubbling = false
-      @disable_introspection_entry_points = false
-      @disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = false
-      @disable_type_introspection_entry_point = false
-    end
-
-    # @return [Boolean] True if using the new {GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter}
-    def interpreter?
-      @interpreter
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    attr_writer :interpreter
-
-    def inspect
-      "#<#{self.class.name} ...>"
-    end
-
-    def initialize_copy(other)
-      super
-      @orphan_types = other.orphan_types.dup
-      @directives = other.directives.dup
-      @static_validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
-      @middleware = other.middleware.dup
-      @query_analyzers = other.query_analyzers.dup
-      @multiplex_analyzers = other.multiplex_analyzers.dup
-      @tracers = other.tracers.dup
-      @possible_types = GraphQL::Schema::PossibleTypes.new(self)
-
-      @lazy_methods = other.lazy_methods.dup
-
-      @instrumenters = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
-      other.instrumenters.each do |key, insts|
-        @instrumenters[key].concat(insts)
-      end
-
-      if other.rescues?
-        @rescue_middleware = other.rescue_middleware
-      end
-
-      # This will be rebuilt when it's requested
-      # or during a later `define` call
-      @types = nil
-      @introspection_system = nil
-    end
-
-    def rescue_from(*args, &block)
-      rescue_middleware.rescue_from(*args, &block)
-    end
-
-    def remove_handler(*args, &block)
-      rescue_middleware.remove_handler(*args, &block)
-    end
-
-    def using_ast_analysis?
-      @analysis_engine == GraphQL::Analysis::AST
-    end
-
-    # For forwards-compatibility with Schema classes
-    alias :graphql_definition :itself
-
-    # Validate a query string according to this schema.
-    # @param string_or_document [String, GraphQL::Language::Nodes::Document]
-    # @return [Array<GraphQL::StaticValidation::Error >]
-    def validate(string_or_document, rules: nil, context: nil)
-      doc = if string_or_document.is_a?(String)
-        GraphQL.parse(string_or_document)
-      else
-        string_or_document
-      end
-      query = GraphQL::Query.new(self, document: doc, context: context)
-      validator_opts = { schema: self }
-      rules && (validator_opts[:rules] = rules)
-      validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(**validator_opts)
-      res = validator.validate(query)
-      res[:errors]
-    end
-
-    def define(**kwargs, &block)
-      super
-      ensure_defined
-      # Assert that all necessary configs are present:
-      validation_error = Validation.validate(self)
-      validation_error && raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, validation_error)
-      rebuild_artifacts
-
-      @definition_error = nil
-      nil
-    rescue StandardError => err
-      if @raise_definition_error || err.is_a?(CyclicalDefinitionError) || err.is_a?(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError)
-        raise
-      else
-        # Raise this error _later_ to avoid messing with Rails constant loading
-        @definition_error = err
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Attach `instrumenter` to this schema for instrumenting events of `instrumentation_type`.
-    # @param instrumentation_type [Symbol]
-    # @param instrumenter
-    # @return [void]
-    def instrument(instrumentation_type, instrumenter)
-      @instrumenters[instrumentation_type] << instrumenter
-      if instrumentation_type == :field
-        rebuild_artifacts
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @return [Array<GraphQL::BaseType>] The root types of this schema
-    def root_types
-      @root_types ||= begin
-        rebuild_artifacts
-        @root_types
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
-    # @return [GraphQL::Schema::TypeMap] `{ name => type }` pairs of types in this schema
-    def types
-      @types ||= begin
-        rebuild_artifacts
-        @types
-      end
-    end
-
-    def get_type(type_name)
-      @types[type_name]
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def introspection_system
-      @introspection_system ||= begin
-        rebuild_artifacts
-        @introspection_system
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns a list of Arguments and Fields referencing a certain type
-    # @param type_name [String]
-    # @return [Hash]
-    def references_to(type_name = nil)
-      rebuild_artifacts unless defined?(@type_reference_map)
-      if type_name
-        @type_reference_map.fetch(type_name, [])
-      else
-        @type_reference_map
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns a list of Union types in which a type is a member
-    # @param type [GraphQL::ObjectType]
-    # @return [Array<GraphQL::UnionType>] list of union types of which the type is a member
-    def union_memberships(type)
-      rebuild_artifacts unless defined?(@union_memberships)
-      @union_memberships.fetch(type.name, [])
-    end
-
-    # Execute a query on itself. Raises an error if the schema definition is invalid.
-    # @see {Query#initialize} for arguments.
-    # @return [Hash] query result, ready to be serialized as JSON
-    def execute(query_str = nil, **kwargs)
-      if query_str
-        kwargs[:query] = query_str
-      end
-      # Some of the query context _should_ be passed to the multiplex, too
-      multiplex_context = if (ctx = kwargs[:context])
-        {
-          backtrace: ctx[:backtrace],
-          tracers: ctx[:tracers],
-        }
-      else
-        {}
-      end
-      # Since we're running one query, don't run a multiplex-level complexity analyzer
-      all_results = multiplex([kwargs], max_complexity: nil, context: multiplex_context)
-      all_results[0]
-    end
-
-    # Execute several queries on itself. Raises an error if the schema definition is invalid.
-    # @example Run several queries at once
-    #   context = { ... }
-    #   queries = [
-    #     { query: params[:query_1], variables: params[:variables_1], context: context },
-    #     { query: params[:query_2], variables: params[:variables_2], context: context },
-    #   ]
-    #   results = MySchema.multiplex(queries)
-    #   render json: {
-    #     result_1: results[0],
-    #     result_2: results[1],
-    #   }
-    #
-    # @see {Query#initialize} for query keyword arguments
-    # @see {Execution::Multiplex#run_queries} for multiplex keyword arguments
-    # @param queries [Array<Hash>] Keyword arguments for each query
-    # @param context [Hash] Multiplex-level context
-    # @return [Array<Hash>] One result for each query in the input
-    def multiplex(queries, **kwargs)
-      with_definition_error_check {
-        GraphQL::Execution::Multiplex.run_all(self, queries, **kwargs)
-      }
-    end
-
-    # Search for a schema member using a string path
-    # @example Finding a Field
-    # Schema.find("Ensemble.musicians")
-    #
-    # @see {GraphQL::Schema::Finder} for more examples
-    # @param path [String] A dot-separated path to the member
-    # @raise [Schema::Finder::MemberNotFoundError] if path could not be found
-    # @return [GraphQL::BaseType, GraphQL::Field, GraphQL::Argument, GraphQL::Directive] A GraphQL Schema Member
-    def find(path)
-      rebuild_artifacts unless defined?(@finder)
-      @find_cache[path] ||= @finder.find(path)
-    end
-
-    # Resolve field named `field_name` for type `parent_type`.
-    # Handles dynamic fields `__typename`, `__type` and `__schema`, too
-    # @param parent_type [String, GraphQL::BaseType]
-    # @param field_name [String]
-    # @return [GraphQL::Field, nil] The field named `field_name` on `parent_type`
-    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
-    def get_field(parent_type, field_name)
-      with_definition_error_check do
-        parent_type_name = case parent_type
-        when GraphQL::BaseType, Class, Module
-          parent_type.graphql_name
-        when String
-          parent_type
-        else
-          raise "Unexpected parent_type: #{parent_type}"
-        end
-
-        defined_field = @instrumented_field_map[parent_type_name][field_name]
-        if defined_field
-          defined_field
-        elsif parent_type == query && (entry_point_field = introspection_system.entry_point(name: field_name))
-          entry_point_field
-        elsif (dynamic_field = introspection_system.dynamic_field(name: field_name))
-          dynamic_field
+      # Create schema with the result of an introspection query.
+      # @param introspection_result [Hash] A response from {GraphQL::Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}
+      # @return [Class<GraphQL::Schema>] the schema described by `input`
+      def from_introspection(introspection_result)
+        GraphQL::Schema::Loader.load(introspection_result)
+      end
+
+      # Create schema from an IDL schema or file containing an IDL definition.
+      # @param definition_or_path [String] A schema definition string, or a path to a file containing the definition
+      # @param default_resolve [<#call(type, field, obj, args, ctx)>] A callable for handling field resolution
+      # @param parser [Object] An object for handling definition string parsing (must respond to `parse`)
+      # @param using [Hash] Plugins to attach to the created schema with `use(key, value)`
+      # @return [Class] the schema described by `document`
+      def from_definition(definition_or_path, default_resolve: nil, parser: GraphQL.default_parser, using: {})
+        # If the file ends in `.graphql` or `.graphqls`, treat it like a filepath
+        if definition_or_path.end_with?(".graphql") || definition_or_path.end_with?(".graphqls")
+          GraphQL::Schema::BuildFromDefinition.from_definition_path(
+            self,
+            definition_or_path,
+            default_resolve: default_resolve,
+            parser: parser,
+            using: using,
+          )
         else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Fields for this type, after instrumentation is applied
-    # @return [Hash<String, GraphQL::Field>]
-    def get_fields(type)
-      @instrumented_field_map[type.graphql_name]
-    end
-
-    def type_from_ast(ast_node, context:)
-      GraphQL::Schema::TypeExpression.build_type(self, ast_node)
-    end
-
-    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
-    # @param type_defn [GraphQL::InterfaceType, GraphQL::UnionType] the type whose members you want to retrieve
-    # @param context [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the current query
-    # @return [Array<GraphQL::ObjectType>] types which belong to `type_defn` in this schema
-    def possible_types(type_defn, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
-      @possible_types ||= GraphQL::Schema::PossibleTypes.new(self)
-      @possible_types.possible_types(type_defn, context)
-    end
-
-    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Resticted access to root types
-    # @return [GraphQL::ObjectType, nil]
-    def root_type_for_operation(operation)
-      case operation
-      when "query"
-        query
-      when "mutation"
-        mutation
-      when "subscription"
-        subscription
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def execution_strategy_for_operation(operation)
-      case operation
-      when "query"
-        query_execution_strategy
-      when "mutation"
-        mutation_execution_strategy
-      when "subscription"
-        subscription_execution_strategy
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "unknown operation type: #{operation}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Determine the GraphQL type for a given object.
-    # This is required for unions and interfaces (including Relay's `Node` interface)
-    # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to members of a schema
-    # @param type [GraphQL::UnionType, GraphQL:InterfaceType] the abstract type which is being resolved
-    # @param object [Any] An application object which GraphQL is currently resolving on
-    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the current query
-    # @return [GraphQL::ObjectType] The type for exposing `object` in GraphQL
-    def resolve_type(type, object, ctx = :__undefined__)
-      check_resolved_type(type, object, ctx) do |ok_type, ok_object, ok_ctx|
-        if @resolve_type_proc.nil?
-          raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Can't determine GraphQL type for: #{ok_object.inspect}, define `resolve_type (type, obj, ctx) -> { ... }` inside `Schema.define`.")
+          GraphQL::Schema::BuildFromDefinition.from_definition(
+            self,
+            definition_or_path,
+            default_resolve: default_resolve,
+            parser: parser,
+            using: using,
+          )
         end
-        @resolve_type_proc.call(ok_type, ok_object, ok_ctx)
       end
-    end
 
-    # This is a compatibility hack so that instance-level and class-level
-    # methods can get correctness checks without calling one another
-    # @api private
-    def check_resolved_type(type, object, ctx = :__undefined__)
-      if ctx == :__undefined__
-        # Old method signature
-        ctx = object
-        object = type
-        type = nil
+      def deprecated_graphql_definition
+        graphql_definition(silence_deprecation_warning: true)
       end
 
-      if object.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
-        object = object.object
+      # @return [GraphQL::Subscriptions]
+      def subscriptions(inherited: true)
+        defined?(@subscriptions) ? @subscriptions : (inherited ? find_inherited_value(:subscriptions, nil) : nil)
       end
 
-      if type.respond_to?(:graphql_definition)
-        type = type.graphql_definition
+      def subscriptions=(new_implementation)
+        @subscriptions = new_implementation
       end
 
-      # Prefer a type-local function; fall back to the schema-level function
-      type_proc = type && type.resolve_type_proc
-      type_result = if type_proc
-        type_proc.call(object, ctx)
-      else
-        yield(type, object, ctx)
+      def trace_class(new_class = nil)
+        if new_class
+          trace_mode(:default, new_class)
+          backtrace_class = Class.new(new_class)
+          backtrace_class.include(GraphQL::Backtrace::Trace)
+          trace_mode(:default_backtrace, backtrace_class)
+        end
+        trace_class_for(:default)
       end
 
-      if type_result.nil?
-        nil
-      else
-        after_lazy(type_result) do |resolved_type_result|
-          if resolved_type_result.respond_to?(:graphql_definition)
-            resolved_type_result = resolved_type_result.graphql_definition
-          end
-          if !resolved_type_result.is_a?(GraphQL::BaseType)
-            type_str = "#{resolved_type_result} (#{resolved_type_result.class.name})"
-            raise "resolve_type(#{object}) returned #{type_str}, but it should return a GraphQL type"
+      # @return [Class] Return the trace class to use for this mode, looking one up on the superclass if this Schema doesn't have one defined.
+      def trace_class_for(mode)
+        @trace_modes ||= {}
+        @trace_modes[mode] ||= begin
+          base_class = if superclass.respond_to?(:trace_class_for)
+            superclass.trace_class_for(mode)
+          elsif mode == :default_backtrace
+            GraphQL::Backtrace::DefaultBacktraceTrace
           else
-            resolved_type_result
+            GraphQL::Tracing::Trace
           end
+          Class.new(base_class)
         end
       end
-    end
-
-    def resolve_type=(new_resolve_type_proc)
-      callable = GraphQL::BackwardsCompatibility.wrap_arity(new_resolve_type_proc, from: 2, to: 3, last: true, name: "Schema#resolve_type(type, obj, ctx)")
-      @resolve_type_proc = callable
-    end
-
-    # Fetch an application object by its unique id
-    # @param id [String] A unique identifier, provided previously by this GraphQL schema
-    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the current query
-    # @return [Any] The application object identified by `id`
-    def object_from_id(id, ctx)
-      if @object_from_id_proc.nil?
-        raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Can't fetch an object for id \"#{id}\" because the schema's `object_from_id (id, ctx) -> { ... }` function is not defined")
-      else
-        @object_from_id_proc.call(id, ctx)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for fetching objects by ID
-    def object_from_id=(new_proc)
-      @object_from_id_proc = new_proc
-    end
-
-    # When we encounter a type error during query execution, we call this hook.
-    #
-    # You can use this hook to write a log entry,
-    # add a {GraphQL::ExecutionError} to the response (with `ctx.add_error`)
-    # or raise an exception and halt query execution.
-    #
-    # @example A `nil` is encountered by a non-null field
-    #   type_error ->(err, query_ctx) {
-    #     err.is_a?(GraphQL::InvalidNullError) # => true
-    #   }
-    #
-    # @example An object doesn't resolve to one of a {UnionType}'s members
-    #   type_error ->(err, query_ctx) {
-    #     err.is_a?(GraphQL::UnresolvedTypeError) # => true
-    #   }
-    #
-    # @see {DefaultTypeError} is the default behavior.
-    # @param err [GraphQL::TypeError] The error encountered during execution
-    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the field where the error occurred
-    # @return void
-    def type_error(err, ctx)
-      @type_error_proc.call(err, ctx)
-    end
-
-    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for handling type errors during execution
-    def type_error=(new_proc)
-      @type_error_proc = new_proc
-    end
-
-    # Can't delegate to `class`
-    alias :_schema_class :class
-    def_delegators :_schema_class, :unauthorized_object, :unauthorized_field, :inaccessible_fields
-    def_delegators :_schema_class, :directive
-    def_delegators :_schema_class, :error_handler
-
-
-    # Given this schema member, find the class-based definition object
-    # whose `method_name` should be treated as an application hook
-    # @see {.visible?}
-    # @see {.accessible?}
-    def call_on_type_class(member, method_name, context, default:)
-      member = if member.respond_to?(:type_class)
-        member.type_class
-      else
-        member
-      end
-
-      if member.respond_to?(:relay_node_type) && (t = member.relay_node_type)
-        member = t
-      end
-
-      if member.respond_to?(method_name)
-        member.public_send(method_name, context)
-      else
-        default
-      end
-    end
-
-    def visible?(member, context)
-      call_on_type_class(member, :visible?, context, default: true)
-    end
-
-    def accessible?(member, context)
-      call_on_type_class(member, :accessible?, context, default: true)
-    end
-
-    # A function to call when {#execute} receives an invalid query string
-    #
-    # @see {DefaultParseError} is the default behavior.
-    # @param err [GraphQL::ParseError] The error encountered during parsing
-    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the query where the error occurred
-    # @return void
-    def parse_error(err, ctx)
-      @parse_error_proc.call(err, ctx)
-    end
-
-    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for handling parse errors during execution
-    def parse_error=(new_proc)
-      @parse_error_proc = new_proc
-    end
 
-    # Get a unique identifier from this object
-    # @param object [Any] An application object
-    # @param type [GraphQL::BaseType] The current type definition
-    # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] the context for the current query
-    # @return [String] a unique identifier for `object` which clients can use to refetch it
-    def id_from_object(object, type, ctx)
-      if @id_from_object_proc.nil?
-        raise(GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "Can't generate an ID for #{object.inspect} of type #{type}, schema's `id_from_object` must be defined")
-      else
-        @id_from_object_proc.call(object, type, ctx)
+      # Configure `trace_class` to be used whenever `context: { trace_mode: mode_name }` is requested.
+      # `:default` is used when no `trace_mode: ...` is requested.
+      # @param mode_name [Symbol]
+      # @param trace_class [Class] subclass of GraphQL::Tracing::Trace
+      # @return void
+      def trace_mode(mode_name, trace_class)
+        @trace_modes ||= {}
+        @trace_modes[mode_name] = trace_class
+        nil
       end
-    end
-
-    # @param new_proc [#call] A new callable for generating unique IDs
-    def id_from_object=(new_proc)
-      @id_from_object_proc = new_proc
-    end
-
-    # Create schema with the result of an introspection query.
-    # @param introspection_result [Hash] A response from {GraphQL::Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}
-    # @return [GraphQL::Schema] the schema described by `input`
-    def self.from_introspection(introspection_result)
-      GraphQL::Schema::Loader.load(introspection_result)
-    end
-
-    # Create schema from an IDL schema or file containing an IDL definition.
-    # @param definition_or_path [String] A schema definition string, or a path to a file containing the definition
-    # @param default_resolve [<#call(type, field, obj, args, ctx)>] A callable for handling field resolution
-    # @param parser [Object] An object for handling definition string parsing (must respond to `parse`)
-    # @param using [Hash] Plugins to attach to the created schema with `use(key, value)`
-    # @param interpreter [Boolean] If false, the legacy {Execution::Execute} runtime will be used
-    # @return [Class] the schema described by `document`
-    def self.from_definition(definition_or_path, default_resolve: BuildFromDefinition::DefaultResolve, interpreter: true, parser: BuildFromDefinition::DefaultParser, using: {})
-      # If the file ends in `.graphql`, treat it like a filepath
-      definition = if definition_or_path.end_with?(".graphql")
-        File.read(definition_or_path)
-      else
-        definition_or_path
-      end
-      GraphQL::Schema::BuildFromDefinition.from_definition(definition, default_resolve: default_resolve, parser: parser, using: using, interpreter: interpreter)
-    end
-
-    # Error that is raised when [#Schema#from_definition] is passed an invalid schema definition string.
-    class InvalidDocumentError < Error; end;
-
-    # @return [Symbol, nil] The method name to lazily resolve `obj`, or nil if `obj`'s class wasn't registered wtih {#lazy_resolve}.
-    def lazy_method_name(obj)
-      @lazy_methods.get(obj)
-    end
 
-    # @return [Boolean] True if this object should be lazily resolved
-    def lazy?(obj)
-      !!lazy_method_name(obj)
-    end
-
-    # Return the GraphQL IDL for the schema
-    # @param context [Hash]
-    # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
-    # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
-    # @return [String]
-    def to_definition(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
-      GraphQL::Schema::Printer.print_schema(self, only: only, except: except, context: context)
-    end
-
-    # Return the GraphQL::Language::Document IDL AST for the schema
-    # @param context [Hash]
-    # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
-    # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
-    # @return [GraphQL::Language::Document]
-    def to_document(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
-      GraphQL::Language::DocumentFromSchemaDefinition.new(self, only: only, except: except, context: context).document
-    end
-
-    # Return the Hash response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
-    # @param context [Hash]
-    # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
-    # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
-    # @return [Hash] GraphQL result
-    def as_json(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
-      execute(Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY, only: only, except: except, context: context).to_h
-    end
-
-    # Returns the JSON response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
-    # @see {#as_json}
-    # @return [String]
-    def to_json(*args)
-      JSON.pretty_generate(as_json(*args))
-    end
-
-    def new_connections?
-      !!connections
-    end
-
-    attr_accessor :connections
-
-    class << self
-      extend Forwardable
-      # For compatibility, these methods all:
-      # - Cause the Schema instance to be created, if it hasn't been created yet
-      # - Delegate to that instance
-      # Eventually, the methods will be moved into this class, removing the need for the singleton.
-      def_delegators :graphql_definition,
-        # Execution
-        :execution_strategy_for_operation,
-        :validate, :multiplex_analyzers,
-        # Configuration
-        :metadata, :redefine,
-        :id_from_object_proc, :object_from_id_proc,
-        :id_from_object=, :object_from_id=,
-        :remove_handler
-
-      # @return [GraphQL::Subscriptions]
-      attr_accessor :subscriptions
 
       # Returns the JSON response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
       # @see {#as_json}
       # @return [String]
-      def to_json(*args)
-        JSON.pretty_generate(as_json(*args))
+      def to_json(**args)
+        JSON.pretty_generate(as_json(**args))
       end
 
       # Return the Hash response of {Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY}.
       # @param context [Hash]
       # @param only [<#call(member, ctx)>]
       # @param except [<#call(member, ctx)>]
+      # @param include_deprecated_args [Boolean] If true, deprecated arguments will be included in the JSON response
+      # @param include_schema_description [Boolean] If true, the schema's description will be queried and included in the response
+      # @param include_is_repeatable [Boolean] If true, `isRepeatable: true|false` will be included with the schema's directives
+      # @param include_specified_by_url [Boolean] If true, scalar types' `specifiedByUrl:` will be included in the response
+      # @param include_is_one_of [Boolean] If true, `isOneOf: true|false` will be included with input objects
       # @return [Hash] GraphQL result
-      def as_json(only: nil, except: nil, context: {})
-        execute(Introspection::INTROSPECTION_QUERY, only: only, except: except, context: context).to_h
+      def as_json(only: nil, except: nil, context: {}, include_deprecated_args: true, include_schema_description: false, include_is_repeatable: false, include_specified_by_url: false, include_is_one_of: false)
+        introspection_query = Introspection.query(
+          include_deprecated_args: include_deprecated_args,
+          include_schema_description: include_schema_description,
+          include_is_repeatable: include_is_repeatable,
+          include_is_one_of: include_is_one_of,
+          include_specified_by_url: include_specified_by_url,
+        )
+
+        execute(introspection_query, only: only, except: except, context: context).to_h
       end
 
       # Return the GraphQL IDL for the schema
@@ -828,6 +224,17 @@ module GraphQL
         GraphQL::Language::DocumentFromSchemaDefinition.new(self).document
       end
 
+      # @return [String, nil]
+      def description(new_description = nil)
+        if new_description
+          @description = new_description
+        elsif defined?(@description)
+          @description
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:description, nil)
+        end
+      end
+
       def find(path)
         if !@finder
           @find_cache = {}
@@ -836,12 +243,8 @@ module GraphQL
         @find_cache[path] ||= @finder.find(path)
       end
 
-      def graphql_definition
-        @graphql_definition ||= to_graphql
-      end
-
       def default_filter
-        GraphQL::Filter.new(except: default_mask)
+        GraphQL::Filter.new(except: default_mask, silence_deprecation_warning: true)
       end
 
       def default_mask(new_mask = nil)
@@ -869,81 +272,85 @@ module GraphQL
         find_inherited_value(:plugins, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_plugins
       end
 
-      def to_graphql
-        schema_defn = self.new
-        schema_defn.raise_definition_error = true
-        schema_defn.query = query && query.graphql_definition
-        schema_defn.mutation = mutation && mutation.graphql_definition
-        schema_defn.subscription = subscription && subscription.graphql_definition
-        schema_defn.max_complexity = max_complexity
-        schema_defn.error_bubbling = error_bubbling
-        schema_defn.max_depth = max_depth
-        schema_defn.default_max_page_size = default_max_page_size
-        schema_defn.orphan_types = orphan_types.map(&:graphql_definition)
-        schema_defn.disable_introspection_entry_points = disable_introspection_entry_points?
-        schema_defn.disable_schema_introspection_entry_point = disable_schema_introspection_entry_point?
-        schema_defn.disable_type_introspection_entry_point = disable_type_introspection_entry_point?
-
-        prepped_dirs = {}
-        directives.each { |k, v| prepped_dirs[k] = v.graphql_definition}
-        schema_defn.directives = prepped_dirs
-        schema_defn.introspection_namespace = introspection
-        schema_defn.resolve_type = method(:resolve_type)
-        schema_defn.object_from_id = method(:object_from_id)
-        schema_defn.id_from_object = method(:id_from_object)
-        schema_defn.type_error = method(:type_error)
-        schema_defn.context_class = context_class
-        schema_defn.cursor_encoder = cursor_encoder
-        schema_defn.tracers.concat(tracers)
-        schema_defn.query_analyzers.concat(query_analyzers)
-
-        schema_defn.middleware.concat(all_middleware)
-        schema_defn.multiplex_analyzers.concat(multiplex_analyzers)
-        schema_defn.query_execution_strategy = query_execution_strategy
-        schema_defn.mutation_execution_strategy = mutation_execution_strategy
-        schema_defn.subscription_execution_strategy = subscription_execution_strategy
-        schema_defn.default_mask = default_mask
-        instrumenters.each do |step, insts|
-          insts.each do |inst|
-            schema_defn.instrumenters[step] << inst
-          end
-        end
-
-        lazy_methods.each do |lazy_class, value_method|
-          schema_defn.lazy_methods.set(lazy_class, value_method)
-        end
-
-        rescues.each do |err_class, handler|
-          schema_defn.rescue_from(err_class, &handler)
-        end
-
-        schema_defn.subscriptions ||= self.subscriptions
-
-        if !schema_defn.interpreter?
-          schema_defn.instrumenters[:query] << GraphQL::Schema::Member::Instrumentation
-        end
-        schema_defn.send(:rebuild_artifacts)
-
-        schema_defn
-      end
-
       # Build a map of `{ name => type }` and return it
       # @return [Hash<String => Class>] A dictionary of type classes by their GraphQL name
       # @see get_type Which is more efficient for finding _one type_ by name, because it doesn't merge hashes.
-      def types
-        non_introspection_types.merge(introspection_system.types)
+      def types(context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        all_types = non_introspection_types.merge(introspection_system.types)
+        visible_types = {}
+        all_types.each do |k, v|
+          visible_types[k] =if v.is_a?(Array)
+            visible_t = nil
+            v.each do |t|
+              if t.visible?(context)
+                if visible_t.nil?
+                  visible_t = t
+                else
+                  raise DuplicateNamesError.new(
+                    duplicated_name: k, duplicated_definition_1: visible_t.inspect, duplicated_definition_2: t.inspect
+                  )
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            visible_t
+          else
+            v
+          end
+        end
+        visible_types
       end
 
       # @param type_name [String]
       # @return [Module, nil] A type, or nil if there's no type called `type_name`
-      def get_type(type_name)
-        own_types[type_name] ||
-          introspection_system.types[type_name] ||
-          find_inherited_value(:types, EMPTY_HASH)[type_name]
+      def get_type(type_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        local_entry = own_types[type_name]
+        type_defn = case local_entry
+        when nil
+          nil
+        when Array
+          visible_t = nil
+          warden = Warden.from_context(context)
+          local_entry.each do |t|
+            if warden.visible_type?(t, context)
+              if visible_t.nil?
+                visible_t = t
+              else
+                raise DuplicateNamesError.new(
+                  duplicated_name: type_name, duplicated_definition_1: visible_t.inspect, duplicated_definition_2: t.inspect
+                )
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          visible_t
+        when Module
+          local_entry
+        else
+          raise "Invariant: unexpected own_types[#{type_name.inspect}]: #{local_entry.inspect}"
+        end
+
+        type_defn ||
+          introspection_system.types[type_name] || # todo context-specific introspection?
+          (superclass.respond_to?(:get_type) ? superclass.get_type(type_name, context) : nil)
       end
 
+      # @api private
+      attr_writer :connections
+
       # @return [GraphQL::Pagination::Connections] if installed
-      attr_accessor :connections
+      def connections
+        if defined?(@connections)
+          @connections
+        else
+          inherited_connections = find_inherited_value(:connections, nil)
+          # This schema is part of an inheritance chain which is using new connections,
+          # make a new instance, so we don't pollute the upstream one.
+          if inherited_connections
+            @connections = Pagination::Connections.new(schema: self)
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
       def new_connections?
         !!connections
@@ -983,6 +390,7 @@ module GraphQL
             raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `subscription(...)` (#{new_subscription_object.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@subscription_object.inspect}"
           else
             @subscription_object = new_subscription_object
+            add_subscription_extension_if_necessary
             add_type_and_traverse(new_subscription_object, root: true)
             nil
           end
@@ -991,7 +399,7 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
-      # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Resticted access to root types
+      # @see [GraphQL::Schema::Warden] Restricted access to root types
       # @return [GraphQL::ObjectType, nil]
       def root_type_for_operation(operation)
         case operation
@@ -1019,7 +427,15 @@ module GraphQL
           if type.kind.union?
             type.possible_types(context: context)
           else
-            own_possible_types[type.graphql_name] ||
+            stored_possible_types = own_possible_types[type.graphql_name]
+            visible_possible_types = if stored_possible_types && type.kind.interface?
+              stored_possible_types.select do |possible_type|
+                possible_type.interfaces(context).include?(type)
+              end
+            else
+              stored_possible_types
+            end
+            visible_possible_types ||
               introspection_system.possible_types[type.graphql_name] ||
               (
                 superclass.respond_to?(:possible_types) ?
@@ -1049,6 +465,14 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
+      # @api private
+      # @see GraphQL::Dataloader
+      def dataloader_class
+        @dataloader_class || GraphQL::Dataloader::NullDataloader
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :dataloader_class
+
       def references_to(to_type = nil, from: nil)
         @own_references_to ||= Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
         if to_type
@@ -1081,19 +505,19 @@ module GraphQL
         GraphQL::Schema::TypeExpression.build_type(type_owner, ast_node)
       end
 
-      def get_field(type_or_name, field_name)
+      def get_field(type_or_name, field_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
         parent_type = case type_or_name
         when LateBoundType
-          get_type(type_or_name.name)
+          get_type(type_or_name.name, context)
         when String
-          get_type(type_or_name)
+          get_type(type_or_name, context)
         when Module
           type_or_name
         else
-          raise ArgumentError, "unexpected field owner for #{field_name.inspect}: #{type_or_name.inspect} (#{type_or_name.class})"
+          raise GraphQL::InvariantError, "Unexpected field owner for #{field_name.inspect}: #{type_or_name.inspect} (#{type_or_name.class})"
         end
 
-        if parent_type.kind.fields? && (field = parent_type.get_field(field_name))
+        if parent_type.kind.fields? && (field = parent_type.get_field(field_name, context))
           field
         elsif parent_type == query && (entry_point_field = introspection_system.entry_point(name: field_name))
           entry_point_field
@@ -1104,8 +528,8 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
-      def get_fields(type)
-        type.fields
+      def get_fields(type, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext)
+        type.fields(context)
       end
 
       def introspection(new_introspection_namespace = nil)
@@ -1141,6 +565,14 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
+      def default_page_size(new_default_page_size = nil)
+        if new_default_page_size
+          @default_page_size = new_default_page_size
+        else
+          @default_page_size || find_inherited_value(:default_page_size)
+        end
+      end
+
       def query_execution_strategy(new_query_execution_strategy = nil)
         if new_query_execution_strategy
           @query_execution_strategy = new_query_execution_strategy
@@ -1165,6 +597,47 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
+      attr_writer :validate_timeout
+
+      def validate_timeout(new_validate_timeout = nil)
+        if new_validate_timeout
+          @validate_timeout = new_validate_timeout
+        elsif defined?(@validate_timeout)
+          @validate_timeout
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:validate_timeout)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validate a query string according to this schema.
+      # @param string_or_document [String, GraphQL::Language::Nodes::Document]
+      # @return [Array<GraphQL::StaticValidation::Error >]
+      def validate(string_or_document, rules: nil, context: nil)
+        doc = if string_or_document.is_a?(String)
+          GraphQL.parse(string_or_document)
+        else
+          string_or_document
+        end
+        query = GraphQL::Query.new(self, document: doc, context: context)
+        validator_opts = { schema: self }
+        rules && (validator_opts[:rules] = rules)
+        validator = GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(**validator_opts)
+        res = validator.validate(query, timeout: validate_timeout, max_errors: validate_max_errors)
+        res[:errors]
+      end
+
+      attr_writer :validate_max_errors
+
+      def validate_max_errors(new_validate_max_errors = nil)
+        if new_validate_max_errors
+          @validate_max_errors = new_validate_max_errors
+        elsif defined?(@validate_max_errors)
+          @validate_max_errors
+        else
+          find_inherited_value(:validate_max_errors)
+        end
+      end
+
       attr_writer :max_complexity
 
       def max_complexity(max_complexity = nil)
@@ -1180,19 +653,15 @@ module GraphQL
       attr_writer :analysis_engine
 
       def analysis_engine
-        @analysis_engine || find_inherited_value(:analysis_engine, GraphQL::Analysis)
+        @analysis_engine || find_inherited_value(:analysis_engine, self.default_analysis_engine)
       end
 
       def using_ast_analysis?
-        analysis_engine == GraphQL::Analysis::AST
+        true
       end
 
       def interpreter?
-        if defined?(@interpreter)
-          @interpreter
-        else
-          find_inherited_value(:interpreter?, false)
-        end
+        true
       end
 
       attr_writer :interpreter
@@ -1265,7 +734,6 @@ module GraphQL
         if new_orphan_types.any?
           new_orphan_types = new_orphan_types.flatten
           add_type_and_traverse(new_orphan_types, root: false)
-          @orphan_types = new_orphan_types
           own_orphan_types.concat(new_orphan_types.flatten)
         end
 
@@ -1276,7 +744,15 @@ module GraphQL
         if superclass <= GraphQL::Schema
           superclass.default_execution_strategy
         else
-          @default_execution_strategy ||= GraphQL::Execution::Execute
+          @default_execution_strategy ||= GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_analysis_engine
+        if superclass <= GraphQL::Schema
+          superclass.default_analysis_engine
+        else
+          @default_analysis_engine ||= GraphQL::Analysis::AST
         end
       end
 
@@ -1290,22 +766,63 @@ module GraphQL
 
       def rescue_from(*err_classes, &handler_block)
         err_classes.each do |err_class|
-          own_rescues[err_class] = handler_block
+          Execution::Errors.register_rescue_from(err_class, error_handlers[:subclass_handlers], handler_block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      NEW_HANDLER_HASH = ->(h, k) {
+        h[k] = {
+          class: k,
+          handler: nil,
+          subclass_handlers: Hash.new(&NEW_HANDLER_HASH),
+         }
+      }
+
+      def error_handlers
+        @error_handlers ||= {
+          class: nil,
+          handler: nil,
+          subclass_handlers: Hash.new(&NEW_HANDLER_HASH),
+        }
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def handle_or_reraise(context, err)
+        handler = Execution::Errors.find_handler_for(self, err.class)
+        if handler
+          obj = context[:current_object]
+          args = context[:current_arguments]
+          args = args && args.respond_to?(:keyword_arguments) ? args.keyword_arguments : nil
+          field = context[:current_field]
+          if obj.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Object)
+            obj = obj.object
+          end
+          handler[:handler].call(err, obj, args, context, field)
+        else
+          raise err
         end
       end
 
       # rubocop:disable Lint/DuplicateMethods
       module ResolveTypeWithType
         def resolve_type(type, obj, ctx)
-          first_resolved_type = if type.is_a?(Module) && type.respond_to?(:resolve_type)
+          maybe_lazy_resolve_type_result = if type.is_a?(Module) && type.respond_to?(:resolve_type)
             type.resolve_type(obj, ctx)
           else
             super
           end
 
-          after_lazy(first_resolved_type) do |resolved_type|
-            if resolved_type.nil? || (resolved_type.is_a?(Module) && resolved_type.respond_to?(:kind)) || resolved_type.is_a?(GraphQL::BaseType)
-              resolved_type
+          after_lazy(maybe_lazy_resolve_type_result) do |resolve_type_result|
+            if resolve_type_result.is_a?(Array) && resolve_type_result.size == 2
+              resolved_type = resolve_type_result[0]
+              resolved_value = resolve_type_result[1]
+            else
+              resolved_type = resolve_type_result
+              resolved_value = obj
+            end
+
+            if resolved_type.nil? || (resolved_type.is_a?(Module) && resolved_type.respond_to?(:kind))
+              [resolved_type, resolved_value]
             else
               raise ".resolve_type should return a type definition, but got #{resolved_type.inspect} (#{resolved_type.class}) from `resolve_type(#{type}, #{obj}, #{ctx})`"
             end
@@ -1330,10 +847,6 @@ module GraphQL
         super
       end
 
-      def rescues
-        find_inherited_value(:rescues, EMPTY_HASH).merge(own_rescues)
-      end
-
       def object_from_id(node_id, ctx)
         raise GraphQL::RequiredImplementationMissingError, "#{self.name}.object_from_id(node_id, ctx) must be implemented to load by ID (tried to load from id `#{node_id}`)"
       end
@@ -1343,23 +856,16 @@ module GraphQL
       end
 
       def visible?(member, ctx)
-        member.type_class.visible?(ctx)
+        member.visible?(ctx)
       end
 
-      def accessible?(member, ctx)
-        member.type_class.accessible?(ctx)
+      def schema_directive(dir_class, **options)
+        @own_schema_directives ||= []
+        Member::HasDirectives.add_directive(self, @own_schema_directives, dir_class, options)
       end
 
-      # This hook is called when a client tries to access one or more
-      # fields that fail the `accessible?` check.
-      #
-      # By default, an error is added to the response. Override this hook to
-      # track metrics or return a different error to the client.
-      #
-      # @param error [InaccessibleFieldsError] The analysis error for this check
-      # @return [AnalysisError, nil] Return an error to skip the query
-      def inaccessible_fields(error)
-        error
+      def schema_directives
+        Member::HasDirectives.get_directives(self, @own_schema_directives, :schema_directives)
       end
 
       # This hook is called when an object fails an `authorized?` check.
@@ -1397,45 +903,40 @@ module GraphQL
         unauthorized_object(unauthorized_error)
       end
 
-      def type_error(type_err, ctx)
-        DefaultTypeError.call(type_err, ctx)
+      def type_error(type_error, ctx)
+        case type_error
+        when GraphQL::InvalidNullError
+          ctx.errors << type_error
+        when GraphQL::UnresolvedTypeError, GraphQL::StringEncodingError, GraphQL::IntegerEncodingError
+          raise type_error
+        when GraphQL::IntegerDecodingError
+          nil
+        end
       end
 
       # A function to call when {#execute} receives an invalid query string
       #
       # The default is to add the error to `context.errors`
-      # @param err [GraphQL::ParseError] The error encountered during parsing
+      # @param parse_err [GraphQL::ParseError] The error encountered during parsing
       # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] The context for the query where the error occurred
       # @return void
       def parse_error(parse_err, ctx)
         ctx.errors.push(parse_err)
       end
-      attr_writer :error_handler
-
-      # @return [GraphQL::Execution::Errors, Class<GraphQL::Execution::Errors::NullErrorHandler>]
-      def error_handler
-        @error_handler ||= GraphQL::Execution::Errors::NullErrorHandler
-      end
 
       def lazy_resolve(lazy_class, value_method)
         lazy_methods.set(lazy_class, value_method)
       end
 
       def instrument(instrument_step, instrumenter, options = {})
-        step = if instrument_step == :field && options[:after_built_ins]
-          :field_after_built_ins
-        else
-          instrument_step
-        end
-
-        own_instrumenters[step] << instrumenter
+        own_instrumenters[instrument_step] << instrumenter
       end
 
       # Add several directives at once
       # @param new_directives [Class]
-      def directives(new_directives = nil)
-        if new_directives
-          new_directives.each { |d| directive(d) }
+      def directives(*new_directives)
+        if new_directives.any?
+          new_directives.flatten.each { |d| directive(d) }
         end
 
         find_inherited_value(:directives, default_directives).merge(own_directives)
@@ -1443,20 +944,27 @@ module GraphQL
 
       # Attach a single directive to this schema
       # @param new_directive [Class]
+      # @return void
       def directive(new_directive)
         add_type_and_traverse(new_directive, root: false)
-        own_directives[new_directive.graphql_name] = new_directive
       end
 
       def default_directives
-        {
+        @default_directives ||= {
           "include" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Include,
           "skip" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Skip,
           "deprecated" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::Deprecated,
-        }
+          "oneOf" => GraphQL::Schema::Directive::OneOf,
+        }.freeze
       end
 
       def tracer(new_tracer)
+        if defined?(@trace_modes) && !(trace_class_for(:default) < GraphQL::Tracing::LegacyTrace)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Can't add tracer after configuring a `trace_class`, use GraphQL::Tracing::LegacyTrace to merge legacy tracers into a trace class instead."
+        else
+          trace_mode(:default, Class.new(GraphQL::Tracing::LegacyTrace))
+        end
+
         own_tracers << new_tracer
       end
 
@@ -1464,24 +972,40 @@ module GraphQL
         find_inherited_value(:tracers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_tracers
       end
 
-      def query_analyzer(new_analyzer)
-        if new_analyzer == GraphQL::Authorization::Analyzer
-          warn("The Authorization query analyzer is deprecated. Authorizing at query runtime is generally a better idea.")
-        end
-        own_query_analyzers << new_analyzer
+      # Mix `trace_mod` into this schema's `Trace` class so that its methods
+      # will be called at runtime.
+      #
+      # @param trace_mod [Module] A module that implements tracing methods
+      # @param options [Hash] Keywords that will be passed to the tracing class during `#initialize`
+      # @return [void]
+      def trace_with(trace_mod, **options)
+        trace_options.merge!(options)
+        trace_class.include(trace_mod)
       end
 
-      def query_analyzers
-        find_inherited_value(:query_analyzers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_query_analyzers
+      def trace_options
+        @trace_options ||= superclass.respond_to?(:trace_options) ? superclass.trace_options.dup : {}
       end
 
-      def middleware(new_middleware = nil)
-        if new_middleware
-          own_middleware << new_middleware
+      def new_trace(**options)
+        if defined?(@trace_options)
+          options = trace_options.merge(options)
+        end
+        trace_mode = if (target = options[:query] || options[:multiplex]) && target.context[:backtrace]
+          :default_backtrace
         else
-          # TODO make sure this is cached when running a query
-          MiddlewareChain.new(steps: all_middleware, final_step: GraphQL::Execution::Execute::FieldResolveStep)
+          :default
         end
+        trace = trace_class_for(trace_mode).new(**options)
+        trace
+      end
+
+      def query_analyzer(new_analyzer)
+        own_query_analyzers << new_analyzer
+      end
+
+      def query_analyzers
+        find_inherited_value(:query_analyzers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_query_analyzers
       end
 
       def multiplex_analyzer(new_analyzer)
@@ -1492,6 +1016,14 @@ module GraphQL
         find_inherited_value(:multiplex_analyzers, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_multiplex_analyzers
       end
 
+      def sanitized_printer(new_sanitized_printer = nil)
+        if new_sanitized_printer
+          @own_sanitized_printer = new_sanitized_printer
+        else
+          @own_sanitized_printer || GraphQL::Language::SanitizedPrinter
+        end
+      end
+
       # Execute a query on itself.
       # @see {Query#initialize} for arguments.
       # @return [Hash] query result, ready to be serialized as JSON
@@ -1504,6 +1036,7 @@ module GraphQL
           {
             backtrace: ctx[:backtrace],
             tracers: ctx[:tracers],
+            dataloader: ctx[:dataloader],
           }
         else
           {}
@@ -1528,17 +1061,12 @@ module GraphQL
       #   }
       #
       # @see {Query#initialize} for query keyword arguments
-      # @see {Execution::Multiplex#run_queries} for multiplex keyword arguments
+      # @see {Execution::Multiplex#run_all} for multiplex keyword arguments
       # @param queries [Array<Hash>] Keyword arguments for each query
       # @param context [Hash] Multiplex-level context
       # @return [Array<Hash>] One result for each query in the input
       def multiplex(queries, **kwargs)
-        schema = if interpreter?
-          self
-        else
-          graphql_definition
-        end
-        GraphQL::Execution::Multiplex.run_all(schema, queries, **kwargs)
+        GraphQL::Execution::Interpreter.run_all(self, queries, **kwargs)
       end
 
       def instrumenters
@@ -1548,18 +1076,32 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
+      # @api private
+      def add_subscription_extension_if_necessary
+        if !defined?(@subscription_extension_added) && subscription && self.subscriptions
+          @subscription_extension_added = true
+          subscription.all_field_definitions.each do |field|
+            if !field.extensions.any? { |ext| ext.is_a?(Subscriptions::DefaultSubscriptionResolveExtension) }
+              field.extension(Subscriptions::DefaultSubscriptionResolveExtension)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_stack_error(query, err)
+        query.context.errors.push(GraphQL::ExecutionError.new("This query is too large to execute."))
+      end
+
       # Call the given block at the right time, either:
       # - Right away, if `value` is not registered with `lazy_resolve`
       # - After resolving `value`, if it's registered with `lazy_resolve` (eg, `Promise`)
       # @api private
-      def after_lazy(value)
+      def after_lazy(value, &block)
         if lazy?(value)
           GraphQL::Execution::Lazy.new do
             result = sync_lazy(value)
             # The returned result might also be lazy, so check it, too
-            after_lazy(result) do |final_result|
-              yield(final_result) if block_given?
-            end
+            after_lazy(result, &block)
           end
         else
           yield(value) if block_given?
@@ -1568,8 +1110,8 @@ module GraphQL
 
       # Override this method to handle lazy objects in a custom way.
       # @param value [Object] an instance of a class registered with {.lazy_resolve}
-      # @param ctx [GraphQL::Query::Context] the context for this query
       # @return [Object] A GraphQL-ready (non-lazy) object
+      # @api private
       def sync_lazy(value)
         lazy_method = lazy_method_name(value)
         if lazy_method
@@ -1580,7 +1122,7 @@ module GraphQL
         end
       end
 
-      # @return [Symbol, nil] The method name to lazily resolve `obj`, or nil if `obj`'s class wasn't registered wtih {#lazy_resolve}.
+      # @return [Symbol, nil] The method name to lazily resolve `obj`, or nil if `obj`'s class wasn't registered with {#lazy_resolve}.
       def lazy_method_name(obj)
         lazy_methods.get(obj)
       end
@@ -1590,8 +1132,75 @@ module GraphQL
         !!lazy_method_name(obj)
       end
 
+      # Return a lazy if any of `maybe_lazies` are lazy,
+      # otherwise, call the block eagerly and return the result.
+      # @param maybe_lazies [Array]
+      # @api private
+      def after_any_lazies(maybe_lazies)
+        if maybe_lazies.any? { |l| lazy?(l) }
+          GraphQL::Execution::Lazy.all(maybe_lazies).then do |result|
+            yield result
+          end
+        else
+          yield maybe_lazies
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
+      # @param t [Module, Array<Module>]
+      # @return [void]
+      def add_type_and_traverse(t, root:)
+        if root
+          @root_types ||= []
+          @root_types << t
+        end
+        new_types = Array(t)
+        addition = Schema::Addition.new(schema: self, own_types: own_types, new_types: new_types)
+        addition.types.each do |name, types_entry| # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop -- build-time, not query-time
+          if (prev_entry = own_types[name])
+            prev_entries = case prev_entry
+            when Array
+              prev_entry
+            when Module
+              own_types[name] = [prev_entry]
+            else
+              raise "Invariant: unexpected prev_entry at #{name.inspect} when adding #{t.inspect}"
+            end
+
+            case types_entry
+            when Array
+              prev_entries.concat(types_entry)
+              prev_entries.uniq! # in case any are being re-visited
+            when Module
+              if !prev_entries.include?(types_entry)
+                prev_entries << types_entry
+              end
+            else
+              raise "Invariant: unexpected types_entry at #{name} when adding #{t.inspect}"
+            end
+          else
+            if types_entry.is_a?(Array)
+              types_entry.uniq!
+            end
+            own_types[name] = types_entry
+          end
+        end
+
+        own_possible_types.merge!(addition.possible_types) { |key, old_val, new_val| old_val + new_val }
+        own_union_memberships.merge!(addition.union_memberships)
+
+        addition.references.each { |thing, pointers|
+          pointers.each { |pointer| references_to(thing, from: pointer) }
+        }
+
+        addition.directives.each { |dir_class| own_directives[dir_class.graphql_name] = dir_class }
+
+        addition.arguments_with_default_values.each do |arg|
+          arg.validate_default_value
+        end
+      end
+
       def lazy_methods
         if !defined?(@lazy_methods)
           if inherited_map = find_inherited_value(:lazy_methods)
@@ -1600,6 +1209,7 @@ module GraphQL
           else
             @lazy_methods = GraphQL::Execution::Lazy::LazyMethodMap.new
             @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Execution::Lazy, :value)
+            @lazy_methods.set(GraphQL::Dataloader::Request, :load)
           end
         end
         @lazy_methods
@@ -1617,10 +1227,6 @@ module GraphQL
         @own_plugins ||= []
       end
 
-      def own_rescues
-        @own_rescues ||= {}
-      end
-
       def own_orphan_types
         @own_orphan_types ||= []
       end
@@ -1649,263 +1255,12 @@ module GraphQL
         @defined_query_analyzers ||= []
       end
 
-      def all_middleware
-        find_inherited_value(:all_middleware, EMPTY_ARRAY) + own_middleware
-      end
-
-      def own_middleware
-        @own_middleware ||= []
-      end
-
       def own_multiplex_analyzers
         @own_multiplex_analyzers ||= []
       end
-
-      # @param t [Module, Array<Module>]
-      # @return [void]
-      def add_type_and_traverse(t, root:)
-        if root
-          @root_types ||= []
-          @root_types << t
-        end
-        late_types = []
-        new_types = Array(t)
-        new_types.each { |t| add_type(t, owner: nil, late_types: late_types) }
-        missed_late_types = 0
-        while (late_type_vals = late_types.shift)
-          type_owner, lt = late_type_vals
-          if lt.is_a?(String)
-            type = Member::BuildType.constantize(lt)
-            # Reset the counter, since we might succeed next go-round
-            missed_late_types = 0
-            update_type_owner(type_owner, type)
-            add_type(type, owner: type_owner, late_types: late_types)
-          elsif lt.is_a?(LateBoundType)
-            if (type = get_type(lt.graphql_name))
-              # Reset the counter, since we might succeed next go-round
-              missed_late_types = 0
-              update_type_owner(type_owner, type)
-              add_type(type, owner: type_owner, late_types: late_types)
-            else
-              missed_late_types += 1
-              # Add it back to the list, maybe we'll be able to resolve it later.
-              late_types << [type_owner, lt]
-              if missed_late_types == late_types.size
-                # We've looked at all of them and haven't resolved one.
-                raise UnresolvedLateBoundTypeError.new(type: lt)
-              else
-                # Try the next one
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Unexpected late type: #{lt.inspect}"
-          end
-        end
-        nil
-      end
-
-      def update_type_owner(owner, type)
-        case owner
-        when Class
-          if owner.kind.union?
-            # It's a union with possible_types
-            # Replace the item by class name
-            owner.type_memberships.each { |tm|
-              possible_type = tm.object_type
-              if possible_type.is_a?(String) && (possible_type == type.name)
-                # This is a match of Ruby class names, not graphql names,
-                # since strings are used to refer to constants.
-                tm.object_type = type
-              elsif possible_type.is_a?(LateBoundType) && possible_type.graphql_name == type.graphql_name
-                tm.object_type = type
-              end
-            }
-            own_possible_types[owner.graphql_name] = owner.possible_types
-          elsif type.kind.interface? && owner.kind.object?
-            new_interfaces = owner.interfaces.map do |t|
-              if t.is_a?(String) && t == type.graphql_name
-                type
-              elsif t.is_a?(LateBoundType) && t.graphql_name == type.graphql_name
-                type
-              else
-                t
-              end
-            end
-            owner.implements(*new_interfaces)
-          end
-
-        when nil
-          # It's a root type
-          own_types[type.graphql_name] = type
-        when GraphQL::Schema::Field, GraphQL::Schema::Argument
-          orig_type = owner.type
-          # Apply list/non-null wrapper as needed
-          if orig_type.respond_to?(:of_type)
-            transforms = []
-            while (orig_type.respond_to?(:of_type))
-              if orig_type.kind.non_null?
-                transforms << :to_non_null_type
-              elsif orig_type.kind.list?
-                transforms << :to_list_type
-              else
-                raise "Invariant: :of_type isn't non-null or list"
-              end
-              orig_type = orig_type.of_type
-            end
-            transforms.reverse_each { |t| type = type.public_send(t) }
-          end
-          owner.type = type
-        else
-          raise "Unexpected update: #{owner.inspect} #{type.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def add_type(type, owner:, late_types:)
-        if type.respond_to?(:metadata) && type.metadata.is_a?(Hash)
-          type_class = type.metadata[:type_class]
-          if type_class.nil?
-            raise ArgumentError, "Can't add legacy type: #{type} (#{type.class})"
-          else
-            type = type_class
-          end
-        elsif type.is_a?(String) || type.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::LateBoundType)
-          late_types << [owner, type]
-          return
-        end
-
-        if owner.is_a?(Class) && owner < GraphQL::Schema::Union
-          um = own_union_memberships[type.graphql_name] ||= []
-          um << owner
-        end
-
-        if (prev_type = own_types[type.graphql_name])
-          if prev_type != type
-            raise ArgumentError, "Conflicting type definitions for `#{type.graphql_name}`: #{prev_type} (#{prev_type.class}), #{type} #{type.class}"
-          else
-            # This type was already added
-          end
-        elsif type.is_a?(Class) && type < GraphQL::Schema::Directive
-          type.arguments.each do |_name, arg|
-            arg_type = arg.type.unwrap
-            references_to(arg_type, from: arg)
-            add_type(arg_type, owner: arg, late_types: late_types)
-          end
-        else
-          own_types[type.graphql_name] = type
-          if type.kind.fields?
-            type.fields.each do |_name, field|
-              field_type = field.type.unwrap
-              references_to(field_type, from: field)
-              add_type(field_type, owner: field, late_types: late_types)
-              field.arguments.each do |_name, arg|
-                arg_type = arg.type.unwrap
-                references_to(arg_type, from: arg)
-                add_type(arg_type, owner: arg, late_types: late_types)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          if type.kind.input_object?
-            type.arguments.each do |_name, arg|
-              arg_type = arg.type.unwrap
-              references_to(arg_type, from: arg)
-              add_type(arg_type, owner: arg, late_types: late_types)
-            end
-          end
-          if type.kind.union?
-            own_possible_types[type.graphql_name] = type.possible_types
-            type.possible_types.each do |t|
-              add_type(t, owner: type, late_types: late_types)
-            end
-          end
-          if type.kind.interface?
-            type.orphan_types.each do |t|
-              add_type(t, owner: type, late_types: late_types)
-            end
-          end
-          if type.kind.object?
-            own_possible_types[type.graphql_name] = [type]
-            type.interfaces.each do |i|
-              implementers = own_possible_types[i.graphql_name] ||= []
-              implementers << type
-              add_type(i, owner: type, late_types: late_types)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
     end
 
-    # Call the given block at the right time, either:
-    # - Right away, if `value` is not registered with `lazy_resolve`
-    # - After resolving `value`, if it's registered with `lazy_resolve` (eg, `Promise`)
-    # @api private
-    def after_lazy(value)
-      if lazy?(value)
-        GraphQL::Execution::Lazy.new do
-          result = sync_lazy(value)
-          # The returned result might also be lazy, so check it, too
-          after_lazy(result) do |final_result|
-            yield(final_result) if block_given?
-          end
-        end
-      else
-        yield(value) if block_given?
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @see Schema.sync_lazy for a hook to override
-    # @api private
-    def sync_lazy(value)
-      lazy_method = lazy_method_name(value)
-      if lazy_method
-        synced_value = value.public_send(lazy_method)
-        sync_lazy(synced_value)
-      else
-        value
-      end
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    def rescues?
-      !!@rescue_middleware
-    end
-
-    # Lazily create a middleware and add it to the schema
-    # (Don't add it if it's not used)
-    def rescue_middleware
-      @rescue_middleware ||= GraphQL::Schema::RescueMiddleware.new.tap { |m| middleware.insert(0, m) }
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def rebuild_artifacts
-      if @rebuilding_artifacts
-        raise CyclicalDefinitionError, "Part of the schema build process re-triggered the schema build process, causing an infinite loop. Avoid using Schema#types, Schema#possible_types, and Schema#get_field during schema build."
-      else
-        @rebuilding_artifacts = true
-        @introspection_system = Schema::IntrospectionSystem.new(self)
-        traversal = Traversal.new(self)
-        @types = traversal.type_map
-        @root_types = [query, mutation, subscription]
-        @instrumented_field_map = traversal.instrumented_field_map
-        @type_reference_map = traversal.type_reference_map
-        @union_memberships = traversal.union_memberships
-        @find_cache = {}
-        @finder = Finder.new(self)
-      end
-    ensure
-      @rebuilding_artifacts = false
-    end
-
-    class CyclicalDefinitionError < GraphQL::Error
-    end
-
-    def with_definition_error_check
-      if @definition_error
-        raise @definition_error
-      else
-        yield
-      end
-    end
+    # Install these here so that subclasses will also install it.
+    self.connections = GraphQL::Pagination::Connections.new(schema: self)
   end
 end